Aerial counts and the number of deaths have been a major focus of attention in attempts to understand the population status of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Uncertainties associated with these data have made interpretation difficult. However, knowledge of manatee life-history attributes increased and now permits the development of a population model. We describe a provisional model based on the classical approach of Lotka. Parameters in the model are based on data from'other papers in this volume and draw primarily on observations from the Crystal River, Blue Spring, and Adantic Coast areas. The model estimates X (the finite rate ofincrease) at each study area, and application ofthe delta method provides estimates of variance components and partial derivatives ofX with respectto key input parameters (reproduction, adult survival, and early survival). In some study areas, only approximations of some parameters are available. Estimates of X and coefficients of variation (in parentheses) of manatees were 1.07 (0.009) in the Crystal River, 1.06 (0.012) at Blue Spring, and 1.01 (0.012) on the Atlantic Coast. Changing adult survival has a major effect on X. Early-age survival has the smallest effect. Bootstrap comparisons of population growth estimates from trend counts in the Crystal River and at Blue Spring and the reproduction and survival data suggest that the higher, observed rates from counts are probably not due to chance. Bootstrapping for variance estimates based on reproduction and survival data from manatees at Blue Spring and in the Crystal River provided estimates of X, adult survival, and rates of reproduction that were similar to those obtained by other methods. Our estimates are preliminary and suggestimprovements for future data collection and analysis. However, results support efforts to reduce mortality as the most effective means to promote the increased growth necessary for the eventual recovery of the Florida manatee population.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Population Biology of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","usgsCitation":"Eberhardt, L., and O'Shea, T., 1995, Integration of manatee life-history data and population modeling: Information and Technology Report 1, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"279","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316366,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b08fe1e4b010e2af2a5de0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"O'Shea, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":78071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"Thomas J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":596983,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ackerman, B.B.","contributorId":31698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596984,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Percival, H. Franklin percivalf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Percival","given":"H.","email":"percivalf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Franklin","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":596985,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Eberhardt, L.L.","contributorId":72313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhardt","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Shea, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":78071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"Thomas J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":596977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018801,"text":"70018801 - 1995 - Robustness of de Saint Venant equations for simulating unsteady flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:26","indexId":"70018801","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Robustness of de Saint Venant equations for simulating unsteady flows","docAbstract":"Long-wave motion in open channels can be expressed mathematically by the one-dimensional de Saint Venant equations describing conservation of fluid mass and momentum. Numerical simulation models, based on either depth/velocity or water-level/discharge dependent-variable formulations of these equations, are typically used to simulate unsteady open-channel flow. However, the implications and significance of selecting either dependent-variable form - on model development, discretization and numerical solution processes, and ultimately on the range-of-application and simulation utility of resulting models - are not well known. Results obtained from a set of numerical experiments employing two models - one based on depth/velocity and the other on water-level/discharge equation formulations - reveal the sensitivity of the two equation sets to various channel properties and dynamic flow conditions. In particular, the effects of channel gradient, channel width-to-depth ratio, flow-resistance coefficient, and flow unsteadiness are analyzed and discussed.","largerWorkTitle":"International Water Resources Engineering Conference - Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Water Resources. 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To quantify the effects of increased urbanization, rainfall-runoff models of the basin were developed to simulate runoff for 1970-75 and 1990-93 conditions. Hourly rainfall data for 1949-93 were used with the rainfall-runoff models to simulate a long-term record of storm runoff. The hydrologic effects of increased urbanization from 1970-75 to 1990-93 conditions were analyzed by comparing the frequency of annual peak discharges and runoff volumes, and a duration analysis of storm peak discharges. The maximum annual-peak discharge for the 1990-93 model simulation was 32 percent higher than the discharge for 1970-75 model simulation. However, the frequency analysis of each time series indicated the 100-year peak discharges for each study period were identical.","largerWorkTitle":"International Water Resources Engineering Conference - Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Water Resources. Part 1 (of 2)","conferenceDate":"14 August 1995 through 18 August 1995","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Guay, J.R., 1995, Hydrologic effects of increased urbanization, in International Water Resources Engineering Conference - Proceedings, v. 2, San Antonio, TX, USA, 14 August 1995 through 18 August 1995, p. 1193-1197.","startPage":"1193","endPage":"1197","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3618e4b0c8380cd60437","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Espey William H.Combs Phil G.","contributorId":128391,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Espey William H.Combs Phil G.","id":536442,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Guay, Joel R.","contributorId":22403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guay","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":81558,"text":"81558 - 1995 - Modeling the dynamics of marine species: the importance of incorporating larval dispersal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:03","indexId":"81558","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Modeling the dynamics of marine species: the importance of incorporating larval dispersal","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","usgsCitation":"Gaines, S., and Lafferty, K.D., 1995, Modeling the dynamics of marine species: the importance of incorporating larval dispersal, chap. of Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae., p. 389-412.","productDescription":"p. 389-412","startPage":"389","endPage":"412","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6999b6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"McEdward, L.","contributorId":113952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEdward","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504266,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Gaines, S.D.","contributorId":22281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaines","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lafferty, K. D.","contributorId":58213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lafferty","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70164315,"text":"70164315 - 1995 - Population biology of the Florida manatee: An overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-01T10:25:27","indexId":"70164315","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1","title":"Population biology of the Florida manatee: An overview","docAbstract":"In the following overview we discuss progress toward meeting the three objectives of the 1992 workshop: to provide a synthesis of existing information about manatee population biology; to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of current data sets and approaches to research on manatee population biology; and to provide recommendations for research. We discuss progress in six topics that were assigned to working groups at the workshop: aerial survey and estimation of population size, reproduction, age structure, mortality, photoidentification and estimation of survival, and integration and modeling of population data. The overview includes recommendations by working group participants (*2 0'Shea et al. 1992). This workshop on manatee population biology was the most recent conference on the topic since 1978 (*BrowneIl and Rails 1981). Partly as a result of recommendations made at the 1978 workshop, several long-term population-related research projects were established. Therefore, we also measure progress in relation to knowledge available at the time of the earlier workshop. Finally, we provide a brief synopsis of pertinent new information on manatee population biology that became available between the 1992 workshop and publication of the proceedings and our conclusions about the status of the Florida manatee.