{"pageNumber":"1334","pageRowStart":"33325","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":70019054,"text":"70019054 - 1995 - Slug tests in unconfined formations: An assessment of the bouwer and rice technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-18T23:50:32.234855","indexId":"70019054","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slug tests in unconfined formations: An assessment of the bouwer and rice technique","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The slug test is one of the most common techniques for the in situ estimation of hydraulic conductivity in unconfined flow systems. Recently, a mathematical model describing the flow of ground water in response to a slug test in an unconfined flow system has been proposed. This model incorporates the effects of partial penetration, anisotropy, an upper constant-head boundary, and, in its most complete form, well skins of either higher or lower permeability than the formation itself. This model is useful in identifying conditions when conventional approaches (i.e., the Bouwer and Rice model) introduce large errors into parameter estimates. For slug tests performed in homogeneous, isotropic formations that would be classified as aquifers, the Bouwer and Rice model provides estimates within 30% of actual field values. In less-permeable, clay-rich formations, however, estimates may overpredict formation conductivity by more than 100%. The Bouwer and Rice model introduces the largest error (can easily exceed an order of magnitude) in the presence of a low-permeability skin. Uncertainty about anisotropy can also be the source of considerable error. The semianalytical solution to the mathematical model described here can be employed for parameter estimation under conditions when the Bouwer and Rice model introduces unacceptably large errors into parameter estimates. This solution can be rapidly evaluated, allowing easy incorporation into an automated well-test analysis package and/or ready generation of type curves.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00258.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Hyder, Z., and Butler, J., 1995, Slug tests in unconfined formations: An assessment of the bouwer and rice technique: Groundwater, v. 33, no. 1, p. 16-22, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00258.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"16","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226452,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9176e4b08c986b319903","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hyder, Z.","contributorId":44673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyder","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butler, J.J. Jr.","contributorId":12194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"J.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019068,"text":"70019068 - 1995 - An earthquake instability model based on faults containing high fluid-pressure compartments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019068","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An earthquake instability model based on faults containing high fluid-pressure compartments","docAbstract":"It has been proposed that large strike-slip faults such as the San Andreas contain water in seal-bounded compartments. Arguments based on heat flow and stress orientation suggest that in most of the compartments, the water pressure is so high that the average shear strength of the fault is less than 20 MPa. We propose a variation of this basic model in which most of the shear stress on the fault is supported by a small number of compartments where the pore pressure is relatively low. As a result, the fault gouge in these compartments is compacted and lithified and has a high undisturbed strength. When one of these locked regions fails, the system made up of the neighboring high and low pressure compartments can become unstable. Material in the high fluid pressure compartments is initially underconsolidated since the low effective confining pressure has retarded compaction. As these compartments are deformed, fluid pressure remains nearly unchanged so that they offer little resistance to shear. The low pore pressure compartments, however, are overconsolidated and dilate as they are sheared. Decompression of the pore fluid in these compartments lowers fluid pressure, increasing effective normal stress and shear strength. While this effect tends to stabilize the fault, it can be shown that this dilatancy hardening can be more than offset by displacement weakening of the fault (i.e., the drop from peak to residual strength). If the surrounding rock mass is sufficiently compliant to produce an instability, slip will propagate along the fault until the shear fracture runs into a low-stress region. Frictional heating and the accompanying increase in fluid pressure that are suggested to occur during shearing of the fault zone will act as additional destabilizers. However, significant heating occurs only after a finite amount of slip and therefore is more likely to contribute to the energetics of rupture propagation than to the initiation of the instability. We present results of a one-dimensional dynamic Burridge-Knopoff-type model to demonstrate various aspects of the fluid-assisted fault instability described above. In the numerical model, the fault is represented by a series of blocks and springs, with fault rheology expressed by static and dynamic friction. In addition, the fault surface of each block has associated with it pore pressure, porosity and permeability. All of these variables are allowed to evolve with time, resulting in a wide range of phenomena related to fluid diffusion, dilatancy, compaction and heating. These phenomena include creep events, diffusion-controlled precursors, triggered earthquakes, foreshocks, aftershocks, and multiple earthquakes. While the simulations have limitations inherent to 1-D fault models, they demonstrate that the fluid compartment model can, in principle, provide the rich assortment of phenomena that have been associated with earthquakes. ?? 1995 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00879597","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Lockner, D., and Byerlee, J., 1995, An earthquake instability model based on faults containing high fluid-pressure compartments: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 145, no. 3-4, p. 717-745, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00879597.","startPage":"717","endPage":"745","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205777,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879597"},{"id":226723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"145","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea24e4b0c8380cd48675","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019087,"text":"70019087 - 1995 - Fluxes of water and solute in a coastal wetland sediment. 2. Effect of macropores on solute exchange with surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T08:20:46","indexId":"70019087","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluxes of water and solute in a coastal wetland sediment. 2. Effect of macropores on solute exchange with surface water","docAbstract":"<p>Chloride was highly concentrated relative to seawater in matrix porewater but was comparatively dilute in macropores. Concentration differences in pore-size classes declined with depth until indistinguishable below 10 cm. The segregated chloride distribution can be explained if recharge to the sediment occurred by downward infiltration in macropores and discharge occurred by an upward flux in matrix pores to satisfy evapotranspiration. Without disturbance by the downward infiltration flux in macropores, upward advection of chloride in matrix pores and evapoconcentration increased chloride concentrations in matrix pores to a level well above the concentration in seawater. The resulting high concentrations of chloride in matrix pores induced a large diffusive efflux of chloride into surface water that was sufficient to balance new input of chloride by infiltration of seawater in macropores (0.085 mmol Cl cm -2 day-1). Transport models that were constrained by water balance measurements at the field site explained both the exponential form of the vertical distribution of chloride in matrix pores and the rate of change in storage of chloride in sediment porewater over a one month period.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)02562-P","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Harvey, J., and Nuttle, W., 1995, Fluxes of water and solute in a coastal wetland sediment. 