The hydrology and water quality of Whitewater and Rice Lakes was studied by the U.S. Geological Survey during November 15, 1990November 14, 1991, in cooperation with the Whitewater-Rice Lakes Management District, Walworth County, Wis. Whitewater and Rice Lakes are small, shallow lakes; surface areas are 697 and 162 acres and mean depths are 8.4 feet and 5.8 feet, respectively. Although both lakes have surface outlets, water levels were below the dam crests during the study, and no water left the lake through the outlets. The drainage basin of Whitewater Lake is 10.9 square miles and that of Rice Lake is 11.8 square miles; but, because of large amounts of depressional areas, only 1.4 square miles and 0.2 square mile, respectively, contribute surface runoff to the lakes. Whitewater Lake is an artificial lake created in 1947 by the damming of three smaller lakes. Rice Lake is an artificial lake created in 1954 by the damming of Whitewater Creek, which drains Whitewater Lake. Maintaining the lake levels at the elevations of their dam crests has been difficult since the lakes were created. For most years, water levels were below the lakes' dam crests.
\nGround water, precipitation, and evaporation are important components in the hydrologic budgets of the lakes. For Whitewater Lake, ground water was the dominant source of water, accounting for 57 percent of the inflow budget; precipitation accounted for 26 percent. Ground water also dominated the outflow, accounting for 81 percent of the outflow budget. The remaining 19 percent of the outflow budget was evaporation. For Rice Lake, precipitation was the dominant source of water, accounting for 88 percent of the inflow budget; ground water accounted for 8 percent. Evaporation dominated the outflow budget, at 70 percent, whereas ground water accounted for 30 percent.
\nThe external phosphorus budget for Whitewater Lake showed that shoreline drainage was the largest source of phosphorus to the lake42 percent of the total input of 558 pounds. Other sources of phosphorus were septic systems, 19 percent of the total; precipitation, 18 percent; a spring inlet at base flow, 13 percent; and ground water, 8 percent. The external phosphorus budget for Rice Lake showed that shoreline drainage also was the largest source of phosphorus to the lake-59 percent of the total input of 63 pounds; other sources were precipitation, 38 percent of the total; and ground water, 3 percent. Application of Vollenweider's phosphorus loading model fairly accurately predicted the lakes' spring turnover phosphorus concentrations and suggested that the external loading of phosphorus would result in mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions for Whitewater Lake and mesotrophic conditions for Rice Lake. Dillon and Rigler's model further suggested additional phosphorus from internal recycling was required to result in the high chlorophyll-a concentrations experienced in both systems during summer. Internal recycling of phosphorus in addition to external loading seems to also cause waterquality problems in both lakes. The amount of phosphorus recycled from the lake sediments was estimated from a mass-balance approach for April 1-November 14, 1991. For Whitewater Lake, the internal load of 582 pounds was slightly greater than the annual external load of 558 pounds. For Rice Lake, the internal load of 295 pounds far exceeded the annual external load of 63 pounds.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944101","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Whitewater-Rice Lakes Management District","usgsCitation":"Goddard, G., and Field, S.J., 1994, Hydrology and water quality of Whitewater and Rice lakes in southeastern Wisconsin, 1990-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4101, v, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944101.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56207,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4101/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119745,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4101/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Walworth County","otherGeospatial":"Rice Lake, Whitewater Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.65486145019531,\n 42.84777884235988\n ],\n [\n -88.55941772460938,\n 42.805728711206285\n ],\n [\n -88.66756439208984,\n 42.71069600569494\n ],\n [\n -88.71700286865234,\n 42.66703805067892\n ],\n [\n -88.81553649902344,\n 42.718768102606354\n ],\n [\n -88.76850128173828,\n 42.77196720401213\n ],\n [\n -88.67408752441406,\n 42.85004420475656\n ],\n [\n -88.65486145019531,\n 42.84777884235988\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499ee4b07f02db5bcaed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goddard, Gerald","contributorId":54202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goddard","given":"Gerald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Field, S. J.","contributorId":50540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27669,"text":"wri944158 - 1994 - Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges and flood frequencies, and simulation of flood-detention reservoir outflow hydrographs in two watersheds in Albany, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-05T20:34:39.657275","indexId":"wri944158","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4158","title":"Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges and flood frequencies, and simulation of flood-detention reservoir outflow hydrographs in two watersheds in Albany, Georgia","docAbstract":"
This report describes the effects of flood-detention reservoirs on downstream peak discharges of two urban tributaries to Kinchafoonee Creek (tributaries 1 and 2) in Albany, Georgia and presents simulated flood-detention reservoir outflow hydrographs. Rainfall-runoff data were collected for six years at two stations in these two urban watersheds. Tributary number 1 basin has a drainage area of 0.12 square miles, contains 23.8 percent impervious area, and contains two detention reservoirs. Tributary number 2 basin has a drainage area of 0.09 square miles, contains 12.9 percent impervious area, and has one detention reservoir. The Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model (DR3M) was calibrated using rainfall-runoff data collected during 1987- 92 at each station. DR3M was then used to simulate long-term (1906-33, 1941-73) peak discharges for these stations for conditions ranging from the existing condition with all detention reservoirs in place to the condition of no detention reservoirs. Flood-frequency relations based on the long-term peak discharges were developed for each simulation by fitting the logarithms of the annual peak discharge data to a Pearson type III distribution curve. The effect of detention reservoirs on peak discharge data to a Pearson type III distribution curve. The effect of detention reservoirs on peak discharges was determined by comparison of simulated flood-frequency peak discharges for conditions with and without the detention reservoirs. The comparisons indicated that the removal of flood-detention reservoirs from the tributary number 1 basin would increase the 10-, 50-, and 100-year peak discharges by 164 to 204 percent. Removal of the reservoir from tributary number 2 basin would increase these discharges by about 145 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944158","usgsCitation":"Hess, G.W., and Inman, E.J., 1994, Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges and flood frequencies, and simulation of flood-detention reservoir outflow hydrographs in two watersheds in Albany, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4158, vi, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944158.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393931,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48037.htm"},{"id":56520,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4158/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4158/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Albany","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.2706298828125,\n 31.508312698943445\n ],\n [\n -84.04403686523438,\n 31.508312698943445\n ],\n [\n -84.04403686523438,\n 31.631167783684678\n ],\n [\n -84.2706298828125,\n 31.631167783684678\n ],\n [\n -84.2706298828125,\n 31.508312698943445\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f92d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, G. W.","contributorId":43338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Inman, E. J.","contributorId":44193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29693,"text":"wri944231 - 1994 - Contributing recharge areas to water-supply wells at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri944231","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4231","title":"Contributing recharge areas to water-supply wells at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","docAbstract":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, in southwestern Ohio, has operated three well fields--Area B, Skeel Road, and the East Well Fields--to supply potable water for consumption and use for base activities. To protect these well fields from contamination and to comply with the Ohio Wellhead Protection Plan, the Base is developing a wellhead-protection program for the well fields.\r\n\r\nA three-dimensional, steady-state ground-water-flow model was developed in 1993 to simulate heads in (1) the buried-valley aquifer system that is tapped by the two active well fields, and in (2) an upland bedrock aquifer that may supply water to the wells. An advective particle-tracking algorithm that requires estimated porosities and simulated heads was used to estimate ground-water-flow pathlines and traveltimes to the active well fields. Contributing recharge areas (CRA's)--areas on the water table that contribute water to a well or well field--were generated for 1-, 5-, and 10-year traveltimes.\r\n\r\nResults from the simulation and subsequent particle tracking indicate that the CRA's for the Skeel Road Well Fields are oval and extend north- ward, toward the Mad River, as pumping at the well field increases. The sizes of the 1-, 5-, and 10-year CRA's of Skeel Road Well Field, under maximum pumping conditions, are approximately 0.5, 1.5 and 3.2 square miles, respectively. The CRA's for the Area B Well Field extend to the north, up the Mad River Valley; as pumping increases at the well field, the CRA's extend up the Mad River Valley under Huffman Dam. The sizes of the 1-, 5-, and 10-year CRA's of Area B Well Field, under maximum pumping conditions, are approximately 0.1, 0.5, and 0.9 square miles, respectively. The CRA's for the East Well Field are affected by nearby streams under average pumping conditions. The sizes of the 1-, 5-, and 10-year CRA's of the East Well Field, under maximum pumping conditions, are approximately 0.2, 1.2, and 2.4 square miles, respectively. However, as pumping increases at the East Well Field, the ground-water-flow model develops numerical instabilities which limit the usefulness of the CRA's.\r\n\r\nSensitivity analyses show that variation of horizontal hydraulic conductivity and porosity in the upland bedrock does not affect the CRA's of the Skeel Road Well Field but does have a slight affect on the CRA's of the Area B Well Field. Uncertainties in horizontal hydraulic conductivity and porosity of the valley-train deposits have the largest affect on the size and shape of the CRA's of the Skeel Road Well Field. The position and size of the CRA's of Area B are probably also controlled by induced infiltration from the nearby Mad River and by pumping at the Rohrer's Island Well Field. However, uncertainty in riverbed conductance, which affects induced infiltration, does not significantly affect the size and shape of these CRA's.\r\n\r\nPumping centers not included in the ground-water-flow model do not appreciably affect the CRA's of the Area B and Skeel Road Well Fields under normal pumping. The pumping centers, located near Huffman Dam, will probably limit the northern extent of teh CRA's of Area B Well Field under greater than normal pumping conditions. The CRA's of the East Well Field will propagate farther to the northeast and southwest as a result of the increased pumping-related stress to the aquifer system.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944231","usgsCitation":"Sheets, R.A., 1994, Contributing recharge areas to water-supply wells at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4231, iv, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944231.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4231/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58516,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4231/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db6296f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheets, R. A.","contributorId":43381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheets","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20128,"text":"ofr93435 - 1994 - Cyclic injection, storage, and withdrawal of heated water in a sandstone aquifer at St. Paul, Minnesota: Analysis of thermal data and nonisothermal modeling of short-term test cycles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T10:21:29","indexId":"ofr93435","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-435","title":"Cyclic injection, storage, and withdrawal of heated water in a sandstone aquifer at St. Paul, Minnesota: Analysis of thermal data and nonisothermal modeling of short-term test cycles","docAbstract":"In May 1980, the University of Minnesota began a project to evaluate the feasibility of storing heated water (150 degrees Celsius) in the Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer (180 to 240 meters below land surface) and later recovering it for space heating. The University's steam-generation facilities supplied high-temperature water for injection. The Aquifer Thermal-Energy Storage system is a doublet-well design in which the injection-withdrawal wells are spaced approximately 250 meters apart. Water was pumped from one of the wells through a heat exchanger, where heat was added or removed. This water was then injected back into the aquifer through the other well.
