Most large-scale surveys of animal populations are based on counts of individuals observed during a sampling period, which are used as indexes to the population. The variability in these indexes not only reflects variability in population sizes among sites but also variability due to the inexactness of the counts. Repeated counts at survey sites can be used to document this additional source of variability and, in some applications, to mitigate its effects. We present models for evaluating the proportion of total variability in counts that is attributable to this within-site variability and apply them in the analysis of data from repeated counts on routes from the North American Breeding Bird Survey. We analyzed data on 98 species, obtaining estimates of these percentages, which ranged from 3.5 to 100% with a mean of 36.25%. For at least 14 of the species, more than half of the variation in counts was attributable to within-site sources. Counts for species with lower average counts had a higher percentage of within-site variability. We discuss the relative cost efficiency of replicating sites or initiating new sites for several objectives, concluding that it is frequently better to initiate new sites than to attempt to replicate existing sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/1939433","usgsCitation":"Link, W., Barker, R., Sauer, J., and Droege, S., 1994, Within-site variability in surveys of wildlife populations: Ecology, v. 75, no. 4, p. 1097-1108, https://doi.org/10.2307/1939433.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1097","endPage":"1108","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47a5e4b07f02db497b5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, William A. wlink@usgs.gov","contributorId":145491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William A.","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, Richard J.","contributorId":6987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Richard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, John R. jrsauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John R.","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Droege, Sam sdroege@usgs.gov","contributorId":3464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droege","given":"Sam","email":"sdroege@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":337184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223424,"text":"5223424 - 1994 - Symptoms and circumstances associated with bites by the brown tree snake (Colubridae: Boiga irregularis) on Guam","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-26T21:57:13.559842","indexId":"5223424","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Symptoms and circumstances associated with bites by the brown tree snake (Colubridae: Boiga irregularis) on Guam","docAbstract":"A review of 94 cases of snakebite by the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis, in Guam spanning a two year period shows a high proportion (80%) involve victims bitten while sleeping in their homes at night. Some bites apparently involve attempts to feed on small children. Of all children less than 1 yr old that were bitten in a two year period, infants 1-3 mo old comprised 82%. The symptoms exhibited by children are more severe than those experienced by adults. The snake is a rear-fanged (i.e., has enlarged and grooved teeth on the posterior maxillae) colubrid with a moderately large Duvernoy's gland.","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","doi":"10.2307/1564676","usgsCitation":"Fritts, T.H., McCoid, M.J., and Haddock, R., 1994, Symptoms and circumstances associated with bites by the brown tree snake (Colubridae: Boiga irregularis) on Guam: Journal of Herpetology, v. 28, no. 1, p. 27-33, https://doi.org/10.2307/1564676.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199066,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687ea2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fritts, T. H.","contributorId":40147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritts","given":"T.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCoid, M. J.","contributorId":49077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCoid","given":"M.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haddock, R.L.","contributorId":51872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haddock","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222729,"text":"5222729 - 1994 - Sources of variation in loss rates of color bands applied to adult roseate terns (Sterna dougallii) in the western North Atlantic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T17:20:25","indexId":"5222729","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:40","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of variation in loss rates of color bands applied to adult roseate terns (Sterna dougallii) in the western North Atlantic","docAbstract":"A model-based analysis was done to test several hypotheses concerning the rates of loss of butt-ended color bands placed on adult Roseate Terns (Sterna dougallii) in the western North Atlantic. These birds were captured and color banded from 1987-1991 at four colony sites, and recaptured from 1989-1992 as part of a study of the population dynamics of this species. Two types of color bands, Darvic and celluloid, were used, but only one band type was used for each individual bird. Each bird was given three color bands. The estimated probability that a bird with all color bands present during one breeding season still had all color bands during the next breeding season was 0.87. The analysis provided no evidence that colony site, cohort, calendar year of banding, age of color band, or whether or not the bands were heat-sealed closed, were important sources of variation in band-retention probabilities.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4088820","usgsCitation":"Spendelow, J., Burger, J., Nisbet, I., Nichols, J., Hines, J., Hays, H., Cormons, G., and Gochfeld, M., 1994, Sources of variation in loss rates of color bands applied to adult roseate terns (Sterna dougallii) in the western North Atlantic: The Auk, v. 111, no. 4, p. 881-887, https://doi.org/10.2307/4088820.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"881","endPage":"887","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e75c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spendelow, J. A. 0000-0001-8167-0898","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-0898","contributorId":72478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spendelow","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burger, J.","contributorId":25894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burger","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nisbet, I.C.T.","contributorId":54942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nisbet","given":"I.C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":336985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hays, H.","contributorId":43872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hays","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cormons, G.D.","contributorId":78030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cormons","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gochfeld, M.","contributorId":88309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gochfeld","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":5222754,"text":"5222754 - 1994 - Estimating breeding proportions and testing hypotheses about costs of reproduction with capture-recapture data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T15:13:49","indexId":"5222754","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:12:52","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating breeding proportions and testing hypotheses about costs of reproduction with capture-recapture data","docAbstract":"The proportion of animals in a population that breeds is an important determinant of population growth rate. Usual estimates of this quantity from field sampling data assume that the probability of appearing in the capture or count statistic is the same for animals that do and do not breed. A similar assumption is required by most existing methods used to test ecologically interesting hypotheses about reproductive costs using field sampling data. However, in many field sampling situations breeding and nonbreeding animals are likely to exhibit different probabilities of being seen or caught. In this paper, we propose the use of multistate capture-recapture models for these estimation and testing problems. This methodology permits a formal test of the hypothesis of equal capture/sighting probabilities for breeding and nonbreeding individuals. Two estimators of breeding proportion (and associated standard errors) are presented, one for the case of equal capture probabilities and one for the case of unequal capture probabilities. The multistate modeling framework also yields formal tests of hypotheses about reproductive costs to future reproduction or survival or both fitness components. The general methodology is illustrated using capture-recapture data on female meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus. Resulting estimates of the proportion of reproductively active females showed strong seasonal variation, as expected, with low breeding proportions in midwinter. We found no evidence of reproductive costs extracted in subsequent survival or reproduction. We believe that this methodological framework has wide application to problems in animal ecology concerning breeding proportions and phenotypic reproductive costs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/1941610","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., Hines, J., Pollock, K.H., Hinz, R.L., and Link, W., 1994, Estimating breeding proportions and testing hypotheses about costs of reproduction with capture-recapture data: Ecology, v. 75, no. 7, p. 2052-2065, https://doi.org/10.2307/1941610.