{"pageNumber":"1340","pageRowStart":"33475","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":70157532,"text":"70157532 - 1994 - Statistical Techniques for Assessing water‐quality effects of BMPs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-25T13:14:30","indexId":"70157532","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-06T08:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2362,"text":"Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical Techniques for Assessing water‐quality effects of BMPs","docAbstract":"<div>Little has been published on the effectiveness of various management practices in small rural lakes and streams at the watershed scale. In this study, statistical techniques were used to test for changes in water‐quality data from watersheds where best management practices (BMPs) were implemented. Reductions in data variability due to climate and seasonality were accomplished through the use of regression methods. This study discusses the merits of using storm‐mass‐transport data as a means of improving the ability to detect BMP effects on stream‐water quality. Statistical techniques were applied to suspended‐sediment records from three rural watersheds in Illinois for the period 1981&ndash;84. None of the techniques identified changes in suspended sediment, primarily because of the small degree of BMP implementation and because of potential errors introduced through the estimation of storm‐mass transport. A Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis was used to determine the level of discrete change that could be detected for each watershed. In all cases, the use of regressions improved the ability to detect trends.<br /><br /><br />Read More: <a href=\"http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%290733-9437%281994%29120:2%28334%29\">http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1994)120:2(334)</a></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1994)120:2(334)","usgsCitation":"Walker, J.F., 1994, Statistical Techniques for Assessing water‐quality effects of BMPs: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, v. 120, no. 2, p. 334-337, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1994)120:2(334).","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"334","endPage":"337","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":308595,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5606703ee4b058f706e51963","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, John F. jfwalker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"John","email":"jfwalker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70045808,"text":"70045808 - 1994 - Strontium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-06T13:06:22","indexId":"70045808","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strontium","docAbstract":"Production figures are not published for stronium carbonate because there is only one company producing strontium carbonate domestically. Strontium carbonate is produced in the U.S. from imported celestite. Consumption can be estimated from trade data published by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Consumption is estimated at approximately 24.5 kt of strontium. The largest end-use of strontium carbonate is in the production of faceplate glass for color television picturetubes. Other applications and markets for strontium are discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Ober, J., 1994, Strontium: Mining Engineering, v. 46, p. 547-548.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"547","endPage":"548","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271887,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5188d4e8e4b023d2d75b9aad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ober, J.A.","contributorId":76351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ober","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70006842,"text":"70006842 - 1994 - The relationship between species richness and community biomass: The importance of environmental variables","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-24T13:23:47","indexId":"70006842","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T21:22:35","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship between species richness and community biomass: The importance of environmental variables","docAbstract":"Several studies have used plant community biomass to predict species richness with varying success. In this study we examined the relationship between species richness and biomass for 36 marsh communities from two different watersheds. In addition, we measured several environmental variables and estimated the potential richness (the total number of species known to be able to occur in a community type) for each community. Above ground living and dead biomass combined was found to be weakly correlated with species richness (R<sup>2</sup>=0.02). Instead, a multiple regression model based on elevation (R<sup>2</sup>=0.47), salinity (R<sup>2</sup>=0.30), soil organic matter (R<sup>2</sup>=0.18), and biomass was able to explain 82% of the variance in species richness. It was found that environmental conditions could explain 89% of the variation in potential richness. Biomass had no relation to potential richness. When used as a predictor variable, potential richness was found to explain 72% of the variation in realized (observed) richness and biomass explained an addition 9% of the variance in realized richness. This finding suggests that realized richness in our system was controlled primarily by environmental regulation of potential richness and secondarily by biomass (as an indicator of competition). Further examination of the data revealed that when sites exposed to extreme environmental conditons were eliminated from the analysis, biomass became the primary predictor of realized richness and potential richness was of secondary importance. We conclude that community biomass has a limited capacity to predict species richness across a broad range of habitat conditions.  Of particular importance is the inability of biomass to indicate the effect of environmental factors and evolutionary history on the potential species richness at a site.","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Publishing","publisherLocation":"Oxford, U.K.","doi":"10.2307/3545638","usgsCitation":"Gough, L., Grace, J., and Taylor, K., 1994, The relationship between species richness and community biomass: The importance of environmental variables: Oikos, v. 70, no. 2, p. 271-279, https://doi.org/10.2307/3545638.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"279","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Pearl River Basin, Tchefuncte River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.77752685546875,\n              30.135626231134587\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.53033447265625,\n              30.135626231134587\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.53033447265625,\n              30.44748978060767\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.77752685546875,\n              30.44748978060767\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.77752685546875,\n              30.135626231134587\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.18470764160156,\n              30.371246059237205\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.1237678527832,\n              30.371246059237205\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.1237678527832,\n              30.424400882616833\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.18470764160156,\n              30.424400882616833\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.18470764160156,\n              30.371246059237205\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf1ee4b08c986b324569","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gough, L.","contributorId":53971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, K.L.","contributorId":80021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70038750,"text":"70038750 - 1994 - New uranium-series ages of the Waimanalo Limestone, Oahu, Hawaii: implications for sea level during the last interglacial period","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-04T01:02:11","indexId":"70038750","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T14:01:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New uranium-series ages of the Waimanalo Limestone, Oahu, Hawaii: implications for sea level during the last interglacial period","docAbstract":"The Waimanalo Formation (limestone) of Oahu has been correlated with the last interglacial period based on U-series dating of corals by T.-L. Ku and colleagues. The limestone consists of growth-position corals and overlying coral conglomerate. An apparent bimodal distribution of ages for the growth-position corals (mean age = 133 ka) and the overlying coral conglomerate (mean age = 119 ka) has been interpreted to represent two distinct high stands of sea that occurred within the last interglacial period. Both growth-position corals and overlying, conglomerate coral occur in an outcrop east of Kaena Point and consist mainly of Pocillopora and Porites. U-seriesages of growth-position corals that show closed-system conditions are 120 &plusmn; 3 ka and 127 &plusmn; 4 ka; overlying conglomerate corals have U-seriesages that range from 120 &plusmn; 3 ka to 138 &plusmn; 4 ka. At Kahe Point, conglomerate corals have ages of 120 &plusmn; 3 ka and 134 &plusmn; 4 ka. These data show that the growth position corals are not systematically older than the conglomerate corals; thus, there is no evidence for two distinct high stands of sea. Waimanalo deposits at Kahe Point and Mokapu Point (new U-seriesages of 134 &plusmn; 4 ka and 127 &plusmn; 3 ka) have beach deposits as high as 12.5 m and, at Mokapu Point, growth-position corals as high as 8.5 m. A last-interglacial sea-level stand of +8.5 to +12.5 m conflicts with estimates of +6 m from a number of tectonically stable coastlines and islands in the western Atlantic Ocean. We infer, therefore, that Oahu may be undergoing uplift at a low rate. This uplift may be due to compensatory lithospheric flexure, because the island of Hawaii has been subsiding throughout much of the Quaternary from volcanic loading. Because of this possible uplift, Oahu and islands like it elsewhere in the Pacific cannot be used as reference points for sealevel during the last interglacial period.