\nFour short-term test cycles were completed. Each cycle consisted of approximately equal durations of injection and withdrawal ranging from 5.25 to 8.01 days. Equal rates of injection and withdrawal, ranging from 17.4 to 18.6 liters per second, were maintained for each short-term test cycle. Average injection temperatures ranged from 88.5 to 117.9 degrees Celsius.
\nTemperature graphs for selected depths at individual observation wells indicate that the Ironton and Galesville Sandstones received and stored more thermal energy than the upper part of the Franconia Formation. Clogging of the Ironton Sandstone was possibly due to precipitation of calcium carbonate or movement of fine-grain material or both. Vertical-profile plots indicate that the effects of buoyancy flow were small within the aquifer.
\nA three-dimensional, anisotropic, nonisothermal, ground-water-flow, and thermal-energy-transport model was constructed to simulate the four short-term test cycles. The model was used to simulate the entire short-term testing period of approximately 400 days. The only model properties varied during model calibration were longitudinal and transverse thermal dispersivities, which, for final calibration, were simulated as 3.3 and 0.33 meters, respectively. The model was calibrated by comparing model-computed results to (1) measured temperatures at selected altitudes in four observation wells, (2) measured temperatures at the production well, and (3) calculated thermal efficiencies of the aquifer. Model-computed withdrawal-water temperatures were within an average of about 3 percent of measured values and model-computed aquifer-thermal efficiencies were within an average of about 5 percent of calculated values for the short-term test cycles. These data indicate that the model accurately simulated thermal-energy storage within the Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr93435","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Minnesota and the Minnesota Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.T., and Delin, G., 1994, Cyclic injection, storage, and withdrawal of heated water in a sandstone aquifer at St. Paul, Minnesota: Analysis of thermal data and nonisothermal modeling of short-term test cycles: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-435, vi, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93435.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0435/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95441,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0435/report.pdf","size":"13067","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ec17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Robert T.","contributorId":91892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20710,"text":"ofr94597 - 1994 - Measurements of sand thicknesses in Grand Canyon, Arizona, and a conceptual model for characterizing changes in sand-bar volume through time and space","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:52","indexId":"ofr94597","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-597","title":"Measurements of sand thicknesses in Grand Canyon, Arizona, and a conceptual model for characterizing changes in sand-bar volume through time and space","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94597","usgsCitation":"Rubin, D.M., Anima, R.J., and Sanders, R., 1994, Measurements of sand thicknesses in Grand Canyon, Arizona, and a conceptual model for characterizing changes in sand-bar volume through time and space: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-597, 9 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94597.","productDescription":"9 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0597/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50270,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0597/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db6112e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubin, David M. 0000-0003-1169-1452 drubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1452","contributorId":3159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"David","email":"drubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anima, Roberto J.","contributorId":32499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anima","given":"Roberto","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanders, Rex rsanders@usgs.gov","contributorId":4497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanders","given":"Rex","email":"rsanders@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28349,"text":"wri944097 - 1994 - Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Pueblo Reservoir, Colorado, 1985-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-22T13:10:52","indexId":"wri944097","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4097","title":"Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Pueblo Reservoir, Colorado, 1985-89","docAbstract":"Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Pueblo Reservoir are described on the basis of data collected from spring 1985 through fall 1989. Also included are discussions of water quality of the upper Arkansas River Basin and the reservoir as they relate to reservoir operations. Pueblo Reservoir is a multipurpose, main-stem reservoir on the Arkansas River about 6 miles west of Pueblo, Colorado. At the top of its conservation pool, the reservoir is more than 9 miles long and ranges in depth from a few feet at the inflow to about 155 feet at the dam. Pueblo Reservoir derives most of its contents from the Arkansas River, which comprises native and transmountain flow.
With respect to water temperature, the reservoir typically was well mixed to weakly stratified during the early spring and gradually became strongly stratified by May. The strong thermal stratification and underflow of the Arkansas River generally persisted into August, at which time the reservoir surface began to cool and the reservoir subsequently underwent fall turnover. Following fall turnover, the reservoir was stratified to some degree in the shallow upstream part and well mixed in the deeper middle and downstream parts. Reservoir residence times were affected by the extent of stratification present. When the reservoir was well mixed, residence times were as long as several months. During the summer when the reservoir was strongly stratified, reservoir releases were large, and when underflow was the prevalent flow pattern of the Arkansas River, reservoir residence times were as short as 30 days.
Most particulate matter settled from the water column between the inflow and a distance of about 5 miles downstream. On occasions of large streamflows and sediment loads from the Arkansas River, particulate matter was transported completely through the reservoir. Water transparency, as measured with a Secchi disk, increased in a downstream direction from the reservoir inflow. The increase probably was a result of sediment settling from the water column in the upstream part of the reservoir. Secchi-disk depths in December through April were larger than those in May through November. Secchi-disk depths were small between May through August as inflow sediment loads and reservoir biomass increased. In the fall, Secchi-disk depths remained small possibly as the result of resuspension of sediment and detritus within the water column.
Dissolved-oxygen concentrations generally were near supersaturation near the reservoir surface. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations decreased with increasing depth. On several occasions during the summer, dissolved oxygen became completely depleted in the hypolimnion of the downstream part of the reservoir. The most extensive period of anoxia that was measured was in August 1988; the bottom 12 to 30 feet of the downstream end of the reservoir was anoxic. Fall turnover typically resulted in well-oxygenated conditions throughout the water column from September or October through the spring. Values of pH ranged from 7.5 to 9.0 and typically were largest near the surface and decreased with depth.
Dissolved-solids concentrations in the reservoir primarily are affected by dissolved solids in the inflow from the Arkansas River. Concentrations are largest during periods of decreased streamflows, September through April, and decrease with increasing streamflows in May through August. The median dissolved-solids concentration increased from 224 milligrams per liter at the inflow to 262 milligrams per liter at the outflow. However, a statistical analysis of dissolved solids indicated the apparent increase in dissolved-solids concentrations between the inflow and outflow was not significant. Calcium, sulfate, and bicarbonate are the major dissolved ions in Pueblo Reservoir.
