These maps show changes in the distribution and abundance patterns of some North American birds for the last 20 years. For each species there are four maps, each representing the average distribution and abundance pattern over the five-year periods 1970-1974, 1975-1979, 1980-1984, and 1985-1989.
\nThe maps are based on data collected by the USFWS/CWS Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). Only BBS routes that were run at least once during each of the five-year periods were used (about 1300 routes). The maps were created in the software package Surfer using a kriging technique to interpolate mean relative abundances for areas where no routes were run. On each map, a portion of northeast Canada was blanked out because there were not enough routes to allow for adequate interpolation.
\nAll of the maps in this presentation use the same color scale (shown below). The minimum value mapped was 0.5 birds per route, which represents the edge of the species range.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70129411","usgsCitation":"Price, J., 1995, Ranges of North American breeding birds: visualizing long-term population changes in North American breeding birds, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/70129411.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295594,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295593,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/birds/breedrng/index.htm"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775bce4b0f888a81b833e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Price, Jeff","contributorId":64169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Jeff","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70074401,"text":"70074401 - 1995 - Topography of closed depressions, scarps, and grabens in the North Tharsis region of Mars: implications for shallow crustal discontinuities and graben formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T13:20:41","indexId":"70074401","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T14:07:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topography of closed depressions, scarps, and grabens in the North Tharsis region of Mars: implications for shallow crustal discontinuities and graben formation","docAbstract":"Using Viking Orbiter images, detailed photoclinometric profiles were obtained across 10 irregular depressions, 32 fretted fractures, 49 troughs and pits, 124 solitary scarps, and 370 simple grabens in the north Tharsis region of Mars. These data allow inferences to be made on the shallow crustal structure of this region. The frequency modes of measured scarp heights correspond with previous general thickness estimates of the heavily cratered and ridged plains units. The depths of the flat-floored irregular depressions (55-175 m), fretted fractures (85-890 m), and troughs and pits (60-1620 m) are also similar to scarp heights (thicknesses) of the geologic units in which these depressions occur, which suggests that the depths of these flat-floored features were controlled by erosional base levels created by lithologic contacts. Although the features have a similar age, both their depths and their observed local structural control increase in the order listed above, which suggests that the more advanced stages of associated fracturing facilitated the development of these depressions by increasing permeability. If a ground-ice zone is a factor in development of these features, as has been suggested, our observation that the depths of these features decrease with increasing latitude suggests that either the thickness of the ground-ice zone does not increase poleward or the depths of the depressions were controlled by the top of the ground-ice zone whose depth may decrease with latitude.\n\nDeeper discontinuities are inferred from fault-intersection depths of 370 simple grabens (assuming 60° dipping faults that initiate at a mechanical discontinuity) in Tempe Terra and Alba Patera and from the depths of the large, flat-floored troughs in Tempe Terra. The frequency distributions of these fault-intersection and large trough depths show a concentration at 1.0-1.6 km depth, similar to data obtained for Syria, Sinai, and Lunae Plana. The consistency of these depth data over such a large region of western Mars suggests that a discontinuity or a process that transcends local and regional geology is responsible for the formation of these features. If this discontinuity is represented by the base of the cryosphere, its uniform depth over 55° of latitude suggests that the cryosphere did not thicken poleward. Alternatively, the concentration of depths at 1.0-1.6 km may represent the upper level of noneruptive dike ascent (lateral dike propagation) of Mars, which is controlled by gravity and atmospheric pressure and magma and country-rock characteristics, and was probably controlled, in part, by ground ice.\n\nFault-intersection depths in the north Tharsis region locally extend down to a depth of 5-7 km. The depth data between 2 and 3 km are attributed to the discontinuity at the interface of megaregolith and basement or to the upper limit of noneruptive dike ascent of magma with a high volatile content. Intersection depths greater than 3 km, which were found at Alba Patera, may be due to the megaregolith-basement discontinuity, which was buried and depressed by volcanic loading, or to the upper level of noneruptive dike ascent of magma with a low volatile content.\n\nThe near absence of narrow simple grabens with fault-initiation depths less than 0.6-1.0 km in this study area, as well as in most of western Mars, suggests that this depth represents the minimum depth that normal faults can initiate; at shallower depths tension cracks or joints would form instead. This hypothesis is supported by the application of the Griffith failure criterion to this minimum depth of normal fault initiation, which suggests that shallow crustal materials have a tensile strength of 2-4 MPa throughout most of western Mars, in close agreement with previous estimates of tensile strength of martian basaltic rock.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/icar.1995.1071","usgsCitation":"Davis, P.A., Tanaka, K.L., and Golombek, M., 1995, Topography of closed depressions, scarps, and grabens in the North Tharsis region of Mars: implications for shallow crustal discontinuities and graben formation: Icarus, v. 114, no. 2, p. 403-422, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1995.1071.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"403","endPage":"422","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281670,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281669,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1995.1071"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"114","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7937e4b0b2908510cadf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Philip A. pdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Philip","email":"pdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":489570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanaka, Kenneth L. ktanaka@usgs.gov","contributorId":610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanaka","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktanaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Golombek, Matthew P.","contributorId":93180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golombek","given":"Matthew P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70074400,"text":"70074400 - 1995 - Estimation of rod scale errors in geodetic leveling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-29T14:01:51","indexId":"70074400","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T13:59:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of rod scale errors in geodetic leveling","docAbstract":"Comparisons among repeated geodetic levelings have often been used for detecting and estimating residual rod scale errors in leveled heights. Individual rod-pair scale errors are estimated by a two-step procedure using a model based on either differences in heights, differences in section height differences, or differences in section tilts. It is shown that the estimated rod-pair scale errors derived from each model are identical only when the data are correctly weighted, and the mathematical correlations are accounted for in the model based on heights. Analyses based on simple regressions of changes in height versus height can easily lead to incorrect conclusions. We also show that the statistically estimated scale errors are not a simple function of height, height difference, or tilt. The models are valid only when terrain slope is constant over adjacent pairs of setups (i.e., smoothly varying terrain). In order to discriminate between rod scale errors and vertical displacements due to crustal motion, the individual rod-pairs should be used in more than one leveling, preferably in areas of contrasting tectonic activity. From an analysis of 37 separately calibrated rod-pairs used in 55 levelings in southern California, we found eight statistically significant coefficients that could be reasonably attributed to rod scale errors, only one of which was larger than the expected random error in the applied calibration-based scale correction. However, significant differences with other independent checks indicate that caution should be exercised before accepting these results as evidence of scale error. Further refinements of the technique are clearly needed if the results are to be routinely applied in practice.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/95JB00614","usgsCitation":"Craymer, M.R., Vaníček, P., and Castle, R.O., 1995, Estimation of rod scale errors in geodetic leveling: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 100, no. B8, p. 15129-15145, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB00614.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"15129","endPage":"15145","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281668,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281667,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95JB00614"}],"volume":"100","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5827e4b0b290850f7e9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Craymer, Michael R.","contributorId":37642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craymer","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vaníček, Petr","contributorId":15110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaníček","given":"Petr","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Castle, Robert O.","contributorId":22741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148573,"text":"70148573 - 1995 - Shorebirds: East of the 105th meridian","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70148573,"text":"70148573 - 1995 - Shorebirds: East of the 105th meridian","indexId":"70148573","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Shorebirds: East of the 105th meridian"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T15:42:04","indexId":"70148573","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T13:15:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Shorebirds: East of the 105th meridian","docAbstract":"The North American group of shorebirds includes 48 kinds of sandpipers, plovers, and their allies, many of which live for most of the year in coastal marine habitats; other live principally in nonmarine habitats including grasslands, freshwater wetlands, and even second-growth woodlands. Most North American shorebirds are highly migratory, while others are weakly migratory, and even nonmigratory in some parts of their range. Here we discuss shorebirds east of the 105th meridian (roughly east of the Rocky Mountains). Historically, populations of many North American species were dramatically reduces by excessive gunning (Forbush 1912). Most populations recovered after the passage of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, although some species never recovered and others have declined again.
