Time histories of riverine water discharge, nitrate concentration, and nitrate, flux have been analyzed for the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers. Results indicate that water discharge variability is dominated by the annual cycle and shorter-time-scale episodic events presumably associated with snowmelt runoff and spring or summer rains. Interannual variability in water discharge is relatively small compared to the above. In contrast, nitrate concentration exhibits strongest variability at decadal time scales. The interannual variability is not monotonic but more complicated in structure. Weak covariability between water discharge and nitrate concentration leads to a relatively “noisy” nitrate flux signal. Nitrate flux variations exhibit a low-amplitude, long-term modulation of a dominant annual cycle. Predictor-hindcastor analyses indicate that skilled forecasts of nitrate concentration and nitrate flux fields are feasible. Water discharge was the most reliably hindcast (on seasonal to interannual time scales) due to the fundamental strength of the annual hydrologic cycle. However, the forecasting effort for this variable was less successful than the hindcasting effort, mostly due to a phase shift in the annual cycle during our relatively short test period (18 mo). Nitrate concentration was more skillfully predicted (seasonal to interannual time scales) due to the relative dominance of the decadal-scale portion of the signal. Nitrate flux was also skillfully forecast even though historical analyses seemed to indicate that it should be more difficult to predict than either water discharge or nitrate concentration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Estuarine Research Federation","doi":"10.2307/1352746","usgsCitation":"Bratkovich, A., Dinnel, S., and Goolsby, D.A., 1994, Variability and prediction of freshwater and nitrate fluxes for the Louisiana-Texas shelf: Mississippi and Atchafalaya River source functions : Estuaries, v. 17, no. 4, p. 766-778, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352746.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"766","endPage":"778","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338446,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7636e4b0ee37af29e4cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bratkovich, A.","contributorId":189926,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bratkovich","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dinnel, S.P.","contributorId":189927,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dinnel","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189442,"text":"70189442 - 1994 - Mineralogy, paragenesis, and mineral zoning of the Bulldog Mountain vein system, Creede District, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-13T09:32:16","indexId":"70189442","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogy, paragenesis, and mineral zoning of the Bulldog Mountain vein system, Creede District, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Bulldog Mountain vein system, Creede district, Colorado, is one of four major epithermal vein systems from which the bulk of the district's historical Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu production has come. Ores deposited along the vein system were discovered in 1965 and were mined from 1969 to 1985.Six temporally gradational mineralization stages have been identified along the Bulldog Mountain vein system, each with a characteristic suite of minerals deposited or leached and a characteristic distribution within the vein system; some of these stages are also strongly zoned within the vein system. Stage A was dominated by deposition of rhodochrosite along the lower levels of the Bulldog Mountain ore zone. Stage B in the northern parts of the ore zone is characterized by abundant fine-grained sphalerite and galena, with lesser tetrahedrite and minor chlorite and hematite. With increasing elevation to the south, stage B ores become progressively more barite and silver rich, with alternating barite and fine-grained sphalerite + galena generations; native silver + or - acanthite assemblages are also locally abundant within southern stage B barite sulfide ores, whereas chalcopyrite and other Cu and Ag sulfides and sulfosalts are present erratically in minor amounts. Stage C in the upper and northern portions of the ore zone is characterized by abundant quartz and fluorite, minor adularia, hematite, Mn siderite, sphalerite, and galena, and major leaching of earlier barite; to the south, some barite and sulfides may have been deposited. Stage D sphalerite and galena were deposited in the upper and northern portions of the ore zone; a barite- and silver-rich facies of this stage may also be present in the southern portions of the vein system. Late in stage D, mineralogically complex assemblages containing chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, polybasite, bornite, pyrargyrite, and a variety of other sulfides and sulfosalts were deposited in modest amounts throughout the vein system. This complex assemblage marked the transition to stage E. During stage E, the final sulfide stage, abundant botryoidal pyrite and marcasite with lesser stibnite, sphalerite, and sulfosalts were deposited primarily along the top of the Bulldog Mountain ore zone. Stage F, the final mineralization stage along the vein system, is marked by wire silver and concurrent leaching of earlier sulfides and sulfosalts; this stage may reflect the transition to a supergene environment.The sequence of mineralization stages identified in this study along the Bulldog Mountain system can be correlated with corresponding stages identified by other researchers along the OH and P veins, and the southern Amethyst vein system. Mineral zoning patterns identified along the Bulldog Mountain vein system also parallel larger scale zoning patterns across the central and southern Creede district.The complex variations in mineral assemblages documented in time and space along the Bulldog Mountain vein system were produced by the combined effects of many processes. Large-scale changes in vein mineralogy over time produced discrete mineralization stages. Short-term mineralogical fluctuations produced complex interbanding of mineralogically distinct generations. Fluid chemistry evolution within the vein system produced large-scale lateral zoning patterns within certain stages. Hypogene leaching substantially modified the distributions of some minerals. Finally, structural activity, mineral deposition, and mineral leaching modified fluid flow pathways repeatedly during mineralization, and so added to the complex mineral distribution patterns within the vein system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1883","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G.S., and Heald Whitehouse-Veaux, P., 1994, Mineralogy, paragenesis, and mineral zoning of the Bulldog Mountain vein system, Creede District, Colorado: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 8, p. 1883-1905, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1883.","productDescription":"23 p. ","startPage":"1883","endPage":"1905","costCenters":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343767,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Bulldog Mountain Vein System, Creede District ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.9405746459961,\n 37.864656197887676\n ],\n [\n -106.94066047668457,\n 37.861200349653615\n ],\n [\n -106.93902969360352,\n 37.85794763857857\n ],\n [\n -106.93739891052246,\n 37.85645676469727\n ],\n [\n -106.93654060363768,\n 37.856050157496426\n ],\n [\n -106.93443775177002,\n 37.85730385582893\n ],\n [\n -106.93327903747559,\n 37.858896360803264\n ],\n [\n -106.93233489990234,\n 37.86021777498129\n ],\n [\n -106.93220615386963,\n 37.86140363932972\n ],\n [\n -106.93332195281982,\n 37.86296217488437\n ],\n [\n -106.93722724914551,\n 37.865537074460214\n ],\n [\n -106.93975925445557,\n 37.86770534116354\n ],\n [\n -106.94108963012695,\n 37.8686539377837\n ],\n [\n -106.94216251373291,\n 37.868586181287235\n ],\n [\n -106.9420337677002,\n 37.86655345742136\n ],\n [\n -106.9405746459961,\n 37.864656197887676\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596886a5e4b0d1f9f05f5a11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, Geoffrey S. 0000-0002-9607-5626 gplumlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5626","contributorId":960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gplumlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heald Whitehouse-Veaux, Pamela","contributorId":194551,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heald Whitehouse-Veaux","given":"Pamela","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007835,"text":"1007835 - 1994 - Analysis of larval trematode communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T17:54:52.965847","indexId":"1007835","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of larval trematode communities","docAbstract":"We can compare natural communities with null models of communities to indicate how they differ from random assemblages of species (i.e., how much structure is present). However, because null models draw on observed values of species' prevalences, whatever structure already exists in natural communities affects the composition of a null model and weakens its comparative power. To address this, we developed formulae to estimate \"pre—interactive\" species prevalences permitting a more sensitive quantification of community structure. Nonetheless, if a null model deviates from the community that we base it on, it is difficult to separate the effects of heterogeneity in recruitment from competition. We have developed a method to test for each independently. Applying our analytical techniques to a well—studied guild of larval trematodes in the salt marsh snail Cerithidea californica revealed that competitive interactions among species were the most significant structuring force. Interestingly, spatial heterogeneity acted to significantly intensify species co—occurrences. This differs from previous studies, which argued that the isolating effects of spatial heterogeneity, not competition, structure these communities by reducing co—occurrences.