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2052","endPage":"2065","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d3e4b07f02db548b6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, James D. jnichols@usgs.gov","contributorId":139082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollock, Kenneth H.","contributorId":8590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hinz, Robert L.","contributorId":43454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinz","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Link, William A. wlink@usgs.gov","contributorId":145491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William A.","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017620,"text":"70017620 - 1994 - The earthquake prediction experiment at Parkfield, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T16:14:18.874144","indexId":"70017620","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The earthquake prediction experiment at Parkfield, California","docAbstract":"Since 1985, a focused earthquake prediction experiment has been in progress along the San Andreas fault near the town of Parkfield in central California. Parkfield has experienced six moderate earthquakes since 1857 at average intervals of 22 years, the most recent a magnitude 6 event in 1966. The probability of another moderate earthquake soon appears high, but studies assigning it a 95% chance of occurring before 1993 now appear to have been over-simplified. The identification of a Parkfield fault “segment” was initially based on geometric features in the surface trace of the San Andreas fault, but more recent microearthquake studies have demonstrated that those features do not extend to seismogenic depths. On the other hand, geodetic measurements are consistent with the existence of a “locked” patch on the fault beneath Parkfield that has presently accumulated a slip deficit equal to the slip in the 1966 earthquake. A magnitude 4.7 earthquake in October 1992 brought the Parkfield experiment to its highest level of alert, with a 72-hour public warning that there was a 37% chance of a magnitude 6 event. However, this warning proved to be a false alarm. Most data collected at Parkfield indicate that strain is accumulating at a constant rate on this part of the San Andreas fault, but some interesting departures from this behavior have been recorded. Here we outline the scientific arguments bearing on when the next Parkfield earthquake is likely to occur and summarize geophysical observations to date.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94RG01114","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Roeloffs, E., and Langbein, J., 1994, The earthquake prediction experiment at Parkfield, California: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 32, no. 3, p. 315-336, https://doi.org/10.1029/94RG01114.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"336","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492847,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1231353","text":"External Repository"},{"id":228986,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.45314357776334,\n 35.91634034904709\n ],\n [\n -120.45314357776334,\n 35.886506863317734\n ],\n [\n -120.41269794186022,\n 35.886506863317734\n ],\n [\n -120.41269794186022,\n 35.91634034904709\n ],\n [\n -120.45314357776334,\n 35.91634034904709\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baaf3e4b08c986b322b00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roeloffs, E.","contributorId":21680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langbein, J.","contributorId":16990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017589,"text":"70017589 - 1994 - Mineralogy of a calc-silicate locality near Genesee Park, Jefferson County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-26T16:42:34.853125","indexId":"70017589","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3307,"text":"Rocks & Minerals","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogy of a calc-silicate locality near Genesee Park, Jefferson County, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00357529.1994.9925607","usgsCitation":"Kile, D.E., and Modreski, P., 1994, Mineralogy of a calc-silicate locality near Genesee Park, Jefferson County, Colorado: Rocks & Minerals, v. 69, no. 5, p. 298-308, https://doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1994.9925607.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"298","endPage":"308","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228380,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Genesee Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.34019117385135,\n 39.74013650856341\n ],\n [\n -105.34019117385135,\n 39.69698855079713\n ],\n [\n -105.28715491196347,\n 39.69698855079713\n ],\n [\n -105.28715491196347,\n 39.74013650856341\n ],\n [\n -105.34019117385135,\n 39.74013650856341\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5acee4b0c8380cd6f148","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kile, D. E.","contributorId":22758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Modreski, P.J.","contributorId":98335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Modreski","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210759,"text":"5210759 - 1994 - Statistical aspects of modeling population change from population size data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:14","indexId":"5210759","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Statistical aspects of modeling population change from population size data","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Toxicology and Population Modeling: Integrated Studies of Agroecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, Florida","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J., Barker, R.J., and Geissler, P., 1994, Statistical aspects of modeling population change from population size data, chap. of Wildlife Toxicology and Population Modeling: Integrated Studies of Agroecosystems, p. 451-466.","productDescription":"576","startPage":"451","endPage":"466","numberOfPages":"576","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b0fe","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kendall, R.J.","contributorId":38768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507061,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lacher, T.E. Jr.","contributorId":111976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacher","given":"T.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507062,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, R. J.","contributorId":34222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geissler, P.H.","contributorId":24038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5210535,"text":"5210535 - 1994 - Acute and subacute toxicology in evaluation of pesticide hazard to avian wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:17","indexId":"5210535","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Acute and subacute toxicology in evaluation of pesticide hazard to avian wildlife","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Toxicology and Population Modeling: Integrated Studies of Agroecosystems, proceedings of the Ninth Pellston Workshop, Kiawah Island, South Carolina, July 22-27, 1990 ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, Florida","collaboration":"OCLC: 28254726","usgsCitation":"Hill, E.F., 1994, Acute and subacute toxicology in evaluation of pesticide hazard to avian wildlife, chap. of Wildlife Toxicology and Population Modeling: Integrated Studies of Agroecosystems, proceedings of the Ninth Pellston Workshop, Kiawah Island, South Carolina, July 22-27, 1990 , p. 207-226.","productDescription":"576","startPage":"207","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"576","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c21","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kendall, Ronald J.","contributorId":113771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506629,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lacher, Thomas E.= Jr.","contributorId":111853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacher","given":"Thomas","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.=","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506628,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Hill, E. F.","contributorId":14362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210610,"text":"5210610 - 1994 - How valuable are the results of models and laboratory studies when extended to field situations?