We model the three-dimensional (3-D) crustal deformation in a deep pull-apart basin as a result of relative plate motion along a transform system and compare the results to the tectonics of the Dead Sea Basin. The brittle upper crust is modeled by a boundary element technique as an elastic block, broken by two en echelon semi-infinite vertical faults. The deformation is caused by a horizontal displacement that is imposed everywhere at the bottom of the block except in a stress-free “shear zone” in the vicinity of the fault zone. The bottom displacement represents the regional relative plate motion. Results show that the basin deformation depends critically on the width of the shear zone and on the amount of overlap between basin-bounding faults. As the width of the shear zone increases, the depth of the basin decreases, the rotation around a vertical axis near the fault tips decreases, and the basin shape (the distribution of subsidence normalized by the maximum subsidence) becomes broader. In contrast, two-dimensional plane stress modeling predicts a basin shape that is independent of the width of the shear zone. Our models also predict full-graben profiles within the overlapped region between bounding faults and half-graben shapes elsewhere. Increasing overlap also decreases uplift near the fault tips and rotation of blocks within the basin. We suggest that the observed structure of the Dead Sea Basin can be described by a 3-D model having a large overlap (more than 30 km) that probably increased as the basin evolved as a result of a stable shear motion that was distributed laterally over 20 to 40 km.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94JB03101","usgsCitation":"Katzman, R., ten Brink, U., and Lin, J., 1995, Three-dimensional modeling of pull-apart basins: implications for the tectonics of the Dead Sea Basin: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 100, no. B4, p. 6295-6312, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB03101.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"6295","endPage":"6312","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296143,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Israel, Jordan, Palestine","otherGeospatial":"Dead Sea Basin","volume":"100","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546c7633e4b0f4a3478a61ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katzman, Rafael","contributorId":79249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katzman","given":"Rafael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lin, Jian","contributorId":16930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"Jian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4248,"text":"cir1121 - 1995 - Catalogue of U.S. Geological Survey strong-motion records, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:37","indexId":"cir1121","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1121","title":"Catalogue of U.S. Geological Survey strong-motion records, 1993","docAbstract":"This report presents accelerogram data of strong ground motion and the response of representative engineered structures during moderate to large earthquakes recorded during 1993.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/cir1121","usgsCitation":"Switzer, J.C., and Porcella, R.L., 1995, Catalogue of U.S. Geological Survey strong-motion records, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1121, 10 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1121.","productDescription":"10 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1995/1121/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31362,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1995/1121/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e70a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Switzer, J. C. (compiler)","contributorId":73989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Switzer","given":"J.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Porcella, R. L.","contributorId":102869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porcella","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209257,"text":"70209257 - 1995 - The M2 tide on the Amazon Shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-25T14:18:28","indexId":"70209257","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-25T14:08:41","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The M2 tide on the Amazon Shelf","title":"The M2 tide on the Amazon Shelf","docAbstract":"As part of A Multidisciplinary Amazon Shelf Sediment Study (AMASSEDS), moored and shipboard current measurements made over the Amazon shelf during 1990–1991 have been analyzed to determine the dominant semidiurnal tidal constituent, the M2. These results have been combined with coastal sea level data from within the Amazon and Para Rivers, the adjacent shelf, and with satellite‐derived tidal elevation data from off the shelf to provide a more complete description of the M2 tide in this complex river/shelf system. Near the Amazon River mouth the M2 tide propagates across the shelf and through the mouth as a damped progressive wave, with its amplitude decreasing and phase increasing upriver. Over the adjacent shelf north of Cabo Norte, the M2 tide approaches a damped standing wave, with large amplitudes (greater than 1.5 m) near the coast due to near resonance within the coastal embayment formed by the Cabo Norte shoal to the south and Cabo Cassipore to the north. The observed M2 tidal currents are nearly rectilinear and oriented primarily across the local isobaths. Comparisons between tidal observations in both the North Channel and the Cabo Norte‐Cabo Cassipore embayment and a simple variable‐width channel tidal model indicate that (1) most of the M2 tidal energy dissipation occurs over the mid‐ and inner shelf (in water depths less than 20 m) and (2) fluid muds found there cause a significant reduction (of order 50%) in the effective bottom friction felt by the M2 tide. The approximate resonant period of the Cabo Norte‐Cabo Cassipore embayment is 11.9 hours, and at resonance the average energy dissipation per forcing period is roughly 2.2 times the average mechanical energy in the embayment. This damping rate is large enough that the tidal amplification is rather insensitive to forcing frequency, so that the response of the embayment to forcing over the semidiurnal band should be essentially the same. The vertical structure of the M2 tidal current is examined at one outer shelf site located in 65‐m water depth. The observed semimajor axis increases logarithmically with height above bottom within the lowest 1–2 m and reaches a maximum in excess of 0.5 m/s at approximately 11 m above bottom. The mean ellipticity is small (less than 0.1) and positive, indicating clockwise rotation of a nearly rectilinear current, and the semimajor axis is oriented within 10° of the local cross‐isobath direction. The M2 phase increases with height above bottom, with flood at the bottom leading flood at the surface by about 1 hour. A simple, local homogeneous tidal model with time‐ and space‐dependent eddy viscosity simulates the observed near‐bottom velocity reasonably well, however, the model suggests that stratification above the lowest few meters may significantly affect the tidal boundary layer structure at this site. The M2 energy flux onto the Amazon shelf and into the Amazon and Para Rivers has been estimated using current and surface elevation data and the best fit variable‐width channel model results. The net M2 energy flux into the mouths of the Amazon and Para Rivers is 0.47×1010W and 0.19×1010W, respectively. A net M2 energy flux of about 3.3×1010W occurs onto the shelf between the North Channel of the Amazon River and Cabo Cassipore. This stretch of the Amazon shelf accounts for about 1.3% of the global dissipation of the M2 tide.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/94JC01688","usgsCitation":"Beardsley, R., Candela, J., Limeburner, R., Geyer, W.R., Lentz, S.J., Castro, B.M., Cacchione, D., and Carneiro, N., 1995, The M2 tide on the Amazon Shelf: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 100, no. C2, p. 2283-2319, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC01688.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"2283","endPage":"2319","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373525,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Amazon Shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -60.8203125,\n -33.137551192346145\n ],\n [\n 21.09375,\n -33.137551192346145\n ],\n [\n 21.09375,\n 26.115985925333536\n ],\n [\n -60.8203125,\n 26.115985925333536\n ],\n [\n -60.8203125,\n -33.137551192346145\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"C2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beardsley, R.C.","contributorId":106508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beardsley","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Candela, J.L.","contributorId":6884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Candela","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Limeburner, R.","contributorId":104237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Limeburner","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Geyer, W. Rockwell","contributorId":195908,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Geyer","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Rockwell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lentz, Steven J.","contributorId":41687,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lentz","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":785609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Castro, Belmiro M.","contributorId":223606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castro","given":"Belmiro","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":785611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Carneiro, Nelson","contributorId":223607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carneiro","given":"Nelson","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70068802,"text":"70068802 - 1995 - Large-scale atmospheric forcing of recent trends toward early snowmelt runoff in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T11:44:00","indexId":"70068802","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T13:35:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale atmospheric forcing of recent trends toward early snowmelt runoff in California","docAbstract":"Since the late 1940s, snowmelt and runoff have come increasingly early in the water year in many basins in northern and central California. This subtle trend is most pronounced in moderate-altitude basins, which are sensitive to changes in mean winter temperatures. Such basins have broad areas in which winter temperatures are near enough to freezing that small increases result initially in the formation of less snow and eventually in early snowmelt. In moderate-altitude basins of California, a declining fraction of the annual runoff has come in April–June. This decline has been compensated by increased fractions of runoff at other, mostly earlier, times in the water year.