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1940883","usgsCitation":"Lafferty, K.D., Sammond, D.T., and Kuris, A.M., 1994, Analysis of larval trematode communities: Ecology, v. 75, p. 2275-2285, https://doi.org/10.2307/1940883.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2275","endPage":"2285","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130439,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db68033f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sammond, D. T.","contributorId":79427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sammond","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuris, A. M.","contributorId":62164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuris","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178158,"text":"70178158 - 1994 - Chemical characterization of sediments and pore water from the upper Clark Fork River and Milltown Reservoir, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-04T10:47:06","indexId":"70178158","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical characterization of sediments and pore water from the upper Clark Fork River and Milltown Reservoir, Montana","docAbstract":"The upper Clark Fork River basin in western Montana is widely contaminated by metals from past mining, milling, and smelting activities As part of a comprehensive ecological risk assessment for the upper Clark Fork River, we measured physical and chemical characteristics of surficial sediment samples that were collected from depositional zones for subsequent toxicity evaluations Sampling stations included five locations along the upper 200 km of the river, six locations in or near Milltown Reservoir (about 205 km from the river origin), and two tributary reference sites Concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn decreased from the upper stations to the downstream stations in the Clark Fork River but then increased in all Milltown Reservoir stations to levels similar to uppermost river stations Large percentages (50 to 90%) of the total Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were extractable by dilute (3 n) HCl for all samples Copper and zinc accounted for greater than 95% of extractable metals on a molar basis Acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) concentrations were typically moderate (0 6 to 23 μmol/g) in grab sediment samples and appeared to regulate dissolved (filterable) concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn in sediment pore waters Acid volatile sulfide is important in controlling metal solubility in the depositional areas of the Clark Fork River and should be monitored in any future studies Spatial variability within a sampling station was high for Cu, Zn, and AVS, therefore, the potential for toxicity to sediment dwelling organisms may be highly localized.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620131211","usgsCitation":"Brumbaugh, W.G., Ingersoll, C., Kemble, N., May, T., and Zajicek, J., 1994, Chemical characterization of sediments and pore water from the upper Clark Fork River and Milltown Reservoir, Montana: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 13, no. 12, p. 1971-1983, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620131211.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1971","endPage":"1983","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620131211","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":330744,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581d9e2de4b0dee4cc90cbf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brumbaugh, W. G.","contributorId":121189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kemble, N.E.","contributorId":28028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"N.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"May, T.W.","contributorId":75878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zajicek, J.L.","contributorId":87086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zajicek","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70180421,"text":"70180421 - 1994 - Light-mediated predation by northern squawfish on juvenile Chinook salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T12:37:20","indexId":"70180421","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Light-mediated predation by northern squawfish on juvenile Chinook salmon","docAbstract":"Northern squawfish Ptychocheilus oregonensis cause significant mortality of juvenile salmon in the lower Columbia River Basin (U.S.A.). The effects of light intensity on this predator-prey interaction were examined with laboratory experiments and modelling studies. In laboratory experiments, the rate of capture of subyearling chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha by northern squawfish was inversely related to light intensity. In a large raceway, about five times more salmon were captured during 4 h periods of relative darkness (0–03 Ix) than during periods with high light intensity (160 Ix). The rate of predation could be manipulated by increasing or decreasing light intensity.
A simulation model was developed for visual predators that encounter, attack, and capture juvenile salmon, whose schooling behaviour was light-sensitive. The model was fitted to laboratory results using a Monte Carlo filtering procedure. Model-predicted predation rate was especially sensitive to the visual range of predators at low light intensity and to predator search speed at high light. Modelling results also suggested that predation by northern squawfish on juvenile salmon may be highest across a narrow window of fight intensity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1095-8649.1994.tb01095.x","usgsCitation":"Petersen, J.H., and Gadomski, D.M., 1994, Light-mediated predation by northern squawfish on juvenile Chinook salmon: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 45, p. 227-242, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1994.tb01095.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"242","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334328,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef5e4b072a7ac0cad61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, James H. petersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":23231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"James","email":"petersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gadomski, Dena M.","contributorId":178343,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gadomski","given":"Dena","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180410,"text":"70180410 - 1994 - Are all prey created equal? A review and synthesis of differential predation on prey in substandard condition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T12:04:41","indexId":"70180410","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are all prey created equal? A review and synthesis of differential predation on prey in substandard condition","docAbstract":"Our understanding of predator-prey interactions in fishes has been influenced largely by research assuming that the condition of the participants is normal. However, fish populations today often reside in anthropogenically altered environments and are subjected to many kinds of stressors, which may reduce their ecological performance by adversely affecting their morphology, physiology, or behaviour. One consequence is that either the predator or prey, or both, may be in a substandard condition at the time of an interaction. We reviewed the literature on predator-prey interactions in fishes where substandard prey were used as experimental groups. Although most of this research indicates that such prey are significantly more vulnerable to predation, prey condition has rarely been considered in ecological theory regarding predator-prey interactions. The causal mechanisms for increased vulnerability of substandard prey to predation include a failure to detect predators, lapses in decision-making, poor fast-start performance, inability to shoal effectively, and increased prey conspicuousness. Despite some problems associated with empirical predator-prey studies using substandard prey, their results can have theoretical and applied uses, such as in ecological modelling or justification of corrective measures to be implemented in the wild. There is a need for more corroborative field experimentation, a better understanding of the causal mechanisms behind differential predation, and increased incorporation of prey condition into the research of predator-prey modellers and theoreticians. If the concept of prey condition is considered in predator-prey interactions, our understanding of how such interactions influence the structure and dynamics of fish communities is likely to change, which should prove beneficial to aquatic ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1095-8649.1994.tb01085.x","usgsCitation":"Mesa, M.G., Poe, T.P., Gadomski, D.M., and Petersen, J.H., 1994, Are all prey created equal? A review and synthesis of differential predation on prey in substandard condition: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 45, p. 81-96, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1994.tb01085.x.