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Population biology of the Florida manatee","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","usgsCitation":"O'Shea, T., and Ackerman, B., 1995, Population biology of the Florida manatee: An overview: Information and Technology Report 1, 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"280","endPage":"288","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316367,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b08fe3e4b010e2af2a5df7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"O'Shea, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":78071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"Thomas J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":596980,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ackerman, B.B.","contributorId":31698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596981,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Percival, H. Franklin percivalf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Percival","given":"H.","email":"percivalf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Franklin","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":596982,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"O'Shea, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":78071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"Thomas J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":596978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ackerman, B.B.","contributorId":31698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":596979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":87322,"text":"87322 - 1995 - Turtles","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":87322,"text":"87322 - 1995 - Turtles","indexId":"87322","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Turtles"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T14:54:04","indexId":"87322","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Turtles","docAbstract":"Turtles have existed virtually unchanged for the last 200 million years. Unfortunately, some of the same traits that allowed them to survive the ages often predispose them to endangerment. Delayed maturity and low and variable annual reproductive success make turtles unusually susceptible to increased mortality through exploitation and habitat modifications (Brooks et al. 1991; Congdon et al. 1993).
In general, turtles are overlooked by wildlife managers in spite of their ecological significance and importance to humans. Turtles are, however, important as scavengers, herbivores, and carnivores, and often contribute significant biomass to ecosystems. In addition, they are an important link in ecosystems, providing dispersal mechanisms for plants, contributing to environmental diversity, and fostering symbiotic associations with a diverse array of organisms. Adults and eggs of many turtles have been used as a food resource by humans for centuries (Brooks et al. 1988; Lovich 1994). As use pressures and habitat destruction increase, management that considers the life-history traits of turtles will be needed.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Lovich, J.E., 1995, Turtles, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 118-121.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"121","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128392,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265980,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697695","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504980,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":504981,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":504982,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504979,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691744,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Lovich, Jeffrey E. 0000-0002-7789-2831 jeffrey_lovich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7789-2831","contributorId":458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovich","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeffrey_lovich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5624,"text":"fs20595 - 1995 - Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5624,"text":"fs20595 - 1995 - Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS)","indexId":"fs20595","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS)"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5625,"text":"fs07799 - 1999 - Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS)","indexId":"fs07799","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS)"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":5625,"text":"fs07799 - 1999 - Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS)","indexId":"fs07799","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS)"},"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-10T10:34:03","indexId":"fs20595","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"205-95","title":"Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS)","docAbstract":"The Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SOTS) is a mechanism for the transfer of spatial data between dissimilar computer systems. The SOTS specifies exchange constructs, addressing formats, structure, and content for spatially referenced vector and raster (including gridded) data.
\nSOTS components are a conceptual model, specifications for a quality report, transfer module specifications, data dictionary specifications, and definitions of spatial features and attributes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20595","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995, Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 205-95, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20595.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":286167,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0205-95/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":286166,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0205-95/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6f18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53959,"text":"bsr3 - 1995 - Habitat suitability index models: nonmigratory freshwater life stages of Atlantic salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:45","indexId":"bsr3","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9,"text":"Biological Science Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"3","title":"Habitat suitability index models: nonmigratory freshwater life stages of Atlantic salmon","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Stanley, J.G., and Trial, J.G., 1995, Habitat suitability index models: nonmigratory freshwater life stages of Atlantic salmon: Biological Science Report 3, iii, 19 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173951,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db64862e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, Jon G.","contributorId":62958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trial, Joan G.","contributorId":91156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trial","given":"Joan","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":67980,"text":"ha734 - 1995 - Watershed characterization for precipitation-runoff modeling system, north fork, American River and east fork, Carson River watersheds, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T11:29:03","indexId":"ha734","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"734","title":"Watershed characterization for precipitation-runoff modeling system, north fork, American River and east fork, Carson River watersheds, California","docAbstract":"As part of its Global Change Hydrology Program, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is investigating the potential effects of climate change on the water resources of several river basins in the United States. The American River Basin in California represents the windward slope of the north-central Sierra Nevada, and the California part of the Carson River Basin, most of which is in Nevada, represents the leeward slope. Parts of the American River and Carson River Basins—the North Fork American River and East Fork Carson River watersheds, both in California—were studied to determine the sensitivity of water resources to potential climate change. The water resources of both basins are derived primarily from snowmelt. A geographic information system (GIS) data base has been created to facilitate paired-basin analysis. The GIS data base incorporates (1) land-surface data, which include elevation, land use and land cover, soil type, and geology; (2) hydrologic data, such as stream networks and streamflow-gaging stations; and (3) climatic data, such as snow-course, snow-telemetry, radiosonde, and meteorological data. Precipitation-runoff models were developed and calibrated for the North Fork watershed within the American River Basin and for the East Fork watershed within the Carson River Basin. (These watersheds were selected to represent the climatic and physiographic variability of the two larger basins.) Synthesized climate scenarios then were used in the model to predict potential effects of climate change.