Weather stations in central California, including the central Sierra Nevada, have shown trends toward warmer winters since the 1940s. A series of regression analyses indicate that runoff timing responds equally to the observed decadal-scale trends in winter temperature and interannual temperature variations of the same magnitude, suggesting that the temperature trend is sufficient to explain the runoff-timing trends. The immediate cause of the trend toward warmer winters in California is a concurrent, long-term fluctuation in winter atmospheric circulations over the North Pacific Ocean and North America that is not immediately distinguishable from natural atmospheric variability. The fluctuation began to affect California in the 1940s, when the region of strongest low-frequency variation of winter circulations shifted to a part of the central North Pacific Ocean that is teleconnected to California temperatures. Since the late 1940s, winter wind fields have been displaced progressively southward over the central North Pacific and northward over the west coast of North America. These shifts in atmospheric circulations are associated with concurrent shifts in both West Coast air temperatures and North Pacific sea surface temperatures.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0606:LSAFOR>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M., and Cayan, D.R., 1995, Large-scale atmospheric forcing of recent trends toward early snowmelt runoff in California: Journal of Climate, v. 8, no. 3, p. 606-623, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0606:LSAFOR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"606","endPage":"623","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0606:lsafor>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":280895,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280894,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0606:LSAFOR>2.0.CO;2"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd641be4b0b290850ff3dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":31743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223421,"text":"5223421 - 1995 - Use of modern infrared thermography for wildlife population surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-26T16:40:45.460964","indexId":"5223421","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T12:17:42","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of modern infrared thermography for wildlife population surveys","docAbstract":"A commercially available thermal-infrared scanning system was used to survey populations of several wildlife species. The system's ability to detect species of different sizes in varying habitats relative to conventional survey methods, to differentiate between species in the same habitat, and the influence of environmental factors on operational aspects of employing this technology in the field were evaluated. Total costs for the surveys were approximately $0.36/ha. There were marked discrepancies in the counts of untrained observers and those from trained analysis. Computer-assisted analysis of infrared imagery recorded 52% fewer deer than were estimated from drive counts, and densities of moose were five times those estimated from conventional aerial methods. By flying concentric circles and using telephoto, detailed counts of turkeys and deer were possible. With the aid of computer-assisted analysis, infrared thermography may become a useful wildlife population survey tool. More research is needed to verify the actual efficiency of detection by combining aerial scans with ground truthing for a variely of species and habitals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02471993","usgsCitation":"Garner, D., Underwood, H., and Porter, W., 1995, Use of modern infrared thermography for wildlife population surveys: Environmental Management, v. 19, no. 2, p. 233-238, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02471993.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"238","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200040,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6858c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garner, D.L.","contributorId":105823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garner","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Underwood, H.B. 0000-0002-2064-9128","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2064-9128","contributorId":90849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"H.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Porter, W.F.","contributorId":81597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38204,"text":"pp1538E - 1995 - Geophysical setting of the Reelfoot Rift and relations between rift structures and the New Madrid seismic zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:01","indexId":"pp1538E","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1538","chapter":"E","title":"Geophysical setting of the Reelfoot Rift and relations between rift structures and the New Madrid seismic zone","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1811-12, three of the largest historic earthquakes in the United States occurred near New Madrid, Missouri. Seismicity continues to the present day throughout a tightly clustered pattern of epicenters centered on the bootheel of Missouri, including parts of northeastern Arkansas, northwestern Tennessee, western Kentucky, and southern Illinois. In 1990, the New Madrid seismic zone/Central United States became the first seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains to be designated a priority research area within the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). This Professional Paper is a collection of papers, some published separately, presenting results of the newly intensified research program in this area. Major components of this research program include tectonic framework studies, seismicity and deformation monitoring and modeling, improved seismic hazard and risk assessments, and cooperative hazard mitigation studies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1538E","usgsCitation":"Hildenbrand, T., and Hendricks, J.D., 1995, Geophysical setting of the Reelfoot Rift and relations between rift structures and the New Madrid seismic zone: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1538, p. E1-E30, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1538E.","productDescription":"p. E1-E30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64504,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8223","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hendricks, J. D.","contributorId":40187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendricks","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185373,"text":"70185373 - 1995 - Groundwater transport of crater-lake brine at Poa´s Volcano, Costa Rica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-21T12:34:02","indexId":"70185373","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater transport of crater-lake brine at Poa´s Volcano, Costa Rica","docAbstract":"Poa´s Volcano is an active stratovolcano in Costa Rica that has a lake in its active crater. The crater lake has high temperatures (50–90 °C), high acidity (pH ≈ 0.0), and a high dissolved-solids content (100 g/kg). The volcano has numerous freshwater springs on its flanks, but a few on the northwestern flank are highly acidic (pH = 1.6–2.5) and have high dissolved-solids concentrations (2–22 g/kg). This study analyzes the regional groundwater system at Poa´s and demonstrates the likelihood that the water discharging from the acidic springs in the Rio Agrio watershed originates at the acidic crater lake. Both heat and solute transport are analyzed on a regional scale through numerical simulations using the HST3D finite-difference model, which solves the coupled equations for fluid flow, heat transport, and solute transport. The code allows fluid viscosity and density to be functions of both temperature and solute concentration. The simulations use estimates for recharge to the mountain and a range of values and various distributions of permeability and porosity. Several sensitivity analyses are performed to test how the uncertainty in many of the model parameters affects the simulation results. These uncertainties yield an estimated range of travel times from the crater lake to the Rio Agrio springs of 1–30 years, which is in close agreement with the results of tritium analyses of the springs. Calculated groundwater fluxes into and out of the crater lake are both about several hundred kg/s. These fluxes must be accounted for in water budgets of the crater lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)00080-Z","usgsCitation":"Sanford, W.E., Konikow, L.F., Rowe, G., and Brantley, S., 1995, Groundwater transport of crater-lake brine at Poa´s Volcano, Costa Rica: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 64, no. 3-4, p. 269-293, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00080-Z.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"293","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337934,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Costa Rica","otherGeospatial":"Poa's Volcano ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.25500869750975,\n 10.173867141254313\n ],\n [\n -84.20402526855467,\n 10.173867141254313\n ],\n [\n -84.20402526855467,\n 10.21458443640332\n ],\n [\n -84.25500869750975,\n 10.21458443640332\n ],\n [\n -84.25500869750975,\n 10.173867141254313\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f82930","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, Ward E. 0000-0002-6624-0280 wsanford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":2268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"Ward","email":"wsanford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowe, Gary L. Jr.","contributorId":189606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rowe","given":"Gary L.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brantley, Susan L.","contributorId":38461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brantley","given":"Susan L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019255,"text":"70019255 - 1995 - Origin and diagenesis of K/T impact spherules - from Haiti to Wyoming and beyond","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T15:36:01.451249","indexId":"70019255","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2714,"text":"Meteoritics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin and diagenesis of K/T impact spherules - from Haiti to Wyoming and beyond","docAbstract":"Impact spherules in Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary clays and claystones consist of two types; each type is confined to its own separate layer of the boundary couplet in the Western Hemisphere. The form and composition of each of the spherule types result from its own unique mode of origin during the K/T event. Type 1 splash-form spherules occur only in the melt-ejecta (basal) layer of the K/T couplet. This layer was deposited from a ballistic ejecta curtain composed of melt-glass droplets transported mostly within the atmosphere. In contrast, Type 2 spherules are accreted, partially crystalline, spheroidal bodies that formed by condensation of vaporized bolide and target-rock materials in an expanding fireball cloud, from which they settled out of buoyant suspension to form the fireball layer. Dendritic and skeletal Ni-rich spinel crystals are unique to these Type 2 spherules in the fireball layer.