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"81","endPage":"96","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334311,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef6e4b072a7ac0cad63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesa, Matthew G. mmesa@usgs.gov","contributorId":3423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"Matthew","email":"mmesa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poe, Thomas P.","contributorId":95008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poe","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gadomski, Dena M.","contributorId":178343,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gadomski","given":"Dena","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Petersen, James H. petersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":23231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"James","email":"petersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70216590,"text":"70216590 - 1994 - Simulation of long-term thermal characteristics of three Estonian lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:27:55.131014","indexId":"70216590","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-25T13:40:23","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of long-term thermal characteristics of three Estonian lakes","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional surface energy-balance lake model, coupled to a thermodynamic model of lake ice, is used to simulate variations in the temperature of and evaporation from three Estonian lakes: Karujärv, Viljandi and Kirjaku. The model is driven by daily climate data, derived by cubic-spline interpolation from monthly mean data, and was run for periods of 8 years (Kirjaku) up to 30 years (Viljandi). Simulated surface water temperature is in good agreement with observations: mean differences between simulated and observed temperatures are from −0.8°C to +0.1°C. The simulated duration of snow and ice cover is comparable with observed. However, the model generally underpredicts ice thickness and overpredicts snow depth. Sensitivity analyses suggest that the model results are robust across a wide range (0.1–2.0 m −1) of lake extinction coefficient: surface temperature differs by less than 0.5°C between extreme values of the extinction coefficient. The model results are more sensitive to snow and ice albedos. However, changing the snow (0.2–0.9) and ice (0.15–0.55) albedos within realistic ranges does not improve the simulations of snow depth and ice thickness. The underestimation of ice thickness is correlated with the overestimation of snow cover, since a thick snow layer insulates the ice and limits ice formation. The overestimation of snow cover results from the assumption that all the simulated winter precipitation occurs as snow, a direct consequence of using daily climate data derived by interpolation from mean monthly data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)90025-6","usgsCitation":"Vassiljev, J., Harrison, S., Hostetler, S.W., and Bartlein, P.J., 1994, Simulation of long-term thermal characteristics of three Estonian lakes: Journal of Hydrology, v. 163, no. 1, p. 107-123, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90025-6.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"123","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380816,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Estonia","otherGeospatial":"Karujärv, Kirjaku, Viljandi","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[24.31286,57.79342],[24.42893,58.38341],[24.0612,58.25737],[23.42656,58.61275],[23.3398,59.18724],[24.60421,59.46585],[25.86419,59.61109],[26.94914,59.4458],[27.98111,59.47539],[28.1317,59.30083],[27.42017,58.72458],[27.71669,57.7919],[27.28818,57.47453],[26.46353,57.47639],[25.60281,57.84753],[25.16459,57.97016],[24.31286,57.79342]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Estonia\"}}]}","volume":"163","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vassiljev, J.","contributorId":21458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vassiljev","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, S.P.","contributorId":245247,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrison","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bartlein, Patrick J","contributorId":194325,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70216580,"text":"70216580 - 1994 - Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake surface‐water system. 2. A predictive model of δ18O and 182H in Pyramid Lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:23:17.063545","indexId":"70216580","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-25T13:12:29","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake surface‐water system. 2. A predictive model of δ18O and 182H in Pyramid Lake","title":"Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake surface‐water system. 2. A predictive model of δ18O and 182H in Pyramid Lake","docAbstract":"A physically based model of variations in δ18O and δ2H in Pyramid Lake is presented. For inputs, the model uses measurements of liquid water inflows and outflows and their associated isotopic compositions and a set of meteorological data (radiative fluxes, air temperature, relative humidity, and windspeed). The model simulates change of lake volume, thermal and isotopic stratification, evaporation, and the isotopic composition of evaporation. A validation of the model for 1987–1989 and 1991 indicates that it can reproduce measured intra‐ and interannual variations of δ18O and δ2H. Three applications of the model demonstrate its ability to simulate longer term responses of δ18O to change in the hydrologic balance and hydrologic characteristics (opening and closing) of the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.1994.39.2.0356","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., and Benson, L.V., 1994, Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake surface‐water system. 2. A predictive model of δ18O and 182H in Pyramid Lake: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 39, no. 2, p. 356-364, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1994.39.2.0356.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"356","endPage":"364","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380808,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Pyramid Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.7784423828125,\n 39.8401771327549\n ],\n [\n -119.3939208984375,\n 39.8401771327549\n ],\n [\n -119.3939208984375,\n 40.212440718286466\n ],\n [\n -119.7784423828125,\n 40.212440718286466\n ],\n [\n -119.7784423828125,\n 39.8401771327549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, S. W. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":42911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benson, L. V.","contributorId":50159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216573,"text":"70216573 - 1994 - Analysis of the surface hydrology in a regional climate model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:20:00.191634","indexId":"70216573","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-25T12:35:13","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7443,"text":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of the surface hydrology in a regional climate model","docAbstract":"This paper discusses the surface hydrology of a multi‐year simulation of present day climate over the United States (US) conducted with a regional climate model (RegCM) nested within a general circulation model (GCM). The RegCM, which is run with a 60 km gridpoint spacing is interactively coupled with a state‐of‐the‐art surface physics package that includes full surface hydrology calculations (the Biosphere‐Atmosphere Transfer Scheme or BATS). The hydrologic budgets of ten regional drainage basins in the US are analysed. Model results are compared with available observations and with results from previous modelling experiments to evaluate the feasibility of using nested RegCM/GCM models for hydrology studies. In our experiment, the model captures the basic seasonality of the basin hydrologic budgets, although the simulated precipitation amounts are too high over the western US and too low over the eastern US. As a result, runoff, snow cover and soil water content are underestimated over the eastern US basins, while evaporation and runoff are overestimated in some of the western US basins. Topographically induced characteristics of precipitation, snow cover and runoff are well simulated over the mountainous western regions. Also well captured is the inter‐basin variation of hydrologic budgets which occurs in response to different climatic settings. The springtime snowmelt and peak runoff season generally occurs in the model earlier in the year than is observed. Although our work indicates that the coupled regional modelling system can be useful in applications to hydrological studies, results from this experiment indicate that better accuracy in the simulation of regional climatic variables and more detailed representation of some hydrologic processes would be required before the coupled modelling system could be used to provide accurate assessments of hydrologic responses to climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/qj.49712051510","usgsCitation":"Giorgi, F., Hostetler, S.W., and Shields Brodeur, C., 1994, Analysis of the surface hydrology in a regional climate model: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, v. 120, no. 515, p. 161-183, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712051510.","productDescription":"23 