","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha734","usgsCitation":"Smith, J.L., and Reece, B.D., 1995, Watershed characterization for precipitation-runoff modeling system, north fork, American River and east fork, Carson River watersheds, California: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 734, 1 maps on 1 sheet :col ;11 x 14 cm. and 11 x 10 cm., on sheet 109 x 104 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha734.","productDescription":"1 maps on 1 sheet :col ;11 x 14 cm. and 11 x 10 cm., on sheet 109 x 104 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":252271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/734/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":251445,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/734/report.pdf","size":"37","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":251446,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/734/plate-1.pdf","size":"11336","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"545000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.91666666666667,38.35 ], [ -119.91666666666667,38.75 ], [ -119.58333333333333,38.75 ], [ -119.58333333333333,38.35 ], [ -119.91666666666667,38.35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4b3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, J. LaRue jlsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.","email":"jlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"LaRue","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":277442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reece, Brian D. bdreece@usgs.gov","contributorId":2129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reece","given":"Brian","email":"bdreece@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":277443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53958,"text":"bsr2 - 1995 - Evaluations of duck habitat and estimation of duck population sizes with a remote-sensing-based system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T10:37:32","indexId":"bsr2","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9,"text":"Biological Science Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2","title":"Evaluations of duck habitat and estimation of duck population sizes with a remote-sensing-based system","docAbstract":"During 1987-90, we used high-altitude photography, aerial videography, counts, and models to estimate sizes of breeding populations of dabbling ducks (Anatinae) and duck production and to identify duck habitat on U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service land and easements and on private land in the prairie pothole region of the United States. The study area contained about 3.1 million wetland basins (28,490 km2). Wetland area (ha per km2) was highest on service-owned land; wetland-basin density was greatest on service easements. Temporary and seasonal wetlands were underrepresented and lakes were overrepresented on service-owned land. Seventy-eight percent of all basins were less than 0.41 ha. Cropland dominated private land. Pond density decreased from 4.4/km2 in 1987 to 3.4/km2 in 1990 and pond area, from 7.2 ha/km2 to 2.7 ha/km2. The density of the blue-winged teal was greatest (3.4 pairs/km2) and was followed in magnitude by those of the mallard (2.1 pairs/km2), the gadwall (1.8 pairs/km2), the northern pintail (0.8 pairs/km2), and the redhead (0.8 pairs/km2). Duck density was consistently highest on service-owned land. The decline of breeding-population sizes in 1987-90 closely corresponded to losses of pond numbers and pond area. The density of breeding pairs per pond was inversely related to pond density, suggesting that breeding ducks tended to concentrate on the remaining ponds as drought intensified. The production of recruits followed the same pattern as breeding-population sizes. We estimated that 2.5% of the ducklings hatched on service-owned land, which was 1.3% of the study area; 19.6% hatched on service easements, which were 14.2% of the study area; and 77.9% hatched on private land, which was 84.6% of the study area. Various sources of bias and sampling error and improvements to the system are discussed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Cowardin, L.M., Shaffer, T.L., and Arnold, P.M., 1995, Evaluations of duck habitat and estimation of duck population sizes with a remote-sensing-based system (Version 16JUL97): Biological Science Report 2, 26 p.","productDescription":"26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 16JUL97","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9d13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cowardin, Lewis M.","contributorId":34574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowardin","given":"Lewis","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaffer, Terry L. 0000-0001-6950-8951 tshaffer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6950-8951","contributorId":3192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"Terry","email":"tshaffer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arnold, Phillip M.","contributorId":44609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27257,"text":"wri944091 - 1995 - Documentation and guidelines for the application of telescoped models to simulate ground-water flow in coastal Georgia and adjacent parts of Florida and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-26T10:53:51","indexId":"wri944091","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4091","title":"Documentation and guidelines for the application of telescoped models to simulate ground-water flow in coastal Georgia and adjacent parts of Florida and South Carolina","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944091","usgsCitation":"Garza, R., and West, C.T., 1995, Documentation and guidelines for the application of telescoped models to simulate ground-water flow in coastal Georgia and adjacent parts of Florida and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4091, v, 29 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944091.","productDescription":"v, 29 p. 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Reggina","contributorId":102051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garza","given":"Reggina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"West, Christopher T.","contributorId":77547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44369,"text":"ofr95693 - 1995 - Earthquake damage in greater Los Angeles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T16:01:56","indexId":"ofr95693","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-693","title":"Earthquake damage in greater Los Angeles","docAbstract":"Generalized regions of highest damage from three Los Angeles area earthquakes of the 20th century. The area of highest damage from the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, not shown, lay mostly within the area that experience high damage in 19947. The map illustrates that moderate magnitude earthquakes can produce series effects over large areas. The map is not intended to depict future damage patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95693","usgsCitation":"1995, Earthquake damage in greater Los Angeles: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-693, 1 Plate: 27.32 x 17.68 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95693.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 27.32 x 17.68 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":350585,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0693/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":168145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0693/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Los Angeles","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62ab7d","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Masse, Robert P.","contributorId":84214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masse","given":"Robert P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725788,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dewey, James W. 0000-0001-8838-2450 jdewey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-2450","contributorId":5819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"James","email":"jdewey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725789,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44729,"text":"wri944089 - 1995 - Contributing areas of water-supply wells in Elkton and Pigeon, Huron County, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T11:09:19","indexId":"wri944089","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4089","title":"Contributing areas of water-supply wells in Elkton and Pigeon, Huron County, Michigan","docAbstract":"The villages of Elkton and Pigeon in Huron County, Michigan, depend on wells completed in the Marshall aquifer to provide a reliable source of potable water. In order to protect the quality of water pumped from these wells, these municipalities need to ensure that potentially harmful contaminants do not enter the Marshall aquifer within the contributing areas of these wells. The Well Head Protection Plan for the State of Michigan requires the delineation of a contributing area based on a 10year time-of-travel for public-supply wells. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommends a 40-year time-of-travel as the basis for contributing areas of wells in confined aquifers.