Compositions of relict glasses found in Type 1 K/T spherules from Haiti indicate that they were derived from intermediate silicic target rocks. These melt-glass droplets were deposited into an aqueous environment at both continental and marine sites. We propose that the surfaces of the hot melt droplets hydrated rapidly in water and that these hydrated glass rims then altered to palagonite. Subsequent alteration of the palagonite rims to smectite, glauconite, chlorite, kaolinite, or goyazite occurred later during various modes of progressive diagenesis, accompanied by dissolution of some of the glass cores in spherules from continental sections and from marine sections that were subsequently raised above sea level. In many of the nonmarine sections in the Western Interior, the glass cores altered to kaolinite instead of dissolving.
Directly comparable spherule morphologies (splash forms), textural features of the altered shells, and scalloping and grooving of relict glass cores or secondary casts demonstrate that the Haitian and Wyoming spherules are equivalent altered Type 1 melt-droplet bodies. The spherules at both locations were deposited in a melt-ejecta layer as part of the K/T impact event.
Previously, two types of relict impact glasses had been identified in the Haitian spherule beds: black glass of andesitic composition and high-Ca yellow glass with an unusually high S content. Most workers agree that the latter probably formed by impact melting and mixing of surficial carbonate (and minor anhydrite) rocks with the more deeply-buried crystalline parent rocks of the black glasses. However, some workers have suggested that an intermediate compositional gap exists between the two groups of glasses, implying a different origin than simple mixing of end members during impact. We report glass compositional analyses with values extending throughout this intermediate range, lending support to the impact-mixing model. Inclusions of CaSO4 found by us in relict yellow glasses further support this model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1945-5100.1995.tb01113.x","issn":"00261114","usgsCitation":"Bohor, B., and Glass, B., 1995, Origin and diagenesis of K/T impact spherules - from Haiti to Wyoming and beyond: Meteoritics, v. 30, no. 2, p. 182-198, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.1995.tb01113.x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"182","endPage":"198","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226687,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70a0e4b0c8380cd7613a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohor, B.F.","contributorId":96351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohor","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glass, B.P.","contributorId":74513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"B.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70246575,"text":"70246575 - 1995 - Shear-wave splitting from local earthquakes at the Geysers Geothermal Field, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-10T16:56:13.15144","indexId":"70246575","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-12T11:45:16","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shear-wave splitting from local earthquakes at the Geysers Geothermal Field, California","docAbstract":"Shear-wave splitting from local microearth-quakes recorded in The Geysers geothermal field shows that seismic anisotropy is distributed in a complex geographic pattern. At stations within about 2 km of northwest-striking regional faults, the fast polarization direction is parallel to those faults. The geothermal field, lying between two such faults, has both northwest and northeast fast polarization directions, often at the same station. This pattern suggests at least two causes of splitting: (1) extensive dilatancy anisotropy (EDA) and (2) fault-produced fractures or rock fabric. The observed anisotropy may derive from the upper 1.5 km of the crust, averaging 4% there, or it may be heterogeneously distributed throughout the upper 5 km. Fast polarization directions coincide with fracture directions inferred from borehole data for one of the youngest rock types in the region, a felsite pluton of about 1 Ma, and with injectate pathways inferred from microseismicity and geochemistry. Including in reservoir models a permeability anisotropy with a pattern similar to seismic anisotropy may help in optimizing fluid injection and steam recovery.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94GL03295","usgsCitation":"Evans, J.R., Julian, B.R., Foulger, G., and Ross, A., 1995, Shear-wave splitting from local earthquakes at the Geysers Geothermal Field, California: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 22, no. 4, p. 501-504, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL03295.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"501","endPage":"504","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418816,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Geysers Geothermal Field, Mayacamas Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.89240209113163,\n 38.88571164883868\n ],\n [\n -122.89240209113163,\n 38.75766115853094\n ],\n [\n -122.6532160912488,\n 38.75766115853094\n ],\n [\n -122.6532160912488,\n 38.88571164883868\n ],\n [\n -122.89240209113163,\n 38.88571164883868\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, John R. jevans1@usgs.gov","contributorId":621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"John","email":"jevans1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":877260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Julian, Bruce R.","contributorId":50063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ross, Alwyn","contributorId":316270,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ross","given":"Alwyn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70245137,"text":"70245137 - 1995 - Stratigraphic and structural synthesis of a Miocene extensional terrane, southeast California and west-central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-16T15:33:56.108306","indexId":"70245137","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T10:19:54","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic and structural synthesis of a Miocene extensional terrane, southeast California and west-central Arizona","docAbstract":"Detailed stratigraphy and isotopic dating of stratigraphic sections in the Colorado River extensional corridor support a regional correlation of highly faulted Tertiary stratigraphic sequences and provide a chronologic framework for interpreting the evolution of low-angle normal (detachment) faults. On the basis of this correlation, we define six tilting domains in the upper plate of the Whipple, Chemehuevi, and Rawhide detachment faults and identify three discrete episodes of detachment faulting that began in the early Miocene and ended in middle Miocene time. Episodes of rapid detachment faulting are indicated by extreme tilting of upper-plate fault blocks and overlying Miocene sequences, fanning dips of basinal deposits, and angular unconformities that represent short time gaps in the accumulation of syntectonic sequences.