\nHigh proportions of entire populations of shorebirds migrate by visiting one or a small number of \"staging sites\", areas where the birds accumulate fat to provide fuel before continuing with their long-distance, nonstop flights to the next site (Morrison and Harrington 1979; Senner and Howe 1984; Harrington et al. 1991). Growing evidence (Schneider and Harrington 1981) indicates that staging areas are unusually productive sites with highly predictable but seasonally ephemeral \"blooms\" of invertebrates, which shorebirds use for fattening. In some cases, especially for \"obligate\" coastal species, specific sites are traditionally used; even other species sites may shift between years. Because pf this, conservationists believe some species are at risk through loss of strategic migration site (Myers et al. 1987). Other species are threatened by the less of breeding and wintering habitats (Page et al. 1991; Haig and Plissner 1993; B. Leachman and B. Osmundsom, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, unpublished data).
\nThe predicted consequences of global warming, such as sea-level change, will also strongly affect the intertidal marine habitats, which many species of shorebirds depend upon. Some of the strongest warming effects will be at high latitudes, including those where many shorebirds migrate to breed, as well as south temperate latitudes, where many of them winter.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Harrington, B.A., 1995, Shorebirds: East of the 105th meridian, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 57-60.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"60","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339883,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"},{"id":301227,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557ff73de4b023124e8ef98f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691802,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691803,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691804,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691805,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691806,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Harrington, Brian A.","contributorId":58989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrington","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70148572,"text":"70148572 - 1995 - Seabirds in Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70148572,"text":"70148572 - 1995 - Seabirds in Alaska","indexId":"70148572","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Seabirds in Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T15:35:21","indexId":"70148572","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Seabirds in Alaska","docAbstract":"About 100 million seabirds reside in marine waters of Alaska during some part of the year. Perhaps half this population is composed of 50 species of nonbreeding residents, visitors, and breeding species that use marine habitats only seasonally (Gould et al. 1982). Another 30 species include 40-60 million individuals that breed in Alaska and spend most of their lives in U.S. territorial waters (Sowls et al. 1978). Alaskan populations account for more than 95% of the breeding seabirds in the continental United States, and eight species nest nowhere else in North America (USFWS 1992).
\nSeabird nest sites include rock ledges, open ground, underground burrows, and crevices in cliffs or talus. Seabirds take a variety of prey from the ocean, including krill, small fish, and squid. Suitable nest sites and oceanic prey are the most important factors controlling the natural distribution and abundance of seabirds.
\nThe impetus for seabird monitoring is based partly on public concern for the welfare of these birds, which are affected by a variety of human activities like oil pollution and commercial fishing. Equally important is the role seabirds serve as indicators of ecological change in the marine environment. Seabirds are long-lived and slow to mature, so parameters such as breeding success, diet, or survival rates often give earlier signals of changing environmental conditions that population size itself. Seabird survival data are of interest because they reflect conditions affecting seabirds in the nonbreeding season, when most annual mortality occurs.
\nTechniques for monitoring seabird populations vary according to habitat types and the breeding behavior of individual species (Hatch and Hatch 1978, 1989; Byrd et al. 1983). An affordable monitoring program can include but a few of the 1,300 seabird colonies identified in Alaska, and since the mid-1970's, monitoring effotrts have emphasized a small selection of surface-feeding and diving species, primarily kittiwakes (Rissa spp.) and murres (Uria spp.). Little or no information on trends is available for other seabirds (Hatch 1993a). The existing monitoring program occurs largely on sites within the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, which was established primarily for the conservation of marine birds. Data are collected by refuge staff, other state and federal agencies, private organizations, university faculty, and students.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., and Piatt, J.F., 1995, Seabirds in Alaska, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 49-52.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":301224,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339880,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557ff73ce4b023124e8ef98d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691797,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691798,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691799,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691800,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691801,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148556,"text":"70148556 - 1995 - Arctic nesting geese: Alaskan populations","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70148556,"text":"70148556 - 1995 - Arctic nesting geese: Alaskan populations","indexId":"70148556","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Arctic nesting geese: Alaskan populations"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-12T21:22:44","indexId":"70148556","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T12:30:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Arctic nesting geese: Alaskan populations","docAbstract":"North American populations of most goose species have remained stable or have increased in recent decades (USFWS and Canadian Wildlife Service 1986). Some populations, however, have declined or historically have had small numbers of individuals, and thus are of special concern. Individual populations of geese should be maintained to ensure that they provide aesthetic, recreational, and ecological benefits to the nation. Monitoring and management efforts for geese should focus on individual populations to ensure that genetic diversity is maintain (Anderson et al. 1992).
Alaska is the only state with viable breeding populations of arctic geese. Five species (11 subspecies) nest in Alaska, and although these species also breed in arctic regions of Canada or Russia, most geese of the Pacific Flyway originate in Alaska or use Alaskan habitats during migration. Alaskan geese are often hunted for subsistence by Alaskan natives.