Concentrations of the major nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, varied within the reservoir because of settling of particulate matter, uptake by phytoplankton near the reservoir surface, and releases from the reservoir bottom sediments. Phosphorus was indicated to be a potentially growth-limiting nutrient in the reservoir because of its relatively small concentrations. During 1986 and 1987, the reservoir retained about 35 percent (359 tons) of the total nitrogen load and about 83 percent (203 tons) of the total phosphorus load. Settling of particulate matter from the water column and uptake by phytoplankton are the major nutrient sinks in the reservoir.
Barium, iron, manganese, and zinc were the major trace elements in Pueblo Reservoir. Traceelement concentrations in the reservoir varied because of seasonality of trace-element concentrations in the Arkansas River, settling of particulate matter, and flux of trace elements from the bottom sediments. The aquatic-life standard in Pueblo Reservoir for total-recoverable iron (1,000 micrograms per liter) and the public water-supply standard for dissolved manganese (50 micrograms per liter) were exceeded on several occasions during the summer. Elevated concentrations of totalrecoverable iron and dissolved manganese in the Arkansas River during summer runoff contributed to exceedances in the upper part of the reservoir. Flux of manganese from the reservoir bottom sediments during periods of low or depleted dissolved-oxygen concentrations contributed to exceedances in the deeper, downstream parts of the reservoir. Concentrations of lead, mercury, and zinc were elevated in the reservoir bottom sediments and may be the result of metal-mine drainage in the upper Arkansas River Basin.
Median concentrations of total organic carbon ranged from 3.1 to 4.5 milligrams per liter in May through September and from 2.5 to 3.5 milligrams per liter in October through April. Totalorganic-carbon concentrations in the reservoir were largest in the summer when streamflows and total-organic-carbon concentrations are largest in the Arkansas River. Total-organic-carbon concentrations in the reservoir decrease downstream from the reservoir inflow because of settling of particulate organic carbon.
Levels of gross-alpha and gross-beta radioactivity generally were relatively low. In 7 of 31 samples collected, dissolved gross-alpha radioactivity, as natural uranium, exceeded 5 picocuries per liter, the level at which additional radiochemical analyses are recommended for drinking-water supplies. Potential sources of uranium in Pueblo Reservoir include weathering of exposed uranium ore deposits in the upper Arkansas River Basin and a uranium milling operation near Canon City.
Phytoplankton densities and biovolumes measured during the winter, spring, and fall generally were indicative of a small to moderate algal biomass. Phytoplankton production tended to be largest during the summer. During the summer, phytoplankton densities and biovolumes generally were indicative of a moderate to large algal biomass. However, excessive algal production and biomass periodically occurred during the spring, summer, and fall. Three species of phytoplankton that are specifically associated with taste-and-odor problems in drinking water were identified on several occasions in water samples collected from Pueblo Reservoir.
Reservoir operations and hydrodynamics can substantially affect processes that affect reservoir water quality. Stratification, underflow, and hypolimnetic withdrawals affect concentrations of dissolved solids, availability of nutrients, and concentrations of metals in the reservoir. Stratification impedes the mixing of epilimnetic and hypolimnetic waters, and the prevalent underflow that occurs during the summer results in a decrease in the potential dilution of inflowing river water with reservoir water. The underflow also decreases the maximum available nutrient load to the euphotic zone, which can, in turn, offset the maximum algal growth potential. Increased dissolved-solids, nutrient, and metal concentrations that occur in the hypolimnion during the summer are partially offset by hypolimnetic withdrawals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944097","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pueblo Board of Water Works, Fountain Valley Authority, Southeastern Colorado Water Conservancy District, Pueblo West Metropolitan District, St. Charles Mesa Water District, and the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Lewis, M.E., and Edelmann, P., 1994, Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Pueblo Reservoir, Colorado, 1985-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4097, Report: v, 71 p.; 1 Plate: 19.28 x 15.51 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944097.","productDescription":"Report: v, 71 p.; 1 Plate: 19.28 x 15.51 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57155,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4097/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123858,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4097/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":352735,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4097/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Pueblo Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.9,\n 38.22\n ],\n [\n -104.64,\n 38.22\n ],\n [\n -104.64,\n 38.32\n ],\n [\n -104.9,\n 38.32\n ],\n [\n -104.9,\n 38.22\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db68503b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, Michael E. mlewis@usgs.gov","contributorId":3849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Michael","email":"mlewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edelmann, Patrick","contributorId":86305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edelmann","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30447,"text":"wri944058 - 1994 - Calibration, verification, and use of a water-quality model to simulate effects of discharging treated wastewater to the Red River of the North at Fargo, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-14T16:51:25","indexId":"wri944058","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4058","title":"Calibration, verification, and use of a water-quality model to simulate effects of discharging treated wastewater to the Red River of the North at Fargo, North Dakota","docAbstract":"A 30.8-mile reach of the Red River of the North receives treated wastewater from plants at Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota, and streamflows from the Sheyenne River. A one-dimensional, steady-state, stream water-quality model, the Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model (QUAL2E), was calibrated and verified for summer streamflow conditions to simulate some of the biochemical processes that result from discharging treated wastewater into this reach of the river.
Data obtained to define the river's transport conditions are measurements of channel geometry, streamflow, traveltime, specific conductance, and temperature. Data obtained to define the river's water-quality conditions are measurements of concentrations of selected water-quality constituents and estimates of various reaction coefficients. Most of the water-quality data used to calibrate and verify the model were obtained during two synoptic samplings in August 1989 and August 1990.
The water-quality model simulates specific conductance, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, ultimate carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, total ammonia as nitrogen, total organic nitrogen as nitrogen, total phosphorus as phosphorus, and algal biomass as chlorophyll a. Of the nine properties and constituents that the calibrated model simulates, all except algae were verified. When increases in dissolved-oxygen concentration are considered, model sensitivity analyses indicate that dissolved-oxygen concentration is most sensitive to maximum specific algal growth rate. When decreases in dissolved-oxygen concentration are considered, model sensitivity analyses indicate that dissolved-oxygen concentration is most sensitive to point-source ammonia. Model simulations indicate nitrification and sediment oxygen demand consume most of the dissolved oxygen in the study reach.
