{"pageNumber":"1333","pageRowStart":"33300","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":70018911,"text":"70018911 - 1995 - Diagenesis of Upper Carboniferous rocks in the Ouachita foreland shelf in mid-continent USA: an overview of widespread effects of a Variscan-equivalent orogeny","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:13","indexId":"70018911","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1795,"text":"Geologische Rundschau","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diagenesis of Upper Carboniferous rocks in the Ouachita foreland shelf in mid-continent USA: an overview of widespread effects of a Variscan-equivalent orogeny","docAbstract":"Diagenesis of Upper Carboniferous foreland shelf rocks in southeastern Kansas took place at temperatures as high as 100-150?? C at a depth of less than 2 km. High temperatures are the result of the long distance (hundreds of kilometers) advection of groundwater related to collisional orogeny in the Ouachita tectonic belt to the south. Orogenic activity in the Ouachita area was broadly Late Carboniferous, equivalent to the Variscan activity of Europe. Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits and oil and gas fields in the US midcontinent and elsewhere are commonly attributed to regional groundwater flow resulting from such collisional events. This paper describes the diagenesis and thermal effects in sandstone and limestone of Upper Carboniferous siliciclastic and limestone-shale cyclothems, the purported confining layer of a supposed regional aquifer. Diagenesis took place in early, intermediate, and late stages. Many intermediate and late stage events in the sandstones have equivalents in the limestones, suggesting that the causes were regional. The sandstone paragenesis includes siderite cement (early stage), quartz overgrowths (intermediate stage), dissolution of feldspar and carbonates, followed by minor Fe calcite, pore-filling kaolinite and sub-poikilotopic Ca ankerite (late stage). The limestone paragenesis includes calcite cement (early stage); megaquartz, chalcedony, and Fe calcite spar (intermediate stage); and dissolution, Ca-Fe dolomite and kaolinite (late stage). The Rm value of vitrinite shows a regional average of 0.6-0.7%; Rock-Eval TmaX suggests a comparable degree of organic maturity. The Th of aqueous fluid inclusions in late stage Ca-Fe-Mg carbonates ranges from 90 to 160?? and Tmice indicates very saline water (>200000 ppm NaCl equivalent); ??18O suggests that the water is of basinal origin. Local warm spots have higher Rm, Tmax, and Th. The results constrain numerical models of regional fluid migration, which is widely viewed as an artesian flow from recharge areas in the Ouachita belt across the foreland basin onto the foreland shelf area. Such models must account for heating effects that extend at least 500 km from the orogenic front and affect both supposed aquifer beds and the overlying supposed confining layer. Warm spots indicate either more rapid or more prolonged flow locally. Th and Tmice data show the highest temperatures coincided with high salinity fluids. ?? 1995 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologische Rundschau","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00284519","issn":"00167835","usgsCitation":"Walton, A., Wojcik, K., Goldstein, R., and Barker, C., 1995, Diagenesis of Upper Carboniferous rocks in the Ouachita foreland shelf in mid-continent USA: an overview of widespread effects of a Variscan-equivalent orogeny: Geologische Rundschau, v. 84, no. 3, p. 535-551, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00284519.","startPage":"535","endPage":"551","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205814,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00284519"},{"id":226938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0096e4b0c8380cd4f7df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walton, A.W.","contributorId":16994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wojcik, K.M.","contributorId":86502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wojcik","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldstein, R.H.","contributorId":18908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barker, C.E.","contributorId":69991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018918,"text":"70018918 - 1995 - Pesticides in near-surface aquifers: An assessment using highly sensitive analytical methods and tritium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T07:06:48","indexId":"70018918","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides in near-surface aquifers: An assessment using highly sensitive analytical methods and tritium","docAbstract":"<p>In 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) determined the distribution of pesticides in near-surface aquifers of the midwestern USA to be much more widespread than originally determined during a 1991 USGS study. The frequency of pesticide detection increased from 28.4% during the 1991 study to 59.0% during the 1992 study. This increase in pesticide detection was primarily the result of a more sensitive analytical method that used reporting limits as much as 20 times lower than previously available and a threefold increase in the number of pesticide metabolites analyzed. No pesticide concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPAs) maximum contaminant levels or health advisory levels for drinking water. However, five of the six most frequently detected compounds during 1992 were pesticide metabolites that currently do not have drinking water standards determined. The frequent presence of pesticide metabolites for this study documents the importance of obtaining information on these compounds to understand the fate and transport of pesticides in the hydrologic system. It appears that the 56 parent compounds analyzed follow similar pathways through the hydrologic system as atrazine. When atrazine was detected by routine or sensitive analytical methods, there was an increased likelihood of detecting additional parent compounds. As expected, the frequency of pesticide detection was highly dependent on the analytical reporting limit. The number of atrazine detections more than doubled as the reporting limit decreased from 0.10 to 0.01 &micro;g/L. The 1992 data provided no indication that the frequency of pesticide detection would level off as improved analytical methods provide concentrations below 0.003 &micro;g/L. A relation was determined between groundwater age and the frequency of pesticide detection, with 15.8% of the samples composed of pre-1953 water and 70.3% of the samples of post-1953 water having a detection of at least one pesticide or metabolite. Pre-1953 water is less likely to contain pesticides because it tends to predate the use of pesticides to increase crop production in the Midwest. Pre-1953 water was more likely to occur in the near-surface bedrock aquifers (50.0%) than in the near-surface unconsolidated aquifers (9.1%) sampled.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400060011x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., Goolsby, D.A., and Thurman, E., 1995, Pesticides in near-surface aquifers: An assessment using highly sensitive analytical methods and tritium: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 24, no. 6, p. 1125-1132, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400060011x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1125","endPage":"1132","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7757e4b0c8380cd7848b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018727,"text":"70018727 - 1995 - Glacial removal of late Cenozoic subglacially emplaced volcanic edifices by the West Antarctic ice sheet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-20T12:50:44","indexId":"70018727","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glacial removal of late Cenozoic subglacially emplaced volcanic edifices by the West Antarctic ice sheet","docAbstract":"Local maxima of the horizontal gradient of pseudogravity from closely spaced aeromagnetic surveys over the Ross Sea, northwestern Ross Ice Shelf, and the West Antarctic ice sheet, reveal a linear magnetic rift fabric and numerous subcircular, high-amplitude anomalies. Geophysical data indicate two or three youthful volcanic edifices at widely separated areas beneath the sea and ice cover in the West Antarctic rift system. In contrast, we suggest glacial removal of edifices of volcanic sources of many more anomalies. Magnetic models, controlled by marine seismic reflection and radar ice-sounding data, allow us to infer that glacial removal of the associated late Cenozoic volcanic edifices (probably debris, comprising pillow breccias, and hyaloclastites) has occurred essentially concomitantly with their subglacial eruption. \"Removal' of unconsolidated volcanic debris erupted beneath the ice is probably a more appropriate term than \"erosion', given its fragmented, ice-contact origin. The exposed volcanoes may have been protected from erosion by the surrounding ice sheet because of more competent rock or high elevation above the ice sheet. -from Authors","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<1111:GROLCS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., Blankenship, D.D., Damaske, D., and Cooper, A.K., 1995, Glacial removal of late Cenozoic subglacially emplaced volcanic edifices by the West Antarctic ice sheet: Geology, v. 23, no. 12, p. 