While data for some areas are lacking, populations of greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons frontalis) and medium-sized Canada geese (Branta canadensis) in interior and northern Alaska appear stable or have increased (King and Derksen 1986). Although only a small number of lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) nest in Alaska, substantial populations occur in Canada and Russia. Populations of Pacific black brant (B. bernicla nigricans), emperor geese (C. canagica), greater white-fronted geese, and cackling Canada geese (B.c. minima) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YKD) of western Alaska have declined from their historical numbers and are the focus of special management efforts (USFWS 1989). In addition, populations of tule white-fronted geese (A.a. gambeli), Aleutian Canada geese (B.c. leucopareia), Vancouver Canada Geese (B.c. fulva), and dusky Canada geese (B.c. occidentalis) are of special concern because of their limited geographic distributions and small numbers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Hupp, J.W., Stehn, R.A., Ely, C.R., and Derksen, D.V., 1995, Arctic nesting geese: Alaskan populations, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 30-34.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"34","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301195,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339870,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"otherGeospatial":"Arctic","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557c02bde4b023124e8edeff","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691755,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691756,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691757,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691758,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691759,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Hupp, Jerry W. 0000-0002-6439-3910 jhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-3910","contributorId":127803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Jerry","email":"jhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stehn, Robert A.","contributorId":83986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehn","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Derksen, Dirk V. dderksen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"Dirk","email":"dderksen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222722,"text":"5222722 - 1995 - Demography of birds in a neotropical forest: Effects of allometry, taxonomy, and ecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T17:44:29.561553","indexId":"5222722","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T12:17:41","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demography of birds in a neotropical forest: Effects of allometry, taxonomy, and ecology","docAbstract":"Comparative demographic studies of terrestrial vertebrates have included few samples of species from tropical forests. We analyzed 9 yr of mark—recapture data and estimated demographic parameters for 25 species of birds inhabiting lowland forests in central Panama. These species were all songbirds (Order Passeriformes) ranging in mass from 7 to 57 g. Using Jolly—Seber stochastic models for open populations, we estimated annual survival rate, population size, and recruitment between sampling periods for each species. We then explored relationships between these parameters and attributes such as body size, phylogenetic affiliation, foraging guild, and social behavior. Larger birds had comparatively long life—spans and low recruitment, but body size was not associated with population size. After adjusting for effects of body size, we found no association between phylogenetic affiliation and any demographic trait. Ecological attributes, especially foraging guild, were more clearly associated with interspecific variation in all demographic traits. Ant—followers had comparatively long life—spans, but species that participate in flocks did not live longer than solitary species. The allometric associations we observed were consistent with those demonstrated in other studies of vertebrates; thus, these relationships appear to be robust. Our findings that ecological factors were more influential than phylogenetic affiliation contrasts with comparative studies of temperate—zone birds and suggests that the relative importance of environmental vs. historical factors varies geographically.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1940630","usgsCitation":"Brawn, J.D., Karr, J.R., and Nichols, J.D., 1995, Demography of birds in a neotropical forest: Effects of allometry, taxonomy, and ecology: Ecology, v. 76, no. 1, p. 41-51, https://doi.org/10.2307/1940630.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"51","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194229,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5cad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brawn, J. D.","contributorId":31850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brawn","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karr, James R.","contributorId":176566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karr","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":200533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":336961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70100267,"text":"70100267 - 1995 - Deep tunnel detection using crosshole radar tomography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T07:21:39","indexId":"70100267","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T11:35:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Deep tunnel detection using crosshole radar tomography","docAbstract":"As part of continuing research aimed at the detection of subsurface tunnels and voids, the U.S. Bureau of Mines\nrecently completed a cooperative study with the U.S. Geological Survey at a surface gold mine in the Black\nHills mining district of South Dakota. The occurrence of older, poorly mapped mine workings in the section\ncreate a consistent health and safety concern for mine employees as well as economic concerns about potential\ndamage to equipment during daily operations at the mine. Accurate knowledge regarding the location of these\nabandoned tunnels prior to interception by the current mining operation would be beneficial. Previous research\nefforts on site have demonstrated the suitability of several surface geophysical technologies in detecting shallow\nworkings which present an immediate problem in the safe conduct of the mine operation. Another concern is\nthe existence of deeper abandoned mine tunnels, which occur further in advance of the surface mining operation.\nIn the design and development of a new mine pit, the placement of access roads over a tunnel would be\nhazardous, due to the volume of traffic and the weight these haulage trucks can carry. In this study we evaluate\ncross borehole radar tomography methods which might be used to image mine openings in the deep subsurface,\nand lead to more prudent placement of pit haulage roadways. A pulsed radar system was used to collect both\nvelocity and amplitude information about local rock conditions, and multiple borehole data allowed for the use\nof 3-D imaging techniques.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the symposium on the Application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems: SAGEEP '95","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"8th EEGS Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems","conferenceDate":"1995","conferenceLocation":"Orlando, FL","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Hauser, K., Jackson, M., Lane, J., and Hodges, R., 1995, Deep tunnel detection using crosshole radar tomography, in Proceedings of the symposium on the Application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems: SAGEEP '95, Orlando, FL, 1995, p. 853-857.","productDescription":"5 p. 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living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T15:11:14","indexId":"70148454","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Winter population trends of selected songbirds","docAbstract":"Many studies have found significant changes, primarily declines, in populations of breeding birds throughout the United States. Most studies have focused on birds that migrate to the Neotropics for winter. Speculations about causes of observed declines have primarily implicated habitat fragmentation and loss (e.g. deforestation) in Central and South America. The National Audubon Society's Christmas Bird Counts (CBC), begun in the winter of 1900-01, provide the data needed to discern consistent population trends in birds wintering throughout the United States.