p","startPage":"161","endPage":"183","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380803,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Brodeur","given":"Christine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70248022,"text":"70248022 - 1994 - Aeromagnetic evidence for a buried Early Cretaceous magmatic arc, northeast Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-31T13:58:19.343711","indexId":"70248022","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-10T08:50:39","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromagnetic evidence for a buried Early Cretaceous magmatic arc, northeast Japan","docAbstract":"Positive aeromagnetic anomalies, recent drilling, and models constructed from these data delineate the plutonic roots of the Early Cretaceous Kitakami magmatic arc in northeast Japan. Buried plutons, mostly offshore, produce belts of positive magnetic anomalies. These anomalies and magnetotelluric data suggest that the plutons form a batholith 70–120 km wide, nearly 800 km long, and 10–15 km thick. The batholith may mark the location of the main Kitakami arc. Most of the exposed Kitakami plutons are 2–20 km in diameter; some are 3 km thick. The small plutons line up along NW trending faults; some may have been satellite vents that tapped into the magma supply of the main arc. The batholithic roots of the main arc now compose almost half of the modern Japan forearc basement. Steep magnetic gradients, offset anomalies, and basin stratigraphy portray extensive faulting of the Kitakami batholith during oblique subduction in the Late Cretaceous and rifting in the Miocene. The eastern boundary of the Kitakami batholith lies between 90 and 140 km west of the modern trench, much closer than the 300-km distance between the active arc and trench. The Early Cretaceous forearc basin and accretionary prism may underlie the modern forearc basin east of the batholith, but clear evidence is lacking. Much of the Early Cretaceous margin, including most of its forearc therefore is missing. How the material was removed is unknown: it could have been strike-slip faulted, eroded by subduction-related processes, or both.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94JB00855","usgsCitation":"Finn, C.A., 1994, Aeromagnetic evidence for a buried Early Cretaceous magmatic arc, northeast Japan: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 99, no. B11, p. 22165-22185, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB00855.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"22165","endPage":"22185","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420363,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 138.5858445616867,\n 45.50873646911339\n ],\n [\n 138.5858445616867,\n 34.718873519249016\n ],\n [\n 144.1924469394902,\n 34.718873519249016\n ],\n [\n 144.1924469394902,\n 45.50873646911339\n ],\n [\n 138.5858445616867,\n 45.50873646911339\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"99","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":881534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223370,"text":"5223370 - 1994 - Effects of salinity on striped bass eggs and larvae from the Savannah River, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-03T16:52:11.43887","indexId":"5223370","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of salinity on striped bass eggs and larvae from the Savannah River, Georgia","docAbstract":"Operation of a tide gate installed in the Savannah River by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to reduce dredging activities increased salinities upstream in important spawning habitat for striped bass Morone saxatilis. To assess the effects of salinity on survival and growth of striped bass at early life stages, newly fertilized eggs and 48‐h‐posthatch larvae were exposed to serial dilutions of seawater, with salinities ranging from 0 to 33‰ (g/L) in increments of 3‰; in addition, older larvae (5‐d posthatch) were exposed to salinities of 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24‰. Eggs were exposed until 24 h posthatch, 48‐h‐posthatch larvae were exposed for 10 d, and 5‐d‐posthatch larvae were exposed for 6 d. Eggs died within 24 h in salinities greater than 18‰. Both survival and total length of larvae hatched from eggs exposed to salinities of 15‰ or higher were reduced. Percent mortality and mean total lengths of newly hatched larvae followed the same pattern for each of three sets of salinity regimes (i.e., changes in salinities over time) that striped bass eggs might encounter during passage downstream in the Savannah River. Hardening eggs in freshwater did not increase survival or length of hatched larvae over that shown by eggs hardened in saline water. The 5‐d‐posthatch larvae were less sensitive to salinity than the 48‐h‐posthatch larvae. Survival of larvae was negatively correlated with both salinity and exposure time. For 48‐h‐posthatch larvae, the 10‐d LC50 (the salinity lethal to 50% of the test fish within 10 d) was 10‰. Probabilities of survival for larval striped bass exposed to different salinities for different amounts of time can be estimated from curves generated from models of survival analysis. Salinities judged to be critical to Savannah River striped bass eggs and larvae are those greater than 9‰.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0904:EOSOSB>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Winger, P.V., and Lasier, P., 1994, Effects of salinity on striped bass eggs and larvae from the Savannah River, Georgia: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 123, no. 6, p. 904-912, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0904:EOSOSB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"904","endPage":"912","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198817,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Savannah River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.94133296941517,\n 34.55082847030519\n ],\n [\n -82.69060077193754,\n 34.04030146259746\n ],\n [\n -82.1926428019976,\n 33.499417610464135\n ],\n [\n -81.66260200962468,\n 32.91722010344145\n ],\n [\n -81.04106261129654,\n 31.95504027996425\n ],\n [\n -80.77563448759524,\n 31.982402320997252\n ],\n [\n -81.62256340554039,\n 33.23565845021632\n ],\n [\n -82.50843872608834,\n 34.105574103834876\n ],\n [\n -82.78082409881974,\n 34.58845657531778\n ],\n [\n -82.94133296941517,\n 34.55082847030519\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"123","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60faab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winger, P. V.","contributorId":43075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winger","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lasier, P. J.","contributorId":79201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasier","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017610,"text":"70017610 - 1994 - The magnitude 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake of 17 January 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T15:07:12.14972","indexId":"70017610","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The magnitude 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake of 17 January 1994","docAbstract":"The most costly American earthquake since 1906 struck Los Angeles on 17 January 1994. The magnitude 6.7 Northridge earthquake resulted from more than 3 meters of reverse slip on a 15-kilometer-long south-dipping thrust fault that raised the Santa Susana mountains by as much as 70 centimeters. The fault appears to be truncated by the fault that broke in the 1971 San Fernando earthquake at a depth of 8 kilometers. Of these two events, the Northridge earthquake caused many times more damage, primarily because its causative fault is directly under the city. Many types of structures were damaged, but the fracture of welds in steel-frame buildings was the greatest surprise. The Northridge earthquake emphasizes the hazard posed to Los Angeles by concealed thrust faults and the potential for strong ground shaking in moderate earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.266.5184.389","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Jones, L., Aki, K., Boore, D., Çelebi, M., Donnellan, A., Hall, J., Harris, R., Hauksson, E., Heaton, T., Hough, S., Hudnut, K., Hutton, K., Johnston, M., Joyner, W., Kanamori, H., Marshall, G., Michael, A., Mori, J., Murray, M., Ponti, D., Reasenberg, P., Schwartz, D., Seeber, L., Shakal, A., Simpson, R., Thio, H., Tinsley, J., Todorovska, M., Trifunac, M., Wald, D., and Zoback, M., 1994, The magnitude 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake of 17 January 1994: Science, v. 266, no. 5184, p. 389-397, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.266.5184.389.