1111-1114, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<1111:GROLCS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1111","endPage":"1114","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Ross Sea","volume":"23","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a290be4b0c8380cd5a62c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blankenship, D. D.","contributorId":29012,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blankenship","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Damaske, D.","contributorId":66771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Damaske","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cooper, A. K.","contributorId":50149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019652,"text":"70019652 - 1995 - Evolution of tholeiitic diabase sheet systems in the eastern United States: examples from the Culpeper Basin, Virginia-Maryland, and the Gettysburg Basin, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-20T06:37:35","indexId":"70019652","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of tholeiitic diabase sheet systems in the eastern United States: examples from the Culpeper Basin, Virginia-Maryland, and the Gettysburg Basin, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"High-TiO2, quartz-normative (HTQ) tholeiite sheets of Early Jurassic age have intruded mainly Late Triassic sedimentary rocks in several early Mesozoic basins in the eastern US. Field observations, petrographic study, geochemical analyses and stable isotope data from three HTQ sheet systems were used to develop a general model of magmatic differentiation and magmatic-hydrothermal interaction for HTQ sheets. The three sheet systems have remarkably similar major-oxide and trace-element compositions. Cumulus and evolved diabase in comagmatic sheets separated by tens of kilometers are related by igneous differentiation. Differentiated diabase in all three sheets have petrographic and geochemical signatures and fluid inclusions indicating hydrothermal alteration beginning near magmatic temperatures and continuing to relatively low temperatures. Sulfur and oxygen isotope data are consistent with a magmatic origin for the hydrothermal fluid. -from Authors","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)00085-U","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Woodruff, L.G., Froelich, A., Belkin, H.E., and Gottfried, D., 1995, Evolution of tholeiitic diabase sheet systems in the eastern United States: examples from the Culpeper Basin, Virginia-Maryland, and the Gettysburg Basin, Pennsylvania: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 64, no. 3-4, p. 143-169, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00085-U.","productDescription":"17 p. ","startPage":"143","endPage":"169","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227924,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269366,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00085-U"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Culpeper Basin, Gettysburg Basin ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.41015624999999,\n              41.1290213474951\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.93701171875,\n              40.07807142745009\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.7060546875,\n              39.06184913429154\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.82666015625,\n              38.013476231041935\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.7607421875,\n              37.405073750176925\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.2666015625,\n              38.496593518947584\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.92626953125,\n              39.65645604812829\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.8056640625,\n              40.195659093364654\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.970703125,\n              40.697299008636755\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.41015624999999,\n              41.1290213474951\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d8ee4b0c8380cd530a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodruff, Laurel G. 0000-0002-2514-9923 woodruff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-9923","contributorId":2224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Laurel","email":"woodruff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Froelich, A.J.","contributorId":13593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Froelich","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belkin, Harvey E. 0000-0001-7879-6529 hbelkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"Harvey","email":"hbelkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gottfried, D.","contributorId":92346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gottfried","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018924,"text":"70018924 - 1995 - The Geysers-Clear Lake geothermal area, California - An updated geophysical perspective of heat sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-19T19:00:58.3654","indexId":"70018924","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Geysers-Clear Lake geothermal area, California - An updated geophysical perspective of heat sources","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Geysers-Clear Lake geothermal area encompasses a large dry-steam production area in The Geysers field and a documented high-temperature, high-pressure, water-dominated system in the area largely south of Clear Lake, which has not been developed. Both systems have been extensively studied with geophysical techniques, drilling, and geological mapping during the past 20 years. An updated view is presented of the geological/geophysical complexities of the crust in The Geysers-Clear Lake region in order to address key unanswered questions about the heat source and tectonics. Early geophysical interpretations used a gravity low centered in the area between Clear Lake and The Geysers to suggest that a large magma chamber existed at depths starting at about 7 km. This first-order assumption of a large magma chamber expressed in the gravity data was used as a guide in subsequent geophysical and geological interpretations. Drill-hole temperature evidence is strongly suggestive of a shallow, hot-intrusive body, but in this paper the complexities are documented of the geological and geophysical data sets that make it difficult to pinpoint the location of “magma” or hot, solidified intrusive material. Forward modeling, multidimensional inversions, and ideal body analysis of the gravity data, new electromagnetic sounding models, and arguments made from other geophysical data sets suggest that many of the geophysical anomalies have significant contributions from rock property and physical state variations in the upper 7 km and not from ”magma“ at greater depths. Regional tectonic and magmatic processes are analyzed to develop an updated scenario for pluton emplacement that differs substantially from earlier interpretations. In addition, a rationale is outlined for future exploration for geothermal resources in The Geysers-Clear Lake area.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(94)00048-H","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Stanley, W.D., and Blakely, R., 1995, The Geysers-Clear Lake geothermal area, California - An updated geophysical perspective of heat sources: Geothermics, v. 24, no. 2, p. 187-221, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(94)00048-H.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"221","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226482,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba757e4b08c986b3214ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, W. D.","contributorId":86756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019178,"text":"70019178 - 1995 - Finite-fault analysis of the 1979 March 14 Petatlan, Mexico, earthquake using teleseismic P waveforms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-08T12:10:32.083788","indexId":"70019178","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Finite-fault analysis of the 1979 March 14 Petatlan, Mexico, earthquake using teleseismic P waveforms","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">Vertical, teleseismic<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>waves recorded for the 1979 March 14 Petatlan, Mexico, earthquake were used to derive the distribution of coseismic slip using a linear finite-fault inversion scheme that solves for the amount of slip in each of a series of consecutive time windows. Data recorded by six stations of the Global Digital Seismograph Network were inverted in addition to digitized analogue long-period recordings available from nine Worldwide Standardized Seismograph Network stations. The digital data include four broad-band and short-period velocity waveforms reconstructed from the short- and long-period components. The time-window approach allows for a variable rise time on the fault and accounts for the source multiplicity evident in the recorded<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>waveforms. Synthetic tests conducted using the inversion method on the limited data set, however, reveal that the data are insufficient to identify the exact dislocation duration on the fault. The method is thus implemented by prescribing the fault rise time using five consecutive 1 s time windows. The coseismic slip inferred from the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>waves shows a small 70 cm peak near the earthquake hypocentre and a large zone of dislocation (1.2 m maximum) further south-east. The slip pattern covers depths from 3 to 25 km and is located south-east of other recent large interplate ruptures on the Michoacan segment of the Mexican subduction zone. This result indicates that the 1979 Petatlan earthquake broke an independent, adjacent portion of the Cocos-North America plate boundary. The seismic moment of 1.5 × 10<sup>27</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>dyn cm inferred from the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>waves is approximately one-half the long-period moment estimated by other investigators from the observed surface waves. Although the discrepancy is within the uncertainty of the seismic-moment estimates, it may suggest the presence of a component of slow interplate motion that did not radiate significant<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-wave energy.