During the first episode of detachment faulting at about 20 Ma, the upper plate segmented to form the domains. Basin subsidence and extreme tilting of upper-plate fault blocks and syntectonic deposits characterized the eastern Topock, Crossman, Aubrey, Parker Dam, and Buckskin-Rawhide domains, whereas the western Mopah domain was the site of abundant volcanic activity but no basins or tilting. A second episode of extension at about 18 Ma produced extreme tilts in the Buckskin-Rawhide domain but upper-plate blocks in the Mopah domain tilted moderately. A third regionwide faulting episode between 14 and 12 Ma was due to localized uplift of middle and lower crust and eventual exposure of the detachment faults and their footwalls. The upper-plate fault blocks responded passively to localized slip on the detachment faults. Rapid extension began on the Whipple-Chemehuevi detachment fault at 20 Ma and had shifted southward to the Buckskin-Rawhide detachment fault by 18 Ma; volcanic activity also shifted southward to the Buckskin-Rawhide domain at this time. The southward shift of rapid extension and volcanism probably represents buildup and release of strain at localized sites in the lower plate. Otherwise, stratigraphic and structural relations indicate that the locations of upper-plate basins, faulting and tilting of upper-plate blocks, and position of the breakaway zone remained stable throughout the major phases of extension.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0241:SASSOA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Nielson, J.E., and Beratan, K.K., 1995, Stratigraphic and structural synthesis of a Miocene extensional terrane, southeast California and west-central Arizona: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 107, no. 2, p. 241-252, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0241:SASSOA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"252","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.63925306119957,\n 35.1120498760428\n ],\n [\n -115.63925306119957,\n 33.98772646876533\n ],\n [\n -113.74781991261354,\n 33.98772646876533\n ],\n [\n -113.74781991261354,\n 35.1120498760428\n ],\n [\n -115.63925306119957,\n 35.1120498760428\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielson, Jane E.","contributorId":9701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beratan, Kathi K.","contributorId":304218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beratan","given":"Kathi","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185374,"text":"70185374 - 1995 - Modeling the effects of variable groundwater chemistry on adsorption of molybdate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T08:37:54","indexId":"70185374","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the effects of variable groundwater chemistry on adsorption of molybdate","docAbstract":"Laboratory experiments were used to identify and quantify processes having a significant effect on molybdate (MoO42−) adsorption in a shallow alluvial aquifer on Cape Cod, assachusetts. Aqueous chemistry in the aquifer changes as a result of treated sewage effluent mixing with groundwater. Molybdate adsorption decreased as pH, ionic strength, and the concentration of competing anions increased. A diffuse-layer surface complexation model was used to simulate adsorption of MoO42−, phosphate (PO43−), and sulfate (SO42−) on aquifer sediment. Equilibrium constants for the model were calculated by calibration to data from batch experiments. The model was then used in a one-dimensional solute transport program to successfully simulate initial breakthrough of MoO42− from column experiments. A shortcoming of the solute transport program was the inability to account for kinetics of physical and chemical processes. This resulted in a failure of the model to predict the slow rate of desorption of MoO42− from the columns. The mobility of MoO42− ncreased with ionic strength and with the formation of aqueous complexes with calcium, magnesium, and sodium. Failure to account for MoO42− speciation and ionic strength in the model resulted in overpredicting MoO42− adsorption. Qualitatively, the laboratory data predicted the observed behavior of MoO42− in the aquifer, where retardation of MoO42− was greatest in uncontaminated roundwater having low pH, low ionic strength, and low concentrations of PO43− and SO42−.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR02675","usgsCitation":"Stollenwerk, K.G., 1995, Modeling the effects of variable groundwater chemistry on adsorption of molybdate: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 2, p. 347-357, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR02675.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"347","endPage":"357","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337935,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b95e4b0236b68f82944","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185319,"text":"70185319 - 1995 - An updated model of induced airflow in the unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-22T07:26:55","indexId":"70185319","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An updated model of induced airflow in the unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"Simulation of induced movement of air in the unsaturated zone provides a method to determine permeability and to design vapor extraction remediation systems. A previously published solution to the airflow equation for the case in which the unsaturated zone is separated from the atmosphere by a layer of lower permeability (such as a clay layer) has been superseded. The new solution simulates airflow through the layer of lower permeability more rigorously by defining the leakage in terms of the upper boundary condition rather than by adding a leakage term to the governing airflow equation. This note presents the derivation of the new solution. Formulas for steady state pressure, specific discharge, and mass flow in the domain are obtained for the new model and for the case in which the unsaturated zone is in direct contact with the atmosphere.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR02423","usgsCitation":"Baehr, A.L., and Joss, C.J., 1995, An updated model of induced airflow in the unsaturated zone: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 2, p. 417-421, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR02423.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"417","endPage":"421","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337860,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1fe4b0236b68f673a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joss, Craig J.","contributorId":189555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Joss","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207889,"text":"70207889 - 1995 - Intraglacial volcanism in the Wells Gray–Clearwater volcanic field, east-central British Columbia, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-16T16:46:14","indexId":"70207889","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-16T16:30:55","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intraglacial volcanism in the Wells Gray–Clearwater volcanic field, east-central British Columbia, Canada","docAbstract":"Small-volume, subaerial, subaqueous and subglacial basaltic eruptions occurred in the Wells Gray–Clearwater area during Quaternary time. Part of this time, significant thicknesses of glacial ice were present. Dating of intraglacial volcanic features corroborates other evidence of an Early Pleistocene, Cordilleran-wide ice sheet. Of the intraglacial volcanoes investigated, three were studied in detail and of these, two probably erupted during the Fraser glaciation (11–20 ka), when maximum ice level exceeded 2100 m elevation. Major-element and sulphur concentrations were measured in glass from the volcanoes to provide insight into vent conditions at the time of eruption. Hyalo Ridge (2102 m elevation, whole-rock K–Ar age of 0.02 ± 0.01 Ma) is a small volcanic edifice capped by lava flows with coherent pillowed lavas and interbedded hyaloclastite exposed over nearly 400 m altitude on its east flank. Low sulphur content (<0.03 wt.%) in pillow rim glasses indicates that the lavas are degassed. It is interpreted that the vent built above the water (or ice) surface then fed lava flows that crossed a shoreline and produced pillowed flows. Pyramid Mountain is a volcanic cone 240 m high, comprised of glassy, vesicular, lapilli-tuff breccia. The highly alkalic glass contains 0.1 wt.% S (considered high), and indicates a high original volatile content and drastic quenching, probably during phreatomagmatic eruption from a meltwater-flooded vent. East of the Clearwater River a sequence of massive pillowed flows and pillow joint-block breccias is exposed from 880 to 1320 m elevation (0.27 ± 0.05 Ma). The vent location is unknown. Moderate S content (0.040–0.055 wt.%) indicates that the lavas were erupted in shallow water and are largely degassed. The S content of glass in dykes cutting the pillow breccias is low. The dykes are interpreted as lava that has flowed laterally or down into cracks
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e95-070","usgsCitation":"Hickson, C., Moore, J.G., Calk, L., and Metcalfe, P., 1995, Intraglacial volcanism in the Wells Gray–Clearwater volcanic field, east-central British Columbia, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 32, no. 7, p. 838-851, https://doi.org/10.1139/e95-070.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"838","endPage":"851","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371332,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"British Columbia","otherGeospatial":"Wells Gray- Clearwater region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.970458984375,\n 50.85450904781293\n ],\n [\n -119.33349609375,\n 50.85450904781293\n ],\n [\n -119.33349609375,\n 52.5897007687178\n ],\n [\n -120.970458984375,\n 52.5897007687178\n ],\n [\n -120.970458984375,\n 50.85450904781293\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hickson, C.J.","contributorId":67256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickson","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calk, L.","contributorId":106264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calk","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Metcalfe, P.","contributorId":221675,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Metcalfe","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207886,"text":"70207886 - 1995 - Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-16T16:18:00","indexId":"70207886","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-16T16:16:30","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii","docAbstract":"We have studied 30 quenched tholeiitic lava flows recovered by 20 dredge hauls and one submersible dive along Puna Ridge, the submarine part of the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii Glass grains from numerous additional flows were recovered in turbidite sands cored in the Hawaiian Trough. These quenched lavas document variable primary magma compositions; olivine and multiphase crystallization and fractionation; degassing; wall-rock stoping and assimilation; mixing in the crustal reservoir and the rift zone; entrainment of olivine xenocrysts from a hot, ductile, olivine cumulate body; and disruption of gabbro wallrocks in the rift zone.
