Indian Creek is one of the most urban drainage basins in Johnson County, Kansas, and environmental and biological conditions of the creek are affected by contaminants from point and other urban sources. The Johnson County Douglas L. Smith Middle Basin (hereafter referred to as the “Middle Basin”) and Tomahawk Creek Wastewater Treatment Facilities (WWTFs) discharge to Indian Creek. In summer 2010, upgrades were completed to increase capacity and include biological nutrient removal at the Middle Basin facility. There have been no recent infrastructure changes at the Tomahawk Creek facility; however, during 2009, chemically enhanced primary treatment was added to the treatment process for better process settling before disinfection and discharge with the added effect of enhanced phosphorus removal. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Johnson County Wastewater, assessed the effects of wastewater effluent on environmental and biological conditions of Indian Creek by comparing two upstream sites to four sites located downstream from the WWTFs using data collected during June 2004 through June 2013. Environmental conditions were evaluated using previously and newly collected discrete and continuous data and were compared with an assessment of biological community composition and ecosystem function along the upstream-downstream gradient. This study improves the understanding of the effects of wastewater effluent on stream-water and streambed sediment quality, biological community composition, and ecosystem function in urban areas.
\nAfter the addition of biological nutrient removal to the Middle Basin WWTF in 2010, annual mean total nitrogen concentrations in effluent decreased by 46 percent, but still exceeded the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) wastewater effluent permit concentration goal of 8.0 milligrams per liter (mg/L); however, the NPDES wastewater effluent permit total phosphorus concentration goal of 1.5 mg/L or less was achieved at the Middle Basin WWTF. At the Tomahawk Creek WWTF, after the addition of chemically enhanced primary treatment in 2009, effluent discharges also had total phosphorus concentrations below 1.5 mg/L. After the addition of biological nutrient removal, annual total nitrogen and phosphorus loads from the Middle Basin WWTF decreased by 42 and 54 percent, respectively, even though effluent volume increased by 11 percent. Annual total phosphorus loads from the Tomahawk Creek WWTF after the addition of chemically enhanced primary treatment decreased by 54 percent despite a 33-percent increase in effluent volume.
\nTotal nitrogen and phosphorus from the WWTFs contributed between 30 and nearly 100 percent to annual nutrient loads in Indian Creek depending on streamflow conditions. In-stream total nitrogen primarily came from wastewater effluent except during years with the highest streamflows. Most of the in-stream total phosphorus typically came from effluent during dry years and from other urban sources during wet years. During 2010 through 2013, annual mean discharge from the Middle Basin WWTF was about 75 percent of permitted design capacity. Annual nutrient loads likely will increase when the facility is operated at permitted design capacity; however, estimated maximum annual nutrient loads from the Middle Basin WWTF were 27 to 38 percent lower than before capacity upgrades and the addition of biological nutrient removal to treatment processes. Thus, the addition of biological nutrient removal to the Middle Basin wastewater treatment process should reduce overall nutrient loads from the facility even when the facility is operated at permitted design capacity.
\nThe effects of wastewater effluent on the water quality of Indian Creek were most evident during below-normal and normal streamflows (about 75 percent of the time) when wastewater effluent represented about 24 percent or more of total streamflow. Wastewater effluent had the most substantial effect on nutrient concentrations in Indian Creek. Total and inorganic nutrient concentrations at the downstream sites during below-normal and normal streamflows were 10 to 100 times higher than at the upstream sites, even after changes in treatment practices at the WWTFs. Median total phosphorus concentrations during below-normal and normal streamflows at a downstream site were 43 percent lower following improvements in wastewater treatment processes. Similar decreases in total nitrogen were not observed, likely because total nitrogen concentrations only decreased in Middle Basin effluent and wastewater contributed a higher percentage to streamflows when nutrient samples were collected during the after-upgrade period.
\nThe wastewater effluent discharges to Indian Creek caused changes in stream-water quality that may affect biological community structure and ecosystem processes, including higher concentrations of bioavailable nutrients (nitrate and orthophosphorus) and warmer water temperatures during winter months. Other urban sources of contaminants also caused changes in stream-water quality that may affect biological community structure and ecosystem processes, including higher turbidities downstream from construction areas and higher specific conductance and chloride concentrations during winter months. Chloride concentrations exceeded acute and chronic exposure criteria at all Indian Creek study sites, regardless of wastewater influence, for weeks or months during winter. Streambed sediment chemistry was affected by wastewater (elevated nutrient and organic wastewater-indicator compound concentrations) and other contaminants from urban sources (elevated polyaromatic hydrocarbon concentrations). Overall habitat conditions were suboptimal or marginal at all sites; general decline in habitat conditions along the upstream-downstream gradient likely was caused by the cumulative effects of urbanization with increasing drainage basin size.
\nWastewater effluent likely affected algal periphyton biomass and community composition, primary production, and community respiration in Indian Creek. Functional stream health, evaluated using a preliminary framework based on primary production and community respiration, was mildly or severely impaired at most downstream sites relative to an urban upstream Indian Creek site. The mechanistic cause of the changes in these biological variables are unclear, though elevated nutrient concentrations were positively correlated with algal biomass, primary production, and community respiration. Macroinvertebrate communities indicated impairment at all sites, and Kansas Department of Health and Environment aquatic life support scores indicated conditions nonsupporting of aquatic life, regardless of wastewater influences. Urban influences, other than wastewater effluent discharge, likely control macroinvertebrate community structure in Indian Creek.