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(94)90091-4","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D., and Szabo, B.J., 1994, New uranium-series ages of the Waimanalo Limestone, Oahu, Hawaii: implications for sea level during the last interglacial period: Marine Geology, v. 118, no. 3-4, p. 315-326, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(94)90091-4.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"326","costCenters":[{"id":308,"text":"Geology and Environmental Change Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257692,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(94)90091-4","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"O'ahu;Waimanalo Limestone","volume":"118","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6620e4b0c8380cd72d20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70000602,"text":"70000602 - 1994 - Measurement of radon gas on major faults in California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:37","indexId":"70000602","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:30","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":646,"text":"Acta Seismologica Sinica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measurement of radon gas on major faults in California, USA","docAbstract":"Abundant data have been gathered through measurements of radon gas emission in the soil on several major active faults, such as San Andreas and Calaveras, in California, U.S.A.. They show radon emissions and their spatial variations at the unlocked, locked, and creeping sections of faults with different tectonic movements. The characteristics of these variations and the role of fault gases in the research on earthquake prediction are discussed in this paper. ?? 1994 Acta Seismologica Sinica.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Acta Seismologica Sinica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of China","doi":"10.1007/BF02651919","issn":"10009116","usgsCitation":"Zhang, W., and King, C., 1994, Measurement of radon gas on major faults in California, USA: Acta Seismologica Sinica, v. 7, no. 1, p. 159-165, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02651919.","startPage":"159","endPage":"165","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":18973,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02651919"},{"id":203368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db61118e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, W.","contributorId":92399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, C.-Y.","contributorId":81225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"C.-Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5222644,"text":"5222644 - 1994 - Nutritional restriction and acid-base balance in white-tailed deer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-10T00:01:47.932582","indexId":"5222644","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutritional restriction and acid-base balance in white-tailed deer","docAbstract":"<div id=\"9830252\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>We examined the effect of progressive nutritional restriction on acid-base balance in seven captive, adult white-tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>) from 4 February to 5 May 1988 in north central Minnesota (USA). Metabolic acidosis was indicated by low mean blood pH (7.25 to 7.33) in deer throughout the study. Mean urinary pH values declined (<i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.020) from a mean (±SE) baseline of 8.3 ± 0.1 to 6.7 ± 0.3 as restriction progressed. Acidemia and aciduria were associated with significant variations in mean blood CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(<i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.006) and pO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(<i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.032), serum potassium (<i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.004) concentrations, and with a significant (<i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.104) handling date × group interaction in urinary potassium : creatinine values. Mean bicarbonate : carbonic acid ratios were consistently below 20:1 during nutritional restriction. Mean packed cell volume increased (<i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.019) and serum total protein decreased (<i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.001); thus there was evidence for progressive dehydration and net protein catabolism, respectively. Blood pCO<sub>2</sub>, serum sodium, and urinary sodium : creatinine were stable throughout the study. We propose that acidosis and aciduria are metabolic complications associated with nutritional restriction of white-tailed deer.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-30.2.247","usgsCitation":"DelGiudice, G., Mech, L., and Seal, U., 1994, Nutritional restriction and acid-base balance in white-tailed deer: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 30, no. 2, p. 247-253, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-30.2.247.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"253","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479301,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-30.2.247","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":194278,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16355,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/reprint/30/2/247","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696618","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DelGiudice, G. D.","contributorId":33415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DelGiudice","given":"G. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal, U.S.","contributorId":40564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seal","given":"U.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5222713,"text":"5222713 - 1994 - The 1992 and 1993 summary of the North American Breeding Bird Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:36","indexId":"5222713","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:49","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1051,"text":"Bird Populations","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1992 and 1993 summary of the North American Breeding Bird Survey","docAbstract":"Using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), continental and regional changes in bird populations were estimated for the 2-year periods of 1991-1992 and 1992-1993.  These 2-year changes were placed in the context of population trends since 1966.  During 1991-1992, 62% of all species exhibited positive continental trend estimates.  For species showing significant population trends, 68 increased while 30 decreased.  The percentage of species with positive continental trends was reduced to 45% during 1992-1993, when 39 species exhibited significant increases and 60 experienced significant decreases. Over the entire survey period of 1966-1993, 48% of all species showed positive trend estimates, with the number of species showing significant increases and significant decreases at 94 and 104, respectively.  The continental and regional percentages were also analyzed for 12 groups of North American birds having shared life-history traits.  While many regional patterns existed within these groups, the largest percentages of increasing species were generally found in the Central and Western BBS regions during 1991-1992.  The smallest percentages of increasing species were generally evident in the Western BBS Region during 1992-1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bird Populations","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Peterjohn, B., Sauer, J., and Link, W., 1994, The 1992 and 1993 summary of the North American Breeding Bird Survey: Bird Populations, v. 2, p. 46-61.","productDescription":"46-61","startPage":"46","endPage":"61","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683623","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterjohn, B.G.","contributorId":25255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterjohn","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5222715,"text":"5222715 - 1994 - Distribution and abundance of birds wintering in Maryland, 1988-1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:50","indexId":"5222715","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2687,"text":"Maryland Birdlife","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and abundance of birds wintering in Maryland, 1988-1993","docAbstract":"A winter bird survey was conducted throughout Maryland, primarily by volunteers, during the 6 winters of 1988 to 1993 between the dates of 10 Jan and 10 Feb.  The state of Maryland is covered by 1231 blocks (9.5 sq. miles each), each comprising one-sixth of the standard U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle, and 548 of these blocks (44.5%) were surveyed for winter birds.  Blocks were chosen in a systematic pattern with eventually almost every other block in the state having been surveyed as of Feb, 1993.  Volunteers conducted each 4-hour survey by walking a 4-6 mile route chosen by the volunteer to sample habitats in proportion to their availability in the block.  Surveys began around sunrise (~7:30 a.m.) and all birds seen or heard during the 4 hours were recorded on data sheets.  The data were then used to create maps representing the distribution and relative abundance of each species of wintering bird found in at least 10 blocks in the state.