\nFor this study we used the CBC data to examine population trends of songbirds with ranges that apparently are limited by lower temperatures in the North. We chose these species to track populations of birds that could be in peril in the future. These birds potentially will be more quickly affected by changing climate than other birds, and we need baseline information on them to document possible consequences of global climatic change. The species that are indeed declining need to be monitored because the possible synergistic effects of declining populations and changing climate could result in local and even regional extinctions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Root, T.L., and McDaniel, L., 1995, Winter population trends of selected songbirds, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 21-23.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":301061,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339873,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5576bcb3e4b032353cb54ee9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691761,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691762,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691763,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691764,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691765,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Root, Terry L.","contributorId":9506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Root","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDaniel, Larry","contributorId":141079,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDaniel","given":"Larry","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6648,"text":"National Center for Atmospheric Research","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226928,"text":"70226928 - 1995 - Evaluation of viscoplastic slope movement based on triaxial tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-21T16:27:30.912482","indexId":"70226928","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T10:20:07","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Evaluation of viscoplastic slope movement based on triaxial tests","docAbstract":"Viscoplastic soil parameters are used in a nonlinear viscoplastic constitutive model to predict time-dependent displacement of slow-moving landslides. The viscoplastic material parameters are determined by a novel method that uses a standard triaxial apparatus. This method employs data obtained from consolidated drained triaxial tests and consolidated drained stress-controlled strain-rate tests. The methodology was applied to undisturbed samples from the Minor Creek landslide in the Franciscan Terrane of northern California. Viscoplastic parameters determined from the laboratory tests were combined with boring log data to calculate the landslide’s vertical velocity profile. This profile provided a reasonable match to a measured velocity profile obtained from repetitive inclinometer surveys.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Clay and shale slope instability","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/REG10-p39","usgsCitation":"Wong, W.W., Ho, C.L., Iverson, R.M., and Hovind, C., 1995, Evaluation of viscoplastic slope movement based on triaxial tests, chap. of Clay and shale slope instability, v. 10, p. 39-50, https://doi.org/10.1130/REG10-p39.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"50","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393197,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wong, Wylie W. -H.","contributorId":270244,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wong","given":"Wylie","email":"","middleInitial":"W. -H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ho, Carlton L.","contributorId":26097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ho","given":"Carlton","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hovind, Cynthia","contributorId":270245,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hovind","given":"Cynthia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70199605,"text":"70199605 - 1995 - Applications of the transient tracers tritium/helium-3, and chlorofluorocarbons for tracing and age-dating yound ground water: Field examples from the USA and Germany","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-21T10:07:03","indexId":"70199605","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T10:04:03","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Applications of the transient tracers tritium/helium-3, and chlorofluorocarbons for tracing and age-dating yound ground water: Field examples from the USA and Germany","docAbstract":"The transient tracers tritium/helium-3 (3H/3He) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113) are well suited for tracing and age-dating young ground water. Their detection in ground water indicates waters recharged within the past 30 (3H/3He, CFC-113) to 50 (CFC-11, CFC-12) years, or ground water mixtures that contain at least a portion of young water. The ground water age can be determined independently from measurements of 3H/3He, CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113, and in each case refers to the time elapsed since the recharge water was isolated from the soil air. Ground water age can be used to define recharge rates and refine numerical models of ground water flow. Transient tracers are particularly useful in characterising ground water flow in hydrologic systems where, because of insufficient geologic and hydro-logic data, numerical simulation may be difficult. Transient tracers are also useful in defining movement of ground water contaminants in studies aimed, for example, at the design of strategies to safeguard drinking water supplies.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contaminated soil '95: Soils & environment","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-94-011-0415-9_33","usgsCitation":"Drenkard, S., Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., Schlosser, P., Stute, M., and Dorr, H., 1995, Applications of the transient tracers tritium/helium-3, and chlorofluorocarbons for tracing and age-dating yound ground water: Field examples from the USA and Germany, chap. of Contaminated soil '95: Soils & environment, p. 195-196, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0415-9_33.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"196","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357612,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c110fc4e4b034bf6a8117bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drenkard, S.","contributorId":89292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drenkard","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schlosser, P.","contributorId":106656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlosser","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stute, M.","contributorId":67234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stute","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dorr, H.","contributorId":208112,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dorr","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70094635,"text":"70094635 - 1995 - Preliminary development of the LBL/USGS three-dimensional site-scale model of Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-21T09:47:11","indexId":"70094635","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T09:32:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"seriesNumber":"LBL-37356/UC-814","title":"Preliminary development of the LBL/USGS three-dimensional site-scale model of Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional model of moisture flow within the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain is being developed at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). This site-scale model covers and area of about 34 km2 and is bounded by major faults to the north, east and west. The model geometry is defined (1) to represent the variations of hydrogeological units between the ground surface and the water table; (2) to be able to reproduce the effect of abrupt changes in hydrogeological parameters at the boundaries between hyrdogeological units; and (3) to include the influence of major faults. A detailed numerical grid has been developed based on the locations of boreholes, different infiltration zones, hydrogeological units and their outcrops, major faults, and water level data. Contour maps and isopatch maps are presented defining different types of infiltration zones, and the spatial distribution of Tiva Canyon, Paintbrush, and Topopah Spring hydrogeological units. The grid geometry consists of seventeen non-uniform layers which represent the lithological variations within the four main welded and non-welded hydrogeological units. Matrix flow is approximated using the van Genuchten model, and the equivalent continuum approximation is used to account for fracture flow in the welded units. The fault zones are explicitly modeled as porous medium using various assumptions regarding their permeabilities and characteristic curves. One-, two-, and three-dimensional simulations are conducted using the TOUGH2 computer program. Steady-state simulations are performed with various uniform and non-uniform infiltration rates. The results are interpreted in terms of the effect of fault characteristics on the moisture flow distribution, and on location and formation of preferential pathways.","language":"English","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory","publisherLocation":"Berkeley, CA","collaboration":"This work was prepared under U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098, and DE-A108-78ET44802 administered by the Nevada Operations Office in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, Denver.","usgsCitation":"Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 1995, Preliminary development of the LBL/USGS three-dimensional site-scale model of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, xi, 69 p.","productDescription":"xi, 69 p.","numberOfPages":"101","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282614,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.75,36.75 ], [ -116.75,37.0 ], [ -116.25,37.0 ], [ -116.25,36.75 ], [ -116.75,36.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6cb6e4b0b29085104b76"} ,{"id":70245135,"text":"70245135 - 1995 - Timing of emplacement of the Haypress Creek and Emigrant Gap plutons: Implications for the timing and controls of Jurassic orogenesis, northern Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-16T14:54:04.444072","indexId":"70245135","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T09:24:30","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Timing of emplacement of the Haypress Creek and Emigrant Gap plutons: Implications for the timing and controls of Jurassic orogenesis, northern Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"Pre-Cretaceous rocks in the northern Sierra Nevada are subdivided from west to east into the Smartville, central, Feather River peridotite, and eastern belts. Cretaceous and younger sedimentary rocks form the western boundary of the Smartville belt, but various reverse-fault segments of the Foothills fault system separate the other belts. The Foothills fault system and associated structures involve rocks as young as Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) and are truncated by Early Cretaceous plutons. This relationship is often cited as evidence for the Nevadan orogeny which is commonly viewed as a temporally restricted event involving deformation and metamorphism during the Late Jurassic. Recent work, however, suggests that some of the Mesozoic structural fabric in the northern Sierra Nevada may not have been produced during the Late Jurassic, but instead may have formed between Early and Middle Jurassic time. Thus, distinguishing Nevadan-age deformation from older Mesozoic deformation is now one of the more important problems facing geologists working in the northern Sierra Nevada.