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb06430.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Mendoza, C., 1995, Finite-fault analysis of the 1979 March 14 Petatlan, Mexico, earthquake using teleseismic P waveforms: Geophysical Journal International, v. 121, no. 3, p. 675-683, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb06430.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"675","endPage":"683","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479252,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1995.tb06430.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226279,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a102fe4b0c8380cd53b7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mendoza, C.","contributorId":82059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendoza","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018925,"text":"70018925 - 1995 - Sediment resuspension mechanisms in Old Tampa Bay, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-03T15:12:47.938555","indexId":"70018925","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment resuspension mechanisms in Old Tampa Bay, Florida","docAbstract":"<p><span>The mechanisms that resuspend bottom sediments in Old Tampa Bay, a shallow, microtidal, subtropical estuary in west-central Florida, were determined by analysing data collected during several periods from 1988 to 1990. Hydrodynamic and suspended-solids concentration data were collected at a relatively deep (4</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>m) site where a permanent platform was built and at a relatively shallow (1·5</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>m) site where a submersible instrument package was deployed. Bottom sediments were non-cohesive silts and fine sands. The primary sediment resuspension mechanism at both sites was wind waves, which were generated by strong and sustained winds associated with winter storms and tropical storms. At the platform, waves were depth-transitional, and estimated bottom shear stresses were most sensitive to wave period and water depth. Concentrations of suspended solids at this site corresponded well with wave motion, and non-linear wave-current interaction was small. At the shallow-water site, concentrations of suspended solids were elevated during periods of strong north-easterly winds and large bottom orbital velocities. At both sites, wind direction was an important factor in determining the occurrence and magnitude of sediment resuspension. Resuspended sediments settled within several hours as storm intensity diminished. Winds and waves generated by thunderstorms were more transient than those generated by winter storms and tropical storms. Based on the data collected during this study, thunderstorms are less likely to resuspend bottom sediment than winter storms and tropical storms. Maximum tidal currents at the study sites are usually less than 15</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cm s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>and did not increase observed concentrations of suspended solids.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/ecss.1995.0041","usgsCitation":"Schoellhamer, D., 1995, Sediment resuspension mechanisms in Old Tampa Bay, Florida: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 40, no. 6, p. 603-620, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1995.0041.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"603","endPage":"620","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226483,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Old Tampa Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n       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-82.60192561141936,\n              27.845589642350276\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.592732139993,\n              27.829330512698263\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.52908503011928,\n              27.842463075881383\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b89bae4b08c986b316e7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018926,"text":"70018926 - 1995 - Duration of mineralization and fluid-flow history of the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-21T22:43:06.715418","indexId":"70018926","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Duration of mineralization and fluid-flow history of the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15576668\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Studies of fluid inclusions in sphalerite and biomarkers from the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc district show homogenization temperatures to be primarily between 90 and 150 ° C, yet show relatively low levels of thermal maturity. We use numerical calculations to simulate fluid and heat flow through fracture-controlled ore zones and heat transfer to the adjacent rocks. Combining a best-fit path through fluid-inclusion data with measured thermal alteration of biomarkers, we calculated the time interval during which mineralizing fluids circulated through the Upper Mississippi Valley district to be on the order of 200 ka. Cambrian and Ordovician aquifers underlying the district, principally the St. Peter and Mt. Simon Sandstones, were the source of the mineralizing fluid. The duration of mineralization thus reflects the fluid-flow history of these regional aquifers.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0609:DOMAFF>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Rowan, E., and Goldhaber, M., 1995, Duration of mineralization and fluid-flow history of the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district: Geology, v. 23, no. 7, p. 609-612, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0609:DOMAFF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"609","endPage":"612","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226484,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a041ae4b0c8380cd507ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, E. L. 0000-0001-5753-6189","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":34921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldhaber, M. B. 0000-0002-1785-4243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":103280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019170,"text":"70019170 - 1995 - Superposed local and regional paleostresses: fault-slip analysis of Neogene extensional faulting near coeval caldera complexes, Yucca Flat, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-25T12:08:32.54356","indexId":"70019170","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Superposed local and regional paleostresses: fault-slip analysis of Neogene extensional faulting near coeval caldera complexes, Yucca Flat, Nevada","docAbstract":"<div class=\" metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Numerous reduced stress tensors are computed by multiple inversions of 906 temporally and spatially partitioned fault-slip data from the Yucca Flat region in the southwest Nevada volcanic field to constrain the Neogene paleostress and faulting history and to investigate how the regional tectonic stress field was affected by local caldera magmatism. Perturbed, shallow (&lt;400 m), pre-11 Ma paleostress configurations, determined west and northwest of present (post-11 Ma) Yucca Flat basin, existed during mild extensional faulting and are attributed to superposition of transient caldera-magmatic stresses on the regional stress field. Northwest of Yucca Flat a progressive shift in least principal stress (σ<sub>3</sub>) directions near known calderas located 5–15 km to the west occurred under a normal-slip stress state during caldera development between about 15 and 13 Ma. A brief (∼0.5 m.y.) change to a strike-slip stress state occurred at about 13 Ma and was accompanied by small-offset, quasi-conjugate strike-slip faulting. This stress state was most distinct, relative to a normal-slip state, near calderas where stress solutions and fault relations indicate closer affinities to a reverse-slip state. Inferred 11.6–11.45 Ma paleostress tensors indicate radial tension associated with either initial caldera collapse or local post-collapse topographic modification of the stress field. Post-11 Ma normal-slip stress tensors are associated with normal- and oblique-slip faults that accommodated subsidence and eastward extension of Yucca Flat basin away from the caldera complexes. These tensors do not indicate stress modifications due to residual caldera-related effects and thus were used to infer post-11 Ma regional stress changes. The stress field has rotated as much as 65° clockwise since 11 Ma during extensional development of Yucca Flat basin, with most of the rotation and extension occurring before about 8.5 Ma. Results suggest that shallow magmatism and caldera development can strongly alter extensional tectonic stress fields, fault patterns, and slip directions in the uppermost crust out to distances of roughly two magma chamber radii away from a magma body.