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Maryland Birdlife","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Hatfield, J., Ricciardi, S., Gough, G., Bystrak, D., Droege, S., and Robbins, C., 1994, Distribution and abundance of birds wintering in Maryland, 1988-1993: Maryland Birdlife, v. 50, no. 1-4, p. 3-83.","productDescription":"3-83","startPage":"3","endPage":"83","numberOfPages":"81","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a0b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":41372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ricciardi, S.A.","contributorId":51409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ricciardi","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gough, G.A.","contributorId":105013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bystrak, D.","contributorId":58220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bystrak","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Droege, Sam 0000-0003-4393-0403","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-0403","contributorId":64185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droege","given":"Sam","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":336938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5222802,"text":"5222802 - 1994 - Within-site variability in surveys of wildlife populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T12:15:51","indexId":"5222802","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Within-site variability in surveys of wildlife populations","docAbstract":"<p><span>Most large-scale surveys of animal populations are based on counts of individuals observed during a sampling period, which are used as indexes to the population. The variability in these indexes not only reflects variability in population sizes among sites but also variability due to the inexactness of the counts. Repeated counts at survey sites can be used to document this additional source of variability and, in some applications, to mitigate its effects. We present models for evaluating the proportion of total variability in counts that is attributable to this within-site variability and apply them in the analysis of data from repeated counts on routes from the North American Breeding Bird Survey. We analyzed data on 98 species, obtaining estimates of these percentages, which ranged from 3.5 to 100% with a mean of 36.25%. For at least 14 of the species, more than half of the variation in counts was attributable to within-site sources. Counts for species with lower average counts had a higher percentage of within-site variability. We discuss the relative cost efficiency of replicating sites or initiating new sites for several objectives, concluding that it is frequently better to initiate new sites than to attempt to replicate existing sites.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/1939433","usgsCitation":"Link, W., Barker, R., Sauer, J., and Droege, S., 1994, Within-site variability in surveys of wildlife populations: Ecology, v. 75, no. 4, p. 1097-1108, https://doi.org/10.2307/1939433.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1097","endPage":"1108","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47a5e4b07f02db497b5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, William A. wlink@usgs.gov","contributorId":145491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William A.","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, Richard J.","contributorId":6987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Richard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, John R. jrsauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John R.","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Droege, Sam sdroege@usgs.gov","contributorId":3464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droege","given":"Sam","email":"sdroege@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":337184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5222788,"text":"5222788 - 1994 - Cyanide and migratory birds at gold mines in Nevada, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T14:02:41.645098","indexId":"5222788","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1479,"text":"Ecotoxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cyanide and migratory birds at gold mines in Nevada, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Since the mid-1980s, cyanide in heap leach solutions and mill tailings ponds at gold mines in Nevada has killed a large but incompletely documented number of wildlife (&gt;9,500 individuals, primarily migratory birds). This field investigation documents the availability of cyanide at a variety of ‘typical’ Nevada gold mines during 1990 and 1991, describes wildlife reactions to cyanide solutions, and discusses procedures for eliminating wildlife loss from cyanide poisoning. Substantial progress has been made to reduce wildlife loss. About half of the mill tailings ponds (some up to 150 ha) in Nevada have been chemically treated to reduce cyanide concentrations (the number needing treatment is uncertain) and many of the smaller heap leach solution ponds and channels are now covered with netting to exclude birds and most mammals. The discovery of a cyanide gradient in mill tailings ponds (concentration usually 2–3 times higher at the inflow point than at reclaim point) provides new insight into wildlife responses (mortality) observed in different portions of the ponds. Finding dead birds on the tops of ore heaps and associated with solution puddling is a new problem, but management procedures for eliminating this source of mortality are available. A safe threshold concentration of cyanide to eliminate wildlife loss could not be determined from the field data and initial laboratory studies. New analytical methods may be required to assess further the wildlife hazard of cyanide in mining solutions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/BF00121387","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., Hallock, R.J., and Hill, E.F., 1994, Cyanide and migratory birds at gold mines in Nevada, USA: Ecotoxicology, v. 3, no. 1, p. 45-58, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00121387.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196243,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faf8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J. 0000-0001-7474-350X hennyc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-350X","contributorId":3461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"hennyc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":337145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hallock, Robert J.","contributorId":21621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hallock","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, Elwood F.","contributorId":27115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Elwood","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5222741,"text":"5222741 - 1994 - Density estimation using the trapping web design: A geometric analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-06T12:22:26.263304","indexId":"5222741","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1039,"text":"Biometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density estimation using the trapping web design: A geometric analysis","docAbstract":"Population densities for small mammal and arthropod populations can be estimated using capture frequencies for a web of traps.  A conceptually simple geometric analysis that avoid the need to estimate a point on a density function is proposed.  This analysis incorporates data from the outermost rings of traps, explaining large capture frequencies in these rings rather than truncating them from the analysis.","language":"English","publisher":"International Biometric Society","doi":"10.2307/2532787","usgsCitation":"Link, W., and Barker, R.J., 1994, Density estimation using the trapping web design: A geometric analysis: Biometrics, v. 50, no. 3, p. 733-745, https://doi.org/10.2307/2532787.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"733","endPage":"745","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197316,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ebdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, R. J.","contributorId":34222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5222719,"text":"5222719 - 1994 - Conservation reserve program: benefit for grassland birds in the northern plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T10:18:19","indexId":"5222719","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3638,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation reserve program: benefit for grassland birds in the northern plains","docAbstract":"<p>During the past few decades numbers of some species of upland-nesting birds in North America have declined. Duck species such as mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), northern pintail (A. acuta) and blue-winged teal (A. discors) have declined since the early 1970s and have remained low since 1985 (Caithamer et al. 1993). Some grassland-dependent nonwaterfowl species also have declined since 1966, as indicated by the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) (Robbins et al. 1986). For prairie-nesting ducks, population declines can be attributed mostly to low recruitment, partially as a result of low nest success. Klett et al. (1988) concluded that nest success (probability of ≥1 egg of clutch hatches) in much of the U.S. Prairie Pothole Region was inadequate to maintain populations of the five most common upland-nesting duck species studied, and that predators were the most important cause of nest failure. Over the years, as grassland areas have been converted to cropland, ducks have concentrated their nesting in the remaining areas of available habitat, where predators such as red fox (Vulpes vulpes), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and badger (Taxidea taxus) forage (Cowardin et al. 1983).</p>\n<br>\n<p>The reasons for declining populations of grassland nonwaterfowl birds are not clear but the loss of suitable grassland-nesting habitat probably is an important factor. Currently, approximately 95 percent of the land in North Dakota is used for agricultural purposes, of which over 60 percent is used for annual crop production (Haugse 1990). Of the grassland that remains, 95 percent is used for livestock production. This probably had a severe impact on grassland bird species that seek idle grass cover for nesting.