The Red River at Fargo Water-Quality Model and the verification data set, including associated reaction-coefficient values as input, were used to simulate total ammonia as nitrogen, total nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen for water-quality conditions that result from three hypothetical boundary conditions. The model was applied to various combinations of three hypothetical waste loads when the headwater streamflow was either 50 or 75 cubic feet per second, when Fargo's wastewater-treatment plant outflow was either 15 or 37.8 cubic feet per second, and when total ammonia as nitrogen concentration of the outflow was either 5,9, or 15 milligrams per liter. For each hypothetical waste load, at least one water-quality standard for either total ammonia as nitrogen, total nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, or dissolved oxygen was contravened, and, for one scenario, all three standards were contravened.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944058","usgsCitation":"Wesolowski, E.A., 1994, Calibration, verification, and use of a water-quality model to simulate effects of discharging treated wastewater to the Red River of the North at Fargo, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4058, viii, 143 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944058.","productDescription":"viii, 143 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":59230,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4058/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124074,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4058/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e72f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesolowski, Edwin A.","contributorId":14014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesolowski","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44731,"text":"wri944119 - 1994 - Bathymetric map of Coeur D'Alene Lake, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-13T14:08:59","indexId":"wri944119","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4119","title":"Bathymetric map of Coeur D'Alene Lake, Idaho","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey investigated nutrient and trace-element enrichment in Coeur d'Alene Lake, northern Idaho, during 1991-92. The objectives of the investigation were to characterize limnology, quantify hydrologic and nutrient budgets, and develop a nutrient-load/lake-response model. The model required bathymetric data to compute mass balances of water and nutrients within many depth layers in the lake. A review of historical bathymetric data for the lake (Funk and others, 1973; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1977; Milligan and others, 1983) revealed a need for contoured bathymetric data. Therefore, to augment past studies, the U.S. Geological Survey collected extensive bathymetric data and developed a bathymetric map of Coeur d'Alene Lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944119","usgsCitation":"Woods, P.F., and Berenbrock, C.E., 1994, Bathymetric map of Coeur D'Alene Lake, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4119, 26.35 x 38.02 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944119.","productDescription":"26.35 x 38.02 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361878,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4119/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":167920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4119/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"48000","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Coeur D'alene Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.916667,47.370833 ], [ -118.916667,47.69 ], [ -118.666667,47.69 ], [ -118.666667,47.370833 ], [ -118.916667,47.370833 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640a2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woods, P. F.","contributorId":97509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles E. ceberenb@usgs.gov","contributorId":857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"ceberenb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29353,"text":"wri944155 - 1994 - Development and application of generalized-least-squares regression models to estimate low-flow duration discharges in Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri944155","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4155","title":"Development and application of generalized-least-squares regression models to estimate low-flow duration discharges in Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Physically based mathematical models were developed by use of generalized-least-squares regression analyses to estimate long-term 95-, 98-, and 99-percent duration discharges for ungaged streams in Massachusetts. Duration discharges for 61 sites were used in the recession analyses; 37 sites were streamflow-gaging stations and 24 sites were low-flow partial-record stations. The duration discharges were related to basin chacteristics measured from digital data bases, by use of geographic information systems computer software. Significant chacterisfics used in the models were drainage area, area underlain by stratified-drift deposits per unit of stream length in the basin, and a surrogate for the effective head on the aquifer in the stratified-drift deposits, computed by subtracting the minimum basin elevation from the mean basin elevation. Standard errors of prediction were 57.5, 85.6, and 98.5 percent for models for the 95-, 98-, and 99-percent duration discharges, respectively. Model error variances were about 10 times the sampling error variances, indicating that the precision of future models are likely to be improved more by obtaining better measurements of basin characteristics or by adding new sites to the analyses than by collecting more streamflow data at the sites presently used in the analyses. The models were used to predict duration discharges for 35 selected sites in the Concord River, Noah Coastal, South Coastal, Narragansett and Tenmile River Basins. Ninety-perrcent prediction intervals were computed for the estimates at each of the sites, except at sites where values of the independent variables were outside the ranges of those for the sites used in the regression analyses.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944155","usgsCitation":"Ries, K., 1994, Development and application of generalized-least-squares regression models to estimate low-flow duration discharges in Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4155, iv, 33 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944155.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4155/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58205,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4155/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6672fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ries, Kernell G. III kries@usgs.gov","contributorId":1913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ries","given":"Kernell G.","suffix":"III","email":"kries@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":201395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28180,"text":"wri934039 - 1994 - Simulations of flow in the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system and contiguous hydraulically connected units, west-central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-15T22:51:23.899979","indexId":"wri934039","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4039","title":"Simulations of flow in the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system and contiguous hydraulically connected units, west-central Texas","docAbstract":"The Edwards-Trinity aquifer system is currently (1993) being studied as part of the Regional Aquifer-Systems Analysis program. A major goal of the project is to understand and describe the regional ground-water flow system. A finite-element model for simulating two-dimensional steady-state ground-water flow was applied to the major aquifers of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system and contiguous hydraulically connected units for the winter of 1974-75 and for the predevelopment conditions. The major aquifers are the Edwards-Trinity in the western semiarid part of the study area, the Trinity in the eastern subhumid part of the study area, and the Edwards in the southeastern part of the study area. The Edwards-Trinity, upper part of the Trinity, and part of the Edwards aquifers are shallow and unconfined over most of the study area. Regional ground-water flow is toward the perennial streams for the Edwards-Trinity and Trinity aquifers, as indicated by the observed and simulated potentiometric surfaces.
\nThe transmissivity values used in the simulations were within estimated ranges and generally are: 1,000 to 10,000 ft2/d (feet squared per day) for the Edwards-Trinity and Trinity aquifers; 100,000 to greater than 1 million ft2/d for the Edwards aquifer; and less than 500 to 10,000 ft2/d in contiguous hydraulically connected units. Simulated flow through the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system and contiguous hydraulically connected units is about 3 million acre-feet per year. Estimates of areally distributed recharge from the simulations range from 0.1 to 1 inch per year for the Edwards-Trinity aquifer and increase to 4 inches per year for the Trinity aquifer. Recharge to the Edwards aquifer occurs along streambeds that cross outcropped high-permeability rocks of the Edwards Group through joints and faults. Many of the streams are diverted completely underground during periods of no precipitation. The movement of a substantial quantity of water (about 400 cubic feet per second) from the Trinity and Edwards-Trinity aquifers into the Edwards aquifer was simulated. Results of the simulations indicate that anisotropy strongly influences flow in the Edwards aquifer. In the San Antonio and Austin areas, the Edwards aquifer is the most active part of the ground-water flow system with one-third of ground-water discharge occurring in 5 percent of the modeled area for both simulations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri934039","usgsCitation":"Kuniansky, E., and Holligan, K.Q., 1994, Simulations of flow in the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system and contiguous hydraulically connected units, west-central Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4039, Document: iv, 40 p.; 3 Plates: 38.00 × 26.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934039.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 40 p.; 3 Plates: 38.00 × 26.50 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410601,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47767.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57019,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4039/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57018,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4039/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57017,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4039/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57016,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4039/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4039/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Edwards-Trinity aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.2125,\n 32.4833\n ],\n [\n -104.2125,\n 29.05\n ],\n [\n -97.45,\n 29.05\n ],\n [\n -97.45,\n 32.4833\n ],\n [\n -104.2125,\n 32.4833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1c32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuniansky, E. L.","contributorId":82342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuniansky","given":"E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holligan, K. Q.","contributorId":104536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holligan","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28842,"text":"wri934116 - 1994 - Application of the precipitation-runoff modeling system model to simulate dry season runoff for three watersheds in south-central Guam","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:44","indexId":"wri934116","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4116","title":"Application of the precipitation-runoff modeling system model to simulate dry season runoff for three watersheds in south-central Guam","docAbstract":"The Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model was calibrated and verified using existing hydrologic and climatic data for the Maulap and Imong River watersheds for simulation of dry season runoff from three gaged areas that contribute to the Fena Reservoir water supply. The model was applied to the Almagosa River watershed by transferring calibrated parameters and coefficients because data were not available for daily diversions of as much as 3.9 cubic feet per second of runoff at Almagosa Springs. Application of the model in the watershed of Fena Reservoir can provide a physically based method for estimating reservoir recharge during the dry season, January through May. Estimated recharge can be examined in relation to the effect of varying intensities of monthly reservoir-water production in order to identify a basis for the rational release of water. Differences between simulated and observed monthly mean runoff for dry season months in the verification period (November 1980 through December 1981) ranged from-0.04 cubic feet per second (-3.51 percent) to 0.74 cubic feet per second (30.34 percent) at Maulap River and from 0.03 cubic feet per second (1.3 percent) to 1.19 cubic feet per second (27.95 percent) at Imong River. On the basis of runoff simulations for the four complete dry seasons included in the total calibration and verification periods (1981 and 1984-86), the total volume of runoff during the 5month dry season can be predicted to within 20 percent of actual runoff at Maulap River, and to within 27 percent at Imong River.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934116","usgsCitation":"Nakama, L., 1994, Application of the precipitation-runoff modeling system model to simulate dry season runoff for three watersheds in south-central Guam: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4116, v, 38 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934116.","productDescription":"v, 38 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4116/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57717,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4116/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a66f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nakama, L.Y.","contributorId":27097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakama","given":"L.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28483,"text":"wri944168 - 1994 - Users manual for an expert system (HSPEXP) for calibration of the hydrological simulation program; Fortran","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri944168","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4168","title":"Users manual for an expert system (HSPEXP) for calibration of the hydrological simulation program; Fortran","docAbstract":"Expert system software was developed to assist less experienced modelers with calibration of a watershed model and to facilitate the interaction between the modeler and the modeling process not provided by mathematical optimization. A prototype was developed with artificial intelligence software tools, a knowledge engineer, and two domain experts. The manual procedures used by the domain experts were identified and the prototype was then coded by the knowledge engineer. The expert system consists of a set of hierarchical rules designed to guide the calibration of the model through a systematic evaluation of model parameters. When the prototype was completed and tested, it was rewritten for portability and operational use and was named HSPEXP. The watershed model Hydrological Simulation Program--Fortran (HSPF) is used in the expert system. This report is the users manual for HSPEXP and contains a discussion of the concepts and detailed steps and examples for using the software. The system has been tested on watersheds in the States of Washington and Maryland, and the system correctly identified the model parameters to be adjusted and the adjustments led to improved calibration.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944168","usgsCitation":"Lumb, A., McCammon, R., and Kittle, J., 1994, Users manual for an expert system (HSPEXP) for calibration of the hydrological simulation program; Fortran: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4168, iv, 102 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944168.","productDescription":"iv, 102 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4168/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57282,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4168/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603d2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lumb, A.M.","contributorId":70019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lumb","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCammon, R.B.","contributorId":17218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCammon","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kittle, J.L. Jr.","contributorId":89574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittle","given":"J.L.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27429,"text":"wri934100 - 1994 - Analysis of data from test-well sites along the downdip limit of freshwater in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio, Texas, 1985-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T13:15:26","indexId":"wri934100","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4100","title":"Analysis of data from test-well sites along the downdip limit of freshwater in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio, Texas, 1985-87","docAbstract":"Many researchers have studied the downdip limit of freshwater in the Edwards aquifer or various aspects of the saline-water zone and its relation to the freshwater zone. These studies were summarized and used to synthesize a consistent hydrologic and geochemical framework from which to interpret data from field studies. The concept derived from the previous work on the downdip limit of the freshwater zone is that fresh recharge water entered the aquifer and developed a vast flow system controlled by barrier faults. Some recharge water flows into the saline-water zone rather than toward major freshwater discharge points. The water that enters the salinewater zone continues to dissolve gypsum and dolomite, and calcite precipitates out of the water. This process of dedolomitization has helped to develop the large secondary porosity of the freshwater zone as the downdip limit of the freshwater zone progressively moved downdip in recent geologic time.