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"389","endPage":"397","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228762,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"California","city":"Los Angeles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.83600017145218,\n 34.36246801960607\n ],\n [\n -118.83600017145218,\n 33.51800616545353\n ],\n [\n -117.21146418265272,\n 33.51800616545353\n ],\n [\n -117.21146418265272,\n 34.36246801960607\n ],\n [\n -118.83600017145218,\n 34.36246801960607\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"266","issue":"5184","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badb4e4b08c986b323d9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, L.","contributorId":26084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aki, K.","contributorId":50303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aki","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boore, D.","contributorId":67200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Çelebi, M.","contributorId":36946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Çelebi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Donnellan, A.","contributorId":26192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnellan","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hall, J.","contributorId":66425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Harris, R. 0000-0002-9247-0768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":13382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hauksson, E.","contributorId":10932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauksson","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Heaton, T.","contributorId":107862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heaton","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hough, S.","contributorId":54355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hudnut, K.","contributorId":92439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Hutton, K.","contributorId":63183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutton","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Johnston, M.","contributorId":88091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Joyner, 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J.","contributorId":24923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mori","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Murray, M.","contributorId":89960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Ponti, D.","contributorId":39549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponti","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Reasenberg, P.","contributorId":22913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reasenberg","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Schwartz, D.","contributorId":73788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Seeber, L.","contributorId":37329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seeber","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Shakal, A.","contributorId":20934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shakal","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12640,"text":"California Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":376993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Simpson, R.","contributorId":49934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Thio, H.","contributorId":66125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thio","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Tinsley, J.","contributorId":107151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinsley","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Todorovska, M.","contributorId":55694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todorovska","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Trifunac, M.","contributorId":15890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trifunac","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Wald, D. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":37866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30},{"text":"Zoback, M.L.","contributorId":12982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":31}]}} ,{"id":70226701,"text":"70226701 - 1994 - Palynological record from the North Atlantic region at 3 Ma: Vegetational distribution during a period of global warmth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-06T19:23:38.827875","indexId":"70226701","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T12:48:26","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynological record from the North Atlantic region at 3 Ma: Vegetational distribution during a period of global warmth","docAbstract":"Pollen assemblages from five mid-Pliocene, deep-marine and shallow-marine sites in the North Atlantic Ocean region were analyzed quantitatively to estimate vegetational composition and terrestrial paleoclimates during a time interval centered at about 3 Ma. Three subarctic sites (58–67°N latitude) from the Norwegian Sea, northern Iceland, and the Labrador Sea yielded pollen assemblages characteristic of mixed conifer-hardwood vegetation; these assemblages have no close modern analogs, but the most similar modern vegetation is that of the Tsuga (hemlock)-northern hardwood forests of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia (45–50°N). The presence of such vegetation at these sites indicates mid-Pliocene January temperatures from 4 to 10°C warmer than today and a northward shift of the deciduous forest zone into areas presently occupied by boreal forests. Pollen assemblages from the mid-latitude (36°N) Yorktown Formation site in southeastern Virginia, USA represent Quercus-Carya-Pinus (oak-hickory-pine) forests, similar to those presently occupying much of the Atlantic coastal plain of the United States. Modern analogs for this site are located off the coasts of North Carolina and South Carolina, indicating mid-Pliocene January temperatures 3–5°C warmer than today. In southwestern Florida (27°N), pollen assemblages from the mid-Pliocene Pincrest Beds are representative of pine-dominated communities, similar to Pinus palustris/P. ellittii forests (longleaf/slash pine) growing in Florida today. Close modern analogs for the Pinecrest Beds are located at numerous sites around the Florida peninsula, indicating mid-Pliocene temperatures about the same as today for this region.
These sites show a gradient from much higher than present temperatures at high latitudes to little change from present temperatures at low latitudes and low elevations; a similar pattern is shown by mid-Pliocene sea-surface and isotopic data. Such a gradient also is consistent with the northward migration of the boreal forest zone, covering sites as far north as Meighen and Banks Islands, a northward shift of the deciduous-boreal forest boundary in both North America and Europe, and little change in vegetational distribution in low elevation sites in subtropical latitudes during the mid-Pliocene warm interval. Atmospheric temperaturs estimated from vegetational distributions indicate a Pliocene to modern temperature anomaly of a similar pattern and magnitude to that indicated by sea-surface temperatures. These data are most consistent with current general circulation model simulations of climate changes in response to increased meridional heat transport.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-6667(94)90141-4","usgsCitation":"Willard, D.A., 1994, Palynological record from the North Atlantic region at 3 Ma: Vegetational distribution during a period of global warmth: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 83, no. 4, p. 275-297, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(94)90141-4.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"297","costCenters":[{"id":410,"text":"National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392503,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Iceland, Norway, United States","state":"Florida, Newfoundland and Labrador, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean, Labrador Sea, Norwegian Sea, Pinecrest Beds, Yorktown Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -4.04296875,\n 67.31868827035339\n ],\n [\n -1.7303466796874998,\n 67.31868827035339\n ],\n [\n -1.7303466796874998,\n 67.97875365614591\n ],\n [\n -4.04296875,\n 67.97875365614591\n ],\n [\n -4.04296875,\n 67.31868827035339\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -17.60833740234375,\n 66.00573538989191\n ],\n [\n -16.6607666015625,\n 66.00573538989191\n ],\n [\n -16.6607666015625,\n 66.33530025104689\n ],\n [\n -17.60833740234375,\n 66.33530025104689\n ],\n [\n -17.60833740234375,\n 66.00573538989191\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -52.855224609375,\n 56.35916436114858\n ],\n [\n -44.923095703125,\n 56.35916436114858\n ],\n [\n -44.923095703125,\n 59.772991625706695\n ],\n [\n -52.855224609375,\n 59.772991625706695\n ],\n [\n -52.855224609375,\n 56.35916436114858\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.90077209472656,\n 27.153865667244425\n ],\n [\n -82.29927062988281,\n 27.153865667244425\n ],\n [\n -82.29927062988281,\n 27.558199406352188\n ],\n [\n -82.90077209472656,\n 27.558199406352188\n ],\n [\n -82.90077209472656,\n 27.153865667244425\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.5360107421875,\n 36.575835338491764\n ],\n [\n -73.5150146484375,\n 36.575835338491764\n ],\n [\n -73.5150146484375,\n 38.496593518947584\n ],\n [\n -77.5360107421875,\n 38.496593518947584\n ],\n [\n -77.5360107421875,\n 36.575835338491764\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willard, Debra A. 0000-0003-4878-0942 dwillard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":2076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra","email":"dwillard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":24693,"text":"Climate Research and Development","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":827842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186645,"text":"70186645 - 1994 - Evidence from xenoliths for a dynamic lower crust, eastern Mojave Desert, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T13:42:04","indexId":"70186645","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence from xenoliths for a dynamic lower crust, eastern Mojave Desert, California","docAbstract":"Garnet-rich xenoliths in a Tertiary dike in the eastern Mojave Desert, California, preserve information about the nature and history of the lower crust. These xenoliths record pressures of ∼ 10–12 kbar and temperatures of ∼ 750–800°C. Approximately 25% have mafic compositions and bear hornblende + plagioclase + clinopyroxene + quartz in addition to garnet. The remainder, all of which contain quartz, include quartzose, quartzofeldspathic, and aluminous (kyanite±sillimanite-bearing) varieties. Most xenoliths have identifiable protoliths—mafic from intermediate or mafic igneous rocks, quartzose from quartz-rich sedimentary rocks, aluminous from Al-rich graywackes or pelites, and quartzofeldspathic from feldspathic sediments and/or intermediate to felsic igneous rocks. However, many have unusual chemical compositions characterized by high FeO(t), FeO(t)/MgO, Al2O3, and Al2O3/CaO, which correspond to high garnet abundance. The mineralogy and major-and trace-element compositions are consistent with the interpretation that the xenoliths are the garnet-rich residues of high-pressure crustal melting, from which granitic melt was extracted. High 87Sr/86Sr and low 143Nd/144Nd, together with highly discordant zircons from a single sample with Pb/Pb ages of ∼ 1.7 Ga, demonstrate that the crustal material represented by the xenoliths is at least as old as Early Proterozoic. This supracrustal-bearing lithologic assemblage may have been emplaced in the lower crust during either Proterozoic or Mesozoic orogenesis, but Sr and Nd model ages> 4 Ga require late Phanerozoic modification of parent/daughter ratios, presumably during the anatectic event. Pressures of equilibration indicate that peak metamorphism and melting occurred before the Mojave crust had thinned to its current thickness of <30 km. The compositions of the xenoliths suggest that the lower crust here is grossly similar to estimated world-wide lower-crustal compositions in terms of silica and mafic content; however, it is considerably more peraluminous, has a lower mg-number, and is distinctive in some trace element concentrations, reflecting its strong metasedimentary and restitic heritage.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/35.5.1377","usgsCitation":"Hanchar, J.M., Miller, C., Wooden, J., Bennett, V.C., and Staude, J.G., 1994, Evidence from xenoliths for a dynamic lower crust, eastern Mojave Desert, California: Journal of Petrology, v. 35, no. 5, p. 1377-1415, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/35.5.1377.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"1377","endPage":"1415","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339344,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e75405e4b09da6799c0c7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanchar, John M.","contributorId":190636,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanchar","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Calvin F.","contributorId":18437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Calvin F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, Joseph L.","contributorId":32209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joseph L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bennett, Victoria C.","contributorId":190637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bennett","given":"Victoria","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Staude, John-Mark G.","contributorId":190638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Staude","given":"John-Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70186939,"text":"70186939 - 1994 - Recent directions taken in water, energy, and biogeochemical budgets research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T14:57:21","indexId":"70186939","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3879,"text":"Eos, Earth and Space Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent directions taken in water, energy, and biogeochemical budgets research","docAbstract":"Understanding and predicting global change is a major scientific focus of the late 20th century. Although atmospheric scientists have made substantial progress in developing models that account for many components of the climate system, significant progress is needed in understanding processes associated with the exchange of water, energy, and carbon between terrestrial systems and the atmosphere.
To strengthen terrestrial process research, especially research associated with the interactions of water, energy, gases, nutrients, and vegetation, the U.S. Geological Survey initiated an intensive study of Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB). WEBB is aimed at improving understanding of processes controlling terrestrial water, energy, and biogeochemical fluxes, their interactions, and their relations to climatic variables; and the ability to predict continental water, energy, and biogeochemical budgets over a range of spatial and temporal scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/94EO01063","usgsCitation":"Lins, H.F., 1994, Recent directions taken in water, energy, and biogeochemical budgets research: Eos, Earth and Space Science News, v. 75, no. 38, p. 433-439, https://doi.org/10.1029/94EO01063.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"433","endPage":"439","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339752,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"38","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cce4b08144348b7e45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lins, Harry F. 0000-0001-5385-9247 hlins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-9247","contributorId":1505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"Harry","email":"hlins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017535,"text":"70017535 - 1994 - First images of asteroid 243 Ida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T15:26:51.673128","indexId":"70017535","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First images of asteroid 243 Ida","docAbstract":"The first images of the asteroid 243 Ida from Galileo show an irregular object measuring 56 kilometers by 24 kilometers by 21 kilometers. Its surface is rich in geologic features, including systems of grooves, blocks, chutes, albedo features, crater chains, and a full range of crater morphologies. The largest blocks may be distributed nonuniformly across the surface; lineaments and dark-floored craters also have preferential locations. Ida is interpreted to have a substantial regolith. The high crater density and size-frequency distribution (–3 differential power-law index) indicate a surface in equilibrium with saturated cratering. A minimum model crater age for Ida—and therefore for the Koronis family to which Ida belongs—is estimated at 1 billion years, older than expected.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.265.5178.1543","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Belton, M.J., Chapman, C.R., Veverka, J., Klaasen, K., Harch, A., Greeley, R., Greenberg, R., Head, J.W., McEwen, A., Morrison, D., Thomas, P., Davies, M.E., Carr, M.H., Neukum, G., Fanale, F.P., Davis, D.R., Anger, C., Gierasch, P., Ingersoll, A., and Pilcher, C., 1994, First images of asteroid 243 Ida: Science, v. 265, no. 5178, p. 1543-1547, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.265.5178.1543.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1543","endPage":"1547","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228980,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"265","issue":"5178","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1057e4b0c8380cd53c23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belton, M. J. 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The addition of gouge enhances the rate of permeability reduction because of the greater reactivity of the fine material. Flow rate is initially high in a throughgoing fracture but eventually drops to the level of intact granite. These results support the fault-valve model for the development of mesothermal ore deposits, in which seals are formed at the base of the seismogenic zone of high-angle thrust faults. The lower temperature results yield varying estimates of mineral-sealing rates at shallower depths in fault zones, although they generally support the hypothesis that such seals develop in less time than the recurrence interval for moderate to large earthquakes on the San Andreas fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.265.5178.1558","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Moore, D., Lockner, D., and Byerlee, J., 1994, Reduction of permeability in granite at elevated temperatures: Science, v. 265, no. 5178, p. 1558-1561, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.265.5178.1558.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1558","endPage":"1561","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228981,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.42511115796232,\n 40.19687175691709\n ],\n [\n -122.57029196954008,\n 37.27336510559133\n ],\n [\n -119.38637709468617,\n 33.222235417073065\n ],\n [\n -116.81842283095422,\n 33.081809080354404\n ],\n [\n -122.03189483226878,\n 41.08855695423625\n ],\n [\n -124.42511115796232,\n 40.19687175691709\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"265","issue":"5178","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3e3e4b0e8fec6cdb9fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Diane E. 0000-0002-8641-1075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8641-1075","contributorId":106496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Diane E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017525,"text":"70017525 - 1994 - Seismic evidence for a lower-crustal detachment beneath San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T15:53:42.612437","indexId":"70017525","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic evidence for a lower-crustal detachment beneath San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"Results from the San Francisco Bay area seismic imaging experiment (BASIX) reveal the presence of a prominent lower crustal reflector at a depth of ∼15 kilometers beneath San Francisco and San Pablo bays. Velocity analyses indicate that this reflector marks the base of Franciscan assemblage rocks and the top of a mafic lower crust. Because this compositional contrast would imply a strong rheological contrast, this interface may correspond to a lower crustal detachment surface. If so, it may represent a subhorizontal segment of the North America and Pacific plate boundary proposed by earlier thermo-mechanical and geological models.