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The 1985 and 1990 U.S. Farm Bills include provisions under the Food Security Act to fund a cropland-idling program called the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). Over 36 million acres have been enrolled nationwide in the CRP since 1985 (Osborn 1993), and up to 25 percent of cropland in some counties has been converted primarily to grass. In North Dakota, nearly 3 million acres have been enrolled. Over 90 percent of the CRP plantings in North Dakota are grass and grass-legume mix composed primarily of wheatgrass (Agropyron spp.), smooth brome (Bromus inermis), alfalfa (Medicago saliva) and sweetclover (Melilotus spp.). Mixes of these species have been reported to attract high densities of nesting ducks (Duebbert and Kantrud 1974). According to the CRP provisions, the land must remain idle for the 10-year contract period, with the exception of emergency provisions for haying or grazing. CRP appears to have great potential for benefiting many species of grassland-nesting birds.</p>\n<br>\n<p>There have been efforts to document the importance of the CRP to migratory birds in the Upper Great Plains of the U.S. Kantrud (1993) studied duck nest success in CRP cover and concluded that nest success was higher than in planted cover on U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Waterfowl Production Areas (WPAs). Johnson and Schwartz (1993a) measured the use of CRP fields by nonwaterfowl birds and reported that several species have responded positively by colonizing CRP fields. They concluded that CRP has the potential to help reverse the population declines of several species.</p>\n<br>\n<p>We investigated the importance of CRP to upland-nesting ducks and certain other grassland-nesting birds. For ducks, we compared nest success in CRP cover with nest success in planted cover on WPAs in the same period (1992-93) and with that of an earlier period (1980-84). For nonwaterfowl, we used BBS data to compare the trends in populations of certain species found in CRP, for the periods 1966-86 (pre-CRP cover establishment) and 1987-92 (post-CRP cover establishment) in North Dakota.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Management Institute","publisherLocation":"Washington D.C.","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, R., Shaffer, T., Sauer, J., and Peterjohn, B., 1994, Conservation reserve program: benefit for grassland birds in the northern plains: Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, v. 59, p. 328-336.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"328","endPage":"336","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota, South Dakota","volume":"59","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a3018","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, R. E.","contributorId":25098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaffer, T.L.","contributorId":98245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterjohn, B.G.","contributorId":25255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterjohn","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5222754,"text":"5222754 - 1994 - Estimating breeding proportions and testing hypotheses about costs of reproduction with capture-recapture data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T15:13:49","indexId":"5222754","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:12:52","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating breeding proportions and testing hypotheses about costs of reproduction with capture-recapture data","docAbstract":"<p><span>The proportion of animals in a population that breeds is an important determinant of population growth rate. Usual estimates of this quantity from field sampling data assume that the probability of appearing in the capture or count statistic is the same for animals that do and do not breed. A similar assumption is required by most existing methods used to test ecologically interesting hypotheses about reproductive costs using field sampling data. However, in many field sampling situations breeding and nonbreeding animals are likely to exhibit different probabilities of being seen or caught. In this paper, we propose the use of multistate capture-recapture models for these estimation and testing problems. This methodology permits a formal test of the hypothesis of equal capture/sighting probabilities for breeding and nonbreeding individuals. Two estimators of breeding proportion (and associated standard errors) are presented, one for the case of equal capture probabilities and one for the case of unequal capture probabilities. The multistate modeling framework also yields formal tests of hypotheses about reproductive costs to future reproduction or survival or both fitness components. The general methodology is illustrated using capture-recapture data on female meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus. Resulting estimates of the proportion of reproductively active females showed strong seasonal variation, as expected, with low breeding proportions in midwinter. We found no evidence of reproductive costs extracted in subsequent survival or reproduction. We believe that this methodological framework has wide application to problems in animal ecology concerning breeding proportions and phenotypic reproductive costs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/1941610","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., Hines, J., Pollock, K.H., Hinz, R.L., and Link, W., 1994, Estimating breeding proportions and testing hypotheses about costs of reproduction with capture-recapture data: Ecology, v. 75, no. 7, p. 2052-2065, https://doi.org/10.2307/1941610.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2052","endPage":"2065","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d3e4b07f02db548b6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, James D. jnichols@usgs.gov","contributorId":139082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollock, Kenneth H.","contributorId":8590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hinz, Robert L.","contributorId":43454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinz","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Link, William A. wlink@usgs.gov","contributorId":145491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William A.","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":5210902,"text":"5210902 - 1994 - Keys to a successful project: Associated data and planning: Data standards","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210902,"text":"5210902 - 1994 - Keys to a successful project: Associated data and planning: Data standards","indexId":"5210902","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"chapter":"5","title":"Keys to a successful project: Associated data and planning: Data standards"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200175,"text":"5200175 - 1994 - Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians","indexId":"5200175","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5200175,"text":"5200175 - 1994 - Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians","indexId":"5200175","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-16T17:28:59.242787","indexId":"5210902","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"5","title":"Keys to a successful project: Associated data and planning: Data standards","docAbstract":"<p><span>The many individual salamanders, frogs, caecilians, and their larvae encountered during the course of an inventory or monitoring project will have to be identified to species. Depending on the goals and sampling method(s) used, some individuals will be identified from a distance by their calls, others will be handled. At the same time, some </span><span>will be marked for recapture, and others will be sampled as vouchers. For each, certain minimum data should be recorded. In this section, data pertaining to locality and sampling methodology are considered, information on microhabitats and specimen vouchers is covered in sections that follow. I feel strongly that the data outlined here should be the minimum for any project. Investigators with specific goals may require additional types of data as well.</span></p><p><span>Standardized, printed sheets containing the required data categories provide a convenient, inexpensive, and effective way to ensure that all the desired information is recorded in a consistent format, Data sheets should be well organized, printed on good-quality paper (75%-100% cotton content) and include extra space (e.g., other side of sheet) for notes that do not fit preestablished categories</span></p><p><span>Data should be recorded in the field with permanent (waterproof) ink as simply and directly as possible. I strongly recommend against the use of data codes in the field; it is too easy to forget codes or to enter the wrong code. Original data sheets can be photocopied for security, but they should not be copied by hand. If data are to be coded for computer analysis, the original or photocopied sheets should be used for data entry to minimize transcription errors. Some workers prefer recording information on small tape recorders; this also works well if a list of the standard data categories is checked during taping to ensure that all required information is recorded. Information recorded on tapes should be transcribed to data sheets or into a computer within 24 hours of the sample.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Smithsonian Books","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"McDiarmid, R.W., 1994, Keys to a successful project: Associated data and planning: Data standards, chap. 5 <i>of</i> Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians, p. 57-60.