\nChanges in treatment processes at the Middle Basin and Tomahawk Creek WWTFs improved wastewater effluent quality and decreased nutrient loads, but wastewater effluent discharges still had negative effects on the environmental and biological conditions at downstream Indian Creek sites. Wastewater effluent discharge into Indian Creek likely contributed to changes in measures of ecosystem structure (streamflow, water and streambed-sediment chemistry, algal biomass, and algal periphyton community composition) and function (primary production and community respiration) along the upstream-downstream gradient. Wastewater effluent discharges maintained streamflows and increased nutrient concentrations, algal biomass, primary production, and community respiration at the downstream sites. Functional stream health was severely impaired downstream from the Middle Basin WWTF and mildly impaired downstream from the Tomahawk WWTF relative to the urban upstream site. As distance from the Middle Basin WWTF increased, nutrient concentrations, algal biomass, primary production, and community respiration decreased, and functional stream health was no longer impaired 9.5 kilometers downstream from the discharge relative to the urban upstream site. Therefore, although wastewater effluent caused persistent changes in environmental and biological conditions and functional stream health at sites located immediately downstream from WWTF effluent discharges, some recovery to conditions more similar to the urban upstream site occurred within a relatively short distance.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145187","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Johnson County Wastewater","usgsCitation":"Graham, J.L., Stone, M.L., Rasmussen, T.J., Foster, G., Poulton, B.C., Paxson, C.R., and Harris, T.D., 2014, Effects of wastewater effluent discharge and treatment facility upgrades on environmental and biological conditions of Indian Creek, Johnson County, Kansas, June 2004 through June 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5187, Report: x, 78 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145187.","productDescription":"Report: x, 78 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"92","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-06-01","temporalEnd":"2013-06-30","ipdsId":"IP-056292","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294714,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145187.jpg"},{"id":294713,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5187/pdf/sir2014-5187.pdf"},{"id":294712,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5187/downloads/sir2014-5187_appendixes.xlsx"},{"id":294705,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5187/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","county":"Johnson County","otherGeospatial":"Indian Creek","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542d098ce4b092f17defc4f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graham, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-6420-9335 jlgraham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6420-9335","contributorId":1769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlgraham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Mandy L. 0000-0002-6711-1536 mstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6711-1536","contributorId":4409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Mandy","email":"mstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rasmussen, Teresa J. 0000-0002-7023-3868 rasmuss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7023-3868","contributorId":3336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"Teresa","email":"rasmuss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foster, Guy M. gfoster@usgs.gov","contributorId":3437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Guy M.","email":"gfoster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":502073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Poulton, Barry C. 0000-0002-7219-4911 bpoulton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7219-4911","contributorId":2421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poulton","given":"Barry","email":"bpoulton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Paxson, Chelsea R. cpaxson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paxson","given":"Chelsea","email":"cpaxson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":502076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Harris, Theodore D. 0000-0003-0944-8007 tdharris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0944-8007","contributorId":4040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Theodore","email":"tdharris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70111059,"text":"70111059 - 2014 - Dynamics of the Yellowstone hydrothermal system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-11T08:19:17","indexId":"70111059","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-01T11:59:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamics of the Yellowstone hydrothermal system","docAbstract":"The Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field is characterized by extensive seismicity, episodes of uplift and subsidence, and a hydrothermal system that comprises more than 10,000 thermal features, including geysers, fumaroles, mud pots, thermal springs, and hydrothermal explosion craters. The diverse chemical and isotopic compositions of waters and gases derive from mantle, crustal, and meteoric sources and extensive water-gas-rock interaction at variable pressures and temperatures. The thermal features are host to all domains of life that utilize diverse inorganic sources of energy for metabolism. The unique and exceptional features of the hydrothermal system have attracted numerous researchers to Yellowstone beginning with the Washburn and Hayden expeditions in the 1870s. Since a seminal review published a quarter of a century ago, research in many fields has greatly advanced our understanding of the many coupled processes operating in and on the hydrothermal system. Specific advances include more refined geophysical images of the magmatic system, better constraints on the time scale of magmatic processes, characterization of fluid sources and water-rock interactions, quantitative estimates of heat and magmatic volatile fluxes, discovering and quantifying the role of thermophile microorganisms in the geochemical cycle, defining the chronology of hydrothermal explosions and their relation to glacial cycles, defining possible links between hydrothermal activity, deformation, and seismicity; quantifying geyser dynamics; and the discovery of extensive hydrothermal activity in Yellowstone Lake. Discussion of these many advances forms the basis of this review.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews of Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2014RG000452","usgsCitation":"Hurwitz, S., and Lowenstern, J.B., 2014, Dynamics of the Yellowstone hydrothermal system: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 52, no. 3, p. 375-411, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014RG000452.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"375","endPage":"411","numberOfPages":"37","ipdsId":"IP-057230","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014rg000452","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294733,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 44.44750680513074\n ],\n [\n -110.3082275390625,\n 44.44750680513074\n ],\n [\n -110.3082275390625,\n 44.99394031891056\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 44.99394031891056\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 44.44750680513074\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542d098ce4b092f17defc4eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hurwitz, Shaul 0000-0001-5142-6886 shaulh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5142-6886","contributorId":2169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurwitz","given":"Shaul","email":"shaulh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowenstern, Jacob B. 0000-0003-0464-7779 jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-7779","contributorId":2755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"Jacob","email":"jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121533,"text":"70121533 - 2014 - The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-14T16:12:25.653118","indexId":"70121533","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-01T11:23:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2842,"text":"Nature Communications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation","docAbstract":"The world’s coastal zones are experiencing rapid development and an increase in storms and flooding. These hazards put coastal communities at heightened risk, which may increase with habitat loss. Here we analyse globally the role and cost effectiveness of coral reefs in risk reduction. Meta-analyses reveal that coral reefs provide substantial protection against natural hazards by reducing wave energy by an average of 97%. Reef crests alone dissipate most of this energy (86%). There are 100 million or more people who may receive risk reduction benefits from reefs or bear hazard mitigation and adaptation costs if reefs are degraded. We show that coral reefs can provide comparable wave attenuation benefits to artificial defences such as breakwaters, and reef defences can be enhanced cost effectively. Reefs face growing threats yet there is opportunity to guide adaptation and hazard mitigation investments towards reef restoration to strengthen this first line of coastal defence.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Research","doi":"10.1038/ncomms4794","usgsCitation":"Ferrario, F., Beck, M., Storlazzi, C.D., Micheli, F., Shepard, C.C., and Airoldi, L., 2014, The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation: Nature Communications, v. 5, 3794, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4794.","productDescription":"3794, 9 p.","ipdsId":"IP-042462","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4794","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294711,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542d0990e4b092f17defc577","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrario, Filippo","contributorId":36872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrario","given":"Filippo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beck, Michael W.","contributorId":60140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beck","given":"Michael W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Storlazzi, Curt D. 0000-0001-8057-4490 cstorlazzi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":140584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"Curt","email":"cstorlazzi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Micheli, Fiorenza","contributorId":74315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Micheli","given":"Fiorenza","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shepard, Christine C.","contributorId":22265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shepard","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Airoldi, Laura","contributorId":104417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Airoldi","given":"Laura","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70135041,"text":"70135041 - 2014 - Temporal variability of carbon and nutrient burial, sediment accretion, and mass accumulation over the past century in a carbonate platform mangrove forest of the Florida Everglades.