The Marshall aquifer, composed of permeable sandstone, is the principal bedrock aquifer in the Elkton-Pigeon area and in the Michigan Basin. In the Elkton-Pigeon area, the top of the Marshall aquifer is roughly 90 to 150 feet below land surface and the aquifer is about 80 feet thick. Transmissivity ranges from 40 to 1,300 feet squared per day, effective porosity is estimated to be about 10 percent, and the hydraulic gradient ranges from 0.0013 to 0.0025. The recharge area of the aquifer is several miles southeast of Elkton and Pigeon, where the aquifer is a subcrop beneath the permeable unconsolidated sediments of the Port Huron End Moraine.
Water from wells at Elkton and Pigeon has tritium concentrations of less than 0.8 tritium unit, a concentration indicating that (1) the water in the Marshall aquifer at Elkton and Pigeon is more than 40 years old and (2) the aquifer is highly confined. On the basis of a semianalytical model, contributing areas for a the ,10-year time-of-travel for water-supply wells in Elkton and Pigeon are almost entirely within village boundaries. The contributing areas for a 40-year time-of-travel encompass areas within approximately 1 mile of each village and are several miles from the recharge area of the aquifer.
Control of land-use activities within the contributing areas at Elkton and Pigeon will not ensure that water pumped from these supply wells will remain potable. The Marshall aquifer overlies the Coldwater Shale, which contains brine and brackish water that could migrate toward the pumped wells.
The ability of resource agencies to manage fish, wildlife and freshwater supplies of San Francisco Bay estuary requires an integrated knowledge of the relations between the biota and their physical environment. A key factor in these relations is the role of salinity in determining both the physical and the biological character of the estuary. The saltiness of the water, and particularly its seasonal and interannual patterns of variability, affects which aquatic species live where within the estuary. Salinity also determines where water can and cannot be diverted for human consumption and irrigated agriculture, and plays a role in determining the capacity of the estuary to cleanse itself of wastes. In short, salinity is a fundamental property of estuarine physics and chemistry that, in turn, determines the biological characteristics of each estuary. Freshwater is a major control on estuarine salinity. Most freshwater supplied to the Bay is from river flow through the Delta, which is primarily runoff from the Sierra Nevada. Most contaminants in San Francisco Bay are from the Sacramento/San Joaquin Valley and the local watershed around the Bay rather than the sea or atmosphere. Land is the primary source of freshwater and freshwater serves as a tracer of land-derived substances such as the trace metals (copper, lead and selenium), pesticides and plant nutrients (nitrate and phosphate). The U.S. Geological Survey is collaborating with other agencies and institutions in studying San Francisco Bay salinity using field observations and numerical simulations to define the physical processes that control salinity. The issues that arise from salinity fluctuations, however, differ in the northern and southern parts of the bay. In North Bay we need to know how salinity responds to freshwater flow through the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta; this knowledge will benefit water managers who determine how much delta flow is needed a) to protect freshwater supplies for municipal water use and b) modulate salinity for a healthy estuary. In South Bay we need to know where the freshwater comes from (the distant Delta or local streams) to sort out the sources of a) contamination or b) dilution.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs21395","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D., Cayan, D.R., Dettinger, M., DiLeo, J.S., Hager, S.E., Knowles, N., Nichols, F.H., Schemel, L.E., Smith, R.E., and Uncles, R.J., 1995, Seasonal/yearly salinity variations in San Francisco Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 213-95, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs21395.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_213_95.jpg"},{"id":4060,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sfbay.wr.usgs.gov/hydroclimate/sal_variations/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco ","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.54974365234374,\n 37.42906945530332\n ],\n [\n -121.57745361328125,\n 37.42906945530332\n ],\n [\n -121.57745361328125,\n 38.20365531807149\n ],\n [\n -122.54974365234374,\n 38.20365531807149\n ],\n [\n -122.54974365234374,\n 37.42906945530332\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db623747","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, David H.","contributorId":82776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"David H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":31743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DiLeo, Jeanne Sandra","contributorId":101515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiLeo","given":"Jeanne","email":"","middleInitial":"Sandra","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hager, Stephen E.","contributorId":34774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Knowles, Noah 0000-0001-5652-1049 nknowles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-1049","contributorId":1380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Noah","email":"nknowles@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nichols, Frederic H.","contributorId":25548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schemel, Laurence E. lschemel@usgs.gov","contributorId":4085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"Laurence","email":"lschemel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":236409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Smith, Richard E.","contributorId":40606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Uncles, Reginald J.","contributorId":94919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uncles","given":"Reginald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70174314,"text":"70174314 - 1995 - Preliminary results from the hydrodynamic element of the 1994 entrapment zone study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-10T18:20:16.679746","indexId":"70174314","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary results from the hydrodynamic element of the 1994 entrapment zone study","docAbstract":"This article discusses preliminary results from analyses of USGS hydrodynamic data collected as part of the 1994 Interagency Ecological Program entrapment zone study. The USGS took part in three 30-hour cruises and deployed instruments for measuring currents and salinity from April to June. This article primarily focuses on the analysis of data from five Acoustic Doppler Current ProUers (ADCPs) deployed in Carquinez Strait, Suisun Bay, and the Western Delta. From these analyses a revised conceptual model of the hydrodynamics of the entrapment/null zone has evolved. The ideas discussed in this newsletter article are essentially working hypotheses, which are presented here to stimulate discussion and further analyses. In this article we discuss the currently-held conceptual model of entrapment and present data that are inconsistent with this conceptual model. Finally, we suggest a revised conceptual model that is consistent with all of the hydrodynamic data collected to date and describe how the 1995 study incorporates our revised conceptual model into its design.