Glass grains in turbidite sands contain up to 15⋅0wt% MgO, in contrast to < 7⋅0wt% MgO for the sampled glass rinds on lavas. The most forsteritic olivine phenocryst (F090·7) is in equilibrium with primary Kilauea liquid containing an average 16⋅5 wt% MgO, but ranging from 13⋅4 to 18⋅4%. Lavas and glass grains have more restricted P2O5/K2O and TiO2/K2O than glass inclusions in olivine, because more diverse liquids trapped as glass inclusions are mixed and homogenized before eruption. Variable trace element compositions in glass grains and whole rocks indicate that the primary liquids form by partial melting of mantle sources retaining clinopyroxene and garnet.
Orthopyroxene xenocrysts formed at moderate pressures provide evidence for a sub-crustal staging zone. Chromite and olivine crystallize in the crustal magma reservoir as the liquid cools from an average 1346°C to ∼1170°C. Low viscosities of the primary liquids (0·4 Pas) facilitate olivine settling, and the crystallized olivine forms an olivine cumulate body at the base of the reservoir. Olivine is deformed as the hot ductile dunite body flows down and away from the summit. This flow drives instability of the Hilina landslide on Kilauea. Dikes intrude the dunite, and magma flowing through the dikes disaggregates and entrains olivine xenocrysts in Puna Ridge magmas.
Primary liquids pond at or near the base of Kilauea's crustal reservoir because they are denser than more fractionated liquids that occupy the upper parts of the reservoir. The sulfur and water contents of glass rinds indicate that fractionated liquids near the top of the reservoir degas at low pressure, a process that increases their density and causes them to sink to levels where they mix with resident undegassed, near-primary liquid. The fractionated liquids near the top of the magma reservoir acquire excess Cl, owing to assimilation of hydrothermally altered roofrocks.
Magma flowing into the rift zone encounters and mixes with low-temperature, multiphase-fractionated melt. The mixed magmas typically contain rare orthopyroxene, plagioclase as sodic as andesine, olivine as fayalitic as F075 and Fe-rich augite derived from the fractionated magma. Magma flowing through dikes also dislodged fragments of gabbroic wallrocks that occur as xenoliths.
The interrelations in the Kilauean submarine lavas between host glass and glass inclusion compositions, volatile contents and mineral chemistry reveal an extraordinarily complex sequence of petrogenetic processes and events that are difficult or impossible to determine in subaerial Kilauea lavas because of crystallization, reequilibration and degassing during or after their eruption.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/36.2.299","usgsCitation":"Clague, D.A., Moore, J.G., Dixon, J., and Friesen, W., 1995, Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii: Journal of Petrology, v. 36, no. 2, p. 299-349, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.2.299.","productDescription":"51 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"349","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371327,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Puna Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 19.228176737766262\n ],\n [\n -153.69873046875,\n 19.228176737766262\n ],\n [\n -153.69873046875,\n 20.694461597907797\n ],\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 20.694461597907797\n ],\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 19.228176737766262\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D. A.","contributorId":190950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dixon, J.E.","contributorId":53093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friesen, W.B.","contributorId":75532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friesen","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207837,"text":"70207837 - 1995 - Frequency-moment distribution of deep earthquakes; Implications for the seismogenic zone at the bottom of slabs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-07T15:17:02.372528","indexId":"70207837","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-15T12:48:56","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Frequency-moment distribution of deep earthquakes; Implications for the seismogenic zone at the bottom of slabs","docAbstract":"We present a systematic investigation of the variation with depth of the frequency of earthquake occurrence vs. seismic moment based on 16 years of Harvard Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) solutions. We analyze depth variations of earthquake size distribution in terms of variations in the absolute value of the slope of the regression of the logarithm of the population vs. seismic moment, a quantity known as the β parameter. The shallowest earthquakes (0–50 km depth) exhibit a well-defined and robust size distribution regime characterized by a discontinuous increase in β with increasing moment. Others have shown that this increase probably represents the effects of a physical limit in the dimensions of the area of seismogenic slip of shallow earthquake sources. The population of deep earthquakes in the depth interval 500–600 km shows two markedly different distributions. The deep earthquakes in the Tonga region feature an initially high β value (0.92) at small moments and a lower β value (0.41) at high moments. In contrast, the size distribution of non-Tonga deep events shows the reverse of those changes (β = 0.41 at low moment and β = 1.17 at higher moment). To help explain these observations, we propose a model of deep seismogenesis that assumes three-dimensional earthquake source regions that vary principally in their transverse dimensions. The two-β segment behavior in the Tonga region and other subduction zones is thought to represent, in part, constraints owing to the threshold of completeness of the CMT catalog and to its short time interval of sampling. We interpret the differences between Tonga and other deep Wadati-Benioff zones as being a consequence of Tonga's markedly higher subduction rate and, hence, its colder thermal structure and presumably thicker region of seismogenesis. We interpret the critical moments at which β values change in terms of variations in the transverse thickness of deep seismogenic zones and estimate that it is about 11 km for the Tonga region and about 3 km for other zones at depths of 500–600 km. These results are generally consistent with deep earthquakes being restricted to wedge-shaped regions of peridotite persisting metastably to as deep as 700 km in old, rapidly descending and hence cold slabs. Failure is thought to occur in metastable peridotite by transformational faulting. Great deep earthquakes present special challenges to any theory of deep earthquakes based on slab thermal structure. For example, a continuing question is how such large events can fit in a thermally controlled seismogenic zone that is diminishing in its transverse dimensions with increasing depth. The very concept of a scale-invariant earthquake size distribution may be inappropriate for these rare events and the unusual settings in which they are found.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(95)03037-8","usgsCitation":"Okal, E., and Kirby, S.H., 1995, Frequency-moment distribution of deep earthquakes; Implications for the seismogenic zone at the bottom of slabs: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 92, no. 3-4, p. 169-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(95)03037-8.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"187","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371265,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Okal, E.A.","contributorId":35082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okal","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, Stephen H. 0000-0003-1636-4688 skirby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-4688","contributorId":2752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","email":"skirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018776,"text":"70018776 - 1995 - Earthquakes in the Los Angeles metropolitan region: A possible fractal distribution of rupture size","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-12T16:46:31.937557","indexId":"70018776","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes in the Los Angeles metropolitan region: A possible fractal distribution of rupture size","docAbstract":"Although there is debate on the maximum size of earthquake that is possible on any of several known fault systems in the greater Los Angeles metropolitan region, it is reasonable to assume that the distribution of earthquakes will follow a fractal distribution of rupture areas. For this assumption and an overall slip-rate for the region of approximately 1 centimeter per year, roughly one magnitude 7.4 to 7.5 event is expected to occur every 245 to 325 years. A model in which the earthquake distribution is fractal predicts that, additionally, there should be approximately six events in the range of magnitude 6.6 in this same span of time, a higher rate than has occurred in the historic record.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.267.5195.211","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., 1995, Earthquakes in the Los Angeles metropolitan region: A possible fractal distribution of rupture size: Science, v. 267, no. 5195, p. 211-213, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5195.211.