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"60","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203190,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publicComments":"This is a section within Chapter 5 of the book <i>Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians</i>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b47f5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Heyer, W. Ronald","contributorId":95004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heyer","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ronald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507303,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donnelly, Maureen A.","contributorId":112014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly","given":"Maureen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507304,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDiarmid, Roy W. 0000-0002-7649-1796 rmcdiarmid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7649-1796","contributorId":3603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDiarmid","given":"Roy","email":"rmcdiarmid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":507300,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hayek, Lee-Ann C.","contributorId":16730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayek","given":"Lee-Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507301,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Foster, Mercedes S.","contributorId":72088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Mercedes","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507302,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"McDiarmid, Roy W. 0000-0002-7649-1796 rmcdiarmid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7649-1796","contributorId":3603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDiarmid","given":"Roy","email":"rmcdiarmid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":329527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5210708,"text":"5210708 - 1994 - Are more North American species decreasing than increasing?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:15","indexId":"5210708","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Are more North American species decreasing than increasing?","docAbstract":"Population trends for North American species are calculated for 1966-'91 and 1982-'91 using Nonh American Breeding Bird Survey data. Species are grouped into 3 systems of guild classifications representing migration status, breeding habitat and nesting substrate. Trends for these groups are summarized by time period, bioregion and physiographic region. At the continental level, declines approximately equalled increases. There are slightly more declines during the last 10 years. Prairie populations declined more than expected, while western populations increased. Scrub and grassland nesting species declined significantly in several bioregions while woodland species increased. Most guilds did not depart significantly from a ratio of 50:50 increases to decreases or have opposing trends in different bioregions. Guild group changes are usually clustered geographically. Guild and other analyses that search for patterns among population trend estimates offer an excellent means of identifying critical conservation issues.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bird Numbers 1992:  Distribution, monitoring and ecological aspects","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Statistics Netherlands and SOVON","publisherLocation":"Voorburg/Heerlen and Beek-Ubbergen, Netherlands","collaboration":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of the International Bird Census Committee (IBCC) and the European Ornithological Atlas Committee (EOAC) held September 14-18, 1992, Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands.  SOVON stands for Samenwerkende Organisaties Vogelondersoek Nederland.  oclc:  34201893  PDF on file: 4542_Droege.pdf","usgsCitation":"Droege, S., and Sauer, J., 1994, Are more North American species decreasing than increasing?, chap. <i>of</i> Bird Numbers 1992:  Distribution, monitoring and ecological aspects, p. 297-306.","productDescription":"viii, 728","startPage":"297","endPage":"306","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db674105","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hagemeijer, E.J.M.","contributorId":112251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagemeijer","given":"E.J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506941,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Verstrael, T.J.","contributorId":111812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verstrael","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506940,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Droege, Sam 0000-0003-4393-0403","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-0403","contributorId":64185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droege","given":"Sam","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":329062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5200175,"text":"5200175 - 1994 - Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":81573,"text":"81573 - 1994 - Visual encounter surveys. Chapter 2 in <i>Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians</i>","indexId":"81573","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Visual encounter surveys. Chapter 2 in <i>Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200175,"text":"5200175 - 1994 - Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians","indexId":"5200175","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":5210902,"text":"5210902 - 1994 - Keys to a successful project: Associated data and planning: Data standards","indexId":"5210902","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"chapter":"5","title":"Keys to a successful project: Associated data and planning: Data standards"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200175,"text":"5200175 - 1994 - Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians","indexId":"5200175","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-15T11:47:09","indexId":"5200175","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-08T16:49:39","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians","docAbstract":"<p><i>Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity</i><span> is the first book to provide comprehensive coverage of standard methods for biodiversity sampling of amphibians, with information on analyzing and using data that will interest biologists in general.</span></p><p><span>In this manual, nearly fifty herpetologists recommend ten standard sampling procedures for measuring and monitoring amphibian and many other populations. The contributors discuss each procedure, along with the circumstances for its appropriate use. In addition, they provide a detailed protocol for each procedure's implementation, a list of necessary equipment and personnel, and suggestions for analyzing the data.</span></p><p><span>The data obtained using these standard methods are comparable across sites and through time and, as a result, are extremely useful for making decisions about habitat protection, sustained use, and restoration—decisions that are particularly relevant for threatened amphibian populations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Smithsonian Institution Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC.","isbn":"1560982845","usgsCitation":"1994, Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians, xix, 364.","productDescription":"xix, 364","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337892,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://smithsonianbooks.com/store/science-nature/measuring-and-monitoring-biological-diversity-stan/"},{"id":201434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db61143c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Heyer, W. Ronald","contributorId":95004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heyer","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ronald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505834,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donnelly, Maureen A.","contributorId":112014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly","given":"Maureen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505833,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDiarmid, Roy W. 0000-0002-7649-1796 rmcdiarmid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7649-1796","contributorId":3603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDiarmid","given":"Roy","email":"rmcdiarmid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":505832,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hayek, Lee-Ann C.","contributorId":16730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayek","given":"Lee-Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505830,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Foster, Mercedes S.","contributorId":72088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Mercedes","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505831,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70170453,"text":"70170453 - 1994 - A demographic comparison of two black bear populations in the Interior Highlands of Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-20T18:18:26","indexId":"70170453","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-28T00:15:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A demographic comparison of two black bear populations in the Interior Highlands of Arkansas","docAbstract":"<p>The Ozark and Ouachita mountain regions of western Arkansas, collectively known as the Interior Highlands, historically supported large numbers of black bears (<i>Ursus americanus</i>). Indiscriminate killing of bears by early settlers and subsequent habitat reductions due to extensive logging and changes in land use resulted in their decline (Smith et al. 1991). By the late 1940's, bears had been extirpated from both regions (Holder 1951).</p>\n<p>Between 1958 and 1968, Arkansa Game and Fish Commission (ACFC) Officials trapped 254 black bears in northern Minnesota and Manitoba, Canada and released them in the Interior Highlands (Rogers 1973, Smith et al. 1991d). Since then, bear numbers have dramatically increased, making the Arkansas reintroduction the most successful attempted for black bears (Smith et al. 1991). Hunts have been conducted each autumn or winter since 1980. Because little was known about bear demographics and sustainable harvest in the Interior Highlands, however, hunting regulations have been restrictive with 5-31 bears harvested/year (J.D. Clark, AGFC Annu. Harvest Rep., 1980-1988).