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-09T10:50:06","indexId":"70135041","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2320,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal variability of carbon and nutrient burial, sediment accretion, and mass accumulation over the past century in a carbonate platform mangrove forest of the Florida Everglades.","docAbstract":"The objective of this research was to measure temporal variability in accretion and mass sedimentation rates (including organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorous (TP)) from the past century in a mangrove forest on the Shark River in Everglades National Park, USA. The 210Pb Constant Rate of Supply model was applied to six soil cores to calculate annual rates over the most recent 10, 50, and 100 year time spans. Our results show that rates integrated over longer timeframes are lower than those for shorter, recent periods of observation. Additionally, the substantial spatial variability between cores over the 10 year period is diminished over the 100 year record, raising two important implications. First, a multiple-decade assessment of soil accretion and OC burial provides a more conservative estimate and is likely to be most relevant for forecasting these rates relative to long-term processes of sea level rise and climate change mitigation. Second, a small number of sampling locations are better able to account for spatial variability over the longer periods than for the shorter periods. The site average 100 year OC burial rate, 123 ± 19 (standard deviation) g m-2yr-1, is low compared with global mangrove values. High TN and TP burial rates in recent decades may lead to increased soil carbon remineralization, contributing to the low carbon burial rates. Finally, the strong correlation between OC burial and accretion across this site signals the substantial contribution of OC to soil building in addition to the ecosystem service of CO2 sequestration.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1002/2014JG002715","collaboration":"J.L. Breithaupt; J.M. Smoak; C.J. Sanders","usgsCitation":"Breithaupt, J.L., Smoak, J.M., Smith, T.J., and Sanders, C.J., 2014, Temporal variability of carbon and nutrient burial, sediment accretion, and mass accumulation over the past century in a carbonate platform mangrove forest of the Florida Everglades.: Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, v. 119, no. 10, p. 2032-2048, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002715.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2032","endPage":"2048","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056764","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jg002715","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296517,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":296481,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JG002715/pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 31.05293398570514\n ],\n [\n -87.615966796875,\n 30.259067203213018\n ],\n [\n -85.31982421875,\n 29.602118211647333\n ],\n [\n -83.990478515625,\n 29.92637417863576\n ],\n [\n -82.342529296875,\n 26.382027976025352\n ],\n [\n -82.254638671875,\n 24.607069137709708\n ],\n [\n -82.144775390625,\n 24.407137917727653\n ],\n [\n -80.958251953125,\n 24.627044746156027\n ],\n [\n -80.035400390625,\n 25.37380917154398\n ],\n [\n -79.94750976562499,\n 26.814266197561462\n ],\n [\n -81.27685546875,\n 30.637912028341123\n ],\n [\n -82.02392578125,\n 30.958768570779846\n ],\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 31.05293398570514\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54882b65e4b02acb4f0c8c54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breithaupt, Josh L.","contributorId":127777,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Breithaupt","given":"Josh","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":7149,"text":"College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":526707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smoak, Joseph M.","contributorId":32392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoak","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Thomas J. 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Analytical results of 87 VOC compounds were screened by evaluating the occurrence and detection levels in both water and air, and equilibrium concentrations in water (Cws) based on the measured air concentrations. Four compounds (acetone, methyl tertiary butyl ether, toluene, and m- & p-xylene) were detected in more than 20% of water samples, in more than 10% of air samples, and more than 10% of detections in air were greater than long-term method detection levels (LTMDL) in water. Benzene was detected in more than 20% of water samples and in more than 10% of air samples. Two percent of benzene detections in air were greater than one-half the LTMDL in water. Six compounds (chloroform, p-isopropyltoluene, methylene chloride, perchloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and trichloroethene) were detected in more than 20% of water samples and in more than 10% of air samples. Five VOCs, toluene, m- & p-xylene, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), acetone, and benzene were identified as having sufficiently high concentrations in the atmosphere to be a source to urban streams. MTBE, acetone, and benzene exhibited behavior that was consistent with equilibrium concentrations in the atmosphere.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA","doi":"10.1111/jawr.12181","usgsCitation":"Kenner, S.J., Bender, D.A., Zogorski, J.S., James F. Pankow, and James F. Pankow, 2014, The atmosphere can be a source of certain water soluble volatile organic compounds in urban streams: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 50, no. 5, p. 1124-1137, https://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12181.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1124","endPage":"1137","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-009189","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/chem_fac/94","text":"External Repository"},{"id":296053,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5465d63ee4b04d4b7dbd66b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kenner, Scott J.","contributorId":6472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenner","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":524956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bender, David A. 0000-0002-1269-0948 dabender@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1269-0948","contributorId":985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"David","email":"dabender@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":524957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zogorski, John S. jszogors@usgs.gov","contributorId":189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"John","email":"jszogors@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":524958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"James F. Pankow","contributorId":128061,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"James F. Pankow","id":535678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"James F. Pankow","contributorId":127384,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"James F. Pankow","affiliations":[{"id":6929,"text":"Portland State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":524959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70133431,"text":"70133431 - 2014 - An online database for informing ecological network models: http://kelpforest.ucsc.edu","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-31T20:13:54.126154","indexId":"70133431","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An online database for informing ecological network models: http://kelpforest.ucsc.edu","docAbstract":"Ecological network models and analyses are recognized as valuable tools for understanding the dynamics and resiliency of ecosystems, and for informing ecosystem-based approaches to management. However, few databases exist that can provide the life history, demographic and species interaction information necessary to parameterize ecological network models. Faced with the difficulty of synthesizing the information required to construct models for kelp forest ecosystems along the West Coast of North America, we developed an online database (http://kelpforest.ucsc.edu/) to facilitate the collation and dissemination of such information. Many of the database's attributes are novel yet the structure is applicable and adaptable to other ecosystem modeling efforts. Information for each taxonomic unit includes stage-specific life history, demography, and body-size allometries. Species interactions include trophic, competitive, facilitative, and parasitic forms. Each data entry is temporally and spatially explicit. The online data entry interface allows researchers anywhere to contribute and access information. Quality control is facilitated by attributing each entry to unique contributor identities and source citations. The database has proven useful as an archive of species and ecosystem-specific information in the development of several ecological network models, for informing management actions, and for education purposes (e.g., undergraduate and graduate training). To facilitate adaptation of the database by other researches for other ecosystems, the code and technical details on how to customize this database and apply it to other ecosystems are freely available and located at the following link (https://github.com/kelpforest-cameo/databaseui).