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"213","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227359,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Los Angeles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.00237240949104,\n 34.584687499749506\n ],\n [\n -119.00237240949104,\n 33.4924558372457\n ],\n [\n -117.08019323731881,\n 33.4924558372457\n ],\n [\n -117.08019323731881,\n 34.584687499749506\n ],\n [\n -119.00237240949104,\n 34.584687499749506\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"267","issue":"5195","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a051be4b0c8380cd50c6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018893,"text":"70018893 - 1995 - Response of high-rise and base-isolated buildings to a hypothetical M w 7.0 blind thrust earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-12T16:35:16.849129","indexId":"70018893","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of high-rise and base-isolated buildings to a hypothetical M w 7.0 blind thrust earthquake","docAbstract":"High-rise flexible-frame buildings are commonly considered to be resistant to shaking from the largest earthquakes. In addition, base isolation has become increasingly popular for critical buildings that should still function after an earthquake. How will these two types of buildings perform if a large earthquake occurs beneath a metropolitan area? To answer this question, we simulated the near-source ground motions of a Mw 7.0 thrust earthquake and then mathematically modeled the response of a 20-story steel-frame building and a 3-story base-isolated building. The synthesized ground motions were characterized by large displacement pulses (up to 2 meters) and large ground velocities. These ground motions caused large deformation and possible collapse of the frame building, and they required exceptional measures in the design of the base-isolated building if it was to remain functional.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.267.5195.206","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Heaton, T.H., Hall, J.F., Wald, D., and Halling, M., 1995, Response of high-rise and base-isolated buildings to a hypothetical M w 7.0 blind thrust earthquake: Science, v. 267, no. 5195, p. 206-211, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5195.206.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"206","endPage":"211","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226756,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"267","issue":"5195","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa4ee4b0c8380cd8626d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heaton, T. H.","contributorId":64671,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heaton","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, J. F.","contributorId":41606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Halling, M.W.","contributorId":68897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halling","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207424,"text":"70207424 - 1995 - Metamorphic and structural history of continental crust at a Mesozoic collisional margin, the Ruby terrane, central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T10:02:43","indexId":"70207424","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-02T09:59:21","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2389,"text":"Journal of Metamorphic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metamorphic and structural history of continental crust at a Mesozoic collisional margin, the Ruby terrane, central Alaska","docAbstract":"The Ruby terrane is an elongate fragment of continental crustal rocks that is structurally overlain by thrust slices of oceanic crust. Our results from the Kokrines Hills, in the south‐central part of the Ruby terrane, demonstrate that the low‐angle schistose fabric formed under high‐P/low‐T conditions, at peak conditions of 10.8‐13.2 kbar and 425‐550° C, consistent with the rare occurrence of glaucophane. White mica 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages from these blueschists indicate that the metamorphism occurred prior to 144 ± 1 Ma. The blueschist facies assemblages are partially replaced by greenschist facies assemblages in the eastern Kokrines Hills. In contrast, in the central and western Kokrines Hills, upper amphibolite to lower granulite facies metamorphism associated with extensive late Early Cretaceous plutonism has completely overprinted any evidence of an earlier high‐P/T metamorphic history. Deformation accompanying the plutonism produced recumbent isoclinal folds in the plutonic rocks and pelitic gneisses of the wallrock; decompression reactions in the pelitic gneisses suggest that the deformation occurred during exhumation. Thermochronological data bracket the time of intrusion and cooling below 500° C between 118 ± 3 and 109 ± 1 Ma.
Our data from the schists of the Ruby terrane support the general assumption of many authors that the Ruby terrane was subducted beneath an oceanic island arc. This tectonic history is similar to that described for other large continental crustal blocks in northern and central Alaska, in the Brooks Range, Seward Peninsula and Yukon‐Tanana Upland. The current orientation of the Ruby terrane at an oblique angle to these other crustal blocks and to the Cordilleran trend is due to post‐collisional tectonic processes that have greatly modified the original continental margin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1525-1314.1995.tb00203.x","usgsCitation":"Roeske, S.M., Dusel-Bacon, C., Aleinikoff, J.N., Snee, L., and Lanphere, M.A., 1995, Metamorphic and structural history of continental crust at a Mesozoic collisional margin, the Ruby terrane, central Alaska: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 13, no. 1, p. 25-40, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1995.tb00203.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370469,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.78515624999997,\n 61.77312286453146\n ],\n [\n -141.50390625,\n 61.77312286453146\n ],\n [\n -141.50390625,\n 69.28725695167886\n ],\n [\n -159.78515624999997,\n 69.28725695167886\n ],\n [\n -159.78515624999997,\n 61.77312286453146\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roeske, S. M.","contributorId":96865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roeske","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aleinikoff, John N. 0000-0003-3494-6841 jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":1478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","email":"jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":777968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70074401,"text":"70074401 - 1995 - Topography of closed depressions, scarps, and grabens in the North Tharsis region of Mars: implications for shallow crustal discontinuities and graben formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T13:20:41","indexId":"70074401","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T14:07:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topography of closed depressions, scarps, and grabens in the North Tharsis region of Mars: implications for shallow crustal discontinuities and graben formation","docAbstract":"Using Viking Orbiter images, detailed photoclinometric profiles were obtained across 10 irregular depressions, 32 fretted fractures, 49 troughs and pits, 124 solitary scarps, and 370 simple grabens in the north Tharsis region of Mars. These data allow inferences to be made on the shallow crustal structure of this region. The frequency modes of measured scarp heights correspond with previous general thickness estimates of the heavily cratered and ridged plains units. The depths of the flat-floored irregular depressions (55-175 m), fretted fractures (85-890 m), and troughs and pits (60-1620 m) are also similar to scarp heights (thicknesses) of the geologic units in which these depressions occur, which suggests that the depths of these flat-floored features were controlled by erosional base levels created by lithologic contacts. Although the features have a similar age, both their depths and their observed local structural control increase in the order listed above, which suggests that the more advanced stages of associated fracturing facilitated the development of these depressions by increasing permeability. If a ground-ice zone is a factor in development of these features, as has been suggested, our observation that the depths of these features decrease with increasing latitude suggests that either the thickness of the ground-ice zone does not increase poleward or the depths of the depressions were controlled by the top of the ground-ice zone whose depth may decrease with latitude.\n\nDeeper discontinuities are inferred from fault-intersection depths of 370 simple grabens (assuming 60° dipping faults that initiate at a mechanical discontinuity) in Tempe Terra and Alba Patera and from the depths of the large, flat-floored troughs in Tempe Terra. The frequency distributions of these fault-intersection and large trough depths show a concentration at 1.0-1.6 km depth, similar to data obtained for Syria, Sinai, and Lunae Plana. The consistency of these depth data over such a large region of western Mars suggests that a discontinuity or a process that transcends local and regional geology is responsible for the formation of these features. If this discontinuity is represented by the base of the cryosphere, its uniform depth over 55° of latitude suggests that the cryosphere did not thicken poleward. Alternatively, the concentration of depths at 1.0-1.6 km may represent the upper level of noneruptive dike ascent (lateral dike propagation) of Mars, which is controlled by gravity and atmospheric pressure and magma and country-rock characteristics, and was probably controlled, in part, by ground ice.