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB00078","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Minor, S., 1995, Superposed local and regional paleostresses: fault-slip analysis of Neogene extensional faulting near coeval caldera complexes, Yucca Flat, Nevada: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, no. B6, p. 10507-10528, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB00078.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"10507","endPage":"10528","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226866,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f5be4b08c986b31e50b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Minor, S.A.","contributorId":65047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minor","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019161,"text":"70019161 - 1995 - Using GIS for verification of bathymetric data from Long Island sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:16","indexId":"70019161","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using GIS for verification of bathymetric data from Long Island sound","docAbstract":"Accurate depiction of the topography of the seafloor in coastal areas is needed for modeling of ecosystems and processes, and also as a framework for analyzing and displaying information used in management decisions. Often, errors must be corrected before acquired digital data bases can be used. To create an acceptable data set, two corrected versions of a Long Island Sound data base were compared with each other and with contours produced prior to the compilation of the digital data base.","largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 9th 1995 Conference on Coastal Zone","conferenceDate":"16 July 1995 through 21 July 1995","conferenceLocation":"Tampa, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Grim, M.S., Seekins, B.A., and Chase, T., 1995, Using GIS for verification of bathymetric data from Long Island sound, <i>in</i> Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, Tampa, FL, USA, 16 July 1995 through 21 July 1995, p. 159-160.","startPage":"159","endPage":"160","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc00fe4b08c986b329edd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grim, Muriel S.","contributorId":85591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grim","given":"Muriel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seekins, Barbara A.","contributorId":64400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seekins","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chase, Thomas E.","contributorId":23916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"Thomas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":95298,"text":"95298 - 1995 - Acidic deposition (\"acid rain\")","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":95298,"text":"95298 - 1995 - Acidic deposition (\"acid rain\")","indexId":"95298","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Acidic deposition (\"acid rain\")"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-19T11:19:36","indexId":"95298","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Acidic deposition (\"acid rain\")","docAbstract":"<p>Acidic deposition, or \"acid rain,\" describes any form of precipitation, including rain, snow, and fog, with a pH of 5.5 or below (Note: pH values below 7 are acidic; vinegar has a pH of 3). It often results when the acidity of normal precipitation is increased by sulfates and nitrates that are emitted into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels. This form of airborne contamination is considered harmful, both directly and indirectly, to a host of plant and animal species.</p><p>Although acid rain can fall virtually anywhere, ecological damages in environmentally sensitive areas downwind of industrial and urban emissions are a major concern. This includes areas that have a reduced capacity to neutralize acid inputs because of low alkalinity soils and areas that contain species with a low tolerance to acid conditions. To determine the distribution of acidic deposition and evaluate its biological effects, research and monitoring are being conducted by the federal government with support from states, universities, and private industry.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>The national extent of the acid rain problem has been estimated by sampling water from 3,000 lakes and 500 streams (Irving 1991), representing more than 28,000 lakes and 56,000 stream reaches with a total of 200,000 km (125,000 mi). Some particularly sensitive areas, such as the Adirondack Mountain region, have been more intensively sampled and the biota examined in detail for effects from acidity.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>To identify trends in aquatic ecosystems, present and historical survey data on water chemistry and associated biota are compared. In lakes, the chemical and biological history and pH trends may be inferred or reconstructed in some cases by examining assemblages of fossil diatoms and aquatic invertebrates in the sediment layers. In terrestrial ecosystems, vegetation damage is surveyed and effects of acidic deposition to plants and animals are determined from laboratory and field exposure experiments. Natural variation in populations and the complex interactions between acidity and other ecosystem components make it difficult to extend many of the research findings to populations or communities. Acidity can also modify ecosystem processes such as decomposition and the flow of nutrients. Therefore, models are often used to predict such effects by combining information on individual species' effects, population distributions, and the patterns and amounts of acidic deposition.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Schreiber, R.K., 1995, Acidic deposition (\"acid rain\"), chap. <i>of</i> Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 418-420.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"418","endPage":"420","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339948,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a350b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505506,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":505509,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":505507,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505508,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505505,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Schreiber, R. Kent","contributorId":58145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreiber","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019691,"text":"70019691 - 1995 - Geoscience research databases for coastal Alabama ecosystem management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:21","indexId":"70019691","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geoscience research databases for coastal Alabama ecosystem management","docAbstract":"Effective management of complex coastal ecosystems necessitates access to scientific knowledge that can be acquired through a multidisciplinary approach involving Federal and State scientists that take advantage of agency expertise and resources for the benefit of all participants working toward a set of common research and management goals. Cooperative geostatic investigations have led toward building databases of fundamental scientific knowledge that can be utilized to manage coastal Alabama's natural and future development. These databases have been used to assess the occurrence and economic potential of hard mineral resources in the Alabama EFZ, and to support oil spill contingency planning and environmental analysis for coastal Alabama.","largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 9th 1995 Conference on Coastal Zone","conferenceDate":"16 July 1995 through 21 July 1995","conferenceLocation":"Tampa, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Hummell, R.L., 1995, Geoscience research databases for coastal Alabama ecosystem management, <i>in</i> Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, Tampa, FL, USA, 16 July 1995 through 21 July 1995, p. 578-579.","startPage":"578","endPage":"579","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227881,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28a3e4b0c8380cd5a298","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hummell, Richard L.","contributorId":68040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hummell","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019086,"text":"70019086 - 1995 - Giant blocks in the South Kona landslide, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-21T22:37:00.78565","indexId":"70019086","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Giant blocks in the South Kona landslide, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15576302\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>A large field of blocky sea-floor hills, up to 10 km long and 500 m high, are gigantic slide blocks derived from the west flank of Mauna Loa volcano on the island of Hawaii. These megablocks are embedded in the toe of the South Kona landslide, which extends ∼80 km seaward from the present coastline to depths of nearly 5 km. A 10–15-km-wide belt of numerous, smaller, 1–3-km-long slide blocks separates the area of giant blocks from two submarine benches at depths of 2600 and 3700 m depth that terminate seaward 20 to 30 km from the shoreline. Similar giant blocks are found on several other major submarine Hawaiian landslides, including those north of Oahu and Molokai, but the South Kona blocks are the first to be examined in detail using high-resolution bathymetry, dredging, and submersible diving. Dredging of two of the giant blocks brought up pillowed tholeiitic lava. Observations from the U.S. Navy submersible<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Sea Cliff</i><span>&nbsp;</span>on the asymmetrically steep eastern flank of one block 10 km long and 300 m high revealed a succession of fractured massive basalt, laminar lava flows, hyaloclastite, and pillow lavas. Chemical analyses of dredged lava identified 19 units that overlap compositionally with lavas from the south rift-zone ridge of Mauna Loa. Sulfur content indicates that most of the lavas were erupted in subaerial and shallow submarine (&lt;200 m depth) sites, but some were erupted in deeper submarine sites. These results indicate that the megablocks were carried by a late Pleistocene giant landslide 40–80 km west from the ancestral shoreline of Mauna Loa volcano before growth of the midslope benches by later slump movement.