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.265.5177.1436","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Brocher, T., McCarthy, J., Hart, P., Holbrook, W., Furlong, K., McEvilly, T., Hole, J., and Klemperer, S., 1994, Seismic evidence for a lower-crustal detachment beneath San Francisco Bay, California: Science, v. 265, no. 5177, p. 1436-1439, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.265.5177.1436.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1436","endPage":"1439","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228801,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.68862989936918,\n 37.84485905963611\n ],\n [\n -122.68862989936918,\n 37.41766415208987\n ],\n [\n -121.93467601391936,\n 37.41766415208987\n ],\n [\n -121.93467601391936,\n 37.84485905963611\n ],\n [\n -122.68862989936918,\n 37.84485905963611\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"265","issue":"5177","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b0be4b08c986b317546","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, J.","contributorId":50290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hart, P. E.","contributorId":10773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holbrook, W.S.","contributorId":84916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holbrook","given":"W.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Furlong, K.P.","contributorId":35490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McEvilly, T.V.","contributorId":30631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEvilly","given":"T.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hole, J.A.","contributorId":103422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hole","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Klemperer, S.L.","contributorId":52734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemperer","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70017551,"text":"70017551 - 1994 - Stress triggering of the 1994 M = 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake by its predecessors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T15:39:47.273418","indexId":"70017551","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress triggering of the 1994 M = 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake by its predecessors","docAbstract":"A model of stress transfer implies that earthquakes in 1933 and 1952 increased the Coulomb stress toward failure at the site of the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. The 1971 earthquake in turn raised stress and produced aftershocks at the site of the 1987 Whittier Narrows and 1994 Northridge ruptures. The Northridge main shock raised stress in areas where its aftershocks and surface faulting occurred. Together, the earthquakes with moment magnitude M ≥ 6 near Los Angeles since 1933 have stressed parts of the Oak Ridge, Sierra Madre, Santa Monica Mountains, Elysian Park, and Newport-Inglewood faults by more than 1 bar. Although too small to cause earthquakes, these stress changes can trigger events if the crust is already near failure or advance future earthquake occurrence if it is not.
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\"}}]}","volume":"265","issue":"5177","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b6ae4b08c986b31ce88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, G.C.P.","contributorId":18510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"G.C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lin, J.","contributorId":33065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70129381,"text":"70129381 - 1994 - An integrated model of human-wildlife interdependence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T12:14:34","indexId":"70129381","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-01T12:43:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1453,"text":"Ecological Economics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An integrated model of human-wildlife interdependence","docAbstract":"This paper attempts to integrate wildlife-related ecologic and economic variables into an econometric model. The model reveals empirical evidence of the presumed interdependence of human-wildlife and the holistic nature of humanity's relationship to the ecosystem. Human use of biologic resources varies not only with income, education, and population, but also with sustainability of humankind's action relative to the quality and quantity of the supporting ecological base.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0921-8009(94)90051-5","usgsCitation":"John, K.H., Walsh, R.G., and Johnson, R., 1994, An integrated model of human-wildlife interdependence: Ecological Economics, v. 11, no. 1, p. 65-75, https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8009(94)90051-5.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"75","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295564,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295563,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8009(94)90051-5"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775a0e4b0f888a81b82ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"John, Kun H.","contributorId":42904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"Kun","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walsh, Richard G.","contributorId":85109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, R.L.","contributorId":47305,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17860,"text":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":503644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180425,"text":"70180425 - 1994 - Factors affecting the efficient transformation of Colletotrichum species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T12:56:52","indexId":"70180425","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5282,"text":"Experimental Mycology ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors affecting the efficient transformation of Colletotrichum species","docAbstract":"Factors affecting the efficient transformation of Colletotrichum species. Experimental Mycology, 18, 230-246. Twelve isolates representing four species of Colletotrichum were transformed either by enhanced protoplast, restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI), or electroporation-mediated protocols. The enhanced protoplast transformation protocol resulted in 100- and 50-fold increases in the transformation efficiencies of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and C. magna , respectively. REMI transformation involved the use of Hin dIII and vector DNA linearized with HindIII to increase the number of integration events and potential gene disruptions in the fungal genome. Combining the enhanced protoplast and the REMI protocols resulted in a 22-fold increase in the number of hygromycin/nystatin-resistant mutants in C. lindemuthianum . Electroporation-mediated transformation was performed on mycelial fragments and spores of four Colletotrichum species, resulting in efficiencies of up to 1000 transformants/μg DNA. The pHA1.3 vector which confers hygromycin resistance contains telomeric sequences from Fusarium oxysporum , transforms by autonomous replication and genomic integration, and was essential for elevated transformation efficiencies of 100 to 10,000 transformants/μg DNA. Modifications of pHA1.3 occurred during bacterial amplification and post fungal transformation resulting in plasmids capable of significantly elevated transformation efficiencies in C. lindemuthianum.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/emyc.1994.1023","usgsCitation":"Redman, R.S., and Rodriguez, R.J., 1994, Factors affecting the efficient transformation of Colletotrichum species: Experimental Mycology , v. 18, no. 3, p. 230-246, https://doi.org/10.1006/emyc.1994.1023.","productDescription":"17 p. ","startPage":"230","endPage":"246","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334333,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef6e4b072a7ac0cad67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Redman, Regina S. 0000-0001-5108-7570","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5108-7570","contributorId":75829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redman","given":"Regina","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":661646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez, Rusty J.","contributorId":62497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Rusty","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186600,"text":"70186600 - 1994 - Origin, transport, and emplacement of an exotic island-arc terrane exposed in eastern Kamchatka, Russia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-19T13:19:35.163423","indexId":"70186600","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin, transport, and emplacement of an exotic island-arc terrane exposed in eastern Kamchatka, Russia","docAbstract":"The regional stratigraphy of eastern Kamchatka includes an exotic, Early-Late Cretaceous ophiolite and Late Cretaceous island-arc volcanic sequence. Integrating