\n\nFault-intersection depths in the north Tharsis region locally extend down to a depth of 5-7 km. The depth data between 2 and 3 km are attributed to the discontinuity at the interface of megaregolith and basement or to the upper limit of noneruptive dike ascent of magma with a high volatile content. Intersection depths greater than 3 km, which were found at Alba Patera, may be due to the megaregolith-basement discontinuity, which was buried and depressed by volcanic loading, or to the upper level of noneruptive dike ascent of magma with a low volatile content.\n\nThe near absence of narrow simple grabens with fault-initiation depths less than 0.6-1.0 km in this study area, as well as in most of western Mars, suggests that this depth represents the minimum depth that normal faults can initiate; at shallower depths tension cracks or joints would form instead. This hypothesis is supported by the application of the Griffith failure criterion to this minimum depth of normal fault initiation, which suggests that shallow crustal materials have a tensile strength of 2-4 MPa throughout most of western Mars, in close agreement with previous estimates of tensile strength of martian basaltic rock.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/icar.1995.1071","usgsCitation":"Davis, P.A., Tanaka, K.L., and Golombek, M., 1995, Topography of closed depressions, scarps, and grabens in the North Tharsis region of Mars: implications for shallow crustal discontinuities and graben formation: Icarus, v. 114, no. 2, p. 403-422, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1995.1071.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"403","endPage":"422","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281670,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281669,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1995.1071"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"114","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7937e4b0b2908510cadf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Philip A. pdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Philip","email":"pdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":489570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanaka, Kenneth L. ktanaka@usgs.gov","contributorId":610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanaka","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktanaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Golombek, Matthew P.","contributorId":93180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golombek","given":"Matthew P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70068875,"text":"70068875 - 1995 - Overview of the influence of syn-sedimentary tectonics and palaeo-fluvial systems on coal seam and sand body characteristics in the Westphalian C strata, Campine Basin, Belgium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-13T14:17:33","indexId":"70068875","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T14:06:34","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Overview of the influence of syn-sedimentary tectonics and palaeo-fluvial systems on coal seam and sand body characteristics in the Westphalian C strata, Campine Basin, Belgium","docAbstract":"The Westphalian C strata found in the northeastern part of the former Belgian coal district (Campine Basin), which is part of an extensive northwest European paralic coal basin, are considered. The thickness and lateral continuity of the Westphalian C coal seams vary considerably stratigraphically and areally. Sedimentological facies analysis of borehole cores indicates that the deposition of Westphalian C coal-bearing strata was controlled by fluvial depositional systems whose architectures were ruled by local subsidence rates. The local subsidence rates may be related to major faults, which were intermittently reactivated during deposition. Lateral changes in coal seam groups are also reflected by marked variations of their seismic signatures. Westphalian C fluvial depositional systems include moderate to low sinuosity braided and anastomosed river systems. Stable tectonic conditions on upthrown, fault-bounded platforms favoured deposition by braided rivers and the associated development of relatively thick, laterally continuous coal seams in raised mires. In contrast, rapidly subsiding downthrown fault blocks favoured aggradation, probably by anastomosed rivers and the development of relatively thin, highly discontinuous coal seams in topogenous mires.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"European coal geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.082.01.15","usgsCitation":"Dreesen, R., Bossiroy, D., Dusar, M., Flores, R.M., and Verkaeren, P., 1995, Overview of the influence of syn-sedimentary tectonics and palaeo-fluvial systems on coal seam and sand body characteristics in the Westphalian C strata, Campine Basin, Belgium, chap. of European coal geology, v. 82, p. 215-232, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.082.01.15.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"232","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":280906,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280904,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.082.01.15"}],"country":"Belgium","otherGeospatial":"Campine Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 4.1858,50.792 ], [ 4.1858,51.5737 ], [ 5.8612,51.5737 ], [ 5.8612,50.792 ], [ 4.1858,50.792 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"82","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-01-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6a58e4b0b290851032e5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Whateley, M. K. G.","contributorId":111350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whateley","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509686,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spears, D.A.","contributorId":57224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spears","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509685,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Dreesen, Roland","contributorId":62927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dreesen","given":"Roland","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bossiroy, Dominique","contributorId":63893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bossiroy","given":"Dominique","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dusar, Michiel","contributorId":61340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusar","given":"Michiel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flores, R. M.","contributorId":106899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Verkaeren, Paul","contributorId":20649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verkaeren","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70074400,"text":"70074400 - 1995 - Estimation of rod scale errors in geodetic leveling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-29T14:01:51","indexId":"70074400","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T13:59:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of rod scale errors in geodetic leveling","docAbstract":"Comparisons among repeated geodetic levelings have often been used for detecting and estimating residual rod scale errors in leveled heights. Individual rod-pair scale errors are estimated by a two-step procedure using a model based on either differences in heights, differences in section height differences, or differences in section tilts. It is shown that the estimated rod-pair scale errors derived from each model are identical only when the data are correctly weighted, and the mathematical correlations are accounted for in the model based on heights. Analyses based on simple regressions of changes in height versus height can easily lead to incorrect conclusions. We also show that the statistically estimated scale errors are not a simple function of height, height difference, or tilt. The models are valid only when terrain slope is constant over adjacent pairs of setups (i.e., smoothly varying terrain). In order to discriminate between rod scale errors and vertical displacements due to crustal motion, the individual rod-pairs should be used in more than one leveling, preferably in areas of contrasting tectonic activity. From an analysis of 37 separately calibrated rod-pairs used in 55 levelings in southern California, we found eight statistically significant coefficients that could be reasonably attributed to rod scale errors, only one of which was larger than the expected random error in the applied calibration-based scale correction. However, significant differences with other independent checks indicate that caution should be exercised before accepting these results as evidence of scale error. Further refinements of the technique are clearly needed if the results are to be routinely applied in practice.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/95JB00614","usgsCitation":"Craymer, M.R., Vaníček, P., and Castle, R.O., 1995, Estimation of rod scale errors in geodetic leveling: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 100, no. B8, p. 15129-15145, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB00614.