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0125:GBITSK>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., Bryan, W., Beeson, M., and Normark, W.R., 1995, Giant blocks in the South Kona landslide, Hawaii: Geology, v. 23, no. 2, p. 125-128, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0125:GBITSK>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"128","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226314,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28efe4b0c8380cd5a543","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bryan, W.B.","contributorId":100412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryan","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beeson, M.H.","contributorId":83118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeson","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Normark, W. R.","contributorId":87137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019082,"text":"70019082 - 1995 - Mercury cycling in the Allequash Creek watershed, northern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-22T08:17:32","indexId":"70019082","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury cycling in the Allequash Creek watershed, northern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Although there have been recent significant gains in our understanding of mercury (Hg) cycling in aquatic environments, few studies have addressed Hg cycling on a watershed scale in particular, attention to Hg species transfer between watershed components (upland soils, groundwater, wetlands, streams, and lakes) has been lacking. This study describes spatial and temporal distributions of total Hg and MeHg among watershed components of the Allequash Creek watershed (northern Wisconsin, USA). Substantial increases in total Hg and MeHg were observed as groundwater discharged through peat to form springs that flow into the stream, or rivulets that drain across the surface of the wetland. This increase was concomitant with increases in DOC. During fall, when the Allequash Creek wetland released a substantial amount of DOC to the stream, a 23 fold increase in total Hg concentrations was observed along the entire length of the stream. Methylmercury, however, did not show a similar response. Substantial variability was observed in total Hg (0.9 to 6.3) and MeHg (<0.02 to 0.33) concentrations during synoptic surveys of the entire creek. For the Allequash Creek watershed, the contributing groundwater basin is about 50% larger than the topographic drainage basin. Total Hg concentrations in groundwater, the area of the groundwater basin, and annual stream flow data give a watershed-yield rate of 12 mg/km2/d, which equates to a retention rate of 96%. The calculated MeHg yield rate for the wetland area is 0.6 to 1.5 mg/km2/d, a value that is 3-6 fold greater than the atmospheric deposition rate.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01189692","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Krabbenhoft, D., Benoit, J., Babiarz, C., Hurley, J., and Andren, A., 1995, Mercury cycling in the Allequash Creek watershed, northern Wisconsin: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 80, no. 1-4, p. 425-433, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01189692.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"433","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205817,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189692"}],"volume":"80","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a53fce4b0c8380cd6ce4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krabbenhoft, D. P. 0000-0003-1964-5020","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":90765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"D. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benoit, J.M.","contributorId":102648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benoit","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Babiarz, Christopher L.","contributorId":101822,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Babiarz","given":"Christopher L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hurley, J.P.","contributorId":97645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurley","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Andren, A.W.","contributorId":49121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andren","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018806,"text":"70018806 - 1995 - Determination of nanogram per liter concentrations of volatile organic compounds in water by capillary gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry and its use to define groundwater flow directions in Edwards Aquifer, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-27T15:41:13.404596","indexId":"70018806","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of nanogram per liter concentrations of volatile organic compounds in water by capillary gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry and its use to define groundwater flow directions in Edwards Aquifer, Texas","docAbstract":"A method has been developed to measure nanogram per liter amounts of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethene, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, and the isomers of dichlorobenzene in water. The method uses purge-and-trap techniques on a 100 mL sample, gas chromatography with a megabore capillary column, and electron impact, selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry. Minimum detection levels for these compounds ranged from 1 to 4 ng/L in water. Recoveries from organic-free distilled water and natural groundwater ranged from 70.5% for dichlorodifluoromethane to 107.8% for 1,4-dichlorobenzene. Precision was generally best for cis-1,2-dichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, and the dichlorobenzene isomers and worst for dichlorodifluoromethane and trichlorofluoromethane. Blank data indicated persistent, trace-level introduction of dichlorodifluoromethane, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and tetrachloroemene to samples during storage and shipment at concentrations less than the method reporting limits. The largest concentrations of the selected VOCs in 27 water samples from the Edwards aquifer near San Antonio, TX, were from confined-zone wells near an abandoned landfill. The results defined a zone of water with no detectable VOCs in nearly all of the aquifer west of San Antonio and from part of the confined zone beneath San Antonio.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/ac00116a008","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Buszka, P., Rose, D., Ozuna, G., and Groschen, G., 1995, Determination of nanogram per liter concentrations of volatile organic compounds in water by capillary gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry and its use to define groundwater flow directions in Edwards Aquifer, Texas: Analytical Chemistry, v. 67, no. 20, p. 3659-3667, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00116a008.","startPage":"3659","endPage":"3667","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffb8e4b0c8380cd4f35e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buszka, P.M.","contributorId":49001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buszka","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, D.L.","contributorId":36960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ozuna, G. B.","contributorId":25205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ozuna","given":"G. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Groschen, G.E.","contributorId":17260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groschen","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019040,"text":"70019040 - 1995 - Adjusting stream-sediment geochemical maps in the Austrian Bohemian Massif by analysis of variance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:35","indexId":"70019040","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adjusting stream-sediment geochemical maps in the Austrian Bohemian Massif by analysis of variance","docAbstract":"The Austrian portion of the Bohemian Massif is a Precambrian terrane composed mostly of highly metamorphosed rocks intruded by a series of granitoids that are petrographically similar. Rocks are exposed poorly and the subtle variations in rock type are difficult to map in the field. A detailed geochemical survey of stream sediments in this region has been conducted and included as part of the Geochemischer Atlas der Republik O??sterreich, and the variations in stream sediment composition may help refine the geological interpretation. In an earlier study, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied to the stream-sediment data in order to minimize unwanted sampling variation and emphasize relationships between stream sediments and rock types in sample catchment areas. The estimated coefficients were used successfully to correct for the sampling effects throughout most of the region, but also introduced an overcorrection in some areas that seems to result from consistent but subtle differences in composition of specific rock types. By expanding the model to include an additional factor reflecting the presence of a major tectonic unit, the Rohrbach block, the overcorrection is removed. This iterative process simultaneously refines both the geochemical map by removing extraneous variation and the geological map by suggesting a more detailed classification of rock types. ?? 1995 International Association for Mathematical Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02083215","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., Hausberger, G., Schermann, O., and Bohling, G., 1995, Adjusting stream-sediment geochemical maps in the Austrian Bohemian Massif by analysis of variance: Mathematical Geology, v. 27, no. 2, p. 279-299, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02083215.","startPage":"279","endPage":"299","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205697,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02083215"},{"id":226272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6f6e4b0c8380cd47757","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J.C.","contributorId":72121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hausberger, G.","contributorId":86907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hausberger","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schermann, O.","contributorId":63178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schermann","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bohling, G.","contributorId":60789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohling","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019720,"text":"70019720 - 1995 - The role of microcracking in shear-fracture propagation in granite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-09T23:53:28.798602","indexId":"70019720","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of microcracking in shear-fracture propagation in granite","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id4\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><p>Microcracking related to the formation of a laboratory shear fracture in a cylinder of Westerly granite has been investigated using image-analysis computer techniques. Well away from the fracture (farfield), the deformed granite has about twice the crack density (crack length per unit area) of undeformed granite. The microcrack density increases dramatically in a process zone that surrounds the fracture tip, and the fracture tip itself has more than an order of magnitude increase in crack density over the undeformed rock. Microcrack densities are consistently higher on the dilational side of the shear than on the compressional side. Microcracks in the undeformed rock and in the far-field areas of the laboratory sample are concentrated within and along the margins of quartz crystals, but near the shear fracture they are somewhat more abundant within K-feldspar crystals. The energy release rate,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>g</i><sub><i>II</i></sub>, for mode II fracture progagation is estimated from the microcrack density data to be ≥ 1.7–8.6 kJ m<sup>−2</sup>. The microcracks that formed during the experiment are principally tensile cracks whose orientations reflect the local stress field: those formed prior to the nucleation of the fault are roughly parallel to the cylinder axis (loading direction), whereas those generated in the process zone make angles averaging 30 ° to the overall fault strike (and 20 ° to the cylinder axis). The preferred orientation and uneven distribution of microcracks in the process zone tends to pull the propagating fracture tip towards the dilational side, even though the trend is away from the overall fault strike. As a result, the propagating shear follows the microcrack trend for some distance and then changes direction in order to maintain an overall in-plane propagation path. This recurring process produces a zig-zag or sawtooth segmentation pattern similar to the sawtooth geometries of faults such as the San Andreas fault.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0191-8141(94)E0018-T","issn":"01918141","usgsCitation":"Moore, D., and Lockner, D., 1995, The role of microcracking in shear-fracture propagation in granite: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 17, no. 1, p. 95-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)E0018-T.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227684,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf84e4b08c986b32485d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Diane E. 0000-0002-8641-1075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8641-1075","contributorId":106496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Diane E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019032,"text":"70019032 - 1995 - A survey of natural aggregate properties and characteristics important in remote sensing and airborne geophysics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019032","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A survey of natural aggregate properties and characteristics important in remote sensing and airborne geophysics","docAbstract":"Natural aggregate is vital to the construction industry. Although natural aggregate is a high volume/low value commodity that is abundant, new sources are becoming increasingly difficult to find and develop because of rigid industry specifications, political considerations, development and transportation costs, and environmental concerns. There are two primary sources of natural aggregate: (1) exposed or near-surface bedrock that can be crushed, and (2) deposits of sand and gravel. Remote sensing and airborne geophysics detect surface and near-surface phenomena, and may be useful for detecting and mapping potential aggregate sources; however, before a methodology for applying these techniques can be developed, it is necessary to understand the type, distribution, physical properties, and characteristics of natural aggregate deposits. The distribution of potential aggregate sources is closely tied to local geologic history. Conventional exploration for natural aggregate deposits has been largely a ground-based operation, although aerial photographs and topographic maps have been extensively used to target possible deposits. Today, the exploration process also considers factors such as the availability of the land, space and water supply for processing, political and environmental factors, and distance from the market; exploration and planning cannot be separated. There are many physical properties and characteristics by which to judge aggregate material for specific applications; most of these properties and characteristics pertain only to individual aggregate particles. The application of remote sensing and airborne geophysical measurements to detecting and mapping potential aggregate sources, however, is based on intrinsic bulk physical properties and extrinsic characteristics of the deposits that can be directly measured, mathematically derived from measurement, or interpreted with remote sensing and geophysical data. ?? 1995 Oxford UniversityPress.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02257020","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Knepper, D.H., Langer, W.H., and Miller, S., 1995, A survey of natural aggregate properties and characteristics important in remote sensing and airborne geophysics: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 4, no. 1, p. 99-120, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02257020.","startPage":"99","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205793,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257020"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5e0e4b0c8380cd46fe7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knepper, D. H. Jr.","contributorId":106129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knepper","given":"D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langer, W. H.","contributorId":44932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, S.","contributorId":60351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019003,"text":"70019003 - 1995 - Measured and predicted velocity and longitudinal dispersion at steady and unsteady flow, Colorado River, Glen Canyon Dam to lake mead","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:52:11","indexId":"70019003","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measured and predicted velocity and longitudinal dispersion at steady and unsteady flow, Colorado River, Glen Canyon Dam to lake mead","docAbstract":"The effect of unsteadiness or dam releases on velocity and longitudinal dispersion of flow was evaluated by injecting a fluorescent dye into the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam and sampling for dye concentration at selected sites downstream. In Glen Canyon, average flow velocity through the study reach increased directly with discharge, but dispersion was greatest at the lowest of the three flows measured. In Grand Canyon, average flow velocity varied slightly from subreach to subreach at both steady and unsteady flow over the entire study reach. Also, longitudinal dispersion was not significantly different during steady and unsteady flow. Absence of tails on the curves shows that, at the measured flows, the eddies that are characteristic of the Grand Canyon reach do not trap water for a significant length of time. Data from the measurements were used to calibrate a one-dimensional now modeland a solute-transport model. The combined set of calibrated flow and solute-transport models was then used to predict velocity and dispersion at potential dam-release patterns.