","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0109356","usgsCitation":"Beas-Luna, R., Novak, M., Carr, M.H., Tinker, M.T., Black, A., Caselle, J.E., Hoban, M., Malone, D., and Iles, A.C., 2014, An online database for informing ecological network models: http://kelpforest.ucsc.edu: PLoS ONE, v. 9, no. 10, e109356, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109356.","productDescription":"e109356, 9 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060035","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109356","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296147,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546c75e8e4b0f4a3478a60dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beas-Luna, Rodrigo","contributorId":127447,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beas-Luna","given":"Rodrigo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6948,"text":"UC Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Novak, Mark","contributorId":45229,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Novak","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carr, Mark H.","contributorId":127448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carr","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tinker, M. Tim 0000-0002-3314-839X ttinker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":2796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"ttinker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Tim","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Black, August","contributorId":127449,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Black","given":"August","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6710,"text":"University of California, Santa Barbara, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Caselle, Jennifer E.","contributorId":127450,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caselle","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6710,"text":"University of California, Santa Barbara, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hoban, Michael","contributorId":127451,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoban","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Malone, Dan","contributorId":44783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malone","given":"Dan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Iles, Alison C.","contributorId":7546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iles","given":"Alison","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70127669,"text":"70127669 - 2014 - Temperature drives global patterns in forest biomass distribution in leaves, stems, and roots","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-29T12:27:59","indexId":"70127669","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-01T10:42:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temperature drives global patterns in forest biomass distribution in leaves, stems, and roots","docAbstract":"Whether the fraction of total forest biomass distributed in roots, stems, or leaves varies systematically across geographic gradients remains unknown despite its importance for understanding forest ecology and modeling global carbon cycles. It has been hypothesized that plants should maintain proportionally more biomass in the organ that acquires the most limiting resource. Accordingly, we hypothesize greater biomass distribution in roots and less in stems and foliage in increasingly arid climates and in colder environments at high latitudes. Such a strategy would increase uptake of soil water in dry conditions and of soil nutrients in cold soils, where they are at low supply and are less mobile. We use a large global biomass dataset (>6,200 forests from 61 countries, across a 40 °C gradient in mean annual temperature) to address these questions. Climate metrics involving temperature were better predictors of biomass partitioning than those involving moisture availability, because, surprisingly, fractional distribution of biomass to roots or foliage was unrelated to aridity. In contrast, in increasingly cold climates, the proportion of total forest biomass in roots was greater and in foliage was smaller for both angiosperm and gymnosperm forests. These findings support hypotheses about adaptive strategies of forest trees to temperature and provide biogeographically explicit relationships to improve ecosystem and earth system models. They also will allow, for the first time to our knowledge, representations of root carbon pools that consider biogeographic differences, which are useful for quantifying whole-ecosystem carbon stocks and cycles and for assessing the impact of climate change on forest carbon dynamics.","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences of the United Sates of America","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1216053111","usgsCitation":"Reich, P.B., Lou, Y., Bradford, J.B., Poorter, H., Perry, C.H., and Oleksyn, J., 2014, Temperature drives global patterns in forest biomass distribution in leaves, stems, and roots: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 111, no. 38, p. 13721-13726, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1216053111.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"13721","endPage":"13726","ipdsId":"IP-043943","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1216053111","text":"External Repository"},{"id":294707,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294688,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1216053111"}],"volume":"111","issue":"38","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542d098fe4b092f17defc56f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reich, Peter B.","contributorId":63740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reich","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lou, Yunjian","contributorId":80207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lou","given":"Yunjian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradford, John B. 0000-0001-9257-6303 jbradford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-6303","contributorId":611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"John","email":"jbradford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poorter, Hendrik","contributorId":33242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poorter","given":"Hendrik","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Perry, Charles H.","contributorId":75865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Oleksyn, Jacek","contributorId":30560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oleksyn","given":"Jacek","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70127689,"text":"70127689 - 2014 - Robust, low-cost data loggers for stream temperature, flow intermittency, and relative conductivity monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-02T09:16:15","indexId":"70127689","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-01T10:37:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Robust, low-cost data loggers for stream temperature, flow intermittency, and relative conductivity monitoring","docAbstract":"Water temperature and streamflow intermittency are critical parameters influencing aquatic ecosystem health. Low-cost temperature loggers have made continuous water temperature monitoring relatively simple but determining streamflow timing and intermittency using temperature data alone requires significant and subjective data interpretation. Electrical resistance (ER) sensors have recently been developed to overcome the major limitations of temperature-based methods for the assessment of streamflow intermittency. This technical note introduces the STIC (Stream Temperature, Intermittency, and Conductivity logger); a robust, low-cost, simple to build instrument that provides long-duration, high-resolution monitoring of both relative conductivity (RC) and temperature. Simultaneously collected temperature and RC data provide unambiguous water temperature and streamflow intermittency information that is crucial for monitoring aquatic ecosystem health and assessing regulatory compliance. With proper calibration, the STIC relative conductivity data can be used to monitor specific conductivity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2013WR015158","usgsCitation":"Chapin, T., Todd, A., and Zeigler, M.P., 2014, Robust, low-cost data loggers for stream temperature, flow intermittency, and relative conductivity monitoring: Water Resources Research, v. 50, no. 8, p. 6542-6548, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR015158.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"6542","endPage":"6548","numberOfPages":"7","ipdsId":"IP-053055","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2013wr015158","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294704,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294703,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013WR015158"}],"volume":"50","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542d098fe4b092f17defc54f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapin, Thomas 0000-0001-6587-0734 tchapin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6587-0734","contributorId":758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"Thomas","email":"tchapin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Todd, Andrew S.","contributorId":88664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Andrew S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zeigler, Matthew P.","contributorId":54523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeigler","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70144435,"text":"70144435 - 2014 - Mineral resource of the month: vermiculite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-20T09:31:48","indexId":"70144435","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-01T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1419,"text":"Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral resource of the month: vermiculite","docAbstract":"Vermiculite comprises a group of hydrated, laminar magnesium-aluminum-iron silicate minerals resembling mica. They are secondary minerals, typically altered biotite, iron-rich phlogopite or other micas or clay-like minerals that are themselves sometimes alteration products of amphibole, chlorite, olivine and pyroxene. Vermiculite deposits are associated with volcanic ultramafic rocks rich in magnesium silicate minerals, and flakes of the mineral range in color from black to shades of brown and yellow. The crystal structure of vermiculite contains water molecules, a property that is critical to its processing for common uses.
\nUsing a process called exfoliation-in which vermiculite flakes are heated to 900 degrees Celsius or higher, causing water within the flakes to flash to steam and expand-crude vermiculite ore is processed into particles that are eight to 20 times larger. The resulting lightweight material is chemically inert and fire resistant, with low density and low thermal conductivity. It is also odorless, has high liquid absorption capacity and catalytic properties.
\nBecause it is lightweight and thermally insulating, vermiculite is used in general building plasters and concrete products, alone or combined with other lightweight aggregates such as perlite. Special plasters, in which vermiculite is combined with binders like gypsum or portland cement, fillers or other additives, provide fire protection and soundproofing. As insulation, exfoliated vermiculite, sometimes treated with a water repellent, is used to fill pores and cavities in masonry construction and hollow blockwork to enhance acoustic properties, fire rating and insulation performance. Exfoliated vermiculite can also be used to produce refractory and insulation concretes and mortars, and to make high-temperature binders for construction materials, gaskets, specialty papers, textiles and vehicle brake linings. Finer grades of exfoliated vermiculite can be used to produce various shapes of insulation pellets, high-temperature insulation, as a primary component in cementitious coatings, and as a filler in inks, paints, plastics and other materials.
\nVermiculite can absorb liquids such as fertilizers, herbicides and insecticides, which can then be transported as free-flowing solids. It is used in the fertilizer and pesticide markets because of its ability to act as a bulking agent, carrier and extender. In horticulture, exfoliated vermiculite improves soil aeration and moisture retention, and when mixed with peat or other composted materials, such as pine bark, vermiculite produces a good growing medium for plants. As a soil conditioner, exfoliated vermiculite improves aeration in clay-rich soils and water retention in sandy soils, while reducing the likelihood of compaction, cracking and crusting of the soil.