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency","usgsCitation":"Burau, J., Stacey, M., and Gartner, J.W., 1995, Preliminary results from the hydrodynamic element of the 1994 entrapment zone study: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, p. 12-17.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"12","endPage":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324850,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":324849,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sfbay.wr.usgs.gov/publications/pdf/burau_1995_hydrodynamic.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.13226318359375,\n 38.05025395161286\n ],\n [\n -122.1185302734375,\n 38.03078569382294\n ],\n [\n -122.06909179687501,\n 38.04592811939909\n ],\n [\n -121.99905395507812,\n 38.04484662140698\n ],\n [\n -121.95236206054688,\n 38.04592811939909\n ],\n [\n -121.90292358398438,\n 38.06647354576796\n ],\n [\n -121.90841674804686,\n 38.08809407886681\n ],\n [\n -121.97158813476561,\n 38.08593231319764\n ],\n [\n -122.00180053710936,\n 38.096740502286536\n ],\n [\n -121.98257446289062,\n 38.111869281948955\n ],\n [\n -121.98394775390625,\n 38.13023573104302\n ],\n [\n -122.01278686523438,\n 38.148597559924355\n ],\n [\n -122.05123901367186,\n 38.14103736644331\n ],\n [\n -122.08969116210938,\n 38.111869281948955\n ],\n [\n -122.12127685546875,\n 38.06322991452765\n ],\n [\n -122.13226318359375,\n 38.05025395161286\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"577f7d32e4b0ef4d2f45fabd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burau, J.R. 0000-0002-5196-5035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":7307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stacey, M.","contributorId":65685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gartner, J. W.","contributorId":81903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gartner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187031,"text":"70187031 - 1994 - A vegetation classification logic-based on remote-sensing for use in global biogeochemical models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-20T11:06:01","indexId":"70187031","displayToPublicDate":"2017-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":698,"text":"Ambio","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A vegetation classification logic-based on remote-sensing for use in global biogeochemical models","docAbstract":"A simple new classification logic for global vegetation is proposed. The critical features of this classification are that: it is based on simple, observable, unambiguous character- istics of vegetation structure that are important to ecosystem biogeochemistry and can be measured in the field for validation; the structural characteristics can be determined by remote sensing, so that repeatable and efficient global re-classifications of existing vegetation will be possible; and the defined vegetation classes directly translate into the biophysical parameters of interest by global climate and biogeochemical models. A first test of this logic for the continental United States is presented based on an existing 1 km Normalized Difference Vegetation Index database. Currently recognized global biome classes can easily be derived from this classification by adding climate descriptors and defining mixtures of these fundamental six vegetation classes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","usgsCitation":"Running, S.W., Loveland, T., and Pierce, L., 1994, A vegetation classification logic-based on remote-sensing for use in global biogeochemical models: Ambio, v. 23, no. 1, p. 77-81.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"81","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340022,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f9c8dbe4b0b7ea54524113","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Running, Steven W. 0000-0001-6906-3841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6906-3841","contributorId":53258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Running","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7089,"text":"University of Montana, Missoula, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":691995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":121503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierce, L.L.","contributorId":27220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179105,"text":"70179105 - 1994 - Hydrology of Cache Valley, Cache County, Utah, and adjacent part of Idaho, with emphasis on simulation of ground-water flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-30T10:03:13","indexId":"70179105","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"108","title":"Hydrology of Cache Valley, Cache County, Utah, and adjacent part of Idaho, with emphasis on simulation of ground-water flow","docAbstract":"A hydrologic investigation of Cache Valley was done to better understand the ground-water system in unconsolidated basin-fill deposits and the interaction between ground water and surface water. Ground-water recharge occurs by infiltration of precipitation and unconsumed irrigation water, seepage from canals and streams, and subsurface inflow from adjacent consolidated rock and adjacent unconsolidated basin-fill deposit ground-water systems. Ground-water discharge occurs as seepage to streams and reservoirs, spring discharge, evapotranspiration, and withdrawal from wells.
Water levels declined during 1984-90. Less-than-average precipitation during 1987-90 and increased pumping from irrigation and public-supply wells contributed to the declines.
A ground-water-flow model was used to simulate flow in the unconsolidated basin-fill deposits. Data primarily from 1969 were used to calibrate the model to steady-state conditions. Transient-state calibration was done by simulating ground-water conditions on a yearly basis for 1982-90.