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"15129","endPage":"15145","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281668,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281667,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95JB00614"}],"volume":"100","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5827e4b0b290850f7e9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Craymer, Michael R.","contributorId":37642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craymer","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vaníček, Petr","contributorId":15110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaníček","given":"Petr","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Castle, Robert O.","contributorId":22741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70074396,"text":"70074396 - 1995 - Outwash plains and thermokarst on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T12:35:48","indexId":"70074396","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T13:55:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Outwash plains and thermokarst on Mars","docAbstract":"The spatial distribution of different types of rampart craters on Mars suggests a hemispheric asymmetry in the distribution of ground ice. The northern plains, especially major topographic depressions near the terminations of outflow channels, have high percentages of rampart craters. Two of these basins, Acidalia and Utopia Planitiae, received extraordinarily large amounts of water and sediment from the Chryse and Elysium outflow channels. In both regions, the analysis of high-resolution Viking pictures (12 m/pixel) indicates a concentration of kilometer-scale depressions that are similar in size and form to thermokarstic features in Yakutia (Siberia) and parts of the arctic coastal plain of North America. Accordingly, we infer that (1) Utopia Planitia and Acidalia Planitia may contain thick, laterally continuous, ice-rich sedimentary deposits related to outflow channel-forming floods, and (2) these areas of Mars may have experienced thermokarstic processes similar to modern thermokarstic processes in some periglacial regions of Earth.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/icar.1995.1046","usgsCitation":"Costard, F., and Kargel, J., 1995, Outwash plains and thermokarst on Mars: Icarus, v. 114, no. 1, p. 93-112, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1995.1046.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281666,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281665,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1995.1046"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"114","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6a47e4b0b29085103271","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Costard, F.M.","contributorId":31303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costard","given":"F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kargel, J.S.","contributorId":88096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kargel","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70244786,"text":"70244786 - 1995 - Plutonism at the interior margin of the Jurassic magmatic arc, Mojave Desert, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-14T19:01:38.988523","indexId":"70244786","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T13:54:01","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Plutonism at the interior margin of the Jurassic magmatic arc, Mojave Desert, California","docAbstract":"The inland edge of the Jurassic magmatic belt passes through the eastern Mojave Desert, where it was emplaced in ancient continental crust. Three intrusive units exposed there—the Ship and Clipper Mountains plutons and a dike swarm in the Old Woman and Piute Mountains and Kilbeck Hills—are broadly similar to each other and to other intrusions of Jurassic age, but they differ from one another in detail and all show very clear evidence for interaction with the ancient crust.
All three intrusive units are primarily metaluminous and range from mafic to moderately felsic in composition. The Ship Mountains pluton and dikes included both mafic and felsic magmas that mingled locally. The Clipper Mountains pluton comprises a compositional continuum from hornblende gabbro through granodiorite, at least partly a result of crystal accumulation processes. The ca. 160-Ma Clipper Mountains pluton was emplaced syntectonically with thrusting at a depth of approximately 15 km. The ca. 145-Ma dike swarm intruded at approximately 12 km, and the Ship Mountains pluton at <5 km. The Ship Mountains pluton, which is not well dated, initially overlay the dike swarm prior to Late Cretaceous and Tertiary extension and may have a similar age.
The intrusions are all enriched in incompatible elements and have isotopic compositions that are more evolved than any plausible mantle source (high 87Sr/86Sr, low εNd, high 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb compared with 206Pb/204Pb). Ship Mountains and most dike samples are less evolved in Nd and Sr than the Mojave crust, but the Clipper Mountains Nd-Sr array is coincident with the less evolved portion of the field of ancient Mojave crust. Extremely strong U-Pb inheritance in Clipper zircons and moderate inheritance in dike zircons verifies the crustal component. We interpret Ship and dike rocks to be hybrids of ancient enriched mantle-derived mafic magmas and the ancient crust; the Clipper Mountains pluton could represent a restite-rich magma entirely derived from the Mojave crust, although a modest mantle contribution is likely.
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1995 - Demography of birds in a neotropical forest: Effects of allometry, taxonomy, and ecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T17:44:29.561553","indexId":"5222722","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T12:17:41","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demography of birds in a neotropical forest: Effects of allometry, taxonomy, and ecology","docAbstract":"Comparative demographic studies of terrestrial vertebrates have included few samples of species from tropical forests. We analyzed 9 yr of mark—recapture data and estimated demographic parameters for 25 species of birds inhabiting lowland forests in central Panama. These species were all songbirds (Order Passeriformes) ranging in mass from 7 to 57 g. Using Jolly—Seber stochastic models for open populations, we estimated annual survival rate, population size, and recruitment between sampling periods for each species. We then explored relationships between these parameters and attributes such as body size, phylogenetic affiliation, foraging guild, and social behavior. Larger birds had comparatively long life—spans and low recruitment, but body size was not associated with population size. After adjusting for effects of body size, we found no association between phylogenetic affiliation and any demographic trait. Ecological attributes, especially foraging guild, were more clearly associated with interspecific variation in all demographic traits. Ant—followers had comparatively long life—spans, but species that participate in flocks did not live longer than solitary species. The allometric associations we observed were consistent with those demonstrated in other studies of vertebrates; thus, these relationships appear to be robust. Our findings that ecological factors were more influential than phylogenetic affiliation contrasts with comparative studies of temperate—zone birds and suggests that the relative importance of environmental vs. historical factors varies geographically.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1940630","usgsCitation":"Brawn, J.D., Karr, J.R., and Nichols, J.D., 1995, Demography of birds in a neotropical forest: Effects of allometry, taxonomy, and ecology: Ecology, v. 76, no. 1, p. 41-51, https://doi.org/10.2307/1940630.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"51","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194229,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5cad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brawn, J. D.","contributorId":31850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brawn","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karr, James R.","contributorId":176566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karr","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":200533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":336961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70201385,"text":"70201385 - 1995 - Geology of Triton","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T11:05:09","indexId":"70201385","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T11:04:27","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geology of Triton","docAbstract":"Triton, with a diameter of ≡2700 km, is Neptune's only planet-class satellite. The complexity of Triton's surface and the variety of surface features is unequaled among the satellites of the solar system. From a geologic viewpoint, some of Triton's features have apparently familiar morphologies and general interpretative agreement exists. However, many of its landforms have novel morphologies and geologic settings, which have given rise to a number of innovative and competing interpretations. The first portion of this chapter describes Triton's surface in primarily nongenetic terms. The authors then review various models and speculations regarding geologic processes that have operated on Triton, followed by an interpretive stratigraphy and geologic history.
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