\nFor more information on the commercial use of vermiculite, visit minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geological Institute","publisherLocation":"Alexandria, VA","usgsCitation":"Tanner, A.O., 2014, Mineral resource of the month: vermiculite: Earth, v. 59, no. 10, p. 63-63.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064569","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300603,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":300602,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.earthmagazine.org/issues/october-2014"}],"volume":"59","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555db055e4b0a92fa7eb831c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanner, Arnold O. atanner@usgs.gov","contributorId":524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"Arnold","email":"atanner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70127641,"text":"70127641 - 2014 - Bioaccumulation and toxicity of CuO nanoparticles by a freshwater invertebrate after waterborne and dietborne exposures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T16:41:54","indexId":"70127641","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-01T10:16:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bioaccumulation and toxicity of CuO nanoparticles by a freshwater invertebrate after waterborne and dietborne exposures","docAbstract":"The incidental ingestion of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) can be an important route of uptake for aquatic organisms. Yet, knowledge of dietary bioavailability and toxicity of NPs is scarce. Here we used isotopically modified copper oxide (65CuO) NPs to characterize the processes governing their bioaccumulation in a freshwater snail after waterborne and dietborne exposures. Lymnaea stagnalis efficiently accumulated 65Cu after aqueous and dietary exposures to 65CuO NPs. Cu assimilation efficiency and feeding rates averaged 83% and 0.61 g g–1 d–1 at low exposure concentrations (<100 nmol g–1), and declined by nearly 50% above this concentration. We estimated that 80–90% of the bioaccumulated 65Cu concentration in L. stagnalis originated from the 65CuO NPs, suggesting that dissolution had a negligible influence on Cu uptake from the NPs under our experimental conditions. The physiological loss of 65Cu incorporated into tissues after exposures to 65CuO NPs was rapid over the first days of depuration and not detectable thereafter. As a result, large Cu body concentrations are expected in L. stagnalis after exposure to CuO NPs. To the degree that there is a link between bioaccumulation and toxicity, dietborne exposures to CuO NPs are likely to elicit adverse effects more readily than waterborne exposures.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es5018703","usgsCitation":"Croteau, M.N., Misra, S., Luoma, S.N., and Valsami-Jones, E., 2014, Bioaccumulation and toxicity of CuO nanoparticles by a freshwater invertebrate after waterborne and dietborne exposures: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 48, no. 18, p. 10929-10937, https://doi.org/10.1021/es5018703.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"10929","endPage":"10937","ipdsId":"IP-056250","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294702,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294701,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5018703"}],"volume":"48","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542d0986e4b092f17defc4c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Croteau, Marie Noele 0000-0003-0346-3580 mcroteau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0346-3580","contributorId":895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Croteau","given":"Marie","email":"mcroteau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Noele","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Misra, Superb K.","contributorId":66188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Misra","given":"Superb K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Valsami-Jones, Eugenia","contributorId":26057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valsami-Jones","given":"Eugenia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70134478,"text":"70134478 - 2014 - An empirical approach to modeling methylmercury concentrations in an Adirondack stream watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-31T18:30:54.598283","indexId":"70134478","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-01T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2320,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An empirical approach to modeling methylmercury concentrations in an Adirondack stream watershed","docAbstract":"Inverse empirical models can inform and improve more complex process-based models by quantifying the principal factors that control water quality variation. Here we developed a multiple regression model that explains 81% of the variation in filtered methylmercury (FMeHg) concentrations in Fishing Brook, a fourth-order stream in the Adirondack Mountains, New York, a known “hot spot” of Hg bioaccumulation. This model builds on previous observations that wetland-dominated riparian areas are the principal source of MeHg to this stream and were based on 43 samples collected during a 33 month period in 2007–2009. Explanatory variables include those that represent the effects of water temperature, streamflow, and modeled riparian water table depth on seasonal and annual patterns of FMeHg concentrations. An additional variable represents the effects of an upstream pond on decreasing FMeHg concentrations. Model results suggest that temperature-driven effects on net Hg methylation rates are the principal control on annual FMeHg concentration patterns. Additionally, streamflow dilutes FMeHg concentrations during the cold dormant season. The model further indicates that depth and persistence of the riparian water table as simulated by TOPMODEL are dominant controls on FMeHg concentration patterns during the warm growing season, especially evident when concentrations during the dry summer of 2007 were less than half of those in the wetter summers of 2008 and 2009. This modeling approach may help identify the principal factors that control variation in surface water FMeHg concentrations in other settings, which can guide the appropriate application of process-based models.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., Nystrom, E.A., Wolock, D.M., Bradley, P.M., and Riva-Murray, K., 2014, An empirical approach to modeling methylmercury concentrations in an Adirondack stream watershed: Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, v. 119, no. 10, p. 1970-1984.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1970","endPage":"1984","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050741","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296361,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":296324,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1002/2013JG002481/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Adirondack Mountains, Fishing Brook","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.35375213623047,\n 43.89492363306683\n ],\n [\n -74.18071746826172,\n 43.89492363306683\n ],\n [\n -74.18071746826172,\n 44.02195282780904\n ],\n [\n -74.35375213623047,\n 44.02195282780904\n ],\n [\n -74.35375213623047,\n 43.89492363306683\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"547ee2bae4b09357f05f8a3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869 daburns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":1237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"daburns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nystrom, Elizabeth A. 0000-0002-0886-3439 nystrom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0886-3439","contributorId":1072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nystrom","given":"Elizabeth","email":"nystrom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Riva-Murray, Karen 0000-0001-6683-2238 krmurray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6683-2238","contributorId":2984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riva-Murray","given":"Karen","email":"krmurray@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70127620,"text":"70127620 - 2014 - Interannual observations and quantification of summertime H2O ice deposition on the Martian CO2 ice south polar cap","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-01T10:27:37","indexId":"70127620","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-01T10:05:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interannual observations and quantification of summertime H2O ice deposition on the Martian CO2 ice south polar cap","docAbstract":"The spectral signature of water ice was observed on Martian south polar cap in 2004 by the Observatoire pour l'Mineralogie, l'Eau les Glaces et l'Activite (OMEGA) ( Bibring et al., 2004). Three years later, the OMEGA instrument was used to discover water ice deposited during southern summer on the polar cap ( Langevin et al., 2007). However, temporal and spatial variations of these water ice signatures have remained unexplored, and the origins of these water deposits remains an important scientific question. To investigate this question, we have used observations from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) instrument on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft of the southern cap during austral summer over four Martian years to search for variations in the amount of water ice.
\nWe report below that for each year we have observed the cap, the magnitude of the H2O ice signature on the southern cap has risen steadily throughout summer, particularly on the west end of the cap. The spatial extent of deposition is in disagreement with the current best simulations of deposition of water ice on the south polar cap (Montmessin et al., 2007).
\nThis increase in water ice signatures is most likely caused by deposition of atmospheric H2O ice and a set of unusual conditions makes the quantification of this transport flux using CRISM close to ideal. We calculate a ‘minimum apparent‘ amount of deposition corresponding to a thin H2O ice layer of 0.2 mm (with 70% porosity). This amount of H2O ice deposition is 0.6–6% of the total Martian atmospheric water budget. We compare our ‘minimum apparent’ quantification with previous estimates.