A hypothetical simulation in which the dry conditions of 1990 were continued for 5 years projected an average lO-foot water-level decline between Richmond and Hyrum. When increased pumpage was simulated by adding three well fields, each pumping 10 cubic feet per second, in the Logan, Smithfield, and College Ward areas, water-level declines greater than 10 feet were projected in most of the southeastern part of the valley and discharge from springs and seepage to streams and reservoirs decreased.
As part of a larger study on global climate change and ozone depletion we are investigating the effects of ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation on fishes. We conducted a number of experiments to explore the possible effects of UVB radiation on the immune response of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. In one study, the fish developed sunburn and fungal infection on the dorsal skin after exposure to levels of UVB that simulated ambient solar UVB levels observed at mid-latitudes. In a separate study, UVB-exposed rainbow trout with surgically administered dorsal lesions developed fungal infection on the lesions and surrounding skin. Many of these fish subsequently died within a 9 day exposure period. Fish with surgical lesions, but not exposed to UVB radiation, did not develop fungal infection and did not die. In mammals, UVB-induced immunosuppression is thought to occur through the isomerization of urocanic acid or the formation of DNA pyrimidine dimers, or through some interaction between the two. We found a substance that appeared, upon HPLC detection, to be trans-urocanic acid in the skin of UVB-exposed and unexposed rainbow trout. Neurotransmitter stimulation of adrenoceptors may be involved in changes in pigmentation observed in UVB-exposed fishes. We measured adrenoceptors in skin membranes from rainbow trout exposed to UVB and found a decrease in cz2-adrenoceptors compared with fish not exposed to UVB. Results of our study indicate that prolonged exposure of juvenile rainbow trout to mid-latitude levels of solar UVB may play an important role in the initiation of certain disease outbreaks and may decrease survival of fish that have lesions on the dorsal skin.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Modulators of fish immune response: Models for envrionmental toxicology/biomarkers, immunostimulators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Modulators of Fish Immune Response","conferenceDate":"September, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Breckenridge, CO","language":"English","publisher":"SOS Publications","publisherLocation":"Fair Haven, NJ","isbn":"0-9625505-6-6","usgsCitation":"Fabacher, D.L., Little, E.E., Jones, S., DeFabo, E., and Webber, L., 1994, Ultraviolet-B radiation and the immune response of rainbow trout: Chapter 18, in Modulators of fish immune response: Models for envrionmental toxicology/biomarkers, immunostimulators, Breckenridge, CO, September, 1993, p. 205-218.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"218","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332555,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332538,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cerc.usgs.gov/Publications.aspx?PublicationId=1287"}],"publicComments":"Volume 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58638bd6e4b0cd2dabe7bec8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stolen, Joanne S.","contributorId":51208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolen","given":"Joanne","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656618,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, Thelma C.","contributorId":103585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Thelma","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656619,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Fabacher, David L.","contributorId":6815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fabacher","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, S.B.","contributorId":27005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeFabo, E.C.","contributorId":177668,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeFabo","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Webber, L.J.","contributorId":177667,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webber","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70157533,"text":"70157533 - 1994 - Lake Number, a quantitative indicator of mixing used to estimate changes in dissolved oxygen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:34:23","indexId":"70157533","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-21T13:15:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2088,"text":"International Review of Hydrobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lake Number, a quantitative indicator of mixing used to estimate changes in dissolved oxygen","docAbstract":"Lake Number, LN, values are shown to be quantitative indicators of deep mixing in lakes and reservoirs that can be used to estimate changes in deep water dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. LN is a dimensionless parameter defined as the ratio of the moments about the center of volume of the water body, of the stabilizing force of gravity associated with density stratification to the destabilizing forces supplied by wind, cooling, inflow, outflow, and other artificial mixing devices. To demonstrate the universality of this parameter, LN values are used to describe the extent of deep mixing and are compared with changes in DO concentrations in three reservoirs in Australia and four lakes in the U.S.A., which vary in productivity and mixing regimes. A simple model is developed which relates changes in LN values, i.e., the extent of mixing, to changes in near bottom DO concentrations. After calibrating the model for a specific system, it is possible to use real-time LN values, calculated using water temperature profiles and surface wind velocities, to estimate changes in DO concentrations (assuming unchanged trophic conditions).