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:20","indexId":"5210610","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"How valuable are the results of models and laboratory studies when extended to field situations?","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Toxicology and Population Modeling: Integrated Studies of Agroecosystems, proceedings of the Ninth Pellston Workshop, Kiawah Island, South Carolina, July 22-27, 1990 ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, Florida","collaboration":"OCLC: 28254726","usgsCitation":"Heinz, G.H., Brody, M., and Blus, L.J., 1994, How valuable are the results of models and laboratory studies when extended to field situations?, chap. of Wildlife Toxicology and Population Modeling: Integrated Studies of Agroecosystems, proceedings of the Ninth Pellston Workshop, Kiawah Island, South Carolina, July 22-27, 1990 , p. 551-555.","productDescription":"576","startPage":"551","endPage":"555","numberOfPages":"576","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200584,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62be0f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kendall, Ronald J.","contributorId":113771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506796,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lacher, Thomas E.= Jr.","contributorId":111853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacher","given":"Thomas","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.=","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506795,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Heinz, G. H.","contributorId":85905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brody, M.","contributorId":49325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brody","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blus, L. J.","contributorId":38116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blus","given":"L.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5210539,"text":"5210539 - 1994 - Measurements of toxicity and critical stages of development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:17","indexId":"5210539","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Measurements of toxicity and critical stages of development","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Toxicology and Population Modeling: Integrated Studies of Agroecosystems, proceedings of the Ninth Pellston Workshop, Kiawah Island, South Carolina, July 22-27, 1990 ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, Florida.","collaboration":"OCLC: 28254726","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., 1994, Measurements of toxicity and critical stages of development, chap. of Wildlife Toxicology and Population Modeling: Integrated Studies of Agroecosystems, proceedings of the Ninth Pellston Workshop, Kiawah Island, South Carolina, July 22-27, 1990 , p. 47-67.","productDescription":"576","startPage":"47","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"576","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db603f73","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kendall, Ronald J.","contributorId":113771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506632,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lacher, Thomas E.= Jr.","contributorId":111853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacher","given":"Thomas","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.=","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506631,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017861,"text":"70017861 - 1994 - Comparison of drier- to wetter-interval estuarine roof facies in the Eastern and Western Interior coal basins, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T15:59:45.994554","indexId":"70017861","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of drier- to wetter-interval estuarine roof facies in the Eastern and Western Interior coal basins, USA","docAbstract":"Many of the Carboniferous coals in the eastern interior of the US are associated with siliciclastic roof facies that were deposited within a fluvio-estuarine transition. These facies include a variety of rhythmites, some of which exhibit tidal cycles. Drier-interval coals (Westphalian B-C, Stephanian) tend to be more laterally restricted and more commonly are associated with paleovalleys. Conversely, wetter-interval coals (Westphalian D) are very widespread and are not restricted to paleovalleys. Throughout the Lake Carboniferous, wet paleoclimates associated with these coals lead to valley incision during sea-level lowstand when large tropical rivers downcut older sediments deposited during previous sea-level highstands. During subsequent rise of sea level, these fluvial valleys were flooded and converted to estuaries where tidal ranges and sedimentation rates were significantly amplified. Based on modern analogs and interpretation of many examples of Carboniferous tidal rhythmites, the localized depositional rates in these settings are exceptionally high. The estuaries became sediment sinks, trapping sediment that is pumped in from both fluvial and marine sources. As a result, sedimentation readily keeps pace with rising baselevel. Extensive intertidal flats and shallow subtidal flats are created and prograde over the valley-confined mires. Thick tidal cycles and upright trees (some with attached foliage) record rapid burial of mires. This model is supported with examples of roof facies from the Westphalian B-C of the Eastern Interior Basin, and the Stephanian of the Western Interior Basin. In these areas facies within each cycle range from well-developed, extensive paleosols and coals, to widespread marine shales or limestones. Variations in both sea level and climate resulted in a complex history of valley fill during which coals could be developed at any time (except during widespread flooding). Minable, low-sulfur and low-ash coals occur, but the coals are relatively thin and discontinuous. Conversely, the Westphalian D coals are very widespread and significant peat accumulations were not confined to paleovalleys. Nonetheless, the lowest sulfur coals are related to rapid deposition of roof facies that occurred within the paleovalley whereas high-sulfur coals were formed in areas of lower sedimentation rate of roof facies that occurred beyond the confines of the paleovalley.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(94)90009-4","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Archer, A., Feldman, H.R., Kvale, E., and Lanier, W.P., 1994, Comparison of drier- to wetter-interval estuarine roof facies in the Eastern and Western Interior coal basins, USA: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 106, no. 1-4, p. 171-185, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(94)90009-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"185","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228490,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Eastern and Western Interior coal basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.65983661812253,\n 36.32189849509018\n ],\n [\n -86.2378733316447,\n 36.32189849509018\n ],\n [\n -86.2378733316447,\n 41.84957669831883\n ],\n [\n -96.65983661812253,\n 41.84957669831883\n ],\n [\n -96.65983661812253,\n 36.32189849509018\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f85de4b0c8380cd4d057","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Archer, A.W.","contributorId":8620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archer","given":"A.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feldman, H. R.","contributorId":29581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feldman","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kvale, E.P.","contributorId":76076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvale","given":"E.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lanier, William P.","contributorId":73672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanier","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017806,"text":"70017806 - 1994 - Paleoecology of the Fire Clay coal bed in a portion of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T16:12:32.694052","indexId":"70017806","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoecology of the Fire Clay coal bed in a portion of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field","docAbstract":"Vertically continuous increment samples of the Fire Clay coal bed (mid-Middle Pennsylvanian, late Westphalian B), collected from a portion of the Central Appalachian Basin, were studied palynologically, petrographically and geochemically in order to partially reconstruct the paleoecology and processes associated with peat formation in the ancient Fire Clay paleomire. Results indicate that four compositional groups can be identified. They are: (1) a Lycospora—vitrinite dominant group, characterized by high percentages of Lycospora and vitrinite macerals and generally low, but variable ash yields and sulfur contents; (2) a mixed palynoflora-high vitrinite group that petrographically is similar to group 1 except that it contains a more diverse palynoflora; (3) a mixed palynoflora-moderate/low vitrinite group characterized by various admixtures of lycopsid, fern and calamite miospores, increased percentages of liptinite and inertinite macerals, and low ash yields and sulfur contents; and (4) a mixed palynoflora-high ash yield group characterized by high percentages of small lycopsid, fern, and occasionally calamite and cordaite miospores, high liptinite and inertinite contents, high ash yields, and moderate to high sulfur contents.