2. Effect of macropores on solute exchange with surface water: Journal of Hydrology, v. 164, no. 1-4, p. 109-125, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)02562-P.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"125","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"164","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a12a8e4b0c8380cd543ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, J. W. 0000-0002-2654-9873","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":39725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nuttle, W.K.","contributorId":76268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuttle","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019112,"text":"70019112 - 1995 - Effects of climate on chemical weathering in watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T12:22:42.070171","indexId":"70019112","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of climate on chemical weathering in watersheds","docAbstract":"<p>Climatic effects on chemical weathering are evaluated by correlating variations On solute concentrations and fluxes with temperature, precipitation, runoff, and evapotranspiration (<i>ET</i>) for a worldwide distribution of sixty-eight watersheds underlain by granitoid rock types. Stream solute concentrations are strongly correlated with proportional<span>&nbsp;</span><i>ET</i><span>&nbsp;</span>loss, and evaporative concentration makes stream solute concentrations an inappropriate surrogate for chemical weathering. Chemical fluxes are unaffected by<span>&nbsp;</span><i>ET</i>, and SiO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and Na weathering fluxes exhibit systematic increases with precipitation, runoff, and temperature. However, warm and wet watersheds produce anomalously rapid weathering rates. A proposed model that provides an improved prediction of weathering rates over climatic extremes Os the product of linear precipitation and Arrhenius temperature functions. The resulting apparent activation energies based on SiO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and Na fluxes are 59.4 and 62.5 kJ · mol<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The coupling between temperature and precipitation emphasizes the importance of tropical regions On global silicate weathering fluxes, and suggests it is not representative to use continental averages for temperature and precipitation On the weathering rate functions of global carbon cycling and climatic change models.</p><p>Fluxes of K, Ca, and Mg exhibit no climatic correlation, implying that other processes, such as ion exchange, nutrient cycling, and variations On lithology, obscure any climatic signal. The correlation between yearly variations On precipitation and solute fluxes within individual watersheds Os stronger than the correlation between precipitation and solute fluxes of watersheds with different climatic regimes. This underscores the significance of transport-induced variability On controlling stream chemistry, and the importance of distinguishing between short-term and long-term climatic trends. No correlation exists between chemical fluxes and topographic relief or the extent of recent glaciation, implying that physical erosion rates do not have a critical influence on chemical weathering rates.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(95)00078-E","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"White, A.F., and Blum, A., 1995, Effects of climate on chemical weathering in watersheds: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, no. 9, p. 1729-1747, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00078-E.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1729","endPage":"1747","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226679,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06afe4b0c8380cd5138b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, A. F.","contributorId":36546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blum, A.E.","contributorId":100514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019121,"text":"70019121 - 1995 - Constraints on formation processes of two coarse-grained calcium- aluminum-rich inclusions: A study of mantles, islands and cores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T15:40:42.102664","indexId":"70019121","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2714,"text":"Meteoritics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraints on formation processes of two coarse-grained calcium- aluminum-rich inclusions: A study of mantles, islands and cores","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many coarse-grained calcium- aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) contain features that are inconsistent with equilibrium liquid crystallization models of origin. Spinel-free islands (SFIs) in spinel-rich cores of Type B CAIs are examples of such features. One model previously proposed for the origin of Allende 5241, a Type B1 CAI containing SFIs, involves the capture and assimilation of xenoliths by a liquid droplet in the solar nebula (El Goresy&nbsp;</span><i>et al</i><span>., 1985; MacPherson&nbsp;</span><i>et al</i><span>., 1989). This study reports new textural and chemical zoning data from 5241 and identifies previously unrecognized chemical zoning patterns in the melilite mantle and in a SFI. These zoning patterns are identified by large-scale elemental mapping techniques. The compositional zoning is completely independent of, and cross-cuts individual melilite crystals in the mantle, a relation that suggests the mantle was deposited or accreted onto a preexisting core of the inclusion. Lack of correlation with individual mantle crystals also suggests that the mantle totally recrystallized at subsolidus temperatures. Sodium distribution maps demonstrate that most of the Na in 5241 was introduced during the secondary alteration process. Major- and trace-element data from the SFI boundary in a second type B1 CAI, Allende 3529Z, were obtained. The boundary bisects a large fassaite crystal. If the SFI is a relict xenolith, then chemical differences are likely to be present across the boundary. Electron microprobe analysis of the fassaite crystal reveals concentric zoning of Ti, which is unrelated to the SFI boundary, as well as distinct zones enriched in Al and depleted in Ti</span><sup>+3</sup><span>. Ion microprobe analyses at the SFI boundary show no significant variation in Ba, Sc, V, Cr, Sr, Zr, Nb and REE in fassaite. There is no evidence that requires the capture of a xenolith in 3529Z. Based on chemical zoning and textural arguments, it is suggested that both of these CAIs formed by a process of partial melting of precursors, which contained either vesicles or spinel-free grains. Allende 5241 shows evidence for vapor condensation and accretion and/or introduction of a second liquid to form the melilite mantle. Chemical zoning patterns in the mantles of the inclusions indicate that 3529Z experienced a higher degree of partial melting than 5241, but it was not high enough to melt spinel or completely melt and homogenize relict fassaite components.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1945-5100.1995.tb01213.x","issn":"00261114","usgsCitation":"Meeker, G., 1995, Constraints on formation processes of two coarse-grained calcium- aluminum-rich inclusions: A study of mantles, islands and cores: Meteoritics, v. 30, no. 1, p. 71-84, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.1995.tb01213.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"84","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226817,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa0be4b0c8380cd4d8d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meeker, G.P.","contributorId":34539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019123,"text":"70019123 - 1995 - Seafloor environments within the Boston Harbor-Massachusetts Bay sedimentary system: a regional synthesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019123","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seafloor environments within the Boston Harbor-Massachusetts Bay sedimentary system: a regional synthesis","docAbstract":"Modern seafloor sedimentary environments within the glaciated, topographically complex Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay area have been interpreted and mapped from an extensive collection of sidescan sonar records and supplemental marine geologic data. Three categories of environments are present that reflect the dominant long-term processes of erosion or nondeposition, deposition, and sediment reworking. Indicates areas within the Boston Harbor-Massachusetts Bay sedimentary system where fine-grained sediments and associated contaminants are likely to be either moved or deposited. It also provides a guide to the locations and variability of benthic habitats. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H., and Circe, R., 1995, Seafloor environments within the Boston Harbor-Massachusetts Bay sedimentary system: a regional synthesis: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 11, no. 1, p. 230-251.","startPage":"230","endPage":"251","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b882be4b08c986b316832","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Circe, R.C.","contributorId":90300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Circe","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019144,"text":"70019144 - 1995 - Diatom evidence for earthquake-induced subsidence and tsunami 300 yr ago in southern coastal Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-23T15:32:59.428244","indexId":"70019144","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diatom evidence for earthquake-induced subsidence and tsunami 300 yr ago in southern coastal Washington","docAbstract":"<p>Fossil diatoms from four stratigraphic sections along the tidal Niawiakum River, southwestern Washington, provide an independent paleoecological test of a relative sea-level rise that has been attributed to subsidence during an inferred earthquake in the Cascadia subduction zone about 300 yr ago. Diatom assemblages in a buried soil and overlying mud indicate a sudden and lasting shift from marshes and forests near or above highest tides to mud flats and incipient tidal marshes, with a progressive return to high-level tidal marshes by sediment aggradation and, perhaps, gradual tectonic uplift. The amount of coseismic submergence required to generate the paleoecological changes observed at these sites could have ranged from a minimum of 0.8–1.0 m to a maximum of ∼3.0 m.</p><p>Fossil diatoms also provide an independent test of previous inferences that the subsidence was shortly followed by a tsunami. The inferred tsunami deposit is a distinct sandy interval that widely overlies the buried marsh and forest soil. Diatoms from this interval consist of species observed on modern sand flats of the open bay, identifying a bayward source for the sand. Occurrences of the same sand-flat species above the buried soil in the farthest up-valley outcrop where a sandy interval is not recognizable suggest that the tsunami extended farther landward than was previously inferred from the stratigraphy.</p><p>These data rule out proposed alternatives to the coseismic subsidence model—that is, climatically induced sea-level rise, temporary submergence caused by storms—and support the hypothesis that a great earthquake struck southwestern Washington 300 yr ago.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0367:DEFEIS>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hemphill-Haley, E., 1995, Diatom evidence for earthquake-induced subsidence and tsunami 300 yr ago in southern coastal Washington: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, no. 3, p. 367-378, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0367:DEFEIS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"378","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226410,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00abe4b0c8380cd4f856","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemphill-Haley, E.","contributorId":69309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemphill-Haley","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019161,"text":"70019161 - 1995 - Using GIS for verification of bathymetric data from Long Island sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:16","indexId":"70019161","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using GIS for verification of bathymetric data from Long Island sound","docAbstract":"Accurate depiction of the topography of the seafloor in coastal areas is needed for modeling of ecosystems and processes, and also as a framework for analyzing and displaying information used in management decisions. Often, errors must be corrected before acquired digital data bases can be used. To create an acceptable data set, two corrected versions of a Long Island Sound data base were compared with each other and with contours produced prior to the compilation of the digital data base.","largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 9th 1995 Conference on Coastal Zone","conferenceDate":"16 July 1995 through 21 July 1995","conferenceLocation":"Tampa, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Grim, M.S., Seekins, B.A., and Chase, T., 1995, Using GIS for verification of bathymetric data from Long Island sound, <i>in</i> Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, Tampa, FL, USA, 16 July 1995 through 21 July 1995, p. 159-160.","startPage":"159","endPage":"160","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc00fe4b08c986b329edd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grim, Muriel S.","contributorId":85591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grim","given":"Muriel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seekins, Barbara A.","contributorId":64400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seekins","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chase, Thomas E.","contributorId":23916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"Thomas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019169,"text":"70019169 - 1995 - Variations of weekly atmospheric deposition for multiple collectors at a site on the shore of Lake Okeechobee, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019169","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations of weekly atmospheric deposition for multiple collectors at a site on the shore of Lake Okeechobee, Florida","docAbstract":"Eight wet/dry precipitation collectors were modified to house four additional dryfall collectors and one bulk precipitation collector to sample atmospheric deposition for 12 weeks in a small area on the southwestern shore of Lake Okeechobee; sample contamination, primarily by insects, reduced the comparison to the last nine weeks. The deposition was determined for Ca2+, Na+, Cl-, and SO42- and nutrients including total phosphorus, orthophosphate, total ammonia plus organic nitrogen, and nitrite plus nitrate. In general, deposition was lower and less variable in wet precipitation than in bulk precipitation. The higher variability of the bulk precipitation was attributed to local contamination, particularly by dust and insects. Each wet/dry precipitation collector was fitted with dryfall collectors that consisted of the dry-side bucket on a wet/dry collector, which was preloaded with distilled and deionized water, and four glass dish collectors; two of the glass dishes were preloaded with water and the other two remained dry. The deposition to the dry dish collectors was not comparable in adjacent collectors for any constituent; however, the deposition in the adjacent water-loaded dishes was comparable for most major constituents, except nutrients. A comparison of Ortho-P deposition with Total-P indicated that the P collected by the dryfall collectors was predominantly reactive, which also was reflected in the bulk deposition, whereas that in the wet deposition was mostly nonreactive. The large variability in deposition of P among the bulk and dryfall collectors suggests that alternative methods must be used to evaluate the P sources and processes of atmospheric transfer.