\nThis deposition process may also have implications for the formation and stability of the southern CO2 ice cap, and therefore play a significant role in the climate budget of modern day Mars.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2014.08.039","usgsCitation":"Brown, A.J., Piqueux, S., and Titus, T.N., 2014, Interannual observations and quantification of summertime H2O ice deposition on the Martian CO2 ice south polar cap: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 405, p. 102-109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.08.039.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"102","endPage":"109","ipdsId":"IP-052608","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1407.0111","text":"External Repository"},{"id":294700,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294670,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.08.039"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars South Pole","volume":"405","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542d098ee4b092f17defc543","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Adrian J.","contributorId":106032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Adrian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piqueux, Sylvain","contributorId":56986,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piqueux","given":"Sylvain","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":502527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Titus, Timothy N. 0000-0003-0700-4875 ttitus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0700-4875","contributorId":146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"Timothy","email":"ttitus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70095742,"text":"70095742 - 2014 - Connectivity in the tropical coastal seascape: Implications for marine spatial planning and resource management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-01T19:32:22.572545","indexId":"70095742","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-01T10:03:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"14","title":"Connectivity in the tropical coastal seascape: Implications for marine spatial planning and resource management","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Interrelationships between corals and fisheries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","doi":"10.1201/b17159","usgsCitation":"Ogden, J.C., Nagelkerken, I., and McIvor, C., 2014, Connectivity in the tropical coastal seascape: Implications for marine spatial planning and resource management, chap. 14 of Interrelationships between corals and fisheries, p. 253-274, https://doi.org/10.1201/b17159.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"274","ipdsId":"IP-049798","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294709,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542d0988e4b092f17defc4ce","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bortone, Stephen A.","contributorId":113846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bortone","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509819,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Ogden, John C.","contributorId":79040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogden","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nagelkerken, Ivan","contributorId":80597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagelkerken","given":"Ivan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McIvor, Carole C.","contributorId":33641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIvor","given":"Carole C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70249415,"text":"70249415 - 2014 - Detection of North American land cover change between 2005 and 2010 with 250m MODIS Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-16T14:01:55.259032","indexId":"70249415","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-01T09:45:16","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5987,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection of North American land cover change between 2005 and 2010 with 250m MODIS Data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Colditz, R., Pouliot, D., Llamas, R., Homer, C., Latifovic, R., Ressl, R., Meneses Tovar, C., Herneandez, A., and Richardson, K., 2014, Detection of North American land cover change between 2005 and 2010 with 250m MODIS Data: Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, v. 80, no. 10, p. 918-924.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"918","endPage":"924","ipdsId":"IP-057947","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":421700,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.asprs.org/publication/pers-archives/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":421820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": 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Ricardo","contributorId":330657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Llamas","given":"Ricardo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":78951,"text":"CONABIO, Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":885540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Homer, Collin 0000-0003-4755-8135","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-8135","contributorId":238918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homer","given":"Collin","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":885541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Latifovic, Rasim","contributorId":330658,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Latifovic","given":"Rasim","affiliations":[{"id":78952,"text":"CCRS, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":885542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ressl, Rainer","contributorId":330659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ressl","given":"Rainer","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":78951,"text":"CONABIO, Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":885543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Meneses Tovar, Carmen","contributorId":330660,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meneses Tovar","given":"Carmen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":78953,"text":"CONIFOR, Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":885544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Herneandez, Arturo","contributorId":330661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herneandez","given":"Arturo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":78954,"text":"INEGI, Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":885545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Richardson, Karen","contributorId":330662,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Richardson","given":"Karen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":78955,"text":"CEC, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":885546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70137850,"text":"70137850 - 2014 - Melanin-based color of plumage: role of condition and of feathers' microstructure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T16:18:20","indexId":"70137850","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-01T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2010,"text":"Integrative and Comparative Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Melanin-based color of plumage: role of condition and of feathers' microstructure","docAbstract":"Whether melanin-based colors honestly signal a bird's condition during the growth of feathers is controversial, and it is unclear if or how the physiological processes underlying melanogenesis or color-imparting structural feather microstructure may be adversely affected by condition. Here we report results from two experiments designed to measure the effect of condition on expression of eumelanic and pheomelanic coloration in black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) and zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), respectively. In chickadees, we compared feathers of birds affected and unaffected by avian keratin disorder, while in zebra finches we compared feathers of controls with feathers of those subjected to an unpredictable food supply during development. In both cases we found that control birds had brighter feathers (higher total reflectance) and more barbules, but similar densities of melanosomes. In addition, the microstructure of the feathers explained variation in color more strongly than did melanosome density. Together, these results suggest that melanin-based coloration may in part be condition-dependent, but that this may be driven by changes in keratin and feather development, rather than melanogenesis itself. Researchers should be cautious when assigning variation in melanin-based color to melanin alone and microstructure of the feather should be taken into account.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology","publisherLocation":"McLean, VA","doi":"10.1093/icb/icu094","usgsCitation":"D’Alba, L., Van Hemert, C.R., Spencer, K.A., Heidinger, B.J., Gill, L., Evans, N.P., Monaghan, P., Handel, C.M., and Shawkey, M.D., 2014, Melanin-based color of plumage: role of condition and of feathers' microstructure: Integrative and Comparative Biology, v. 54, no. 4, p. 633-644, https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icu094.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"633","endPage":"644","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056282","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icu094","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":297221,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2bf0e4b08de9379b358d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Alba, Liliana","contributorId":138633,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"D’Alba","given":"Liliana","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12469,"text":"University of Akron","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Hemert, Caroline R. 0000-0002-6858-7165 cvanhemert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6858-7165","contributorId":3592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Hemert","given":"Caroline","email":"cvanhemert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spencer, Karen A.","contributorId":138634,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spencer","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12470,"text":"University of St. Andrews","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heidinger, Britt J.","contributorId":138635,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heidinger","given":"Britt","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":12471,"text":"North Dakota State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gill, Lisa","contributorId":138636,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gill","given":"Lisa","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12472,"text":"Max Planck Institute for Ornithology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Evans, Neil P.","contributorId":138637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evans","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":12473,"text":"University of Glasgow","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Monaghan, Pat","contributorId":138638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Monaghan","given":"Pat","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12473,"text":"University of Glasgow","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Handel, Colleen M. 0000-0002-0267-7408 cmhandel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7408","contributorId":3067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handel","given":"Colleen","email":"cmhandel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Shawkey, Matthew D.","contributorId":138639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shawkey","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12469,"text":"University of Akron","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70126736,"text":"sir20145138 - 2014 - Geologic and hydrogeologic frameworks of the Biscayne aquifer in central Miami-Dade County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-01T09:35:53","indexId":"sir20145138","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-01T09:42:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5138","title":"Geologic and hydrogeologic frameworks of the Biscayne aquifer in central Miami-Dade County, Florida","docAbstract":"Evaluations of the lithostratigraphy, lithofacies, paleontology, ichnology, depositional environments, and cyclostratigraphy from 11 test coreholes were linked to geophysical interpretations, and to results of hydraulic slug tests of six test coreholes at the Snapper Creek Well Field (SCWF), to construct geologic and hydrogeologic frameworks for the study area in central Miami-Dade County, Florida. The resulting geologic and hydrogeologic frameworks are consistent with those recently described for the Biscayne aquifer in the nearby Lake Belt area in Miami-Dade County and link the Lake Belt area frameworks with those developed for the SCWF study area. The hydrogeologic framework is characterized by a triple-porosity pore system of (1) matrix porosity (mainly mesoporous interparticle porosity, moldic porosity, and mesoporous to megaporous separate vugs), which under dynamic conditions, produces limited flow; (2) megaporous, touching-vug porosity that commonly forms stratiform groundwater passageways; and (3) conduit porosity, including bedding-plane vugs, decimeter-scale diameter vertical solution pipes, and meter-scale cavernous vugs. The various pore types and associated permeabilities generally have a predictable vertical spatial distribution related to the cyclostratigraphy.