The Fire Clay coal bed contains a distinctive flint clay parting of probable volcanic origin that naturally divides the bed into two benches. These two benches, (upper and lower), are highly disparte in occurrence, appearance and composition. In the study area the lower bench generally is thin (< 0.5 m), laterally discontinuous and mainly composed of dull (mainly durain) coal lithotypes. Ash yields typically are high; sulfur contents generally are moderate to high. Compositional group 4, the mixed palynoflora—high ash yield group defines all of the increments examined from the lower bench.
In contrast, the upper bench is thick (> 0.75 m), laterally continous and mainly comprised of bright (mainly clarain) coal lithotypes. Overall ash yields and sulfur contents for this bench are generally low, although vertical variation is apparent. All of the compositional groups occur in the upper bench; in some columns, notably those that are thick and uninterrupted by clastic partings, groups 1 and 4 often occupy basal coal layers and groups 2 and 3 occur in higher layers. Other columns, especially those taken in areas of thin (< 0.5 m) Fire Clay coal, are dominated by groups 1 and 4.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(94)90015-9","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Eble, C., Hower, J., and Andrews, W., 1994, Paleoecology of the Fire Clay coal bed in a portion of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 106, no. 1-4, p. 287-305, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(94)90015-9.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"305","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228443,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Kentucky Coal Field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.70905950279405,\n 37.89289150405992\n ],\n [\n -84.70905950279405,\n 36.7856367797942\n ],\n [\n -82.8101079120946,\n 36.7856367797942\n ],\n [\n -82.8101079120946,\n 37.89289150405992\n ],\n [\n -84.70905950279405,\n 37.89289150405992\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73dbe4b0c8380cd772b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andrews, W.M. Jr.","contributorId":38303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"W.M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017617,"text":"70017617 - 1994 - 40Ar/39Ar thermochronologic constraints on the tectonothermal evolution of the northern East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-15T15:35:26.949489","indexId":"70017617","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"40Ar/39Ar thermochronologic constraints on the tectonothermal evolution of the northern East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex, Nevada","docAbstract":"The northern East Humboldt Range (NEHR) of northeastern Nevada exposes a suite of complexly deformed migmatitic, upper amphibolite-facies rocks in the footwall of the Ruby Mountains-East Humboldt Range (RM-EHR) detachment fault. New 40Ar/39Ar data on hornblende, muscovite, biotite, and potassium feldspar help constrain the kinematic and thermal evolution of this terrain during Tertiary extensional exhumation. Hornblende samples from relatively high structural levels yield discordant age spectra that suggest initial cooling during early Tertiary time (63–49 Ma). When coupled with petrological constraints indicating a strongly decompressional P-T-t path above 550°C, the hornblende data suggest that exhumation of the RM-EHR may have initiated in early Tertiary time, approximately coincident with the initial phases of unroofing in the Wood Hills immediately to the east and with the end of thrusting in the late Mesozoic to early Tertiary Sevier orogenic belt of eastern Nevada and western Utah. This temporal coincidence suggests that gravitational collapse of tectonically thickened crust in the internal zone of the Sevier belt could have driven the initial phases of unroofing.
Thermal history during the final stage of exhumation of the NEHR is constrained by discordant hornblende cooling ages of 36-29 Ma from deep structural levels and biotite, muscovite, and potassium feldspar cooling ages of 27-21 Ma from a range of structural levels. Comparison of muscovite, biotite, and potassium feldspar cooling ages with previously published fission-track cooling ages implies very rapid cooling rates at temperatures below the closure temperature for muscovite (270°–350°C), but time gaps of > 7 m.y. between hornblende and mica cooling ages suggest that cooling at higher temperatures was more gradual. In addition, comparison of 40Ar39Ar mica cooling ages with previously published fission-track apatite cooling ages suggests pronounced thermal gradients between the NEHR and adjacent areas during latest Oligocene to earliest Miocene time. Such thermal gradients could be readily explained if the RM-EHR detachment fault dipped > 30° between the 300°C and 100°C isotherms. Finally, 40Ar39Ar biotite cooling ages increase southward through the East Humboldt Range, compatible with northward extrapolation of a previously recognized pattern of WNW-younging biotite cooling ages from the Ruby Mountains. A simple model involving the propagation of footwall uplift in the direction of tectonic transport beneath an initially listric normal fault can explain the principle features of the Oligocène to Miocene thermochronologic data set for the RM-EHR.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(94)90067-1","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"McGrew, A.J., and Snee, L., 1994, 40Ar/39Ar thermochronologic constraints on the tectonothermal evolution of the northern East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex, Nevada: Tectonophysics, v. 238, no. 1-4, p. 425-450, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90067-1.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"450","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"northern East Humboldt Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.76321666030387,\n 42.01049898902764\n ],\n [\n -117.76321666030387,\n 40.617836167615025\n ],\n [\n -114.58273019606733,\n 40.617836167615025\n ],\n [\n -114.58273019606733,\n 42.01049898902764\n ],\n [\n -117.76321666030387,\n 42.01049898902764\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"238","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e268e4b0c8380cd45b61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGrew, Allen J.","contributorId":147302,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGrew","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snee, Lawrence W.","contributorId":81534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"Lawrence W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017008,"text":"70017008 - 1994 - Late Pliocene climate change 3.4-2.3 Ma: paleoceanographic record from the Yabuta Formation, Sea of Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T16:39:16.834823","indexId":"70017008","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Pliocene climate change 3.4-2.3 Ma: paleoceanographic record from the Yabuta Formation, Sea of Japan","docAbstract":"Late Pliocene paleoceanographic changes in the Sea of Japan between 3.4 and2.3 Ma were investigated through study of molluscs, diatoms, and ostracodes from the Yabuta Formation in Toyama Prefecture. The period 3.4-2.7 Ma was characterized by relatively high sea level and cool water benthic faunas. A progressive paleoceanographic shift towards colder oceanic conditions and lower sea level occurred beginning near 2.7 Ma, intensifying about 2.5 Ma, when important changes in ostracode and molluscan faunas occurred. Between 2.7 and 2.3 Ma, eight glacial events can be inferred based on drops in sea level of 50-60 m and increasing proportions of cold, shallow water ostracode species whose modern ecology and zoogeography indicate colder winter water temperatures (3-4??C). The glacial events between 2.5 and 2.3 Ma were the most intense.