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atmospheric Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/1352-2310(94)00233-B","issn":"13522310","usgsCitation":"Peters, N., and Reese, R., 1995, Variations of weekly atmospheric deposition for multiple collectors at a site on the shore of Lake Okeechobee, Florida: Atmospheric Environment, v. 29, no. 2, p. 179-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00233-B.","startPage":"179","endPage":"187","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205799,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00233-B"},{"id":226865,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc198e4b08c986b32a67e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reese, R.S.","contributorId":17644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019170,"text":"70019170 - 1995 - Superposed local and regional paleostresses: fault-slip analysis of Neogene extensional faulting near coeval caldera complexes, Yucca Flat, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-25T12:08:32.54356","indexId":"70019170","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Superposed local and regional paleostresses: fault-slip analysis of Neogene extensional faulting near coeval caldera complexes, Yucca Flat, Nevada","docAbstract":"<div class=\" metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Numerous reduced stress tensors are computed by multiple inversions of 906 temporally and spatially partitioned fault-slip data from the Yucca Flat region in the southwest Nevada volcanic field to constrain the Neogene paleostress and faulting history and to investigate how the regional tectonic stress field was affected by local caldera magmatism. Perturbed, shallow (&lt;400 m), pre-11 Ma paleostress configurations, determined west and northwest of present (post-11 Ma) Yucca Flat basin, existed during mild extensional faulting and are attributed to superposition of transient caldera-magmatic stresses on the regional stress field. Northwest of Yucca Flat a progressive shift in least principal stress (σ<sub>3</sub>) directions near known calderas located 5–15 km to the west occurred under a normal-slip stress state during caldera development between about 15 and 13 Ma. A brief (∼0.5 m.y.) change to a strike-slip stress state occurred at about 13 Ma and was accompanied by small-offset, quasi-conjugate strike-slip faulting. This stress state was most distinct, relative to a normal-slip state, near calderas where stress solutions and fault relations indicate closer affinities to a reverse-slip state. Inferred 11.6–11.45 Ma paleostress tensors indicate radial tension associated with either initial caldera collapse or local post-collapse topographic modification of the stress field. Post-11 Ma normal-slip stress tensors are associated with normal- and oblique-slip faults that accommodated subsidence and eastward extension of Yucca Flat basin away from the caldera complexes. These tensors do not indicate stress modifications due to residual caldera-related effects and thus were used to infer post-11 Ma regional stress changes. The stress field has rotated as much as 65° clockwise since 11 Ma during extensional development of Yucca Flat basin, with most of the rotation and extension occurring before about 8.5 Ma. Results suggest that shallow magmatism and caldera development can strongly alter extensional tectonic stress fields, fault patterns, and slip directions in the uppermost crust out to distances of roughly two magma chamber radii away from a magma body.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB00078","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Minor, S., 1995, Superposed local and regional paleostresses: fault-slip analysis of Neogene extensional faulting near coeval caldera complexes, Yucca Flat, Nevada: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, no. B6, p. 10507-10528, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB00078.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"10507","endPage":"10528","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226866,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f5be4b08c986b31e50b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Minor, S.A.","contributorId":65047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minor","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018735,"text":"70018735 - 1995 - Rainfall thresholds for the initiation of debris flows at La Honda, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-17T15:25:36.166327","indexId":"70018735","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1574,"text":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","printIssn":"1078-7275","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rainfall thresholds for the initiation of debris flows at La Honda, California","docAbstract":"<p>In order to study the relation between heavy rainfall, shallow pore pressures, and slope stability in hillslopes susceptible to debris flows, we have been observing debris flows and measuring rainfall and hillslope pore pressures in a 10-km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>study area in the central Santa Cruz Mountains near La Honda, California. A simple numerical model, based on the physical analogy of a leaky barrel, can simulate significant features of the interaction between rainfall and shallow-hillslope pore pressures. In the model, the barrel is filled at a rate equal to the rainfall intensity and drained at a rate equal to the product of the water level retained in the barrel, Z, times the drainage coefficient, k<sub>d</sub>. If the retained rainfall exceeds a critical water level, Z<sub>c</sub>, the slope becomes unstable. Thus, the threshold for the intensity and duration of storm rainfall required to initiate debris flows is determined by the k<sub>d</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and Z<sub>c</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>values of the most susceptible slopes in the study area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.I.1.11","usgsCitation":"Wilson, R.C., and Wieczorek, G.F., 1995, Rainfall thresholds for the initiation of debris flows at La Honda, California: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 1, no. 1, p. 11-27, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.I.1.11.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269309,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://eeg.geoscienceworld.org/content/1/1/11.short"},{"id":227445,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.30083979814364,\n              37.28509194071739\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.30083979814364,\n              37.14308592344695\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.06990826936038,\n              37.14308592344695\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.06990826936038,\n              37.28509194071739\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.30083979814364,\n              37.28509194071739\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9465e4b0c8380cd813ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, R. C.","contributorId":50889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wieczorek, G. F.","contributorId":50143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"G.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018727,"text":"70018727 - 1995 - Glacial removal of late Cenozoic subglacially emplaced volcanic edifices by the West Antarctic ice sheet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-20T12:50:44","indexId":"70018727","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glacial removal of late Cenozoic subglacially emplaced volcanic edifices by the West Antarctic ice sheet","docAbstract":"Local maxima of the horizontal gradient of pseudogravity from closely spaced aeromagnetic surveys over the Ross Sea, northwestern Ross Ice Shelf, and the West Antarctic ice sheet, reveal a linear magnetic rift fabric and numerous subcircular, high-amplitude anomalies. Geophysical data indicate two or three youthful volcanic edifices at widely separated areas beneath the sea and ice cover in the West Antarctic rift system. In contrast, we suggest glacial removal of edifices of volcanic sources of many more anomalies. Magnetic models, controlled by marine seismic reflection and radar ice-sounding data, allow us to infer that glacial removal of the associated late Cenozoic volcanic edifices (probably debris, comprising pillow breccias, and hyaloclastites) has occurred essentially concomitantly with their subglacial eruption. \"Removal' of unconsolidated volcanic debris erupted beneath the ice is probably a more appropriate term than \"erosion', given its fragmented, ice-contact origin. The exposed volcanoes may have been protected from erosion by the surrounding ice sheet because of more competent rock or high elevation above the ice sheet. -from Authors","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<1111:GROLCS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., Blankenship, D.D., Damaske, D., and Cooper, A.K., 1995, Glacial removal of late Cenozoic subglacially emplaced volcanic edifices by the West Antarctic ice sheet: Geology, v. 23, no. 12, p. 1111-1114, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<1111:GROLCS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1111","endPage":"1114","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Ross Sea","volume":"23","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a290be4b0c8380cd5a62c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blankenship, D. D.","contributorId":29012,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blankenship","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Damaske, D.","contributorId":66771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Damaske","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cooper, A. K.","contributorId":50149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018725,"text":"70018725 - 1995 - The structural and geochemical evolution of the continental crust: Support for the oceanic plateau model of continental growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T15:36:50.570876","indexId":"70018725","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The structural and geochemical evolution of the continental crust: Support for the oceanic plateau model of continental growth","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The problem of the origin of the continental crust can be resolved into two fundamental questions: (1) the location and mechanisms of initial mantle extraction of the primitive crust and (2) the processes by which this primitive crust is converted into the continental crust that presently exists. We know that Archean continental crust is compositionally distinct from younger continental crust. Archean magmatism was dominantly bimodal, mafic thoeleiitic plus dacitic, heavy rare earth element depleted, in contrast to the dominantly unimodal, roughly andesitic calc‐alkaline magmatism on younger crust [<i>Taylor and McLennan</i>, 1985;<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Condie</i>, 1989]. The problem is whether these compositional differences are primarily due to different mechanisms of crustal extraction from the mantle or to different mechanisms of differentiation and alteration of newly formed continental crust.</p></div>","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/95RG00551","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Abbott, D., and Mooney, W.D., 1995, The structural and geochemical evolution of the continental crust: Support for the oceanic plateau model of continental growth: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, no. SUPPL. 1, p. 231-242, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00551.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479287,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/95rg00551","text":"External Repository"},{"id":227355,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"SUPPL. 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb093e4b08c986b324f4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abbott, D.","contributorId":96031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019171,"text":"70019171 - 1995 - Applications of isotopes to tracing sources of solutes and water in shallow systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019171","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Applications of isotopes to tracing sources of solutes and water in shallow systems","docAbstract":"New awareness of the potential danger to water supplies posed by the use of agricultural chemicals has focused attention on the nature of groundwater recharge and the mobility of various solutes, especially nitrate and pesticides, in shallow systems. A better understanding of hydrologic flowpaths and solute sources is required to determine the potential impact of sources of contamination on water supplies, to develop management practices for preserving water quality, and to develop remediation plans for sites that are already contaminated. In many cases, environmental isotopes can be employed as 'surgical tools' for answering very specific questions about water and solute sources. Isotopic data can often provide more accurate information about the system than hydrologic measurements or complicated hydrologic models. This note focuses on practical and cost-effective examples of how naturally-occurring isotopes can be used to track water and solutes as they move through shallow systems.","largerWorkTitle":"International Symposium on Groundwater Management - Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Groundwater Management","conferenceDate":"14 August 1995 through 16 August 1995","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Kendall, C., and Krabbenhoft, D.P., 1995, Applications of isotopes to tracing sources of solutes and water in shallow systems, <i>in</i> International Symposium on Groundwater Management - Proceedings, San Antonio, TX, USA, 14 August 1995 through 16 August 1995, p. 390-395.","startPage":"390","endPage":"395","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecc8e4b0c8380cd494a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018910,"text":"70018910 - 1995 - The effect of fault-bend folding on seismic velocity in the marginal ridge of accretionary prisms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:13","indexId":"70018910","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of fault-bend folding on seismic velocity in the marginal ridge of accretionary prisms","docAbstract":"Fluid venting in accretionary prisms, which feeds chemosynthetic biological communities, occurs mostly on the marginal thrust ridge. New seismic data for the marginal ridge of the Cascadia prism show significantly lower velocity than that in the adjacent oceanic basin and place important constraints on the interpretations of why fluid venting occurs mostly on the marginal ridge. We employed a finite-element method to analyze a typical fault-bend folding model to explain the phenomenon. The fault in the model is simulated by contact elements. The elements are characterized not only by finite sliding along a slide line, but also by elastoplastic deformation. We present the results of a stress analysis which show that the marginal ridge is under subhorizontal extension and the frontal thrust is under compression. This state of stress favors the growth of tensile cracks in the marginal ridge, facilitates fluid flow and reduces seismic velocities therein; on the other hand, it may close fluid pathways along the frontal thrust and divert fluid flow to the marginal ridge. ?? 1995 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00879593","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Cai, Y., Wang, C., Hwang, W., and Cochrane, G., 1995, The effect of fault-bend folding on seismic velocity in the marginal ridge of accretionary prisms: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 145, no. 3-4, p. 637-646, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00879593.","startPage":"637","endPage":"646","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205813,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879593"},{"id":226937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"145","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab26e4b08c986b322c67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cai, Y.","contributorId":9784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cai","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Chun-Yong","contributorId":98893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Chun-Yong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hwang, W.-t.","contributorId":19310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hwang","given":"W.-t.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cochrane, G.R.","contributorId":104002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochrane","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018818,"text":"70018818 - 1995 - Glacial morphology and depositional sequences of the Antarctic Continental Shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-21T22:43:58.314027","indexId":"70018818","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glacial morphology and depositional sequences of the Antarctic Continental Shelf","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15576592\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>We propose a simple model for the unusual depositional sequences and morphology of the Antarctic continental shelf. Our model considers the regional stratal geometry and the reversed morphology of the Antarctic continental shelf to be principally the results of time-integrated effects of glacial erosion and sedimentation related to the location of the ice grounding line. The model offers several guidelines for stratigraphic interpretation of the Antarctic shelf and a Northern Hemisphere shelf, both of which were subject to many glacial advances and retreats.