The Haypress Creek pluton crops out in the eastern belt and historically has been cited as a post-Nevadan pluton. It intrudes the Early to Middle Jurassic Sailor Canyon Formation that, together with the overlying Middle Jurassic Tuttle Lake Formation, contains a domainally developed, locally penetrative, northwest-striking cleavage (S2). S2 can be traced into the contact metamorphic aureole of the Emigrant Gap composite pluton, where structural and microtextural evidence indicates that it predates pluton intrusion.
New U-Pb zircon data for the Haypress Creek pluton suggest an age of 166 ± 3 Ma and previously published U-Pb zircon data for the oldest phase of the Emigrant Gap composite pluton suggest an age of 168 ± 2 Ma. The fossiliferous Sailor Canyon Formation ranges in age from Early Jurassic (Sinemurian) in its lower parts to Middle Jurassic (Bathonian or Bajocian) in its upper parts. The overlying Tuttle Lake Formation contains S2, which formed prior to emplacement of the Emigrant Gap and Haypress Creek plutons at ca. 168–166 Ma. This relationship suggests that the Tuttle Lake Formation must have been deposited and deformed entirely within the Middle Jurassic. Thus, S2 and associated structures within the eastern belt formed prior to Late Jurassic Nevadan deformation associated with the Foothills fault system.
There are two end-member models used to explain the plate tectonic evolution of pre-Cretaceous rocks in the northern Sierra Nevada. These are referred to as the arc-continent collision and single, wide-arc models. Data discussed herein do not preclude either of these models for Early to Middle Jurassic time. However, regardless of which of these models is favored, both scenarios place the approximately 168 Ma and younger Jurassic volcanic and plutonic rocks of the Smartville, central, and eastern belts in a distinctly intra-arc setting and further imply that the Foothills fault system and related Late Jurassic structures are also of intra-arc character. We conclude that there is no evidence along 39°30′N latitude for arc-continent collision during the Nevadan orogeny.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Jurassic magmatism and tectonics of the North American cordillera","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE299-p191","usgsCitation":"Girty, G.H., Hanson, R.E., Girty, M.S., Schweickert, R.A., Harwood, D.S., Yoshinobu, A.S., Bryan, K.A., Skinner, J.E., and Hill, C.A., 1995, Timing of emplacement of the Haypress Creek and Emigrant Gap plutons: Implications for the timing and controls of Jurassic orogenesis, northern Sierra Nevada, California, chap. of Jurassic magmatism and tectonics of the North American cordillera: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 299, p. 191-201, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE299-p191.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"201","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418160,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.64990912748183,\n 39.83746765119142\n ],\n [\n -121.64990912748183,\n 39.17253338323965\n ],\n [\n -120.1935947591659,\n 39.17253338323965\n ],\n [\n -120.1935947591659,\n 39.83746765119142\n ],\n [\n -121.64990912748183,\n 39.83746765119142\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"299","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":140769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875646,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busby, Cathy","contributorId":113649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busby","given":"Cathy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875647,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Girty, Gary H.","contributorId":99731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Girty","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, Richard E.","contributorId":72559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Girty, Melissa S.","contributorId":41179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Girty","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schweickert, Richard A.","contributorId":60107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweickert","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harwood, David S.","contributorId":48153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harwood","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yoshinobu, Aaron S.","contributorId":310424,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yoshinobu","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bryan, Kevin A.","contributorId":310425,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bryan","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Skinner, June E.","contributorId":310426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skinner","given":"June","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hill, Chris A.","contributorId":310427,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hill","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":85718,"text":"85718 - 1995 - Sea otters in the northern Pacific Ocean","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":85718,"text":"85718 - 1995 - Sea otters in the northern Pacific Ocean","indexId":"85718","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Sea otters in the northern Pacific Ocean"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T14:40:49","indexId":"85718","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Sea otters in the northern Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"About 250 years ago sea otters (Enhydra lutris) were distributed continuously from central Baja California, north and west along the Pacific Rim to Machatka Peninsula in Russia, and south along the Kuril Island to northern Japan (Kenyon 1969; Fig. 1a). Several hundred thousand sea otters may have occurred in the north Pacific region when commercial hunting began in the 18th century (Riedman and Estes 1990).
At least two attributes of the sea otter have influenced humans, likely for as long as they have resided together along the coast of the north Pacific Ocean. First, sea otters rely on a dense fur, among the finest in the world, for insulation in the cold waters of the Pacific Ocean. The demand for sea otter fur led to their near extinction in the 19th century. The fur harvest, begun about 1740 and halted by international treaty in 1911, left surviving colonies, each likely numbering less than a few hundred animals, in California, south-central Alaska, and the Aleutian, Medney, and Kuril Islands (Fig. 1a). These individuals provided the nucleus for the recovery of the species. Today more than 100,000 sea otters occur throughout about 75% of their original range (fig. 1b). Immigration has resulted in near-complete occupation of the Aleutian and Kuril archipelagos and the Alaska peninsula. Successful translocations have resulted in viable populations in southeast Alaska, Washington, and British Columbia. Large amounts of unoccupied habitat remain along the coasts of Russia, Canada, the United States, and Mexico.
The second potential source of conflict between sea otters and humans is that sea otters prey on and often limit some benthic invertebrate populations. Because some of these invertebrates are aso used by humans (Estes and VanBlaricom 1985), human perceptions about the effects of sea otter foraging on invertebrates sometimes differ. By limiting populations of herbivorous invertebrates (e.g., sea urchins [Echinoidea]) otters help maintain the integrity of kelp forest communities. At the same time, sea otter predation on other marine invertebrates can lead to direct competition with humans for resources. These interactions add complex dimensions to the conservation and management of sea otters, in large part because of wide-ranging social, ecological, and economic consequences of sea otter foraging.