Preliminary interpretation of the faunal and oceanographic events of the Yabuta Formation suggests that they correspond to Northern Hemispheric cooling also known from North Atlantic deep-sea oxygen isotope, IRD, and planktic foraminiferal records, North Pacific diatom and radiolarian record, and the Chinese loess sequences. The eight glacial events may record a 41,000-yr obliquity cycle which characterized other late Pliocene climate proxy records. Inferred sea level drops near 2.5-2.3 Ma of about 50-60 m provide direct evidence from an ocean margin setting that supports deep sea oxygen isotopic evidence indicating major changes in global ice volume changes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(94)90245-3","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., Kitamura, A., Ikeya, N., Watanabe, M.E., and Kamiya, T., 1994, Late Pliocene climate change 3.4-2.3 Ma: paleoceanographic record from the Yabuta Formation, Sea of Japan: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 108, no. 3-4, p. 437-455, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(94)90245-3.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"455","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224624,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Sea of Japan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 140.94390917306583,\n 50.96963527374413\n ],\n [\n 136.67388183863352,\n 44.82951849359782\n ],\n [\n 131.22004425625613,\n 42.48563815675846\n ],\n [\n 127.24320076426045,\n 39.94943292012918\n ],\n [\n 129.3541114991189,\n 37.17262365238884\n ],\n [\n 129.80409778540383,\n 33.99505683710012\n ],\n [\n 134.79939777831402,\n 35.83333090510102\n ],\n [\n 139.63942735407568,\n 38.34912254724213\n ],\n [\n 141.93014612333832,\n 51.606702615964736\n ],\n [\n 140.94390917306583,\n 50.96963527374413\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a451ce4b0c8380cd67046","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kitamura, A.","contributorId":63964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitamura","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ikeya, Noriyuki","contributorId":101026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ikeya","given":"Noriyuki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watanabe, M. E.","contributorId":82264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watanabe","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kamiya, T.","contributorId":19302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamiya","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":33076,"text":"wri944075 - 1994 - An updated numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system for the Castle Lake debris dam, Mount St. Helens, Washington, and implications for dam stability against heave","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T06:35:55","indexId":"wri944075","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4075","title":"An updated numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system for the Castle Lake debris dam, Mount St. Helens, Washington, and implications for dam stability against heave","docAbstract":"A numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system in the Castle Lake debris dam, calibrated to data from the 1991 and 1992 water years, was used to estimate factors of safety against heave and internal erosion. The Castle Lake debris dam, 5 miles northwest of the summit of Mount St. Helens, impounds 19,000 acre-ft of water that could pose a flood hazard in the event of a lake breakout. A new topographic map of the Castle Lake area prior to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was prepared and used to calculate the thickness of the debris avalanche deposits that compose the dam. Water levels in 22 piezometers and discharges from seeps on the dam face measured several times per year beginning in 1990 supplemented measurements in 11 piezometers and less frequent seep discharge measurements made since 1983. Observations in one group of piezometers reveal heads above the land surface and head gradients favoring upward flow that correspond to factors of safety only slightly greater than 2. The steady-state ground-water flow system in the debris dam was simulated using a threedimensional finite difference computer program. A uniform, isotropic model having the same shape as the dam and a hydraulic conductivity of 1.55 ft/day simulates the correct water level at half the observation points, but is in error by 10 ft or more at other points. Spatial variations of hydraulic conductivity were required to calibrate the model. The model analysis suggests that ground water flows in both directions between the debris dam and Castle Lake. Factors of safety against heave and internal erosion were calculated where the model simulated upward flow of ground water. A critical gradient analysis yields factors of safety as low as 2 near the piezometers where water level observations indicate low factors of safety. Low safety factors are also computed near Castle Creek where slumping was caused by a storm in January, 1990. If hydraulic property contrasts are present in areas of the debris dam unsampled by piezometers, then low safety factors may exist that are not evident in the numerical model analysis. Numerical model simulations showed that lowering Castle Lake by 40 feet increases many factors of safety by 0.1, but increases greater than 1 are limited to the area of 1990 slumping.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944075","usgsCitation":"Roeloffs, E.A., 1994, An updated numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system for the Castle Lake debris dam, Mount St. Helens, Washington, and implications for dam stability against heave: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4075, vii, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944075.","productDescription":"vii, 80 p.","numberOfPages":"92","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363746,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":372516,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4075/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":372517,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4075/pdf/wri944075.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Castle Lake, Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.30804443359375,\n 46.1322667089571\n ],\n [\n -122.06359863281249,\n 46.1322667089571\n ],\n [\n -122.06359863281249,\n 46.382938567526786\n ],\n [\n -122.30804443359375,\n 46.382938567526786\n ],\n [\n -122.30804443359375,\n 46.1322667089571\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68412a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roeloffs, Evelyn A. 0000-0002-4761-0469 evelynr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-0469","contributorId":2680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"Evelyn","email":"evelynr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":511137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70189321,"text":"70189321 - 1994 - Two-dimensional advective transport in nonlinear regression; sensitivities and uncertainty of plume-front observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-11T10:19:55","indexId":"70189321","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Two-dimensional advective transport in nonlinear regression; sensitivities and uncertainty of plume-front observations","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: 1994 Groundwater Modeling Conference, August 10-12, 1994, Colorado State University Campus, Fort Collins, Colorado","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1994 Groundwater Modeling Conference","conferenceDate":"August 10-12, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Colorado State University Campus","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado State University","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, Colorado","usgsCitation":"Anderman, E., Hill, M.C., and Poeter, E.P., 1994, Two-dimensional advective transport in nonlinear regression; sensitivities and uncertainty of plume-front observations, chap. of Proceedings: 1994 Groundwater Modeling Conference, August 10-12, 1994, Colorado State University Campus, Fort Collins, Colorado, p. 55-62.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"55","endPage":"62","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343558,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5965e3aee4b0d1f9f05c1d93","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Warner, James W.","contributorId":106119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704175,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van der Heijde, Paul","contributorId":194449,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"van der Heijde","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704176,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Anderman, E.R.","contributorId":62241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderman","given":"E.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poeter, E. P.","contributorId":63851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poeter","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":32233,"text":"ofr94645 - 1994 - ANALOG: a program for estimating paleoclimate parameters using the method of modern analogs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:24","indexId":"ofr94645","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-645","title":"ANALOG: a program for estimating paleoclimate parameters using the method of modern analogs","docAbstract":"Beginning in the 1970s with CLIMAP, paleoclimatologists have been trying to derive quantitative estimates of climatic parameters from the sedimentary record. In general the procedure is to observe the modern distribution of some component of surface sediment that depends on climate, find an empirical relationship between climate and the character of sediments, then extrapolate past climate by studying older sediments in the same way.