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/iroh.19940790202","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., and Imberger, J., 1994, Lake Number, a quantitative indicator of mixing used to estimate changes in dissolved oxygen: International Review of Hydrobiology, v. 79, no. 2, p. 159-176, https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19940790202.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308596,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia, United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Crystal Lake, Darwin River Resevoir, Lake Mendota, Trout Lake, Warragamba Resevoir, Woronora 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\"}}]}","volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56067035e4b058f706e51942","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Imberger, Jorg","contributorId":147965,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Imberger","given":"Jorg","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16662,"text":"University of Western Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70118028,"text":"70118028 - 1994 - Molluscan evidence for a late Pleistocene sea-level lowstand from Monterey Bay, central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-25T09:29:14","indexId":"70118028","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-25T09:22:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3677,"text":"Veliger","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molluscan evidence for a late Pleistocene sea-level lowstand from Monterey Bay, central California","docAbstract":"One hundred and twenty-three molluscan taxa are reported from four samples collected from a sea level lowstand deposit located between 100 m and 300 m below sea level in Monterey Bay, central California. Ecological interpretations of these mollusks suggest temperatures essentially equivalent to those from Puget Sound, Washington, to southern British Columbia; much cooler water than exists in Monterey Bay today; and water depths of about 10 to 50 m. Chlamys rubida from these deposits yield a 14C age determination of about 17,000 yr B. P. This age is generally equivalent to a worldwide sea level lowstand between 20,000 and 15,000 yr B. P. of at least 100 m below modern sea level. The cooler and shallow-water aspect of the lowstand molluscan fauna is in full accord with the late Pleistocene paleogeography of Monterey Bay.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Veliger","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"California Malacozoological Society","publisherLocation":"Berkeley, CA","usgsCitation":"Powell, C.L., 1994, Molluscan evidence for a late Pleistocene sea-level lowstand from Monterey Bay, central California: Veliger, v. 37, no. 1, p. 69-80.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"80","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Monterey Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.145263,36.629278 ], [ -122.145263,36.941309 ], [ -121.827806,36.941309 ], [ -121.827806,36.629278 ], [ -122.145263,36.629278 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57feb0e5e4b0824b2d153d97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, Charles L. II 0000-0002-1913-555X cpowell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1913-555X","contributorId":3243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Charles","suffix":"II","email":"cpowell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":496141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006842,"text":"70006842 - 1994 - The relationship between species richness and community biomass: The importance of environmental variables","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-24T13:23:47","indexId":"70006842","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T21:22:35","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship between species richness and community biomass: The importance of environmental variables","docAbstract":"Several studies have used plant community biomass to predict species richness with varying success. In this study we examined the relationship between species richness and biomass for 36 marsh communities from two different watersheds. In addition, we measured several environmental variables and estimated the potential richness (the total number of species known to be able to occur in a community type) for each community. Above ground living and dead biomass combined was found to be weakly correlated with species richness (R2=0.02). Instead, a multiple regression model based on elevation (R2=0.47), salinity (R2=0.30), soil organic matter (R2=0.18), and biomass was able to explain 82% of the variance in species richness. It was found that environmental conditions could explain 89% of the variation in potential richness. Biomass had no relation to potential richness. When used as a predictor variable, potential richness was found to explain 72% of the variation in realized (observed) richness and biomass explained an addition 9% of the variance in realized richness. This finding suggests that realized richness in our system was controlled primarily by environmental regulation of potential richness and secondarily by biomass (as an indicator of competition). Further examination of the data revealed that when sites exposed to extreme environmental conditons were eliminated from the analysis, biomass became the primary predictor of realized richness and potential richness was of secondary importance. We conclude that community biomass has a limited capacity to predict species richness across a broad range of habitat conditions. Of particular importance is the inability of biomass to indicate the effect of environmental factors and evolutionary history on the potential species richness at a site.","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Publishing","publisherLocation":"Oxford, U.K.","doi":"10.2307/3545638","usgsCitation":"Gough, L., Grace, J., and Taylor, K., 1994, The relationship between species richness and community biomass: The importance of environmental variables: Oikos, v. 70, no. 2, p. 271-279, https://doi.org/10.2307/3545638.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"279","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Pearl River Basin, Tchefuncte River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.77752685546875,\n 30.135626231134587\n ],\n [\n -89.53033447265625,\n 30.135626231134587\n ],\n [\n -89.53033447265625,\n 30.44748978060767\n ],\n [\n -89.77752685546875,\n 30.44748978060767\n ],\n [\n -89.77752685546875,\n 30.135626231134587\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.18470764160156,\n 30.371246059237205\n ],\n [\n -90.1237678527832,\n 30.371246059237205\n ],\n [\n -90.1237678527832,\n 30.424400882616833\n ],\n [\n -90.18470764160156,\n 30.424400882616833\n ],\n [\n -90.18470764160156,\n 30.371246059237205\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf1ee4b08c986b324569","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gough, L.","contributorId":53971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, K.L.","contributorId":80021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006979,"text":"70006979 - 1994 - Functional response of wolves preying on barren-ground caribou in a multiple-prey ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-14T01:01:39","indexId":"70006979","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T11:58:36","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Functional response of wolves preying on barren-ground caribou in a multiple-prey ecosystem","docAbstract":"1. We investigated the functional response of wolves (Canis lupus) to varying abundance of ungulate prey to test the hypothesis that switching from alternate prey to preferred prey results in regulation of a caribou (Rangifer tarandus) population at low densities. 2. We determined prey selection, kill rates, and prey abundance for four wolf packs during three 30-day periods in March 1989, March 1990, November 1990, and created a simple discrete model to evaluate the potential for the expected numerical and observed functional responses of wolves to regulate caribou populations. 3. We observed a quickly decelerating type II functional response that, in the absence of numerical response, implicates an anti-regulatory effect of wolf predation on barren-ground caribou dynamics. 4. There was little potential for regulation caused by the multiplicative effect of increasing functional and numerical responses because of presence of alternative prey. This resulted in high wolf:caribou ratios at low prey densities which precluded the effects of an increasing functional response. 5. Inversely density-dependent predation by other predators, such as bears, reduces the potential for predators to regulate caribou populations at low densities, and small reductions in predation by one predator may have disproportionately large effects on the total predation rate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Animal Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","publisherLocation":"London, U.K.","doi":"10.2307/5230","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"Dale, B., Adams, L., and Bowyer, R., 1994, Functional response of wolves preying on barren-ground caribou in a multiple-prey ecosystem: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 63, no. 3, p. 644-652, https://doi.org/10.2307/5230.