Long-term data on abundance and distribution are available for relatively few sea otter populations. Here we summarize such data from three populations: Being Island, Russia; Prince William Sound, Alaska; and Olympic Peninsula, Washington. The Bering Island population resulted from natural emigration and represents complete recovery. Prince William Sounds represents near recovery of a remnant population, whereas the Washington population was established via translocations from Alaska and is just beginning to recover. We will compare growth rates and current status among these populations. Because of its unique status and growth characteristics, the California sea otter is not treated in this article.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., Jameson, R.J., and Estes, J.A., 1995, Sea otters in the northern Pacific Ocean, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 353-356.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"356","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339774,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"otherGeospatial":"North Pacific Ocean","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0b9d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504693,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":504696,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":504694,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504695,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504692,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jameson, Ronald J.","contributorId":17938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jameson","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":296278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175197,"text":"70175197 - 1995 - USGS supports ecosystem management in the San Francisco bay and delta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-02T13:44:14","indexId":"70175197","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T04:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"USGS supports ecosystem management in the San Francisco bay and delta","docAbstract":"In the past several years, the Department of the Interior has ,l?laced particular emphasis on \"ecosystem management\" - the integration of scientific knowledge of ecological relationships with resource management practices to sustain ecological, cultural, and economic systems in broad habitat areas; eg., forest, desert, and aquatic habitats. The goal of ecosystem management is to understand the habitat requirements of many species and thereby assess the impact of a variety of human activities on regional biodiversity rather than to manage for individual species. In support of the management of the natural resources of San Francisco Bay and the delta, the USGS is augmenting its ongoing research program to provide additional research, monitoring, and assessment information and to improve the availability of that information. Following a workshop with resource and regulatory agency representatives, hosted by the USGS in early 1994, USGS researchers identified specific areas where existing and new scientific information could contribute to resolving some of the critical bay and delta land and aquatic management issues. The \"ecosystems initiative\" effort now underway addresses questions in three areas:
\nFollowing is a brief description of activities being supported by this initiative.
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Program for the Sacramento–San Joaquin Estuary","usgsCitation":"Nichols, F.H., 1995, USGS supports ecosystem management in the San Francisco bay and delta: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. Summer 1995, p. 10-11.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"10","endPage":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325936,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325935,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.water.ca.gov/iep/newsletters/1995/IEPNewsletterSummer1995.pdf"}],"volume":"Summer 1995","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a1c434e4b006cb45552c61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, Frederic H.","contributorId":25548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70184276,"text":"70184276 - 1995 - Evaluating growth of the Porcupine Caribou Herd using a stochastic model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T17:19:49","indexId":"70184276","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating growth of the Porcupine Caribou Herd using a stochastic model","docAbstract":"Estimates of the relative effects of demographic parameters on population rates of change, and of the level of natural variation in these parameters, are necessary to address potential effects of perturbations on populations. We used a stochastic model, based on survival and reproduction estimates of the Porcupine Caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) Herd (PCH), during 1983-89 and 1989-92 to obtain distributions of potential population rates of change (r). The distribution of r produced by 1,000 trajectories of our simulation model (1983-89, r̄ = 0.013; 1989-92, r̄ = 0.003) encompassed the rate of increase calculated from an independent series of photo-survey data over the same years (1983-89, r = 0.048; 1989-92, r = -0.035). Changes in adult female survival had the largest effect on r, followed by changes in calf survival. We hypothesized that petroleum development on calving grounds, or changes in calving and post-calving habitats due to global climate change, would affect model input parameters. A decline in annual adult female survival from 0.871 to 0.847, or a decline in annual calf survival from 0.518 to 0.472, would be sufficient to cause a declining population, if all other input estimates remained the same. We then used these lower survival rates, in conjunction with our estimated amount of among-year variation, to determine a range of resulting population trajectories. Stochastic models can be used to better understand dynamics of populations, optimize sampling investment, and evaluate potential effects of various factors on population growth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808939","usgsCitation":"Walsh, N.E., Griffith, B., and McCabe, T.R., 1995, Evaluating growth of the Porcupine Caribou Herd using a stochastic model: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 59, no. 2, p. 262-272, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808939.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"262","endPage":"272","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336906,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"59","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833fe4b014cc3a3a9a1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, Noreen E.","contributorId":107441,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walsh","given":"Noreen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffith, Brad 0000-0001-8698-6859","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8698-6859","contributorId":82571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"Brad","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":108,"text":"Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCabe, Thomas R.","contributorId":91255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184246,"text":"70184246 - 1995 - A device for simultaneously measuring nest attendance and nest temperature in waterfowl ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-03T15:44:28","indexId":"70184246","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A device for simultaneously measuring nest attendance and nest temperature in waterfowl ","docAbstract":"Previous studies of waterfowl have measured nest attendance and nest temperature separately using a variety of methods. A device was developed that monitors nest attendance and temperature simultaneously. The device consists of an artificial egg with a microswitch that records nest attendance and a thermistor probe that records temperature. Data are stored in a single-channel data logger. The device described measures the length of incubation breaks, and nest cooling and warming rates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Flint, P.L., and MacCluskie, M.C., 1995, A device for simultaneously measuring nest attendance and nest temperature in waterfowl : Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 66, no. 4, p. 515-521.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"515","endPage":"521","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336835,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ba8ebee4b0bcef64f0b945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacCluskie, Margaret C.","contributorId":50643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacCluskie","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":680705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70177041,"text":"70177041 - 1995 - Acute toxicity of ammonia (NH3-N) in sewage effluent to Chironomus riparius: II. Using a generalized linear model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-17T10:44:09","indexId":"70177041","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute toxicity of ammonia (NH3-N) in sewage effluent to Chironomus riparius: II. Using a generalized linear model","docAbstract":"Toxicity of un-ionized ammonia (NH3-N) to the midge, Chironomus riparius was compared, using laboratory culture (well) water and sewage effluent (≈0.4 mg/L NH3-N) in two 96-h, static-renewal toxicity experiments. A generalized linear model was used for data analysis. For the first and second experiments, respectively, LC50 values were 9.4 mg/L (Test 1A) and 6.6 mg/L (Test 2A) for ammonia in well water, and 7.8 mg/L (Test 1B) and 4.1 mg/L (Test 2B) for ammonia in sewage effluent. Slopes of dose-response curves for Tests 1A and 2A were equal, but mortality occurred at lower NH3-N concentrations in Test 2A (unequal intercepts). Response ofC. riparius to NH3 in effluent was not consistent; dose-response curves for tests 1B and 2B differed in slope and intercept. Nevertheless, C. riparius was more sensitive to ammonia in effluent than in well water in both experiments, indicating a synergistic effect of ammonia in sewage effluent. These results demonstrate the advantages of analyzing the organisms entire range of response, as opposed to generating LC50 values, which represent only one point on the dose-response curve.