\r\n\r\nInitially the empirical relationship between climate and components of the sediment was determined using a multiple regression technique (Imbrie and Kipp, 1971). In these studies sea-floor sediments were examined to determine the percentage of various species of planktonic foraminifera present in them. Supposing that the distribution of foraminiferal assemblages depended strongly on the extremes of annual sea-surface temperature (SST), the foraminiferal assemblages (refined through use of varimax factor analysis) were regressed against the average SST during the coolest and warmest months of the year. The result was a set of transfer functions, equations that could be used to estimate cool and warm SST from the faunal composition of a sediment sample. Assuming that the ecological preference of the species had remained constant throughout the last several hundred thousand years, these transfer functions could be used to estimate SSTs during much of the late Pleistocene.\r\n\r\nHutson (1980) and Overpeck, Webb, and Prentice (1985) proposed an alternative approach to estimating paleoclimatic parameters. Their 'method of modern analogs' revolved not around the existence of a few climatically-sensitive faunal assemblages but rather on the expectation that similar climatic regimes should foster similar faunal and floral assemblages. From a large pool of modern samples, those few are selected whose faunal compositions are most similar to a given fossil sample. Paleoclimate estimates are derived using the climatic character of only the most similar modern samples, the modern analogs of the fossil sample.\r\n\r\nThis report describes how to use the program ANALOG to carry out the method of modern analogs. It is assumed that the user has faunal census estimates of one or more fossil samples, and one or more sets of faunal data from modern samples. Furthermore, the user must understand the taxonomic categories represented in the data sets, and be able to recognize taxa that are or may be considered equivalent in the analysis.\r\n\r\nANALOG provides the user with flexibility in input data format, output data content, and choice of distance measure, and allows the user to determine which taxa from each modern and fossil data file are compared. Most of the memory required by the program is allocated dynamically, so that, on systems that permit program segments to grow, the program consumes only as many system resources as are needed to accomplish its task.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr94645","usgsCitation":"Schweitzer, P.N., 1994, ANALOG: a program for estimating paleoclimate parameters using the method of modern analogs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-645, Dataset, source code, and accompanying documentation, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94645.","productDescription":"Dataset, source code, and accompanying documentation","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":321,"text":"Global Change Research Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7735,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/of94-645/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schweitzer, Peter N. pschweitzer@usgs.gov","contributorId":5905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweitzer","given":"Peter","email":"pschweitzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":208035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24221,"text":"ofr94572 - 1994 - Preliminary gravity and magnetic models across Midway Valley and Yucca Wash, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr94572","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-572","title":"Preliminary gravity and magnetic models across Midway Valley and Yucca Wash, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94572","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Ponce, D., and Langenheim, V., 1994, Preliminary gravity and magnetic models across Midway Valley and Yucca Wash, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-572, ii, 25 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94572.","productDescription":"ii, 25 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0572/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53355,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0572/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673484","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ponce, D. A. 0000-0003-4785-7354","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-7354","contributorId":104019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponce","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":191516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30429,"text":"wri944153 - 1994 - Hydraulic modeling of stream channels and structures in Harbor and Crow Hollow Brooks, Meriden, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:56","indexId":"wri944153","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4153","title":"Hydraulic modeling of stream channels and structures in Harbor and Crow Hollow Brooks, Meriden, Connecticut","docAbstract":"Effects of urbanization have increased the frequency and size of floods along certain reaches of Harbor Brook and Crow Hollow Brook in Meriden, Conn. A floodprofile-modeling study was conducted to model the effects of selected channel and structural modifications on flood elevations and inundated areas. The study covered the reach of Harbor Brook downstream from Interstate 691 and the reach of Crow Hollow Brook downstream from Johnson Avenue. Proposed modifications, which include changes to bank heights, channel geometry, structural geometry, and streambed armoring on Harbor Brook and changes to bank heights on Crow Hollow Brook, significantly lower flood elevations. Results of the modeling indicate a significant reduction of flood elevations for the 10-year, 25-year, 35-year, 50-year, and 100-year flood frequencies using proposed modifications to (1 ) bank heights between Harbor Brook Towers and Interstate 691 on Harbor Brook, and between Centennial Avenue and Johnson Avenue on Crow Hollow Brook; (2) channel geometry between Coe Avenue and Interstate 69 1 on Harbor Brook; (3) bridge and culvert opening geometry between Harbor Brook Towers and Interstate 691 on Harbor Brook; and (4) channel streambed armoring between Harbor Brook Towers and Interstate 691 on Harbor Brook. The proposed modifications were developed without consideration of cost-benefit ratios.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944153","usgsCitation":"Weiss, L.A., Sears, M.P., and Cervione, M.A., 1994, Hydraulic modeling of stream channels and structures in Harbor and Crow Hollow Brooks, Meriden, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4153, iv, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944153.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4153/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59207,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4153/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a2e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiss, Lawrence A.","contributorId":102528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sears, Michael P.","contributorId":28638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sears","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cervione, Michael A. Jr.","contributorId":23988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cervione","given":"Michael","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26045,"text":"wri934122 - 1994 - A comparison of simultaneous plasma, atomic absorption, and iron colorimetric determinations of major and trace constituents in acid mine waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-12T14:17:47.662418","indexId":"wri934122","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4122","title":"A comparison of simultaneous plasma, atomic absorption, and iron colorimetric determinations of major and trace constituents in acid mine waters","docAbstract":"Sixty-three water samples collected during June to October 1982 from the Leviathan/Bryant Creek drainage basin were originally analyzed by simultaneous multielement direct-current plasma (DCP) atomic-emission spectrometry, flame atomic-absorption spectrometry, graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) (thallium only), ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, and hydride-generation atomic-absorption spectrometry.Determinations were made for the following metallic and semi-metallic constituents: AI, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe(11), Fe(total), Li, Pb, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, K, Sb, Se, Si, Na, Sr, TI, V, and Zn. These samples were re-analyzed later by simultaneous multielement inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic-emission spectrometry and Zeeman-corrected GFAAS to determine the concentrations of many of the same constituents with improved accuracy, precision, and sensitivity. The result of this analysis has been the generation of comparative concentration values for a significant subset of the solute constituents. Many of the more recently determined values replace less-than-detection values for the trace metals; others constitute duplicate analyses for the major constituents. The multiple determinations have yielded a more complete, accurate, and precise set of analytical data. They also have resulted in an opportunity to compare the performance of the plasma-emission instruments operated in their respective simultaneous multielement modes. Flame atomic-absorption spectrometry was judged best for Na and K and hydride-generation atomic-absorption spectrometry was judged best for As because of their lower detection limit and relative