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0580:GMADSO>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"ten Brink, U., and Schneider, C., 1995, Glacial morphology and depositional sequences of the Antarctic Continental Shelf: Geology, v. 23, no. 7, p. 580-584, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0580:GMADSO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"580","endPage":"584","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479266,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/1605","text":"External Repository"},{"id":227186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2909e4b0c8380cd5a61f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneider, Christopher","contributorId":41504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018805,"text":"70018805 - 1995 - Frictional slip of granite at hydrothermal conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-25T12:21:07.26545","indexId":"70018805","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Frictional slip of granite at hydrothermal conditions","docAbstract":"<div class=\" metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Sliding on faults in much of the continental crust likely occurs at hydrothermal conditions, i.e., at elevated temperature and elevated pressure of aqueous pore fluids, yet there have been few relevant laboratory studies. To measure the strength, sliding behavior, and friction constitutive properties of faults at hydrothermal conditions, we slid laboratory granite faults containing a layer of granite powder (simulated gouge). Velocity stepping experiments were performed at temperatures of 23° to 600°C, pore fluid pressures<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>H<sub>2</sub>O of 0 (“dry”) and 100 MPa (“wet”), effective normal stress of 400 MPa, and sliding velocities<span>&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><span>&nbsp;</span>of 0.01 to 1 μm/s (0.32 to 32 m/yr). Conditions were similar to those in earlier tests on dry granite to 845°C by Lockner et al. (1986). The mechanical results define two regimes. The first regime includes dry granite up to at least 845° and wet granite below 250°C. In this regime the coefficient of friction is high (μ = 0.7 to 0.8) and depends only modestly on temperature, slip rate, and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><sub>H</sub>2<sub>O</sub>. The second regime includes wet granite above ∼350°C. In this regime friction decreases considerably with increasing temperature (temperature weakening) and with decreasing slip rate (velocity strengthening). These regimes correspond well to those identified in sliding tests on ultrafine quartz. We infer that one or more fluid-assisted deformation mechanisms are activated in the second, hydrothermal, regime and operate concurrently with cataclastic flow. Slip in the first (cool and/or dry) regime is characterized by pervasive shearing and particle size reduction. Slip in the second (hot and wet) regime is localized primarily onto narrow shear bands adjacent to the gouge-rock interfaces. Weakness of these boundary shears may result either from an abundance of phyllosilicates preferentially aligned for easy dislocation glide, or from a dependence of strength on gouge particle size. Major features of the granite data set can be fit reasonably well by a rate- and temperature-dependent, three-regime friction constitutive model (Chester, this issue). We extrapolate the experimental data and model fit in order to estimate steady state shear strength versus depth along natural, slipping faults for sliding rates as low as 31 mm/yr. We do this for two end-member cases. In the first case, pore pressure is assumed hydrostatic at all depths. Shallow crustal strength in this case is similar to that calculated in previous work from room temperature friction data, while at depths below about 9–13 km (depending on slip rate), strength becomes less sensitive to depth but sensitive to slip rate. In the second case, pore pressure is assumed to be near-lithostatic at depths below ∼5 km. Strength is low at all depths in this case (&lt;20 MPa, in agreement with observations of “weak” faults such as the San Andreas). The predicted depth of transition from velocity weakening to velocity strengthening lies at about 13 km depth for a slip rate of 31 mm/yr, in rough agreement with the seismic-aseismic transition depth observed on mature continental faults. These results highlight the importance of fluid-assisted deformation processes active in faults at depth and the need for laboratory studies on the roles of additional factors such as fluid chemistry, large displacements, higher concentrations of phyllosilicates, and time-dependent fault healing.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB00862","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Blanpied, M., Lockner, D., and Byerlee, J., 1995, Frictional slip of granite at hydrothermal conditions: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, no. B7, p. 13045-13064, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB00862.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"13045","endPage":"13064","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227010,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13eee4b0c8380cd5482f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blanpied, M.L.","contributorId":61961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanpied","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018804,"text":"70018804 - 1995 - Optimal pumping strategies for managing shallow, poorquality groundwater, western San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:11","indexId":"70018804","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2767,"text":"Models for assessing and monitoring groundwater quality. Proc. symposium, Boulder, 1995","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimal pumping strategies for managing shallow, poorquality groundwater, western San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"Continued agricultural productivity in the western San Joaquin Valley, California, is threatened by the presence of shallow, poor-quality groundwater that can cause soil salinization. We evaluate the management alternative of using groundwater pumping to control the altitude of the water table and provide irrigation water requirements. A transient, three-dimensional, groundwater flow model was linked with nonlinear optimization to simulate management alternatives for the groundwater flow system. Optimal pumping strategies have been determined that substantially reduce the area subject to a shallow water table and bare-soil evaporation (that is, areas with a water table within 2.1 m of land surface) and the rate of drainflow to on-farm drainage systems. Optimal pumping strategies are constrained by the existing distribution of wells between the semiconfined and confined zones of the aquifer, by the distribution of sediment types (and associated hydraulic conductivities) in the western valley, and by the historical distribution of pumping throughout the western valley.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Models for assessing and monitoring groundwater quality. Proc. symposium, Boulder, 1995","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Barlow, P., Wagner, B., and Belitz, K., 1995, Optimal pumping strategies for managing shallow, poorquality groundwater, western San Joaquin Valley, California: Models for assessing and monitoring groundwater quality. Proc. symposium, Boulder, 1995, v. 227, p. 141-148.","startPage":"141","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227009,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"227","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ee7e4b0c8380cd7586a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlow, P.","contributorId":59191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wagner, B.","contributorId":54354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belitz, K. 0000-0003-4481-2345","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":10164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018803,"text":"70018803 - 1995 - Extending and expanding the life of older current meters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-06T08:31:25","indexId":"70018803","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Extending and expanding the life of older current meters","docAbstract":"The EG&G Model 610 VACM and Model 630 VMCM are standards for ocean current measurements. It is simple to add peripheral sensors to the data stream of the VACM by use of add-on CMOS circuitry. The firmware control of the VMCM makes it virtually impossible to add sampling of additional sensors. Most of the electronic components used in the VACM are obsolete or difficult to replace and the VMCM will soon follow suit. As a result, the USGS joined WHOI in the development of a PCMCIA data storage system to replace the cassette recording system in the VACM. Using the same PCMCIA recording package as the controller and recorder for the VMCM, a user-friendly VMCM is being designed. PCMCIA cards are rapidly becoming an industry standard with a wide range of storage capacities. By upgrading the VACM and VMCM to PCMCIA storage systems with a flexible microprocessor, they will continue to be viable instruments.