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1995.tb03379.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Graf, J., 1995, Measured and predicted velocity and longitudinal dispersion at steady and unsteady flow, Colorado River, Glen Canyon Dam to lake mead: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 31, no. 2, p. 265-281, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1995.tb03379.x.","startPage":"265","endPage":"281","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267682,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1995.tb03379.x"},{"id":226310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a52bee4b0c8380cd6c64c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graf, J.B.","contributorId":75928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graf","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019246,"text":"70019246 - 1995 - Areal extent of freshwater from an experimental release of Mississippi River Water into Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, May 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:16","indexId":"70019246","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Areal extent of freshwater from an experimental release of Mississippi River Water into Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, May 1994","docAbstract":"The effects of the release of freshwater from the Mississippi river into the Lake Pontchartrain was evaluated. The study determined the delineation of the areal extent of the freshwater plume in the lake, intensively sampled lake and river water and bed sediment to determine the effects on water quality in the lake, and performed a dye study to determine the mixing characteristics of the lake. Water temperature and specific conductance data were used to differentiate between zones of freshwater, mixing, and saltwater. The direction of the freshwater plume seemed to be affected by the wind direction. It was observed that the general direction of the plume was limited to the southwestern part of Lake Pontchartrain.","largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 9th 1995 Conference on Coastal Zone","conferenceDate":"16 July 1995 through 21 July 1995","conferenceLocation":"Tampa, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"McCallum, B.E., 1995, Areal extent of freshwater from an experimental release of Mississippi River Water into Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, May 1994, <i>in</i> Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, Tampa, FL, USA, 16 July 1995 through 21 July 1995, p. 363-364.","startPage":"363","endPage":"364","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed6ae4b0c8380cd497d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCallum, Brian E. 0000-0002-8935-0343 bemccall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8935-0343","contributorId":1591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCallum","given":"Brian","email":"bemccall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018845,"text":"70018845 - 1995 - Spatial trends in Pearson Type III statistical parameters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T07:45:47","indexId":"70018845","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial trends in Pearson Type III statistical parameters","docAbstract":"Spatial trends in the statistical parameters (mean, standard deviation, and skewness coefficient) of a Pearson Type III distribution of the logarithms of annual flood peaks for small rural basins (less than 90 km2) are delineated using a climate factor CT, (T=2-, 25-, and 100-yr recurrence intervals), which quantifies the effects of long-term climatic data (rainfall and pan evaporation) on observed T-yr floods. Maps showing trends in average parameter values demonstrate the geographically varying influence of climate on the magnitude of Pearson Type III statistical parameters. The spatial trends in variability of the parameter values characterize the sensitivity of statistical parameters to the interaction of basin-runoff characteristics (hydrology) and climate. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1995)121:9(672)","usgsCitation":"Lichty, R., and Karlinger, M., 1995, Spatial trends in Pearson Type III statistical parameters: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 121, no. 9, p. 672-678, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1995)121:9(672).","startPage":"672","endPage":"678","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226799,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269424,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1995)121:9(672)"}],"volume":"121","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94abe4b08c986b31abdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lichty, R.W.","contributorId":46987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichty","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlinger, M.R.","contributorId":95039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"M.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018993,"text":"70018993 - 1995 - Analysis of factors affecting the accuracy, reproducibility, and interpretation of microbial community carbon source utilization patterns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-17T19:08:40.785528","indexId":"70018993","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of factors affecting the accuracy, reproducibility, and interpretation of microbial community carbon source utilization patterns","docAbstract":"We determined factors that affect responses of bacterial isolates and model bacterial communities to the 95 carbon substrates in Biolog microliter plates. For isolates and communities of three to six bacterial strains, substrate oxidation rates were typically nonlinear and were delayed by dilution of the inoculum. When inoculum density was controlled, patterns of positive and negative responses exhibited by microbial communities to each of the carbon sources were reproducible. Rates and extents of substrate oxidation by the communities were also reproducible but were not simply the sum of those exhibited by community members when tested separately. Replicates of the same model community clustered when analyzed by principal- components analysis (PCA), and model communities with different compositions were clearly separated un the first PCA axis, which accounted for >60% of the dataset variation. PCA discrimination among different model communities depended on the extent to which specific substrates were oxidized. However, the substrates interpreted by PCA to be most significant in distinguishing the communities changed with reading time, reflecting the nonlinearity of substrate oxidation rates. Although whole-community substrate utilization profiles were reproducible signatures for a given community, the extent of oxidation of specific substrates and the numbers or activities of microorganisms using those substrates in a given community were not correlated. Replicate soil samples varied significantly in the rate and extent of oxidation of seven tested substrates, suggesting microscale heterogeneity in composition of the soil microbial community.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.61.4.1458-1468.1995","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Haack, S., Garchow, H., Klug, M., and Forney, L., 1995, Analysis of factors affecting the accuracy, reproducibility, and interpretation of microbial community carbon source utilization patterns: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 61, no. 4, p. 1458-1468, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.61.4.1458-1468.1995.