freedom from interelement spectral effects. Colorimetric determination using ferrozine as the color agent was judged most accurate, precise, and sensitive for Fe. Cadmium, lead, and vanadium concentrations were too low in this set of samples to enable a determination of whether ICP or DCP is a more suitable technique. Of the remaining elements, Ba, Be, Ca, Cr, Mg, Mn, Sr, and Zn have roughly equivalent accuracy, precision, and detection limit by ICP and DCP. Cobalt and Ni were determined to be better analyzed by ICP, because of lower detection limits; B, Cu, Mo, and Si were determined to be better analyzed by DCP, because of relative freedom from interferences. The determination oral by DCP was far more sensitive, owing to the use of a more sensitive wavelength, compared with the ICP. However, there is a very serious potential interference from a strong Ca emission line near the 396.15 nanometer DCP wavelength. Thus, there is no clear choice between the plasma techniques tested, for the determination oral. The ICP and DCP detection limits are typically between 0.001 and 0.5 milligrams per liter in acid mine waters. For those metals best analyzed by ICP and/or DCP, but below these limits, GFAAS is the method of choice because of its relatively greater sensitivity and specificity. Six of the elements were not determined by DCP, ICP or Zeeman-corrected GFAAS, and are not discussed in this report. These elements are: Bi, Fe(11), Li, Sb, Se, and TI.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934122","usgsCitation":"Ball, J., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1994, A comparison of simultaneous plasma, atomic absorption, and iron colorimetric determinations of major and trace constituents in acid mine waters: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4122, viii, 151 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934122.","productDescription":"viii, 151 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54822,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4122/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123951,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4122/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0f56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, J.W.","contributorId":67507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20600,"text":"ofr94388 - 1994 - Global energy and water cycle experiment (GEWEX) continental-scale international project (GCIP); reference data sets CD-ROM","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:40","indexId":"ofr94388","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-388","title":"Global energy and water cycle experiment (GEWEX) continental-scale international project (GCIP); reference data sets CD-ROM","docAbstract":"The data sets on this compact disc are a compilation of several geographic reference data sets of interest to the global-change research community. The data sets were chosen with input from the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) Data Committee and the GCIP Hydrometeorology and Atmospheric Subpanels. The data sets include: locations and periods of record for stream gages, reservoir gages, and meteorological stations; a 500-meter-resolution digital elevation model; grid-node locations for the Eta numerical weather-prediction model; and digital map data sets of geology, land use, streams, large reservoirs, average annual runoff, average annual precipitation, average annual temperature, average annual heating and cooling degree days, hydrologic units, and state and county boundaries. Also included are digital index maps for LANDSAT scenes, and for the U.S. Geological Survey 1:250,000, 1:100,000, and 1:24,000-scale map series. Most of the data sets cover the conterminous United States; the digital elevation model also includes part of southern Canada. The stream and reservoir gage and meteorological station files cover all states having area within the Mississippi River Basin plus that part of the Mississippi River Basin lying within Canada. Several data-base retrievals were processed by state, therefore many sites outside the Mississippi River Basin are included.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94388","usgsCitation":"Rea, A., and Cederstrand, J.R., 1994, Global energy and water cycle experiment (GEWEX) continental-scale international project (GCIP); reference data sets CD-ROM: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-388, 1 computer laser optical disc ;4 3/4 in. +1 booklet ([4] p. ; 12 cm.), both in plastic box (13 x 15 x 1 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94388.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disc ;4 3/4 in. +1 booklet ([4] p. ; 12 cm.), both in plastic box (13 x 15 x 1 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674ae9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cederstrand, Joel R.","contributorId":15223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cederstrand","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26168,"text":"wri934003 - 1994 - Ground-water flow and quality, and geochemical processes, in Indian Wells Valley, Kern, Inyo, and San Bernardino counties, California, 1987-88","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri934003","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4003","title":"Ground-water flow and quality, and geochemical processes, in Indian Wells Valley, Kern, Inyo, and San Bernardino counties, California, 1987-88","docAbstract":"An existing water-quality data base for the 300- square-mile Indian Wells Valley was updated by means of chemical and isotopic analysis of ground water. The wide range in measured concentrations of major ions and of minor constituents such as fluoride, borate, nitrate, manganese, and iron is attributed to geochemical reactions within lacustrine deposits of the valley floor. These reactions include sulfate reduction accompanied by generation of alkalinity, precipitation of carbonates, exchange of aqueous alkaline-earth ions for sodium on clays, and dissolution of evaporite minerals. Differences in timing and location of recharge, which originates primarily in the Sierra Nevada to the west, and evapotranspiration from a shallow water table on the valley floor result in a wide range in ratios of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. As ground water moves from alluvium into lustrine deposits of the ancestral China Lake, dissolved-solids concen- trations increase from about 200 to more than 1,000 milligrams per liter; further large increases to several thousand milligrams per liter occur beneath the China Lake playa. Historical data show an increase during the past 20 years in dissolved- solids concentration in several wells in the principal pumping areas at Ridgecrest and between Ridgecrest and Inyokern. The increase apparently is caused by induced flow of saline ground water from nearby China, Mirror, and Satellite Lakes. A simplified advective-transport model calculates ground-water travel times between parts of the valley of at least several thousand years, indi- cating the presence of old ground water. A local ground-water line and an evaporation line estimated using isotopic data from the China Lake area inter- sect at a delta-deuterium value of about -125 permil. This indicates that late Pleistocene recharge was 15 to 35 permil more negative than current recharge.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934003","usgsCitation":"Berenbrock, C., and Schroeder, R.A., 1994, Ground-water flow and quality, and geochemical processes, in Indian Wells Valley, Kern, Inyo, and San Bernardino counties, California, 1987-88: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4003, vi, 59 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934003.","productDescription":"vi, 59 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4003/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54956,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4003/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54957,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ce7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles","contributorId":30598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schroeder, R. A.","contributorId":15554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19585,"text":"ofr94706W - 1994 - Water-quality conditions and streamflow gain and loss of the South Prong of Spavinaw Creek basin, Benton County, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:07","indexId":"ofr94706W","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-706","chapter":"W","title":"Water-quality conditions and streamflow gain and loss of the South Prong of Spavinaw Creek basin, Benton County, Arkansas","docAbstract":"A study of the South Prong of Spavinaw Creek Basin conducted baween July 14 and July 23. 1993. described the surface- and ground-water quality of the basin and the streamflow gain and loss. Water samples were collected from 10 sites on the mainstem of the South Prong of Spavinaw Creek and from 4 sites on tributaries during periods of low to moderate streamflow (less than 11 cubic feet per second). Water samples were collected from 4 wells and 10 springs located in the basin.