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"644","endPage":"652","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258852,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5230","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1415e4b0c8380cd548d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dale, B.W.","contributorId":48902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dale","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adams, Layne G. 0000-0001-6212-2896 ladams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-2896","contributorId":2776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Layne G.","email":"ladams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowyer, R.T.","contributorId":94645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowyer","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006922,"text":"70006922 - 1994 - Quantifying precision of in situ length and weight measurements of fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-27T09:32:16","indexId":"70006922","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying precision of in situ length and weight measurements of fish","docAbstract":"We estimated and compared errors in field-made (in situ) measurements of lengths and weights of fish. We made three measurements of length and weight on each of 33 common carp Cyprinus carpio, and on each of a total of 34 bluegills Lepomis macrochirus and black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus. Maximum total lengths of all fish were measured to the nearest 1 mm on a conventional measuring board. The bluegills and black crappies (85–282 mm maximum total length) were weighed to the nearest 1 g on a 1,000-g spring-loaded scale. The common carp (415–600 mm maximum total length) were weighed to the nearest 0.05 kg on a 20-kg spring-loaded scale. We present a statistical model for comparison of coefficients of variation of length (Cl ) and weight (Cw ). Expected Cl was near zero and constant across mean length, indicating that length can be measured with good precision in the field. Expected Cw decreased with increasing mean length, and was larger than expected Cl by 5.8 to over 100 times for the bluegills and black crappies, and by 3 to over 20 times for the common carp. Unrecognized in situ weighing errors bias the apparent content of unique information in weight, which is the information not explained by either length or measurement error. We recommend procedures to circumvent effects of weighing errors, including elimination of unnecessary weighing from routine monitoring programs. In situ weighing must be conducted with greater care than is common if the content of unique and nontrivial information in weight is to be correctly identified.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1994)014<0318:QPOISL>2.3.CO;2","collaboration":"Abstract has subscript/superscript to be fixed","usgsCitation":"Gutreuter, S., and Krzoska, D., 1994, Quantifying precision of in situ length and weight measurements of fish: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 14, no. 2, p. 318-322, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1994)014<0318:QPOISL>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"318","endPage":"322","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263405,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263404,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1994)014<0318:QPOISL>2.3.CO;2"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4977fe4b0e8fec6cd9a39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutreuter, S.","contributorId":79829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutreuter","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krzoska, D.J.","contributorId":34006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krzoska","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222612,"text":"5222612 - 1994 - The effect of flunixin meglumine (Banamine) on the renal function in northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus): an avian model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:37","indexId":"5222612","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:03","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":703,"text":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians and Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Annual Conference","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of flunixin meglumine (Banamine) on the renal function in northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus): an avian model","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians and Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Annual Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Conference held Oct. 22-27, 1994. Editor, Randall E. Junge. 4589_Klein.pdf","usgsCitation":"Klein, P.N., Charmatz, K., and Langenberg, J., 1994, The effect of flunixin meglumine (Banamine) on the renal function in northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus): an avian model: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians and Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Annual Conference, v. 1994, p. 128-131.","productDescription":"128-131","startPage":"128","endPage":"131","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1994","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667604","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, P. N.","contributorId":33261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Charmatz, K.","contributorId":95173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charmatz","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langenberg, J.","contributorId":20692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222727,"text":"5222727 - 1994 - Falcon versus grouse: flight adaptations of a predator and its prey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:42","indexId":"5222727","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:49","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2190,"text":"Journal of Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Falcon versus grouse: flight adaptations of a predator and its prey","docAbstract":"Several falcons were trained to fly along a 500 m course to a lure. The air speeds of the more consistent performers averaged about 1.5 times their calculated minimum power speeds, and occasionally reached 2.1 times the minimum power speed. Wing beat frequencies of all the falcons were above those estimated from earlier field observations, and the same was true of wild Sage Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus, a regular falconer's quarry in the study area. Measurements of grouse killed by falcons showed that their wings were short, with broad slotted tips, whereas the falcons' wings were longer in relation to their body mass, and tapered. The short wings of grouse result in fast flight, high power requirements, and reduced capacity for aerobic flight. Calculations indicated that the grouse should fly faster than the falcons, and had the large amount of flight muscle needed to do so, but that the falcons would be capable of prolonged aerobic flight, whereas the grouse probably would not. We surmise that Sage Grouse cannot fly continuously without incurring an oxygen debt, and are therefore not long-distance migrants, although this limitation is partly due to their large size, and would not apply to smaller galliform birds such as ptarmigan Lagopus spp. The wing action seen in video recordings of the falcons was not consistent with the maintenance of constant circulation. We call it 'chase mode' because it appears to be associated with a high level of muscular exertion, without special regard to fuel economy. It shows features in common with the 'bounding' flight of passerines.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Avian Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Pennycuick, C., Fuller, M., Oar, J., and Kirkpatrick, S., 1994, Falcon versus grouse: flight adaptations of a predator and its prey: Journal of Avian Biology, v. 25, no. 1, p. 39-49.","productDescription":"39-49","startPage":"39","endPage":"49","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16092,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3677292","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":196749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f7901","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pennycuick, C.J.","contributorId":59133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pennycuick","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, M.R.","contributorId":71278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oar, J.J.","contributorId":70879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oar","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirkpatrick, S.J.","contributorId":6549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirkpatrick","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}