</p>\n<p>Bears now range throughout the Ozark Mountains and Ouachita Mountains, but these regional populations are allopatric, separated by the Arkansas River Valley and Interstate 40 (J.D. Clark, unpubl. data). Past reintroduction strategies and harvest levels differed between the 2 regions, with more intensive restocking and hunting in the Ozark region. Habitat also differs with the Ozark Mountains primarily oak-hickory (<i>Quercus</i> spp.-<i>Carya</i> spp.) upland forest compared to pine (<i>Pinus</i> spp.) and mixed pine-hardwood forest in the Ouachita Mountais (Smith 1989). Because habitat quality has been shown to be the major factor affecting black bear productivity (Rogers 1976, Bunnell and Tait 1981, Elowe and Dodge 1989) and bear populations are susceptible to overharvest, our objectives were to: 1) estimate population growth and sustainable yield for populations in both regions and 2) determine whether different environmental conditions in the 2 regions resulted in differences in demographic parameters.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Clark, J.D., and Smith, K.G., 1994, A demographic comparison of two black bear populations in the Interior Highlands of Arkansas: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 22, p. 593-603.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"593","endPage":"603","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320347,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320346,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3783084"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Dry Creek Wilderness Area, Ouachita National Forest, Ozark National Forest, White Rock Wildlife Management Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.8067626953125,\n              35.092945313732635\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.74633789062499,\n              35.088450570365396\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.680419921875,\n              35.088450570365396\n            ],\n            [\n             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G.","contributorId":80200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70204863,"text":"70204863 - 1994 - Seagrasses, dredging and light in Laguna Madre, Texas, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-21T08:23:52","indexId":"70204863","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-25T10:20:04","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seagrasses, dredging and light in Laguna Madre, Texas, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<p><span>Light reduction resulting from maintenance dredging was the suspected cause of large-scale loss of seagrass cover in deep parts of Laguna Madre between surveys conducted in 1965 and 1974. Additional changes to 1988, together with an analysis of dredging frequency and intensity for different parts of the laguna, were consistent with this interpretation. Intensive monitoring of the underwater light regime and compilation of detailed environmental data for 3 months before and 15 months after a dredging project in 1988 revealed reduced light attributable to dredging in four of eight subdivisions of the study area, including the most extensive seagrass meadow in the study area. Dredging effects were strongest close to disposal areas used during this project but still were detectable on transects &gt;1·2 km from the nearest dredge disposal area. In the subdivision of the study area where most of the dredge disposal occurred, light attenuation was increased throughout the 15 months of observation after dredging. In the seagrass meadow and the transition zone at the outer edge of the meadow, effects were evident up to 10 months after dredging. Resuspension and dispersion events caused by wind-generated waves are responsible for the propagation of dredge-related turbidity over space and time in this system.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/ecss.1994.1050","usgsCitation":"Onuf, C.P., 1994, Seagrasses, dredging and light in Laguna Madre, Texas, U.S.A.: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 39, no. 1, p. 75-91, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1994.1050.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"91","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366710,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Laguna Madre","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.3004150390625,\n              27.6543381066919\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.4322509765625,\n              27.342494467201007\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.48168945312499,\n              27.33761490945199\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.46520996093749,\n              27.46928747369202\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.5531005859375,\n              27.488781168937997\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.547607421875,\n              27.391278222579277\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.547607421875,\n              27.352252938063845\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.6190185546875,\n              27.327855149448382\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.72338867187499,\n              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,{"id":33076,"text":"wri944075 - 1994 - An updated numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system for the Castle Lake debris dam, Mount St. Helens, Washington, and implications for dam stability against heave","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T06:35:55","indexId":"wri944075","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4075","title":"An updated numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system for the Castle Lake debris dam, Mount St. Helens, Washington, and implications for dam stability against heave","docAbstract":"A numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system in the Castle Lake debris dam, calibrated to data from the 1991 and 1992 water years, was used to estimate factors of safety against heave and internal erosion. The Castle Lake debris dam, 5 miles northwest of the summit of Mount St. Helens, impounds 19,000 acre-ft of water that could pose a flood hazard in the event of a lake breakout. A new topographic map of the Castle Lake area prior to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was prepared and used to calculate the thickness of the debris avalanche deposits that compose the dam. Water levels in 22 piezometers and discharges from seeps on the dam face measured several times per year beginning in 1990 supplemented measurements in 11 piezometers and less frequent seep discharge measurements made since 1983. Observations in one group of piezometers reveal heads above the land surface and head gradients favoring upward flow that correspond to factors of safety only slightly greater than 2. The steady-state ground-water flow system in the debris dam was simulated using a threedimensional finite difference computer program. A uniform, isotropic model having the same shape as the dam and a hydraulic conductivity of 1.55 ft/day simulates the correct water level at half the observation points, but is in error by 10 ft or more at other points. Spatial variations of hydraulic conductivity were required to calibrate the model. The model analysis suggests that ground water flows in both directions between the debris dam and Castle Lake. Factors of safety against heave and internal erosion were calculated where the model simulated upward flow of ground water. A critical gradient analysis yields factors of safety as low as 2 near the piezometers where water level observations indicate low factors of safety. Low safety factors are also computed near Castle Creek where slumping was caused by a storm in January, 1990. If hydraulic property contrasts are present in areas of the debris dam unsampled by piezometers, then low safety factors may exist that are not evident in the numerical model analysis. Numerical model simulations showed that lowering Castle Lake by 40 feet increases many factors of safety by 0.1, but increases greater than 1 are limited to the area of 1990 slumping.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944075","usgsCitation":"Roeloffs, E.A., 1994, An updated numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system for the Castle Lake debris dam, Mount St. Helens, Washington, and implications for dam stability against heave: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4075, vii, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944075.","productDescription":"vii, 80 p.","numberOfPages":"92","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363746,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":372516,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4075/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":372517,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4075/pdf/wri944075.