\r\n\r\nIn 14 surface-water samples, nitrite plus nitrate concentrations ranged from 0.75 to 4.2 milligrams per liter as nitrogen (mg/L). Orthophosphorus concentrations ranged from 0 03 to O. 15 mg/L as phosphorus. Fecal coliform bacteria counts ranged from 61 to 1,400 colonies per 100 milliliters (col/lOO mL), with a median of 120 col/100 mL. Fecal streptococci bacteria counts ranged from 70 to greater than 2,000 col/100 mL with a median of 185 col/lOO mL. Analysis for selected metals collected at one surface-water sites indicates that concentrations were usually below the reporting limit.\r\n\r\nDiel dissolved oxygen concentrations and temperatures were measured at an upstream and downstream site on the mainstem of the stream. At the upstream site, dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 7.2 to 83 mg/L and temperatures ranged from 15.5 to 17.0 C. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were higher and temperature values were lower at lhe upstream site, which is located close to two springs that produce all of the flow at that site.\r\n\r\nDissolved nitrite plus nitrate was present in all four wells sampled in the basin with concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 3.5 mg/L as nitrogen. Orthophosphorus was present in concentrations ranging from less than 0.01 to 0.07 mg/L as phosphorus. Volatile organic compound analyses in two wells indicate that toluene was present in both wells and chloroform was present in one well. All other volatile organic compounds were found to be below the reporting limits. Analysis for common constituents and selected metals indicated that fluoride concentrations in one well exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's primary maximum contamination levels for drinking water.\r\n\r\nAnalyses of water samples collected from springs indicate that nitrite plus nitrate concen- trations ranged from 0.43 to 3.9 mg/L as nitrogen. Dissolved ammonia plus organic nitrogen concentrations ranged from less than 0.20 to 0.64 mg/L as nitrogen. Dissolved ammonia plus organic nitrogen concentrations ranged from less than 0.20 to 0.64 mg/L at nitrogen. Orthophosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 0.09 mg/L as phosphorus. Fecal coliform bacteria counts ranged from less than 3 to more than 2,000 col/100 mL, with a median of 370 col/100 mL. Fecal streptococci bacteria counts ranged from less than 4 to greater than 2,000 col/100 mL with a median of 435 col/100 mL.\r\n\r\nStreamflow in nine reaches of the mainstream increased an average of 20 percent. Six losing reaches were identified during the study, one located on the mainstem and the other five located on tributaries to the mainstem.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94706W","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology","usgsCitation":"Joseph, R.L., and Green, W.R., 1994, Water-quality conditions and streamflow gain and loss of the South Prong of Spavinaw Creek basin, Benton County, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-706, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94706W.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":151678,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0706w/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49055,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0706w/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.66666666666667,36.083333333333336 ], [ -94.66666666666667,36.583333333333336 ], [ -93.83333333333333,36.583333333333336 ], [ -93.83333333333333,36.083333333333336 ], [ -94.66666666666667,36.083333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e488ee4b07f02db51e5c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joseph, Robert L. rljoseph@usgs.gov","contributorId":3482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joseph","given":"Robert","email":"rljoseph@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":181165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, W. Reed","contributorId":87886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27344,"text":"wri944101 - 1994 - Hydrology and water quality of Whitewater and Rice lakes in southeastern Wisconsin, 1990-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T12:22:03","indexId":"wri944101","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4101","title":"Hydrology and water quality of Whitewater and Rice lakes in southeastern Wisconsin, 1990-91","docAbstract":"The hydrology and water quality of Whitewater and Rice Lakes was studied by the U.S. Geological Survey during November 15, 1990November 14, 1991, in cooperation with the Whitewater-Rice Lakes Management District, Walworth County, Wis. Whitewater and Rice Lakes are small, shallow lakes; surface areas are 697 and 162 acres and mean depths are 8.4 feet and 5.8 feet, respectively. Although both lakes have surface outlets, water levels were below the dam crests during the study, and no water left the lake through the outlets. The drainage basin of Whitewater Lake is 10.9 square miles and that of Rice Lake is 11.8 square miles; but, because of large amounts of depressional areas, only 1.4 square miles and 0.2 square mile, respectively, contribute surface runoff to the lakes. Whitewater Lake is an artificial lake created in 1947 by the damming of three smaller lakes. Rice Lake is an artificial lake created in 1954 by the damming of Whitewater Creek, which drains Whitewater Lake. Maintaining the lake levels at the elevations of their dam crests has been difficult since the lakes were created. For most years, water levels were below the lakes' dam crests.
\nGround water, precipitation, and evaporation are important components in the hydrologic budgets of the lakes. For Whitewater Lake, ground water was the dominant source of water, accounting for 57 percent of the inflow budget; precipitation accounted for 26 percent. Ground water also dominated the outflow, accounting for 81 percent of the outflow budget. The remaining 19 percent of the outflow budget was evaporation. For Rice Lake, precipitation was the dominant source of water, accounting for 88 percent of the inflow budget; ground water accounted for 8 percent. Evaporation dominated the outflow budget, at 70 percent, whereas ground water accounted for 30 percent.
\nThe external phosphorus budget for Whitewater Lake showed that shoreline drainage was the largest source of phosphorus to the lake42 percent of the total input of 558 pounds. Other sources of phosphorus were septic systems, 19 percent of the total; precipitation, 18 percent; a spring inlet at base flow, 13 percent; and ground water, 8 percent. The external phosphorus budget for Rice Lake showed that shoreline drainage also was the largest source of phosphorus to the lake-59 percent of the total input of 63 pounds; other sources were precipitation, 38 percent of the total; and ground water, 3 percent. Application of Vollenweider's phosphorus loading model fairly accurately predicted the lakes' spring turnover phosphorus concentrations and suggested that the external loading of phosphorus would result in mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions for Whitewater Lake and mesotrophic conditions for Rice Lake. Dillon and Rigler's model further suggested additional phosphorus from internal recycling was required to result in the high chlorophyll-a concentrations experienced in both systems during summer. Internal recycling of phosphorus in addition to external loading seems to also cause waterquality problems in both lakes. The amount of phosphorus recycled from the lake sediments was estimated from a mass-balance approach for April 1-November 14, 1991. For Whitewater Lake, the internal load of 582 pounds was slightly greater than the annual external load of 558 pounds. For Rice Lake, the internal load of 295 pounds far exceeded the annual external load of 63 pounds.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944101","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Whitewater-Rice Lakes Management District","usgsCitation":"Goddard, G., and Field, S.J., 1994, Hydrology and water quality of Whitewater and Rice lakes in southeastern Wisconsin, 1990-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4101, v, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944101.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56207,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4101/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119745,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4101/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Walworth County","otherGeospatial":"Rice Lake, Whitewater Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.65486145019531,\n 42.84777884235988\n ],\n [\n -88.55941772460938,\n 42.805728711206285\n ],\n [\n -88.66756439208984,\n 42.71069600569494\n ],\n [\n -88.71700286865234,\n 42.66703805067892\n ],\n [\n -88.81553649902344,\n 42.718768102606354\n ],\n [\n -88.76850128173828,\n 42.77196720401213\n ],\n [\n -88.67408752441406,\n 42.85004420475656\n ],\n [\n -88.65486145019531,\n 42.84777884235988\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499ee4b07f02db5bcaed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goddard, Gerald","contributorId":54202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goddard","given":"Gerald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Field, S. J.","contributorId":50540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}