\nThe Biscayne aquifer within the study area can be described as two major flow units separated by a single middle semiconfining unit. The upper Biscayne aquifer flow unit is present mainly within the Miami Limestone at the top of the aquifer and has the greatest hydraulic conductivity values, with a mean of 8,200 feet per day. The middle semiconfining unit, mainly within the upper Fort Thompson Formation, comprises continuous to discontinuous zones with (1) matrix porosity; (2) leaky, low permeability layers that may have up to centimeter-scale vuggy porosity with higher vertical permeability than horizontal permeability; and (3) stratiform flow zones composed of fossil moldic porosity, burrow related vugs, or irregular vugs. Flow zones with a mean hydraulic conductivity of 2,600 feet per day are present within the middle semiconfining unit, but none of the flow zones are continuous across the study area. The lower Biscayne aquifer flow unit comprises a group of flow zones in the lower part of the aquifer. These flow zones are present in the lower part of the Fort Thompson Formation and in some cases within the limestone or sandstone or both in the uppermost part of the Pinecrest Sand Member of the Tamiami Formation. The mean hydraulic conductivity of major flow zones within the lower Biscayne aquifer flow unit is 5,900 feet per day, and the mean value for minor flow zones is 2,900 feet per day. A semiconfining unit is present beneath the Biscayne aquifer. The boundary between the two hydrologic units is at the top or near the top of the Pinecrest Sand Member of the Tamiami Formation. The lower semiconfining unit has a hydraulic conductivity of less than 350 feet per day.
\nThe most productive zones of groundwater flow within the two Biscayne aquifer flow units have a characteristic pore system dominated by stratiform megaporosity related to selective dissolution of an Ophiomorpha-dominated ichnofabric. In the upper flow unit, decimeter-scale vertical solution pipes that are common in some areas of the SCWF study area contribute to high vertical permeability compared to that in areas without the pipes. Cross-hole flowmeter data collected from the SCWF test coreholes show that the distribution of vuggy porosity, matrix porosity, and permeability within the Biscayne aquifer of the SCWF is highly heterogeneous and anisotropic.
\nGroundwater withdrawals from production well fields in southeastern Florida may be inducing recharge of the Biscayne aquifer from canals near the well fields that are used for water-management functions, such as flood control and well-field pumping. The SCWF was chosen as a location within Miami-Dade County to study the potential for such recharge to the Biscayne aquifer from the C–2 (Snapper Creek) canal that roughly divides the well field in half. Geologic, hydrogeologic, and hydraulic information on the aquifer collected during construction of monitoring wells within the SCWF could be used to evaluate the groundwater flow budget at the well-field scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145138","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Miami-Dade County Water and Sewer Department","usgsCitation":"Wacker, M.A., Cunningham, K.J., and Williams, J., 2014, Geologic and hydrogeologic frameworks of the Biscayne aquifer in central Miami-Dade County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5138, Report: viii, 66 p.; 4 Appendices; 3 Plates: 36 X 29.17 or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145138.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 66 p.; 4 Appendices; 3 Plates: 36 X 29.17 or smaller","numberOfPages":"77","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-044408","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294577,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145138.jpg"},{"id":294680,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5138/plates/sir2014-5138_plate02.pdf"},{"id":294681,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5138/plates/sir2014-5138_plate03.pdf"},{"id":294677,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5138/appendix/sir2014-5138_appendix04"},{"id":294678,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5138/appendix/sir2014-5138_appendix06.pdf"},{"id":294679,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5138/plates/sir2014-5138_plate01.pdf"},{"id":294673,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5138/"},{"id":294674,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5138/pdf/sir2014-5138.pdf"},{"id":294675,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5138/appendix/sir2014-5138_appendix01.pdf"},{"id":294676,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5138/appendix/sir2014-5138_appendix02"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Miami-Dade County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.8736,25.1374 ], [ -80.8736,25.9794 ], [ -80.1179,25.9794 ], [ -80.1179,25.1374 ], [ -80.8736,25.1374 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542d098ee4b092f17defc535","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wacker, Michael A. mwacker@usgs.gov","contributorId":2162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wacker","given":"Michael","email":"mwacker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cunningham, Kevin J. 0000-0002-2179-8686 kcunning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-8686","contributorId":1689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Kevin","email":"kcunning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, John H. 0000-0002-6054-6908 jhwillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6054-6908","contributorId":1553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"John","email":"jhwillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70128281,"text":"70128281 - 2014 - An enhanced model of land water and energy for global hydrologic and earth-system studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-07T09:26:36","indexId":"70128281","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-01T09:24:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An enhanced model of land water and energy for global hydrologic and earth-system studies","docAbstract":"LM3 is a new model of terrestrial water, energy, and carbon, intended for use in global hydrologic analyses and as a component of earth-system and physical-climate models. It is designed to improve upon the performance and to extend the scope of the predecessor Land Dynamics (LaD) and LM3V models by better quantifying the physical controls of climate and biogeochemistry and by relating more directly to components of the global water system that touch human concerns. LM3 includes multilayer representations of temperature, liquid water content, and ice content of both snowpack and macroporous soil–bedrock; topography-based description of saturated area and groundwater discharge; and transport of runoff to the ocean via a global river and lake network. Sensible heat transport by water mass is accounted throughout for a complete energy balance. Carbon and vegetation dynamics and biophysics are represented as in LM3V. In numerical experiments, LM3 avoids some of the limitations of the LaD model and provides qualitatively (though not always quantitatively) reasonable estimates, from a global perspective, of observed spatial and/or temporal variations of vegetation density, albedo, streamflow, water-table depth, permafrost, and lake levels. Amplitude and phase of annual cycle of total water storage are simulated well. Realism of modeled lake levels varies widely. The water table tends to be consistently too shallow in humid regions. Biophysical properties have an artificial stepwise spatial structure, and equilibrium vegetation is sensitive to initial conditions. Explicit resolution of thick (>100 m) unsaturated zones and permafrost is possible, but only at the cost of long (≫300 yr) model spinup times.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA","doi":"10.1175/JHM-D-13-0162.1","usgsCitation":"Milly, P., Malyshev, S.L., Shevliakova, E., Dunne, K.A., Findell, K.L., Gleeson, T., Liang, Z., Phillips, P., Stouffer, R.J., and Swenson, S., 2014, An enhanced model of land water and energy for global hydrologic and earth-system studies: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 15, p. 1739-1761, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-13-0162.1.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1739","endPage":"1761","numberOfPages":"23","ipdsId":"IP-054670","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-0162.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294977,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294973,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-13-0162.1"},{"id":294974,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/JHM-D-13-0162.1"}],"volume":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5435009ee4b0a4f4b46a2374","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milly, Paul C.D. 0000-0003-4389-3139 cmilly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4389-3139","contributorId":2119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"Paul C.D.","email":"cmilly@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":502796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malyshev, Sergey L.","contributorId":27810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malyshev","given":"Sergey","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shevliakova, Elena","contributorId":9596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shevliakova","given":"Elena","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dunne, Krista A. kadunne@usgs.gov","contributorId":3936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunne","given":"Krista","email":"kadunne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Findell, Kirsten L.","contributorId":8404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Findell","given":"Kirsten","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gleeson, Tom","contributorId":81041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleeson","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Liang, Zhi","contributorId":12397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liang","given":"Zhi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Phillips, Peter","contributorId":10740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Stouffer, Ronald