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00213117","usgsCitation":"Monda, D., Galat, D., Finger, S., and Kaiser, M., 1995, Acute toxicity of ammonia (NH3-N) in sewage effluent to Chironomus riparius: II. Using a generalized linear model: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 28, no. 3, p. 385-390, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00213117.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"390","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329629,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5805e34fe4b0824b2d1c24cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monda, D.P.","contributorId":68909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monda","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galat, D.L.","contributorId":54546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galat","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finger, S.E.","contributorId":29769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaiser, M.S.","contributorId":37836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70174589,"text":"70174589 - 1995 - A computer model of long-term salinity in San Francisco Bay: Sensitivity to mixing and inflows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T09:17:32","indexId":"70174589","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1523,"text":"Environment International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A computer model of long-term salinity in San Francisco Bay: Sensitivity to mixing and inflows","docAbstract":"A two-level model of the residual circulation and tidally-averaged salinity in San Francisco Bay has been developed in order to interpret long-term (days to decades) salinity variability in the Bay. Applications of the model to biogeochemical studies are also envisaged. The model has been used to simulate daily-averaged salinity in the upper and lower levels of a 51-segment discretization of the Bay over the 22-y period 1967–1988. Observed, monthly-averaged surface salinity data and monthly averages of the daily-simulated salinity are in reasonable agreement, both near the Golden Gate and in the upper reaches, close to the delta. Agreement is less satisfactory in the central reaches of North Bay, in the vicinity of Carquinez Strait. Comparison of daily-averaged data at Station 5 (Pittsburg, in the upper North Bay) with modeled data indicates close agreement with a correlation coefficient of 0.97 for the 4110 daily values. The model successfully simulates the marked seasonal variability in salinity as well as the effects of rapidly changing freshwater inflows. Salinity variability is driven primarily by freshwater inflow. The sensitivity of the modeled salinity to variations in the longitudinal mixing coefficients is investigated. The modeled salinity is relatively insensitive to the calibration factor for vertical mixing and relatively sensitive to the calibration factor for longitudinal mixing. The optimum value of the longitudinal calibration factor is 1.1, compared with the physically-based value of 1.0. Linear time-series analysis indicates that the observed and dynamically-modeled salinity-inflow responses are in good agreement in the lower reaches of the Bay.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0160-4120(95)00075-V","usgsCitation":"Uncles, R., and Peterson, D.H., 1995, A computer model of long-term salinity in San Francisco Bay: Sensitivity to mixing and inflows: Environment International, v. 21, no. 5, p. 647-656, https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(95)00075-V.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"647","endPage":"656","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/5bea63788c864113890cdbb00b337246","text":"External Repository"},{"id":325194,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.61291503906249,\n 37.385435182627226\n ],\n [\n -122.61291503906249,\n 38.23170796744926\n ],\n [\n -121.61865234375,\n 38.23170796744926\n ],\n [\n -121.61865234375,\n 37.385435182627226\n ],\n [\n -122.61291503906249,\n 37.385435182627226\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5787662ce4b0d27deb36e16d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uncles, R.J.","contributorId":33468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uncles","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186253,"text":"70186253 - 1995 - Seasonal land-cover regions of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-31T15:21:14.103269","indexId":"70186253","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":797,"text":"Annals of the Association of American Geographers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal land-cover regions of the United States","docAbstract":"Global-change investigations have been hindered by deficiencies in the availability and quality of land-cover data. The U.S. Geological Survey and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln have collaborated on the development of a new approach to land-cover characterization that attempts to address requirements of the global-change research community and others interested in regional patterns of land cover. An experimental 1 -kilometer-resolution database of land-cover characteristics for the coterminous U.S. has been prepared to test and evaluate the approach. Using multidate Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite data complemented by elevation, climate, ecoregions, and other digital spatial datasets, the authors define 152, seasonal land-cover regions. The regionalization is based on a taxonomy of areas with respect to data on land cover, seasonality or phenology, and relative levels of primary production. The resulting database consists of descriptions of the vegetation, land cover, and seasonal, spectral, and site characteristics for each region. These data are used in the construction of an illustrative 1:7,500,000-scaIe map of the seasonal land-cover regions as well as of smaller-scale maps portraying general land cover and seasonality. The seasonal land-cover characteristics database can also be tailored to provide a broad range of other landscape parameters useful in national and global-scale environmental modeling and assessment.
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0000-0002-1132-7178 reed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":2901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"reed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Olson, Paul","contributorId":26091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hutchinson, John 0000-0002-9595-5648","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9595-5648","contributorId":40303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"John","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":688029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70186250,"text":"70186250 - 1995 - A remote sensing based vegetation classification logic for global land cover analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T11:25:34","indexId":"70186250","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A remote sensing based vegetation classification logic for global land cover analysis","docAbstract":"This article proposes a simple new logic for classifying global vegetation. The critical features of this classification are that 1) it is based on simple, observable, unambiguous characteristics of vegetation structure that are important to ecosystem biogeochemistry and can be measured in the field for validation, 2) the structural characteristics are remotely sensible so that repeatable and efficient global reclassifications of existing vegetation will be possible, and 3) the defined vegetation classes directly translate into the biophysical parameters of interest by global climate and biogeochemical models. A first test of this logic for the continental United States is presented based on an existing 1 km AVHRR normalized difference vegetation index database. Procedures for solving critical remote sensing problems needed to implement the classification are discussed. Also, some inferences from this classification to advanced vegetation biophysical variables such as specific leaf area and photosynthetic capacity useful to global biogeochemical modeling are suggested.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(94)00063-S","usgsCitation":"Running, S.W., Loveland, T.R., Pierce, L.L., Nemani, R., and Hunt, E.R., 1995, A remote sensing based vegetation classification logic for global land cover analysis: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 51, no. 1, p. 39-48, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(94)00063-S.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"48","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339019,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f8fe4b09da67997ece2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Running, Steven W. 0000-0001-6906-3841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6906-3841","contributorId":53258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Running","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7089,"text":"University of Montana, Missoula, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":688006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":140256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":688007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierce, Lars L.","contributorId":190275,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pierce","given":"Lars","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nemani, R.R.","contributorId":51133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nemani","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hunt, E. Raymond Jr.","contributorId":60557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Raymond","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70184397,"text":"70184397 - 1995 - Increasing frequency of plastic particles ingested by seabirds in the subarctic North Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T12:44:37","indexId":"70184397","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2676,"text":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increasing frequency of plastic particles ingested by seabirds in the subarctic North Pacific","docAbstract":"We examined gut contents of 1799 seabirds comprising 24 species collected in 1988-1990 to assess the types and quantities of plastic particles ingested by seabirds in the subarctic waters of Alaska. Of the 15 species found to ingest plastic, most were surface-feeders (shearwaters, petrels, gulls) or plankton-feeding divers (auklets, puffins). Of 4417 plastic particles examined, 76% were industrial pellets and 21% were fragments of ‘user’ plastic. Ingestion rates varied geographically, but no trends were evident and rates of plastic ingestion varied far more among species within areas than within species among areas. Comparison with similar data from 1968 seabirds comprising 37 species collected in 1969-1977 revealed that plastic ingestion by seabirds has increased significantly during the 10–15-year interval between studies. This was demonstrated by: (i) an increase in the total number of species ingesting plastic; (ii) an increase in the frequency of occurrence of plastic particles within species that ingested plastic; and, (iii) an increase in the mean number of plastic particles ingested by individuals of those species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-326X(94)00121-O","usgsCitation":"Robards, M.D., Piatt, J.F., and Wohl, K.D., 1995, Increasing frequency of plastic particles ingested by seabirds in the subarctic North Pacific: Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 30, no. 2, p. 151-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(94)00121-O.