\nThe drilling of test holes and installation of monitoring wells began in 1985 and helped to define the downdip limit of the freshwater zone at one location. Dolomite was found in greater amounts in rocks from the saline-water-zone test hole than in rocks from the freshwater-zone test hole. Other mineralogic and lithologic contrasts between the saline-water-zone test hole and the freshwater-zone test hole support the conceptual model of dedolomitization. Geophysical logs and test-hole survey logs helped to define the stratification of freshwater and associated altered rock textures, secondary porosity development, and water chemistry in the freshwater-, saline-water-, and transition-zone test holes.
\nThe differences in actual measured head among the seven completed monitor wells varied over time, especially during periods of substantial water use. The water levels in two monitor wells completed at the freshwater zone (site D; wells Dl and D2) responded quickly and strongly to withdrawals. In the transition zone (site C; wells Cl and C2), the water level in the shallow monitor well (Cl) completed in a cavern responded quickly, but because it was farther from the water-supply wells near site D, it did not respond as strongly to changes in withdrawals at the nearby well field. The water levels in the three salinewater wells at site A (Al, A2, and A3) and the deep site C well (C2) were less responsive to stresses relative to the water-level changes in the freshwater wells (Dl, D2, and Cl).
\nLarge amounts of freshwater were produced from the upper 300 to 350 feet of the aquifer in the freshwater zone (site D). Water produced from below this interval was as saline as that from the saline-water zone (site A). The cavern near the top of the aquifer in the transition zone (site C) produced large amounts of freshwater. The freshwater produced from the cavern was of a different geochemical type than the water from the other wells. The saline-water-zone test hole (site A) produced small amounts of water having specific conductance generally about 5,800 to 6,200 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius.
\nA consistent trend in the water quality was not detected in the monitor-well data for July 1986-April 1987. This was caused, in part, by the average to above-average rainfall and by the lack of large withdrawals during the period. The water quality of samples from several of the wells was similar to the water quality determined by a previous study of the area. Geochemistry of the oil- or gas-well brines from downdip in the saline-water zone had slight resemblance to the geochemistry of the water at the downdip limit of freshwater; updip flow of saline water toward the freshwater zone was not indicated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri934100","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System, Edwards Underground Water District, and Texas Water Development Board","usgsCitation":"Groschen, G., 1994, Analysis of data from test-well sites along the downdip limit of freshwater in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio, Texas, 1985-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4100, vi, 92 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934100.","productDescription":"vi, 92 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4100/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56291,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4100/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"San Antonio","otherGeospatial":"Edwards Aquifer","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groschen, G.E.","contributorId":17260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groschen","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26945,"text":"wri944186 - 1994 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina, 1987-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T21:10:35.143462","indexId":"wri944186","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4186","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina, 1987-90","docAbstract":"Geophysical and lithologic well-log data from 30 wells and chloride data, and water-level data from oil-test wells, supply wells, and observation wells were evaluated to define the hydrogeologic framework at the U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina. Elements of the hydrogeologic framework important to this study include six aquifers and their respective confining units. In descending order, these aquifers are the surficial, Yorktown, Pungo River, upper and lower Castle Hayne, and Beaufort. The upper and lower Castle Hayne and Beaufort aquifers and related confining units are relatively continuous throughout the study area. The surficial, Yorktown, Pungo River, and upper and lower Castle Hayne aquifers contain freshwater.\r\n\r\nThe upper and lower Castle Hayne aquifers serve as the Air Station?s principal supply of freshwater. However, the lower Castle Hayne aquifer contains brackish water near its base and there is potential for upward movement of this water to supply wells completed in this aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe potential for brackish-water encroachment is greatest if wells are screened too deep in the lower Castle Hayne aquifer or if pumping rates are too high. Lateral movement of brackish water into aquifers incised by estuarine streams is also possible if ground-water flow gradients toward these bodies are reversed by pumping.\r\n\r\nThe potential for the reversed movement of water from the surficial aquifer downward to the water-supply aquifer is greatest in areas where clay confining units are missing. These missing clay units could indicate the presence of a paleochannel of the Neuse River.\r\n\r\nA quasi three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model was constructed and calibrated to simulate conditions at and in the vicinity of the Air Station for the period of 1987-90. Comparisons of 94 observed and computed heads were made, and the average difference between them is -0.2 feet with a root mean square error of 5.7 feet.\r\n\r\nAn analysis was made to evaluate the sensitivity of the model to the absence of the Yorktown and Pungo River confining units in a 1-square-mile area in the southern part of the Air Station. This analysis resulted in a maximum simulated head increase of 2 feet in one 0.11-square-mile model cell in the Pungo River aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944186","usgsCitation":"Eimers, J.L., Daniel, C.C., and Coble, R.W., 1994, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4186, vi, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944186.","productDescription":"vi, 75 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":55833,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4186/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4186/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":394279,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48061.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Cherry Point, Marine Corps Air Station","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.9482421875,\n 34.85550980979316\n ],\n [\n -76.83425903320312,\n 34.85550980979316\n ],\n [\n -76.83425903320312,\n 34.95574425733423\n ],\n [\n -76.9482421875,\n 34.95574425733423\n ],\n [\n -76.9482421875,\n 34.85550980979316\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f72a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eimers, J. L.","contributorId":95919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eimers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Daniel, C. C. III","contributorId":71953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniel","given":"C.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coble, R. W.","contributorId":49380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coble","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29846,"text":"wri944180A - 1994 - Measurements of heat and mass flow from thermal areas in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, 1984-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-17T20:26:54.064108","indexId":"wri944180A","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4180","chapter":"A","title":"Measurements of heat and mass flow from thermal areas in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, 1984-93","docAbstract":"Rates of heat loss from eight steam-heated thermal areas and one conductively heated thermal area in Lassen Volcanic National Park have been determined from measurements made during the period 1984-93. Total heat discharge at the steam-heated areas is assumed proportional to the rate of steam upflow from underlying reservoirs. The dominant mode of heat loss differs among the areas studied; at Bumpass Hell and Boiling Springs Lake evaporation from water surfaces dominates, whereas at Devils Kitchen and Little Hot Springs Valley most of the heat is lost by advection in streams. Heat loss from furnaroles, which discharge at temperatures of 93 157°C depending on the area, accounts for less than 30 percent of the total heat loss for all but the smallest thermal areas. Estimates of total heat loss from the eight steam-heated areas range from about 30 megawatts at Bumpass Hell and Boiling Springs Lake to less than 2 megawatts at Terminal Geyser, Pilot Pinnacle and Lassen Peak, and total about 120 megawatts. The corresponding rate of steam upflow required to supply this total heat loss is approximately 40 kilograms per second, with about half providing heat input to the five thermal areas situated on the flanks of Lassen Peak and the remainder supplying heat to thermal areas situated to the southeast of Lassen Peak along or near Hot Springs Creek. For the most part, heat-loss measurements were made during late summer and fall when streamflows were relatively low. At each thermal area, rates of streamflow and advective heat loss are greatest in the spring and early summer, reflecting depletion of stored heat by infiltrating cold water. Such seasonal variations, along with variations due to errors in our heat-loss determinations, result in uncertainties of approximately ± 20 percent in our estimates of total heat loss and steam upflow at all the Park's thermal areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944180A","usgsCitation":"Sorey, M.L., and Colvard, E.M., 1994, Measurements of heat and mass flow from thermal areas in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, 1984-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4180, iii, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944180A.","productDescription":"iii, 35 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415885,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48054.