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1458","endPage":"1468","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479240,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.61.4.1458-1468.1995","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226809,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -85.40436860904603,\n              42.40664834446247\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.40284550788013,\n              42.404892059286595\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.40253254188673,\n              42.404476089806224\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.40213611829607,\n              42.40407552399654\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.40055042393165,\n              42.40324357145039\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.40040437313458,\n              42.40301247156313\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.39817188238531,\n              42.403089504953186\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.3982970687824,\n              42.40390605307627\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.39815101798537,\n              42.4058780499999\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.40146845751065,\n              42.406617532865454\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.40257427068597,\n              42.40709511091677\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.40320020267214,\n              42.40751106303156\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.40436860904603,\n              42.40664834446247\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb12e4b0c8380cd48bd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haack, S.K.","contributorId":26457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haack","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garchow, H.","contributorId":102647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garchow","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klug, M.J.","contributorId":33070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klug","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Forney, L.J.","contributorId":49118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forney","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018949,"text":"70018949 - 1995 - The Hengill geothermal area, Iceland: variation of temperature gradients deduced from the maximum depth of seismogenesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-14T19:19:55","indexId":"70018949","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Hengill geothermal area, Iceland: variation of temperature gradients deduced from the maximum depth of seismogenesis","docAbstract":"Given a uniform lithology and strain rate and a full seismic data set, the maximum depth of earthquakes may be viewed to a first order as an isotherm. These conditions are approached at the Hengill geothermal area, S. Iceland, a dominantly basaltic area. The temperature at which seismic failure ceases for the strain rates likely at the Hengill geothermal area is determined by analogy with oceanic crust, and is about 650 ?? 50??C. The topographies of the top and bottom of the seismogenic layer were mapped using 617 earthquakes. The thickness of the seismogenic layer is roughly constant and about 3 km. A shallow, aseismic, low-velocity volume within the spreading plate boundary that crosses the area occurs above the top of the seismogenic layer and is interpreted as an isolated body of partial melt. The base of the seismogenic layer has a maximum depth of about 6.5 km beneath the spreading axis and deepens to about 7 km beneath a transform zone in the south of the area. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)00088-X","usgsCitation":"Foulger, G., 1995, The Hengill geothermal area, Iceland: variation of temperature gradients deduced from the maximum depth of seismogenesis: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 65, no. 1-2, p. 119-133, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00088-X.","startPage":"119","endPage":"133","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269365,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00088-X"}],"volume":"65","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba775e4b08c986b321594","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018843,"text":"70018843 - 1995 - Tectonic implications of post-30 Ma Pacific and North American relative plate motions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-23T15:40:36.137299","indexId":"70018843","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic implications of post-30 Ma Pacific and North American relative plate motions","docAbstract":"<div id=\"120857548\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>The Pacific plate moved northwest relative to North America since 42 Ma. The rapid half rate of Pacific-Farallon spreading allowed the ridge to approach the continent at about 29 Ma. Extinct spreading ridges that occur offshore along 65% of the margin (Lonsdale, 1991) document that fragments of the subducted Farallon slab became captured by the Pacific plate and assumed its motion prior to the actual subduction of the spreading ridge. This plate-capture process can be used to explain much of the post–29 Ma Cordilleran North America extension, strike slip, and the inland jump of oceanic spreading in the Gulf of California. The Pacific and North American contact zone lengthened with each successive plate capture event, underpinning the parts of western North America directly inland with a strong plate undergoing Pacific relative motion. We suggest that much of the post–29 Ma continental tectonism is the result of the strong traction imposed on the deep part of the continental crust by the gently inclined slab of subducted oceanic lithosphere as it moved to the northwest relative to the overlying continent. The plate-capture hypothesis is distinctly different from theories involving shallow slab gaps. Kinematic problems associated with shallow slab-gap models cause us to question them. This conclusion is consistent with seismic refraction interpretations that suggest there is an inclined layer with high velocities like that of basalt or gabbro at the base of the continental crust beneath much of the Californian margin and the documented reduction of slab-pull forces and density associated with young subducting slabs. Thermal and rheologic modeling suggests that coastal California was a strong zone at all depths allowing it to be firmly linked to Pacific motion. Our model shows that deformed regions such as the basin and range and borderland provinces developed in predicted weak parts of the crustal section, but they have been incompletely linked to the deep plate across the ductile middle and lower crustal layer.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0937:TIOPMP>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bohannon, R.G., and Parsons, T., 1995, Tectonic implications of post-30 Ma Pacific and North American relative plate motions: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, no. 8, p. 937-959, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0937:TIOPMP>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"937","endPage":"959","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226797,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba467e4b08c986b3202f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohannon, R. G.","contributorId":61808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohannon","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018947,"text":"70018947 - 1995 - Optimization techniques for integrating spatial data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:14","indexId":"70018947","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimization techniques for integrating spatial data","docAbstract":"Two optimization techniques ta predict a spatial variable from any number of related spatial variables are presented. The applicability of the two different methods for petroleum-resource assessment is tested in a mature oil province of the Midcontinent (USA). The information on petroleum productivity, usually not directly accessible, is related indirectly to geological, geophysical, petrographical, and other observable data. This paper presents two approaches based on construction of a multivariate spatial model from the available data to determine a relationship for prediction. In the first approach, the variables are combined into a spatial model by an algebraic map-comparison/integration technique. Optimal weights for the map comparison function are determined by the Nelder-Mead downhill simplex algorithm in multidimensions. Geologic knowledge is necessary to provide a first guess of weights to start the automatization, because the solution is not unique. In the second approach, active set optimization for linear prediction of the target under positivity constraints is applied. Here, the procedure seems to select one variable from each data type (structure, isopachous, and petrophysical) eliminating data redundancy. Automating the determination of optimum combinations of different variables by applying optimization techniques is a valuable extension of the algebraic map-comparison/integration approach to analyzing spatial data. Because of the capability of handling multivariate data sets and partial retention of geographical information, the approaches can be useful in mineral-resource exploration. ?? 1995 International Association for Mathematical Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02093901","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Herzfeld, U., and Merriam, D.F., 1995, Optimization techniques for integrating spatial data: Mathematical Geology, v. 27, no. 5, p. 559-588, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02093901.","startPage":"559","endPage":"588","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205789,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02093901"},{"id":226807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6efae4b0c8380cd758c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herzfeld, U.C.","contributorId":84517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzfeld","given":"U.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Merriam, D. F.","contributorId":63175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merriam","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}