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"157","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North Pacific","volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12663e4b014cc3a3d3527","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robards, Martin D.","contributorId":40148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robards","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wohl, Kenton D.","contributorId":77896,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wohl","given":"Kenton","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185376,"text":"70185376 - 1995 - Characterization of a high-transmissivity zone by well test analysis: Steady state case","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T15:36:12","indexId":"70185376","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of a high-transmissivity zone by well test analysis: Steady state case","docAbstract":"A method is developed to analyze steady horizontal flow to a well pumped from a confined aquifer composed of two homogeneous zones with contrasting transmissivities. Zone 1 is laterally unbounded and encloses zone 2, which is elliptical in shape and is several orders of magnitude more transmissive than zone 1. The solution for head is obtained by the boundary integral equation method. Nonlinear least squares regression is used to estimate the model parameters, which include the transmissivity of zone 1, and the location, size, and orientation of zone 2. The method is applied to a hypothetical aquifer where zone 2 is a long and narrow zone of vertical fractures. Synthetic data are generated from three different well patterns, representing different areal coverage and proximity to the fracture zone. When zone 1 of the hypothetical aquifer is homogeneous, the method correctly estimates all model parameters. When zone 1 is a randomly heterogeneous transmissivity field, some parameter estimates, especially the length of zone 2, become highly uncertain. To reduce uncertainty, the pumped well should be close to the fracture zone, and surrounding observation wells should cover an area similar in dimension to the length of the fracture zone. Some prior knowledge of the fracture zone, such as that gained from a surface geophysical survey, would greatly aid in designing the well test.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR01965","usgsCitation":"Tiedeman, C.R., Hsieh, P.A., and Christian, S.B., 1995, Characterization of a high-transmissivity zone by well test analysis: Steady state case: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 1, p. 27-37, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR01965.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"27","endPage":"37","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337937,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b96e4b0236b68f8294e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiedeman, Claire R. 0000-0002-0128-3685 tiedeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0128-3685","contributorId":196777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiedeman","given":"Claire","email":"tiedeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christian, Sarah B.","contributorId":20739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185510,"text":"70185510 - 1995 - Salmon escapement estimates into the Togiak River using sonar, Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, 1987, 1988, and 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T09:26:30","indexId":"70185510","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5329,"text":"USFWS Alaska Fisheries Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"31","title":"Salmon escapement estimates into the Togiak River using sonar, Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, 1987, 1988, and 1990","docAbstract":"We began a three year study in 1987 to test the feasibility of using sonar in the Togiak River to estimate salmon escapements. Current methods rely on periodic aerial surveys and a counting tower at river kilometer 97. Escapement estimates are not available until 10 to 14 days after the salmon enter the river. Water depth and turbidity preclude relocating the tower to the lower river and affect the reliability of aerial surveys. To determine whether an alternative method could be developed to improve the timeliness and accuracy of current escapement monitoring, Bendix sonar units were operated during 1987, 1988, and 1990. Two sonar stations were set up opposite each other at river kilometer 30 and were operated 24 hours per day, seven days per week. Catches from gill nets with 12, 14, and 20 cm stretch mesh, a beach seine, and visual observations were used to estimate species composition. Length and sex data were collected from salmon caught in the nets to assess sampling bias.
In 1987, sonar was used to select optimal sites and enumerate coho salmon. In 1988 and 1990, the sites identified in 1987 were used to estimate the escapement of five salmon species. Sockeye salmon escapement was estimated at 512,581 and 589,321, chinook at 7,698 and 15,098, chum at 246,144 and 134,958, coho at 78,588 and 28,290, and pink at 96,167 and 131,484. Sonar estimates of sockeye salmon were two to three times the Alaska Department of Fish and Game's escapement estimate based on aerial surveys and tower counts. The source of error was probably a combination of over-estimating the total number of targets counted by the sonar and by incorrectly estimating species composition.
Total salmon escapement estimates using sonar may be feasible but several more years of development are needed. Because of the overlapped salmon run timing, estimating species composition appears the most difficult aspect of using sonar for management. Possible improvements include using a larger beach seine or selecting gill net mesh sizes evenly spaced between 10 and 20 cm stretch mesh.
Salmon counts at river kilometer 30 would reduce the lag time between salmon river entry and the escapement estimate to 2-5 days. Any further decrease in lag time, however, would require moving the sonar operations downriver into less desirable braided portions of the river.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"King Salmon, AK","usgsCitation":"Irving, D.B., Finn, J.E., and Larson, J.P., 1995, Salmon escapement estimates into the Togiak River using sonar, Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, 1987, 1988, and 1990: USFWS Alaska Fisheries Technical Report 31, v, 55 p.","productDescription":"v, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"61","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338141,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338140,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fws.gov/alaska/fisheries/fieldoffice/anchorage/field/pdf/reports/Togiak%20River%20Sonar%201987-1990%20TR%2031.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Togiak National Wildlife Refuge","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d3ce4b0236b68f98eee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irving, David B.","contributorId":189720,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Irving","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, James E.","contributorId":11157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, James P.","contributorId":189721,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175202,"text":"70175202 - 1995 - Continuous flow measurements using ultrasonic velocity meters - an update","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-02T14:21:09","indexId":"70175202","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continuous flow measurements using ultrasonic velocity meters - an update","docAbstract":"An article in the summer 1993 Newsletter described USGS work to continously monitor tidal flows in the delta using ultrasonic velocity meters. This article updates progress since 1993, including new installations, results of data analysis, damage during this year's high flows, and the status of each site.
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Program for the Sacramento–San Joaquin Estuary","usgsCitation":"Oltmann, R., 1995, Continuous flow measurements using ultrasonic velocity meters - an update: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. Autumn 1995, p. 22-25.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325947,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325946,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.water.ca.gov/iep/newsletters/1995/fall/page22.pdf"}],"volume":"Autumn 1995","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a1c42ee4b006cb45552c04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oltmann, Rick","contributorId":173343,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oltmann","given":"Rick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}