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58655,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4180a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126512,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4180a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lassen Volcanic National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.3333,\n 40.5833\n ],\n [\n -121.5667,\n 40.5833\n ],\n [\n -121.5667,\n 40.333\n ],\n [\n -121.3333,\n 40.333\n ],\n [\n -121.3333,\n 40.5833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db6112b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorey, Michael L.","contributorId":20726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colvard, Elizabeth M.","contributorId":26675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvard","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19506,"text":"ofr94490 - 1994 - Report of the Interagency biological methods workshop","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:33","indexId":"ofr94490","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-490","title":"Report of the Interagency biological methods workshop","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey hosted the Interagency Biological Methods Workshop in Reston, Virginia, during June 22-23, 1993. The purposes of the workshop were to (1) promote better communication among Federal agencies that are using or developing biological methods in water-quality assessment programs for streams and rivers, and (2) facilitate the sharing of data and interagency collaboration. The workshop was attended by 45 biologists representing numerous Federal agencies and programs, and a few regional and State programs that were selected to provide additional perspectives. The focus of the workshop was community assessment methods for fish, invertebrates, and algae; physical habitat characterization; and chemical analyses of biological tissues. Charts comparing program objectives, design features, and sampling methods were compiled from materials that were provided by participating agencies prior to the workshop and formed the basis for small workgroup discussions. Participants noted that differences in methods among programs were often necessitated by differences in program objectives. However, participants agreed that where programs have identified similar data needs, the use of common methods is beneficial. Opportunities discussed for improving data compatibility and information sharing included (1) modifying existing methods, (2) adding parameters, (3) improving access to data through shared databases (potentially with common database structures), and (4) future collaborative efforts that range from research on selected protocol questions to followup meetings and continued discussions.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94490","usgsCitation":"Gurtz, M.E., and Muir, T.A., 1994, Report of the Interagency biological methods workshop: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-490, viii, 85 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94490.","productDescription":"viii, 85 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0490/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48965,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0490/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686531","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gurtz, Martin E. megurtz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurtz","given":"Martin","email":"megurtz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":181028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muir, Thomas A.","contributorId":88379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muir","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19541,"text":"ofr94509 - 1994 - Hydrologic, water-quality, and meteorologic data from selected sites in the Upper Catawba River Basin, North Carolina, January 1993 through March 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T11:47:32","indexId":"ofr94509","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-509","title":"Hydrologic, water-quality, and meteorologic data from selected sites in the Upper Catawba River Basin, North Carolina, January 1993 through March 1994","docAbstract":"Hydrologic, water-quality, and meteorologic data were collected from January 1993 through March 1994 as part of a water-quality investigation of the Upper Catawba River Basin, North Carolina. Specific objectives of the investigation were to characterize the water quality of Rhodhiss Lake, Lake Hickory, and three tributary streams, and to calibrate hydrodynamic water-quality models for the two reservoirs.\r\n\r\nSampling locations included 11 sites in Rhodhiss Lake, 14 sites in Lake Hickory, and 3 tributary sites. Tributary sites were located at Lower Creek upstream from Rhodhiss Lake and at Upper Little River and Middle Little River upstream from Lake Hickory. During 21 sampling visits, specific conductance, pH, water temperature, dissolved-oxygen concentration, and water transparency were measured at all sampling locations. Water samples were collected for analysis of biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform bacteria, hardness, alkalinity, total and volatile suspended solids, suspended sediment, nutrients, total organic carbon, chlorophyll, iron, calcium, and magnesium from three sites in each reservoir and from the three tributary sites. Chemical and particle-size analyses of bottom material from Rhodhiss Lake and Lake Hickory were performed once during the study. At selected locations, automated instruments recorded water level, streamflow, water temperature, solar radiation, and air temperature at 15-minute intervals throughout the study.\r\n\r\nHydrologic data presented in the report include monthly water-level statistics and daily mean values of discharge. Diagrams, tables, and statistical summaries of water-quality data are provided. Meteorologic data in the report include monthly precipitation, and daily mean values of solar radiation and air temperature.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS ESIC, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94509","usgsCitation":"Jaynes, M., 1994, Hydrologic, water-quality, and meteorologic data from selected sites in the Upper Catawba River Basin, North Carolina, January 1993 through March 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-509, iv, 77 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94509.","productDescription":"iv, 77 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0509/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49012,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0509/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Upper Catawba River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.07841491699219,\n 35.745397676018534\n ],\n [\n -81.05987548828125,\n 35.7944246009799\n ],\n [\n -81.07429504394531,\n 35.846760876811395\n ],\n [\n -81.12579345703125,\n 35.917971791312816\n ],\n [\n -81.17660522460938,\n 36.030221194310705\n ],\n [\n -81.22879028320312,\n 36.04077109130517\n ],\n [\n -81.32560729980469,\n 36.03244234269516\n ],\n [\n -81.45538330078125,\n 35.97633917493598\n ],\n [\n -81.50413513183594,\n 35.940212068887455\n ],\n [\n -81.55288696289062,\n 35.92909271208457\n ],\n [\n -81.65863037109375,\n 35.9974519815276\n ],\n [\n -81.78291320800781,\n 36.00300704420516\n ],\n [\n -81.93260192871094,\n 36.017448375720896\n ],\n [\n -81.98959350585936,\n 35.98356261296409\n ],\n [\n -82.01774597167969,\n 35.92353244718235\n ],\n [\n -82.01019287109375,\n 35.84787403967154\n ],\n [\n -82.01019287109375,\n 35.77994251888403\n ],\n [\n -82.09259033203125,\n 35.705819838018655\n ],\n [\n -82.14752197265625,\n 35.68407153314097\n ],\n [\n -82.27420806884766,\n 35.576358049114944\n ],\n [\n -82.26322174072264,\n 35.56686337967425\n ],\n [\n -82.2052001953125,\n 35.54116627999815\n ],\n [\n -82.100830078125,\n 35.567980458012094\n ],\n [\n -82.0184326171875,\n 35.59031875398378\n ],\n [\n -81.8865966796875,\n 35.47856499535729\n ],\n [\n -81.65176391601562,\n 35.6517169333161\n ],\n [\n -81.43478393554688,\n 35.687417812220446\n ],\n [\n -81.309814453125,\n 35.69634053686435\n ],\n [\n -81.07841491699219,\n 35.745397676018534\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688868","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jaynes, M.L.","contributorId":45736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaynes","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19586,"text":"ofr94537 - 1994 - Water-quality reconnaissance and streamflow gain and loss of Yocum Creek basin, Carroll County, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T20:58:28.283281","indexId":"ofr94537","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-537","title":"Water-quality reconnaissance and streamflow gain and loss of Yocum Creek basin, Carroll County, Arkansas","docAbstract":"A study of the Yocum Creek Basin conducted between July 27 and August 3, 1993, described the surface- and ground-water quality of the basin and the streamflow gain and loss. Water samples were collected from 12 sites on the main stem of Yocum Creek and 2 tributaries during periods of low to moderate streamflow (less than 40 cubic feet per second). Water samples were collected from 5 wells and 12 springs located in the basin. In 14 surface- water samples, nitrite plus nitrate concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 3.8 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. Orthophosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.06 milligrams per liter as phosphorous. Fecal coliform bacteria counts ranged from 9 to 220 colonies per 100 milliliters, with a median of 49 colonies per 100 milliliters. Fecal streptococci bacteria counts ranged from 37 to 1,500 colonies per 100 milliliters with a median of 420 colonies per 100 milliliters. Analyses for selected metals collected near the mouth of Yocum Creek indicate that metals are not present in significant concen- trations in surface-water samples. Diel dissolved oxygen concentrations and temperatures were measured at two sites on the mainstem of the stream. At the upstream site, dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 6.2 to 9.9 milligrams per liter and temperatures ranged from 18.5 to 23.0 degrees Celsius. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were higher and tempentture values were lower at the upstream site than those at the downstream site. Five wells were sampled in the basin and dissolved ammonia was present in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.07 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. Dissolved nitrite plus nitrate was present in wells, with concen- trations ranging from less than 0.02 to 6.0 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. Volatile organic compound samples were collected at two wells and two springs. Chloroform was the only volatile organic compound found to be above the detection limit. Analysis indicated that 0.2 micrograms per liter of chloroform was present in one spring-water sample. In springs sampled, nitrite plus nitrate concen- trations ranged from 1.4 to 7.0 milligrams per llter as nitrogen. Dissolved ammonia plus organic nitrogen concentrations ranged from less than 0.2 to 0.49 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. Orthophosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.07 milligrams per liter as phosphorus. Fecal colfform bacteria counts ranged from 3 to 200 colonies per 100 milliliters, with a median of 18 colonies per 100 milliliters. Fecal streptococci bacteria counts ranged from 110 to more than 2,000 colonies per 100 milliliters with a median of 350 colonies per 100 milliliters. Large producing springs 1ocated in the mid to upper reaches of the basin contribute most of the flow to Yocum Creek. Streamflow increased an average of 29 percent on the mainstem of the stream. One losing reach was discovered on the mainstem of the stream and two losing reaches on tributaries to the mainstem. Surface flow steadily decreased along these reaches to the point where surface flow was not present, and the streambed became dry. These observations suggest that significant interaction exists between the underlying Springfield aquifer and surface flow in the Yocum Creek Basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94537","usgsCitation":"Joseph, R.L., and Green, W.R., 1994, Water-quality reconnaissance and streamflow gain and loss of Yocum Creek basin, Carroll County, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-537, iv, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94537.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407093,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12553.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":49056,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0537/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":151908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0537/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","county":"Carroll County","otherGeospatial":"Yocum Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.514,\n 36.163\n ],\n [\n -93.323,\n 36.163\n ],\n [\n -93.323,\n 36.514\n ],\n [\n -93.514,\n 36.514\n ],\n [\n -93.514,\n 36.163\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a63f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joseph, Robert L. rljoseph@usgs.gov","contributorId":3482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joseph","given":"Robert","email":"rljoseph@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":181167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, W. Reed","contributorId":87886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18188,"text":"ofr94690 - 1994 - Mineral deposit modeling using components for complex mineral deposits; mixed base- and precious-metal veins of the Idaho Batholith, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:19","indexId":"ofr94690","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-690","title":"Mineral deposit modeling using components for complex mineral deposits; mixed base- and precious-metal veins of the Idaho Batholith, Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94690","usgsCitation":"Bliss, J.D., 1994, Mineral deposit modeling using components for complex mineral deposits; mixed base- and precious-metal veins of the Idaho Batholith, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-690, 53 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94690.","productDescription":"53 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1024,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/ofr-94-0690/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6358fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bliss, James D. jbliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"James","email":"jbliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":178677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18187,"text":"ofr94677 - 1994 - Grade, tonnage, and other models of blue-mountain-type Au-Ag polymetallic veins, Blue Mountains, Oregon, for use in resource and environmental assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:19","indexId":"ofr94677","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-677","title":"Grade, tonnage, and other models of blue-mountain-type Au-Ag polymetallic veins, Blue Mountains, Oregon, for use in resource and environmental assessment","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94677","usgsCitation":"Bliss, J.D., 1994, Grade, tonnage, and other models of blue-mountain-type Au-Ag polymetallic veins, Blue Mountains, Oregon, for use in resource and environmental assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-677, 33 leaves :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94677.","productDescription":"33 leaves :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0677/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47557,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0677/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673699","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bliss, James D. jbliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"James","email":"jbliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":178676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18108,"text":"ofr94709 - 1994 - Subsurface investigation for liquefaction analysis and piezometer calibration at Treasure Island Naval Station, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-29T13:35:34","indexId":"ofr94709","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-709","title":"Subsurface investigation for liquefaction analysis and piezometer calibration at Treasure Island Naval Station, California","docAbstract":"Between January and March, 1994, a drilling program was conducted at the Treasure Island Naval Station to evaluate the liquefaction resistance of soils that did and did not liquefy during the Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989. A second goal of this drilling program was to test and calibrate a retrievable piezometer system that is designed to monitor dynamic pore-water pressure during liquefaction.
Retrievable Piezometer
A retrievable piezometer can be used to replace failed transducers without redrilling, and the external casing can be installed without the piezometer itself. Many external casings can be installed throughout a region and used only when necessary.
At two sites the USGS retrievable piezometer was placed at depths between 2.3 and 4.6m. The retrievable piezometer involves augering a hole to the testing depth and emplacing a 33-mm outside diameter pvc pipe with a porous stone. The hole is back filled and sealed with bentonite, the top of the boring is capped with a box flush to the ground. Later, a commercial transducer is connected to a 21-mm outside diameter pvc pipe and lowered down the 33 mm casing and screwed into the bottom porous-stone assembly. A calibrating transducer (the same type and model as in the USGS retrievable piezometer) was installed inside a penetrometer with a 60° conical tip and an external sleeve that protects the porous filter, located immediately behind the tip, during advancement through dry soil. After the instrument was advanced to the proper depth the tip with the porous filter was advanced past the protective sleeve. Pore pressure was elevated separately by dynamic impact and blasting.
The first calibration tests were conducted within the U.S. Geotechnical Test Site established at the Treasure Island fire station (building 157) (de Alba and others, 1994). A 590 kg weight (diameter 72 cm) was dropped 0.69 to 1.63 m onto a steel plate (91 cm square, 0.6 cm thick) to elevate pore pressure, each test involved dropping the weight one time. The surficial distance from the energy source to the piezometers ranged from 1 to 3.6 m. At an empty field (bounded by 11th and 13th streets and H and I ave) pore pressure was elevated using the 590 kg weight and no. 8 blasting caps (50 grains, 3 grams) and primer cord. The explosives were placed 2 m from the piezometers at depths of 2.4 to 2.7 m. A USGS explosives expert handled the explosives under the supervision of Navy personnel.
Liquefaction
Gray and brown, fine to medium grained sand was hydraulically dredged from San Francisco Bay to create Treasure Island (fig. 1). During the Loma Prieta earthquake Treasure Island experience a peak ground acceleration of 0.16 g (Shakal and other, 1989) and portions of the soil beneath Treasure Island liquefied and were vented to the ground surface as sand boils. During November, 1989, a survey of Treasure Island was made to document ground effects such as sand boils, settlement, and ground cracking. During this survey samples of more than 30 sand boils were taken for grain size analysis (Bennett, in press).
Although the soil beneath the fire station did not liquefy, surrounding areas did. The surrounding liquefaction may have affected the peak ground acceleration. Fifteen seconds into the acceleration record at the fire station there is a sudden drop in ground acceleration, and 16 seconds into the record there is practically no response (Idriss, 1991). De Alba and others (1994) ascribe the behavior of the acceleration record to the liquefaction of the underlying sand.
Besides the generation of sand boils, Treasure Island experienced significant ground settlement and lateral deformation that damaged lifelines for water and gas (Seed and others, 1990).