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the IEEE Working Conference on Current Measurement","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1995 5th Working Conference on Current Measurement","conferenceDate":"7 February 1995 through 9 February 1995","conferenceLocation":"St.Petersburg, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"Piscataway, NJ, United States","doi":"10.1109/CCM.1995.516141","usgsCitation":"Strahle, W., and Martini, M.A., 1995, Extending and expanding the life of older current meters, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the IEEE Working Conference on Current Measurement, St.Petersburg, FL, USA, 7 February 1995 through 9 February 1995, p. 5-9, https://doi.org/10.1109/CCM.1995.516141.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"9","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480201,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1265532","text":"External Repository"},{"id":227008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e40e4b0c8380cd5337c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strahle, W.J.","contributorId":86044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strahle","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martini, Marinna A. 0000-0002-7757-5158 mmartini@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7757-5158","contributorId":2456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martini","given":"Marinna","email":"mmartini@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018791,"text":"70018791 - 1995 - Environmental probabilistic quantitative assessment methodologies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T13:07:37","indexId":"70018791","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental probabilistic quantitative assessment methodologies","docAbstract":"In this paper, four petroleum resource assessment methodologies are presented as possible pollution assessment methodologies, even though petroleum as a resource is desirable, whereas pollution is undesirable. A methodology is defined in this paper to consist of a probability model and a probabilistic method, where the method is used to solve the model. The following four basic types of probability models are considered: 1) direct assessment, 2) accumulation size, 3) volumetric yield, and 4) reservoir engineering. Three of the four petroleum resource assessment methodologies were written as microcomputer systems, viz. TRIAGG for direct assessment, APRAS for accumulation size, and FASPU for reservoir engineering. A fourth microcomputer system termed PROBDIST supports the three assessment systems. The three assessment systems have different probability models but the same type of probabilistic method. The type of advantages of the analytic method are in computational speed and flexibility, making it ideal for a microcomputer. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(95)00034-6","usgsCitation":"Crovelli, R., 1995, Environmental probabilistic quantitative assessment methodologies: Computers & Geosciences, v. 21, no. 8, p. 971-984, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(95)00034-6.","startPage":"971","endPage":"984","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266155,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(95)00034-6"}],"volume":"21","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09dee4b0c8380cd520c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crovelli, R. A.","contributorId":40969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crovelli","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018788,"text":"70018788 - 1995 - A possible deficiency in estimates of wet deposition obtained from data generated by the NADP/NTN network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:26","indexId":"70018788","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A possible deficiency in estimates of wet deposition obtained from data generated by the NADP/NTN network","docAbstract":"A conventional precipitation scavenging model is used to evaluate the effect of the performance of a wet-deposition collector on the reported deposition amounts. Three National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network sites in semi arid western Colorado were chosen to evaluate chloride and sulfate wet deposition. Observations of the performance of a wet-deposition collector have demonstrated a delay in opening and cycling during a precipitation event. A significant fraction of wet deposition may be excluded when small amounts of initial precipitation are not sampled and a potentially large fraction of annual wet deposition may be excluded if a majority of precipitation events are small. The actual amount missed depends on the precipitation intensity, variability of intensity with time, raindrop or snowflake size and the individual performance characteristics of the collector. Detailed performance data are needed for individual wet-deposition collectors before accurate estimates of wet deposition can be expected.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atmospheric Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/1352-2310(94)00182-K","issn":"13522310","usgsCitation":"Claassen, H., and Halm, D., 1995, A possible deficiency in estimates of wet deposition obtained from data generated by the NADP/NTN network: Atmospheric Environment, v. 29, no. 3, p. 437-448, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00182-K.","startPage":"437","endPage":"448","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205937,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00182-K"},{"id":227536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4e3e4b0c8380cd469d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Claassen, H.C.","contributorId":74028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claassen","given":"H.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halm, D.R.","contributorId":54352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halm","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018761,"text":"70018761 - 1995 - Simulation of interaction between ground water in an alluvial aquifer and surface water in a large braided river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:28","indexId":"70018761","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Simulation of interaction between ground water in an alluvial aquifer and surface water in a large braided river","docAbstract":"The Fairbanks, Alaska, area has many contaminated sites in a shallow alluvial aquifer. A ground-water flow model is being developed using the MODFLOW finite-difference ground-water flow model program with the River Package. The modeled area is discretized in the horizontal dimensions into 118 rows and 158 columns of approximately 150-meter square cells. The fine grid spacing has the advantage of providing needed detail at the contaminated sites and surface-water features that bound the aquifer. However, the fine spacing of cells adds difficulty to simulating interaction between the aquifer and the large, braided Tanana River. In particular, the assignment of a river head is difficult if cells are much smaller than the river width. This was solved by developing a procedure for interpolating and extrapolating river head using a river distance function. Another problem is that future transient simulations would require excessive numbers of input records using the current version of the River Package. The proposed solution to this problem is to modify the River Package to linearly interpolate river head for time steps within each stress period, thereby reducing the number of stress periods required.","largerWorkTitle":"International Symposium on Groundwater Management - Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Groundwater Management","conferenceDate":"14 August 1995 through 16 August 1995","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Leake, S.A., and Lilly, M.R., 1995, Simulation of interaction between ground water in an alluvial aquifer and surface water in a large braided river, <i>in</i> International Symposium on Groundwater Management - Proceedings, San Antonio, TX, USA, 14 August 1995 through 16 August 1995, p. 325-330.","startPage":"325","endPage":"330","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b906ae4b08c986b3194b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leake, S. A.","contributorId":52164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lilly, M. R.","contributorId":38594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilly","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":95298,"text":"95298 - 1995 - Acidic deposition (\"acid rain\")","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":95298,"text":"95298 - 1995 - Acidic deposition (\"acid rain\")","indexId":"95298","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Acidic deposition (\"acid rain\")"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-19T11:19:36","indexId":"95298","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Acidic deposition (\"acid rain\")","docAbstract":"<p>Acidic deposition, or \"acid rain,\" describes any form of precipitation, including rain, snow, and fog, with a pH of 5.5 or below (Note: pH values below 7 are acidic; vinegar has a pH of 3). It often results when the acidity of normal precipitation is increased by sulfates and nitrates that are emitted into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels. This form of airborne contamination is considered harmful, both directly and indirectly, to a host of plant and animal species.