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Castle Lake, Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.30804443359375,\n              46.1322667089571\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.06359863281249,\n              46.1322667089571\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.06359863281249,\n              46.382938567526786\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.30804443359375,\n              46.382938567526786\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.30804443359375,\n              46.1322667089571\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68412a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roeloffs, Evelyn A. 0000-0002-4761-0469 evelynr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-0469","contributorId":2680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"Evelyn","email":"evelynr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":511137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":19642,"text":"ofr94616 - 1994 - High-resolution single-channel seismic reflection surveys of Orange Lake and other selected sites of north central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:39","indexId":"ofr94616","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-616","title":"High-resolution single-channel seismic reflection surveys of Orange Lake and other selected sites of north central Florida","docAbstract":"The potential fluid exchange between lakes of north central Florida and the Floridan aquifer and the process by which exchange occurs is of critical concern to the St. Johns Water Management District. High-resolution seismic tools with relatively new digital technology were utilized in collecting geophysical data from Orange, Kingsley, Lowry and Magnolia Lakes, and the Drayton Island area of St. Johns River. The data collected shows the application of these techniques in understanding the formation of individual lakes, thus aiding in the management of these natural resources by identifying breaches or areas where the confining units are thin or absent between the water bodies and the Floridan aquifer. \r\n\r\nOrange Lake, the primary focus of the study, is a shallow flooded plain that was formed essentially as an erosional depression in the clayey Hawthorn formation. The primary karstic features identified in the lake were cover subsidence, cover collapse and buried sinkholes structures in various sizes and stages of development. Orange Lake was divided into three areas southeast, southwest, and north-central. \r\n\r\nKarst features within the southeast area of Orange Lake are mostly cover subsidence sinkholes and associated features. Many of the subsidence features found are grouped together to form larger composite sinkholes, some greater than 400 m in diameter. The size of these composite sinkholes and the number of buried subsidence sinkholes distinguish the southeast area from the others. The potential of lake waters leaking to the aquifer in the southeast area is probably controlled by the permeability of the cover sediments or by fractures that penetrate the lake floor. \r\n\r\nThe lake bottom and subsurface of the north-central areas are relatively subsidence sinkholes that have no cover sediments overlying them, implying that the sinks have been actively subsiding with some seepage into the aquifer from the lake in this area due to the possible presence of the active subsidence and faulting. \r\n\r\nThe largest and most important features in the lake are the collapse sinkholes found along the southwestern shore that provide conduits for exchange between the lake and subsurface aquifer. There are two basic differences between the southwest and other areas of the lake: (1) the features found towards the central part of the lake are smaller in scale (1to 10 m across) and tend to be singular structures compare to the southwest area where features combined to form larger sinkholes (>400 m), and; (2) the southwest area is the only site where collapse dolines were identified. These dolines are located along the southwestern shoreline adjacent to Heagy-Burry Park. \r\n\r\nThe comparison of seismic profiles from the several other selected lake and river sites to the Orange Lake profiles showed that other study areas were constructed of one or two large subsidences or a combination of sinkholes to form one large sinkhole. Aside from the difference in scale the basic characteristics of the subsidence sinkholes were similar.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Center for Coastal Geology,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94616","usgsCitation":"Kindinger, J.L., Davis, J.B., and Flocks, J.G., 1994, High-resolution single-channel seismic reflection surveys of Orange Lake and other selected sites of north central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-616, vi, 48 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94616.","productDescription":"vi, 48 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1128,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/stjohns/ofr616/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f075","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kindinger, Jack L. jkindinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"Jack","email":"jkindinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":181258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, Jeffrey B.","contributorId":50168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flocks, James G. 0000-0002-6177-7433 jflocks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-7433","contributorId":816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flocks","given":"James","email":"jflocks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":181259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":32233,"text":"ofr94645 - 1994 - ANALOG: a program for estimating paleoclimate parameters using the method of modern analogs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:24","indexId":"ofr94645","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-645","title":"ANALOG: a program for estimating paleoclimate parameters using the method of modern analogs","docAbstract":"Beginning in the 1970s with CLIMAP, paleoclimatologists have been trying to derive quantitative estimates of climatic parameters from the sedimentary record. In general the procedure is to observe the modern distribution of some component of surface sediment that depends on climate, find an empirical relationship between climate and the character of sediments, then extrapolate past climate by studying older sediments in the same way.\r\n\r\nInitially the empirical relationship between climate and components of the sediment was determined using a multiple regression technique (Imbrie and Kipp, 1971). In these studies sea-floor sediments were examined to determine the percentage of various species of planktonic foraminifera present in them. Supposing that the distribution of foraminiferal assemblages depended strongly on the extremes of annual sea-surface temperature (SST), the foraminiferal assemblages (refined through use of varimax factor analysis) were regressed against the average SST during the coolest and warmest months of the year. The result was a set of transfer functions, equations that could be used to estimate cool and warm SST from the faunal composition of a sediment sample. Assuming that the ecological preference of the species had remained constant throughout the last several hundred thousand years, these transfer functions could be used to estimate SSTs during much of the late Pleistocene.\r\n\r\nHutson (1980) and Overpeck, Webb, and Prentice (1985) proposed an alternative approach to estimating paleoclimatic parameters. Their 'method of modern analogs' revolved not around the existence of a few climatically-sensitive faunal assemblages but rather on the expectation that similar climatic regimes should foster similar faunal and floral assemblages. From a large pool of modern samples, those few are selected whose faunal compositions are most similar to a given fossil sample. Paleoclimate estimates are derived using the climatic character of only the most similar modern samples, the modern analogs of the fossil sample.\r\n\r\nThis report describes how to use the program ANALOG to carry out the method of modern analogs. It is assumed that the user has faunal census estimates of one or more fossil samples, and one or more sets of faunal data from modern samples. Furthermore, the user must understand the taxonomic categories represented in the data sets, and be able to recognize taxa that are or may be considered equivalent in the analysis.\r\n\r\nANALOG provides the user with flexibility in input data format, output data content, and choice of distance measure, and allows the user to determine which taxa from each modern and fossil data file are compared. Most of the memory required by the program is allocated dynamically, so that, on systems that permit program segments to grow, the program consumes only as many system resources as are needed to accomplish its task.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr94645","usgsCitation":"Schweitzer, P.N., 1994, ANALOG: a program for estimating paleoclimate parameters using the method of modern analogs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-645, Dataset, source code, and accompanying documentation, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94645.","productDescription":"Dataset, source code, and accompanying documentation","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":321,"text":"Global Change Research Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7735,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/of94-645/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schweitzer, Peter N. pschweitzer@usgs.gov","contributorId":5905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweitzer","given":"Peter","email":"pschweitzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":208035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32062,"text":"ofr94327 - 1994 - Design of the Distributed Spatial Data Library (DSDL) for the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T15:20:32","indexId":"ofr94327","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-327","title":"Design of the Distributed Spatial Data Library (DSDL) for the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr94327","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Nebert, D., 1994, Design of the Distributed Spatial Data Library (DSDL) for the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-327, 27 p. one 3 1/2 inch DS/HD IBM compatible computer diskette., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94327.","productDescription":"27 p. one 3 1/2 inch DS/HD IBM compatible computer diskette.