The primary objective of this report is to document the subsurface stratigraphy at the liquefaction and non-liquefaction sites (fig. 2), and to explore the relation between sand boils and subsurface sediment. This documentation adds to the geotechnical data base of liquefaction by clarifying which layers actually liquefy during earthquakes. Another objective is to briefly describe the piezometer calibration test in terms of what was done and where it was done, results of the calibration work will be reported later by the primary investigator, Behnam Hushmand of Hushmand Associates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94709","usgsCitation":"Bennett, M.J., 1994, Subsurface investigation for liquefaction analysis and piezometer calibration at Treasure Island Naval Station, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-709, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94709.","productDescription":"41 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367101,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0709/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0709/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Treasure Island Naval Station","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.39078521728516,\n 37.804358908571395\n ],\n [\n -122.3495864868164,\n 37.804358908571395\n ],\n [\n -122.3495864868164,\n 37.835818618104156\n ],\n [\n -122.39078521728516,\n 37.835818618104156\n ],\n [\n -122.39078521728516,\n 37.804358908571395\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6999e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, Michael J. mjbennett@usgs.gov","contributorId":2783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Michael","email":"mjbennett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":178562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20351,"text":"ofr9468 - 1994 - Rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data for five small watersheds, Nashville, Tennessee, 1990-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:46","indexId":"ofr9468","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-68","title":"Rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data for five small watersheds, Nashville, Tennessee, 1990-92","docAbstract":"Rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data were collected furing storm conditions at five urban watersheds in Nashville, Tennessee. These data can be used to build a database for developing predictive models of the relations between storm- water quality and land use, storm characteristics, and seasonal variations. The primary land and mix of land uses was different for each watershed. Stormwater samples were collected during three storms at each watershed and analyzed for selected volatile, acidic and base/neutral organic compounds; organic pesticides; trace metals; conventional pollutants; and several physical properties. Storm loads were computed for all constituents and properties with event mean concentration above the minimum reporting level. None of the samples con- tained acidic organic compounds at concentrations above the minimum reporting levels. Several constituents in each of the other categories, however, were present at concentrations above the minimum reporting level. For 21 of these constituents, water-quality criteria have been pro- mulgated by the State of Tennessee. For only 8 of the 21 did the value exceed the most restrictive of the criteria: pyrene, dieldrin, and mercury concen- trations and counts of fecal coliform exceeded the criteria for recreational use, copper and zinc concentrations and pH value exceeded the criteria for fish and aquatic life, and lead concentrations exceeded the criteria for domestic supply.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9468","usgsCitation":"Outlaw, G.S., Hoos, A.B., and Pankey, J.T., 1994, Rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data for five small watersheds, Nashville, Tennessee, 1990-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-68, iv, 43 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9468.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1142,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr_94-68","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":153092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b5ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Outlaw, George S.","contributorId":88767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Outlaw","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoos, Anne B. abhoos@usgs.gov","contributorId":2236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoos","given":"Anne","email":"abhoos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":182502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pankey, John T.","contributorId":105750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pankey","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":20435,"text":"ofr94710 - 1994 - Homestead Valley, California, aftershocks (March 17-18, 1979) recorded on portable seismographs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-27T17:37:31.640984","indexId":"ofr94710","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-710","title":"Homestead Valley, California, aftershocks (March 17-18, 1979) recorded on portable seismographs","docAbstract":"On March 15, 1979, four moderate earthquakes (ML 4.9, 5.3, 4.5, 4.8) occurred in the Homestead Valley area of the Mojave Desert (Figure 1). At that time, they were noteworthy for a vigorous aftershock sequence and for off-fault epicentral locations that formed a cruciform pattern (Hutton, et al., 1980; Stein and Lisowski, 1983). More recently, there is renewed interest in the Homestead Valley sequence because of its proximity and possible relationship to the June 28, 1992 Landers earthquake (MW 7.3). The Homestead Valley earthquakes fall within the Landers aftershock zone, and many of the Homestead Valley epicenters align with the Landers surface rupture (Figure 2).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94710","usgsCitation":"Perry-Huston, S., and Eberhart-Phillips, D., 1994, Homestead Valley, California, aftershocks (March 17-18, 1979) recorded on portable seismographs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-710, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94710.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":49974,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0710/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0710/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Homestead Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119,\n 33.25\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 33.25\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 35.25\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 35.25\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 33.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bf8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry-Huston, Sue","contributorId":76337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry-Huston","given":"Sue","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberhart-Phillips, Donna 0000-0003-0392-8659","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0392-8659","contributorId":190650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eberhart-Phillips","given":"Donna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19995,"text":"ofr94316 - 1994 - Simulation of the effects of ground-water withdrawals and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19995,"text":"ofr94316 - 1994 - Simulation of the effects of ground-water withdrawals and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts","indexId":"ofr94316","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of the effects of ground-water withdrawals and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2223,"text":"wsp2447 - 1997 - Effects of simulated ground-water pumping and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts","indexId":"wsp2447","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Effects of simulated ground-water pumping and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2223,"text":"wsp2447 - 1997 - Effects of simulated ground-water pumping and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts","indexId":"wsp2447","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Effects of simulated ground-water pumping and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-06T21:22:42.54828","indexId":"ofr94316","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-316","title":"Simulation of the effects of ground-water withdrawals and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The effects of changing patterns of ground-water pumping and aquifer recharge on the surface-water and ground-water hydrologic systems were determined for the Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island Basins. Three-dimensional, transient, ground-water-flow modelS that simulate both freshwater and saltwater flow were developed for the f1ow cells of Cape Cod which currently have large-capacity public-supply wells. Only the freshwater-flow system was simulated for the Cape Cod flow cells where public-water supply demands are satisfied by small-capacity domestic wells. Two- dimensional, finite-difference, change models were developed for Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Island to determine the projected drawdowns in response to projected in-season pumping rates for 180 days of no aquifer recharge. Results of the simulations indicate very little change in the position of the freshwater-saltwater interface from predevelopment flow conditions to projected ground-water pumping and recharge rates for Cape Cod in the year 2020. Results of change model simulations for Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Island indicate that the greatest impact in response to projected in-season ground-water pumping occurs at the pumping centers and the magnitude of the drawdowns are minimal with respect to the total thickness of the aquifers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94316","usgsCitation":"Masterson, J., and Barlow, P.M., 1994, Simulation of the effects of ground-water withdrawals and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-316, Report: vi, 80 p.; 1 Plate: 30.12 x 35.16 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94316.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 80 p.; 1 Plate: 30.12 x 35.16 inches","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0316/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":379134,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0316/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":379135,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0316/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.01837158203125,\n 41.36238012945531\n ],\n [\n -70.56793212890625,\n 41.15384235711447\n ],\n [\n -69.9224853515625,\n 41.151774298444984\n ],\n [\n -69.91424560546874,\n 42.14304156290939\n ],\n [\n -70.762939453125,\n 42.14304156290939\n ],\n [\n -71.01837158203125,\n 41.36238012945531\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b149","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413 jpmaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":1865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","email":"jpmaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":181872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barlow, Paul M. 0000-0003-4247-6456 pbarlow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6456","contributorId":1200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"Paul","email":"pbarlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":181871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19193,"text":"ofr94470 - 1994 - Particulate carbon and nitrogen and suspended particulate matter in the Sacramento River at Rio Vista, California, January 3 - May 26, 1983 and October 31, 1983 - November 29, 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T14:13:32","indexId":"ofr94470","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-470","title":"Particulate carbon and nitrogen and suspended particulate matter in the Sacramento River at Rio Vista, California, January 3 - May 26, 1983 and October 31, 1983 - November 29, 1984","docAbstract":"Particulate matter was collected at Rio Vista, California, in two study periods; the first, from January 3 to May 26, 1983; the second from October 31, 1983 to November 29, 1984. Concentrations of suspended particulate matter were measured gravimetrically on silver membrane filters. The pooled standard deviation on replicated samples was 1.4 mg/L, giving a coefficient of variation of 5.7 percent. Concentrations of particulate carbon and nitrogen were measured during a Perkin-Elmer model 240C elemental analyzer to combust material collected on glass fiber filters. Refrigeration of samples prior to filtration was shown to be a likely influence on precision of duplicate analyses. Median deviations between duplicates for carbon were 5.4 percent during the first study period and 8.9 percent during the second. For nitrogen, median deviations were 4.9 percent and 7.2 percent, respectively. This report presents the data for concentrations of suspended particulate material, the duplicate analyses for particulate carbon and nitrogen, and the volumes of sample filtered for the particulate carbon and nitrogen analyses for both studies. Not all samples collected during the second study have been analyzed for particulate carbon and nitrogen.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/ofr94470","usgsCitation":"Hager, S.W., 1994, Particulate carbon and nitrogen and suspended particulate matter in the Sacramento River at Rio Vista, California, January 3 - May 26, 1983 and October 31, 1983 - November 29, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-470, iv, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94470.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152616,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0470/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48658,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0470/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Solano County","city":"Rio 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