J.","contributorId":17172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stouffer","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Swenson, Sean","contributorId":58584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Sean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70123314,"text":"sir20145171 - 2014 - Use of stable isotopes of nitrogen and water to identify sources of nitrogen in three urban creeks of Durham, North Carolina, 2011-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-02T09:46:37","indexId":"sir20145171","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-01T09:21:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5171","title":"Use of stable isotopes of nitrogen and water to identify sources of nitrogen in three urban creeks of Durham, North Carolina, 2011-12","docAbstract":"A preliminary assessment of nitrate sources was conducted in three creeks that feed nutrient impaired Falls and Jordan Lakes in the vicinity of Durham County, North Carolina, from July 2011 to June 2012. Cabin Branch, Ellerbe Creek, and Third Fork Creek were sampled monthly to determine if sources of nitrate in surface water could be identified on the basis of their stable isotopic compositions. Land use differs in the drainage basins of the investigated creeks—the predominant land use in Cabin Branch Basin is forest, and the Ellerbe and Third Fork Creek Basins are predominantly developed urban areas. Total nutrient concentrations were below 1 milligram per liter (mg/L). All measured nitrate plus nitrite concentrations were below the North Carolina standard of 10 mg/L as nitrogen with the highest concentration of 0.363 mg/L measured in Third Fork Creek. Concentrations of ammonia were generally less than 0.1 mg/L as nitrogen in all creek samples. More than 50 percent of the total nitrogen measured in the creeks was in the form of organic nitrogen. Total phosphorus and orthophosphate concentrations in all samples were generally less than 0.2 mg/L as phosphorus. The isotopic composition of surface water (δ2HH20 and δ18OH2O) is similar to that of modern-day precipitation. During July and August 2011 and May and June 2012, surface-water samples displayed a seasonal difference in isotopic composition, indicating fractionation of isotopes as a result of evaporation and, potentially, mixing with local and regional groundwater. The dominant source of nitrate to Cabin Branch, Ellerbe Creek, and Third Fork Creek was the nitrification of soil nitrogen. Two stormflow samples in Ellerbe Creek and Third Fork Creek had nitrate sources that were a mixture of the nitrification of soil nitrogen and an atmospheric source that had bypassed some soil contact through impermeable surfaces within the drainage basin. No influence of a septic or wastewater source was found in Cabin Branch. Results from this study suggest that it is possible to distinguish sources of nitrogen and biogeochemical processes on nitrate using stable isotopes of nitrogen and oxygen in small creeks of Durham County, North Carolina.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145171","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Durham, Public Works Department, Stormwater Services Division","usgsCitation":"McSwain, K., Young, M.B., and Giorgino, M.L., 2014, Use of stable isotopes of nitrogen and water to identify sources of nitrogen in three urban creeks of Durham, North Carolina, 2011-12: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5171, vi, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145171.","productDescription":"vi, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050802","costCenters":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294699,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145171.jpg"},{"id":294697,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5171/"},{"id":294698,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5171/pdf/sir2014-5171.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Durham County","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542d0990e4b092f17defc581","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McSwain, Kristen Bukowski","contributorId":74694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McSwain","given":"Kristen Bukowski","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, Megan B. 0000-0002-0229-4108 mbyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0229-4108","contributorId":3315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Megan","email":"mbyoung@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Giorgino, Mary L. giorgino@usgs.gov","contributorId":2242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giorgino","given":"Mary","email":"giorgino@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70073860,"text":"70073860 - 2014 - Detecting thermally driven cyclic deformation of an exfoliation sheet with lidar and radar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-13T16:36:49","indexId":"70073860","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-01T09:19:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Detecting thermally driven cyclic deformation of an exfoliation sheet with lidar and radar","docAbstract":"Rock falls from steep, exfoliating cliffs are common in many landscapes. Of the many mechanisms known to trigger rock falls, thermally driven deformation is among the least quantified, despite potentially being a prevalent trigger due to its occurrence at all times of year. Here we present the results of a field-based monitoring program using instrumentation, ground-based lidar, and ground-based radar to investigate the process of thermally driven deformation of an exfoliation sheet, and the ability of remote sensing tools to capture cyclic expansion and contraction patterns. Our results indicate that thermally driven exfoliation occurs on diurnal cycles and can be measured at the submillimeter to centimeter scale using high-resolution strain gauges, short-range (2 km) radar interfer-ometry.
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The study area encompasses the Central African Copperbelt, the greatest sediment-hosted copper-cobalt province in the world, containing 152 million metric tons of copper in greater than 80 deposits. This study (1) delineates permissive areas (tracts) where undiscovered sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits may occur within 2 kilometers of the surface, (2) provides a database of known sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits and prospects, (3) estimates numbers of undiscovered deposits within these permissive tracts at several levels of confidence, and (4) provides probabilistic estimates of amounts of copper and mineralized rock that could be contained in undiscovered deposits within each tract. The assessment, conducted in January 2010 using a three-part form of mineral resource assessment, indicates that a substantial amount of undiscovered copper resources might occur in sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits within the Roan Group in the Katanga Basin. Monte Carlo simulation results that combine grade and tonnage models with estimates of undiscovered deposits indicate that the mean estimate of undiscovered copper in the study area is 168 million metric tons, which is slightly greater than the known resources at 152 million metric tons. Furthermore, significant value can be expected from associated metals, particularly cobalt. Tracts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have potential to contain near-surface, undiscovered deposits. Monte Carlo simulation results indicate a mean value of 37 million metric tons of undiscovered copper may be present in significant prospects.
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Acoustic surveys have become a common survey method for bats and other vocal taxa. Previous work shows that bat echolocation may be misidentified, but common analytic methods, such as occupancy models, assume that misidentifications do not occur. Unless rare, such misidentifications could lead to incorrect inferences with significant management implications.
\n\n
2. We fit a false-positive occupancy model to data from paired bat detector and mist-net surveys to estimate probability of presence when survey data may include false positives. We compared estimated occupancy and detection rates to those obtained from a standard occupancy model. We also derived a formula to estimate the probability that bats were present at a site given its detection history. As an example, we analysed survey data for little brown bats Myotis lucifugus from 135 sites in Washington and Oregon, USA.
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3. We estimated that at an unoccupied site, acoustic surveys had a 14% chance per night of producing spurious M. lucifugus detections. Estimated detection rates were higher and occupancy rates were lower under the false-positive model, relative to a standard occupancy model. Un-modelled false positives also affected inferences about occupancy at individual sites. For example, probability of occupancy at individual sites with acoustic detections but no captures ranged from 2% to 100% under the false-positive occupancy model, but was always 100% under a standard occupancy model.
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4. Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that false positives sufficient to affect inferences may be common in acoustic surveys for bats. We demonstrate an approach that can estimate occupancy, regardless of the false-positive rate, when acoustic surveys are paired with capture surveys. Applications of this approach include monitoring the spread of White-Nose Syndrome, estimating the impact of climate change and informing conservation listing decisions. We calculate a site-specific probability of occupancy, conditional on survey results, which could inform local permitting decisions, such as for wind energy projects. More generally, the magnitude of false positives suggests that false-positive occupancy models can improve accuracy in research and monitoring of bats and provide wildlife managers with more reliable information.
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