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0327/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0327/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277706,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0327/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667dca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nebert, D.D.","contributorId":62623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nebert","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":4897,"text":"ds11rel1 - 1994 - Geology of the conterminous United States at 1:2,500,000 scale; a digital representation of the 1974 P.B. King and H.M. Beikman map","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":4897,"text":"ds11rel1 - 1994 - Geology of the conterminous United States at 1:2,500,000 scale; a digital representation of the 1974 P.B. King and H.M. Beikman map","indexId":"ds11rel1","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the conterminous United States at 1:2,500,000 scale; a digital representation of the 1974 P.B. King and H.M. Beikman map"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4873,"text":"ds11 - 1998 - Geology of the conterminous United States at 1:2,500,000 scale a digital representation of the 1974 P.B. King and H.M. Beikman map","indexId":"ds11","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the conterminous United States at 1:2,500,000 scale a digital representation of the 1974 P.B. King and H.M. Beikman map"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":4873,"text":"ds11 - 1998 - Geology of the conterminous United States at 1:2,500,000 scale a digital representation of the 1974 P.B. King and H.M. Beikman map","indexId":"ds11","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the conterminous United States at 1:2,500,000 scale a digital representation of the 1974 P.B. King and H.M. Beikman map"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-02T19:34:20.289007","indexId":"ds11rel1","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"11","title":"Geology of the conterminous United States at 1:2,500,000 scale; a digital representation of the 1974 P.B. King and H.M. Beikman map","docAbstract":"<p>This CD-ROM contains a digital version of the Geologic Map of the Conterminous United States compiled by Philip B. King and Helen M. Beikman of the U.S. Geological Survey. It excludes Alaska and Hawaii. The map was originally published in 1974 at a scale of 1:2,500,000. Although the digitized map can be displayed at different scales, the geology is not intended to be used at any scale larger than 1:2,500,000.</p><p>The CD-ROM also contains the text and figures from Professional Paper 901 by the same authors. It describes the historical background of the map, details of the compilation process, and limitations to interpretation. The digital version of the text can be searched for key words and phrases.</p><p>For DOS users, the CD-ROM contains a menu-driven operating system and MAPPER display software, a user-friendly map display package. Both raster image and vector versions of the geologic map can be displayed. The raster version is at 1-km resolution in the original Albers Equal Area projection. The vector version is stored unprojected in decimal degrees. Other thematic layers include cities, counties, States, and major roads.</p><p>The geologic map is provided in the following additional formats:</p><p>- Arc/INFO 6.1.1 Export</p><p>- Digital Line Graph (DLG) Optional</p><p>- Drawing Exchange File (DXF)</p><p>- Map Overlay Statistical System (MOSS)</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds11rel1","issn":"1088-1018","isbn":"0607914599","usgsCitation":"Schruben, P.G., Arndt, R.E., and Bawiec, W.J., 1994, Geology of the conterminous United States at 1:2,500,000 scale; a digital representation of the 1974 P.B. King and H.M. Beikman map (Release 1): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 11, 1 CD-ROM: Zip File; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds11rel1.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM: Zip File; Metadata","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":399984,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_2297.htm"},{"id":139864,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":362188,"rank":3,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://mrdata.usgs.gov/metadata/dds-11.faq.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":362187,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0011-rel1/ds11rel1.zip","text":"CD-ROM","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"scale":"2500000","country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Conterminous United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"geometry\": {\n     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E.","contributorId":29407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arndt","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bawiec, Walter J.","contributorId":83909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bawiec","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":20428,"text":"ofr94540 - 1994 - Quality of surface and ground water in the White Creek and Mossy Creek watersheds, White County, Georgia, 1992-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-26T21:30:02.794402","indexId":"ofr94540","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-540","title":"Quality of surface and ground water in the White Creek and Mossy Creek watersheds, White County, Georgia, 1992-93","docAbstract":"Surface- and ground-water quality data were collected and evaluated from streams and wells in the White Creek and Mossy Creek watersheds in White County, Georgia, during three sampling periods in 1992 and 1993, to identify stream reaches and wells affected by nonpoint-source contaminants. Livestock operations in these watersheds account for approximately 9.8 million tons of manure per year, which is spread over about 5,000 acres of pasture and cropland in the watersheds. White Creek and Mossy Creek are tributaries of the Chattahoochee River which flows into Lake Sidney Lanier. Lake Sidney Lanier and the Chattahoochee River downstream from the lake are the primary sources of drinking water for the Atlanta Metropolitan area and numerous smaller communities downstream of Atlanta.\r\n\r\nWater samples were collected from 31 stream sites during baseflow and stormwater-runoff conditions and from 8 shallow wells completed in the regolith and 16 deeper wells completed in the crystalline bedrock. All water samples were analyzed for the nutrients ammonia, nitrite plus nitrate, and orthophosphate. None of the surface-water samples from either sampling period had concentrations of these constituents that exceed the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division (EPD), drinking-water standards. Generally, in both watersheds, the streamwater temperature was cool, specific conductance low, dissolved oxygen high, and pH near neutral. Ground-water samples collected from 8 shallow regolith wells and the 16 deep bedrock wells had nutrient concentrations below EPD drinking-water standards, except for two of the deep bedrock wells with nitrite plus nitrate concentrations slightly above the 10 mg/L drinking-water standard of EPD.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94540","usgsCitation":"Peck, M., and Garrett, J.W., 1994, Quality of surface and ground water in the White Creek and Mossy Creek watersheds, White County, Georgia, 1992-93: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-540, vi, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94540.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1111,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/ofr94-540/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":407370,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12555.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"White County","otherGeospatial":"Mossy Creek, White Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.792,\n              34.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.792,\n              34.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.625,\n              34.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.625,\n              34.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.792,\n              34.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a71e4b07f02db6422d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, Michael F. mfpeck@usgs.gov","contributorId":1467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"Michael F.","email":"mfpeck@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garrett, Jerry W. 0000-0003-1772-2459 jwgarret@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1772-2459","contributorId":58627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrett","given":"Jerry","email":"jwgarret@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":21709,"text":"ofr94230 - 1994 - Data and results from R.V. Aleksandr Vinogradov cruises 91-AV-19/1, North Pacific hydrochemistry transect; 91-AV-19/2, North Equatorial Pacific Karin Ridge Fe-Mn crust studies; and 91-AV-19/4, Northwest Pacific and Bering Sea sediment geochemistry and paleoceanographic studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-01T19:03:14","indexId":"ofr94230","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-230","title":"Data and results from R.V. Aleksandr Vinogradov cruises 91-AV-19/1, North Pacific hydrochemistry transect; 91-AV-19/2, North Equatorial Pacific Karin Ridge Fe-Mn crust studies; and 91-AV-19/4, Northwest Pacific and Bering Sea sediment geochemistry and paleoceanographic studies","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94230","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Bychkov, A., and Gibbs, A.E., 1994, Data and results from R.V. Aleksandr Vinogradov cruises 91-AV-19/1, North Pacific hydrochemistry transect; 91-AV-19/2, North Equatorial Pacific Karin Ridge Fe-Mn crust studies; and 91-AV-19/4, Northwest Pacific and Bering Sea sediment geochemistry and paleoceanographic studies: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-230, 292 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94230.","productDescription":"292 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":51238,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0230/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153906,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0230/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67ca45","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747027,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Bychkov, A.S.","contributorId":61454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bychkov","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gibbs, A. E.","contributorId":54229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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