</p><p>Although acid rain can fall virtually anywhere, ecological damages in environmentally sensitive areas downwind of industrial and urban emissions are a major concern. This includes areas that have a reduced capacity to neutralize acid inputs because of low alkalinity soils and areas that contain species with a low tolerance to acid conditions. To determine the distribution of acidic deposition and evaluate its biological effects, research and monitoring are being conducted by the federal government with support from states, universities, and private industry.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>The national extent of the acid rain problem has been estimated by sampling water from 3,000 lakes and 500 streams (Irving 1991), representing more than 28,000 lakes and 56,000 stream reaches with a total of 200,000 km (125,000 mi). Some particularly sensitive areas, such as the Adirondack Mountain region, have been more intensively sampled and the biota examined in detail for effects from acidity.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>To identify trends in aquatic ecosystems, present and historical survey data on water chemistry and associated biota are compared. In lakes, the chemical and biological history and pH trends may be inferred or reconstructed in some cases by examining assemblages of fossil diatoms and aquatic invertebrates in the sediment layers. In terrestrial ecosystems, vegetation damage is surveyed and effects of acidic deposition to plants and animals are determined from laboratory and field exposure experiments. Natural variation in populations and the complex interactions between acidity and other ecosystem components make it difficult to extend many of the research findings to populations or communities. Acidity can also modify ecosystem processes such as decomposition and the flow of nutrients. Therefore, models are often used to predict such effects by combining information on individual species' effects, population distributions, and the patterns and amounts of acidic deposition.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Schreiber, R.K., 1995, Acidic deposition (\"acid rain\"), chap. <i>of</i> Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 418-420.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"418","endPage":"420","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339948,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a350b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505506,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":505509,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":505507,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505508,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505505,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Schreiber, R. Kent","contributorId":58145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreiber","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018756,"text":"70018756 - 1995 - Strong-acid, carboxyl-group structures in fulvic acid from the Suwannee River, Georgia. 1. Minor structures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T07:44:15","indexId":"70018756","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strong-acid, carboxyl-group structures in fulvic acid from the Suwannee River, Georgia. 1. Minor structures","docAbstract":"An investigation of the strong-acid characteristics (pKa 3.0 or less) of fulvic acid from the Suwannee River, Georgia, was conducted. Quantitative determinations were made for amino acid and sulfur-containing acid structures, oxalate half-ester structures, malonic acid structures, keto acid structures, and aromatic carboxyl-group structures. These determinations were made by using a variety of spectrometric (13C-nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and ultraviolet spectrometry) and titrimetric characterizations on fulvic acid or fulvic acid samples that were chemically derivatized to indicate certain functional groups. Only keto acid and aromatic carboxyl-group structures contributed significantly to the strong-acid characteristics of the fulvic acid; these structures accounted for 43% of the strong-acid acidity. The remaining 57% of the strong acids are aliphatic carboxyl groups in unusual and/or complex configurations for which limited model compound data are available.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es00002a015","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J., Wershaw, R., and Reddy, M., 1995, Strong-acid, carboxyl-group structures in fulvic acid from the Suwannee River, Georgia. 1. Minor structures: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 29, no. 2, p. 393-398, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00002a015.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"398","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b8de4b08c986b31cf76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018754,"text":"70018754 - 1995 - Oxidation of dimethylselenide by δMnO<sub>2</sub>: oxidation product and factors affecting oxidation rate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-21T14:22:56","indexId":"70018754","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxidation of dimethylselenide by δMnO<sub>2</sub>: oxidation product and factors affecting oxidation rate","docAbstract":"Volatile dimethylselenide (DMSe) was transformed to a nonvolatile Se compound in a ??-MnO2 suspension. The nonvolatile product was a single compound identified as dimethylselenoxide based on its mass spectra pattern. After 24 h, 100% of the DMSe added to a ??-MnO2 suspension was converted to nonpurgable Se as opposed to 20%, 18%, and 4% conversion for chromate, permanganate, and the filtrate from the suspension, respectively. Manganese was found in solution after reaction. These results imply that the reaction between manganese oxide and DMSe was a heterogeneous redox reaction involving solid phase ??-MnO2 and solution phase DMSe. Oxidation of DMSe to dimethylselenoxide [OSe(CH3)2] by a ??-MnO2 suspension appears to be first order with respect to ??-MnO2, to DMSe, and to hydrogen ion with an overall rate law of d[OSe(CH3)2 ]/dt = 95 M-2 min-1 [MnO2]1[DMSe]1[H+]1 for the MnO2 concentration range of 0.89 ?? 10-3 - 2.46 ?? 10-3 M, the DMSe concentration range of 3.9 ?? 10-7 - 15.5 ?? 10-7 M Se, and a hydrogen ion concentation range of 7.4 ?? 10-6 -9.5 ?? 10-8 M. A general surface site adsorption model is consistent with this rate equation if the uncharged |OMnOH is the surface adsorption site. DMSe acts as a Lewis base, and the manganese oxide surface acts as a Lewis acid. DMSe adsorption to |OMnOH can be viewed as a Lewis acid/ base complex between the largely p orbitals of the DMSe lone pair and the unoccupied eg orbitals on manganese oxide. For such a complex, frontier molecular orbital theory predicts electron transfer to occur via an inner-sphere complex between the DMSe and the manganese oxide. ?? 1995 American Chemical Society.","language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es00006a011","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Wang, B., and Burau, R.G., 1995, Oxidation of dimethylselenide by δMnO<sub>2</sub>: oxidation product and factors affecting oxidation rate: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 29, no. 6, p. 1504-1510, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00006a011.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1504","endPage":"1510","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7265e4b0c8380cd76a89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Bronwen 0000-0003-1044-2227 bwang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1044-2227","contributorId":2351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Bronwen","email":"bwang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burau, Richard G.","contributorId":31128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}