the existing geologic and geophysical data, we examine the origin, transport, emplacement, and postemplacement deformation of the island-arc terrane, which is named the Olyutorsky island arc. Results from several paleomagnetic studies consistently indicate that the island-arc terrane originated >1000 km to the south of where it is presently exposed. Although the formative paleolatitudes of the island-arc rocks approximately correspond to the location of the Izanagi-Farallon subduction zone, the age of the volcanic rocks postdates the cessation of Izanagi-Farallon convergence, thus indicating that an unnamed plate or back-arc basin existed in the northwest Pacific during Late Cretaceous time. We examine two possible models for northward transport of the island-arc terrane to Kamchatka: (1) infra-oceanic transport with the Pacific or Kula plates and (2) coastwise translation of the island-arc terrane after accretion to the Eurasian margin far to the south of Kamchatka. For both models, the dominant Eocene and Miocene deformation ages observed in eastern Kamchatka are used as two possible age limits for the cessation of northward transport. Although the observed paleolatitudes from paleomagnetic data correspond best with the infra-oceanic transport model, the provenance of the Paleogene \"transport\" stratigraphy indicates a near-shore sediment supply. Our preferred interpretation is that the island-arc terrane (1) accreted onto the Eurasian margin concurrent with cessation of island-arc volcanism (Maastrichtian-Danian) and (2) underwent northward coastwise translation along a major strike-slip fault zone ending by middle-late Eocene time (43-50 Ma). It is unclear whether the ophiolite was exposed during arc-continent collision or whether the ophiolite was obducted onto the island arc prior to collision. A consequence of either infra-oceanic transport or coastwise translation is that an open corridor between the western terminus of the Aleutian Arc and Kamchatka must have existed until middle to late Eocene time. Spreading within the Komandorsky Basin, subduction of sea-mounts, and collision of the Aleutian Arc with Kamchatka are proposed to have instigated the second Miocene phase of deformation, which uplifted and reexposed the island-arc terrane.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1182:OTAEOA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Geist, E.L., Vallier, T.L., and Scholl, D.W., 1994, Origin, transport, and emplacement of an exotic island-arc terrane exposed in eastern Kamchatka, Russia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, no. 9, p. 1182-1194, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1182:OTAEOA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1182","endPage":"1194","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339284,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"Kamchatka Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 163.20258755290382,\n 61.00637167715445\n ],\n [\n 161.69305220919045,\n 60.56804725421827\n ],\n [\n 159.44889197087247,\n 59.081947107468125\n ],\n [\n 159.09733432823919,\n 58.69252073362182\n ],\n [\n 157.40883348269927,\n 58.055364767090595\n ],\n [\n 156.44070038399877,\n 57.96985930003743\n ],\n [\n 156.53381961385384,\n 57.45928767434276\n ],\n [\n 155.41075905047182,\n 56.57402157819166\n ],\n [\n 155.22123486851945,\n 55.23924656661535\n ],\n [\n 155.62898349274462,\n 53.24224978863219\n ],\n [\n 156.16955629177272,\n 52.102769885948305\n ],\n [\n 156.24533432092898,\n 51.33267214490681\n ],\n [\n 156.73401813089475,\n 50.767305106285306\n ],\n [\n 157.51556178037703,\n 51.18150965069202\n ],\n [\n 158.69361672829837,\n 52.41353725977288\n ],\n [\n 158.66990166944248,\n 52.74343117033786\n ],\n [\n 159.49647609181955,\n 53.21310941559881\n ],\n [\n 160.08489460864558,\n 52.98663269436213\n ],\n [\n 160.06374030911832,\n 53.419596822409716\n ],\n [\n 159.91289147082966,\n 53.69950491234525\n ],\n [\n 160.07867037448761,\n 54.08771434561001\n ],\n [\n 161.01061366280572,\n 54.524249643382035\n ],\n [\n 161.2095160487467,\n 54.383784038217584\n ],\n [\n 161.77586065709102,\n 54.40876194260778\n ],\n [\n 162.30041432485723,\n 54.75466906023789\n ],\n [\n 161.94259864495496,\n 55.227756105681124\n ],\n [\n 161.99933808145715,\n 55.62310503108381\n ],\n [\n 162.25130996927277,\n 56.085638651086754\n ],\n [\n 162.52816124539265,\n 56.13080387237895\n ],\n [\n 163.0800214316048,\n 55.85059679084554\n ],\n [\n 163.24555118268722,\n 56.030975994675\n ],\n [\n 163.48438081385694,\n 56.14158389836072\n ],\n [\n 163.32143614963354,\n 56.86229049830959\n ],\n [\n 162.93338342193385,\n 56.77687195315198\n ],\n [\n 162.95536113045154,\n 57.081187805155935\n ],\n [\n 162.90458523236265,\n 57.22963080988282\n ],\n [\n 163.36324681350527,\n 57.53772002508748\n ],\n [\n 163.38644309273087,\n 57.92518191884736\n ],\n [\n 162.62275017174602,\n 57.99055946086884\n ],\n [\n 162.38630990669117,\n 57.9241361926818\n ],\n [\n 162.1539690888648,\n 58.099507759305624\n ],\n [\n 162.40153830254246,\n 58.53891403659355\n ],\n [\n 163.66412182163936,\n 58.29975353036349\n ],\n [\n 164.26062566000064,\n 58.68782998566613\n ],\n [\n 164.89882117744526,\n 58.78595804247561\n ],\n [\n 164.83893482799846,\n 59.228642694030384\n ],\n [\n 165.2957922051972,\n 59.87278346699375\n ],\n [\n 166.17636173828566,\n 60.37940494019236\n ],\n [\n 163.20258755290382,\n 61.00637167715445\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60277e4b09da6799ac6a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, Eric L. 0000-0003-0611-1150 egeist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":1956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Eric","email":"egeist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":689711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vallier, Tracy L.","contributorId":28857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":689713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70129009,"text":"70129009 - 1994 - A spatial snow model for preday/prey interactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-16T10:13:02","indexId":"70129009","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-29T10:11:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"A spatial snow model for preday/prey interactions","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Mapping and remote sensing tools for the 21st century: conference and exposition: with feature emphasis on public/private interaction","conferenceTitle":"Mapping and remote sensing tools for the 21st century: conference and exposition: with feature emphasis on public/private interaction","conferenceDate":"1994-08-26T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Washington, D.C.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Ringleb, R., Martinka, C., Fagre, D., Liston, G., Potts, D., and Willard, E., 1994, A spatial snow model for preday/prey interactions, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295369,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440de18e4b0b0a643c732a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ringleb, R.","contributorId":10360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ringleb","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martinka, C.","contributorId":66619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinka","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fagre, D.","contributorId":57392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liston, G.","contributorId":67435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liston","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Potts, D.","contributorId":27809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potts","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Willard, E.","contributorId":73943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70180428,"text":"70180428 - 1994 - Integration of radio telemetry and hydraulic model data for siting and operating juvenile bypass systems on the Columbia River to reduce predation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T13:07:25","indexId":"70180428","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Integration of radio telemetry and hydraulic model data for siting and operating juvenile bypass systems on the Columbia River to reduce predation","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 1st international symposium on habitat hydraulics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1st international symposium on habitat hydraulics","conferenceDate":"August 18-20, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Trondheim, Norway","language":"English","publisher":"The Norwegian Institute of Technology","usgsCitation":"Shively, R., Poe, T., and Peters, R., 1994, Integration of radio telemetry and hydraulic model data for siting and operating juvenile bypass systems on the Columbia River to reduce predation, in Proceedings of the 1st international symposium on habitat hydraulics, Trondheim, Norway, August 18-20, 1994, p. 549-561.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"549","endPage":"561","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334336,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef7e4b072a7ac0cad69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shively, R.S.","contributorId":79642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shively","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poe, T.P.","contributorId":51687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poe","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peters, R.","contributorId":51875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70202099,"text":"70202099 - 1994 - Evaluation of an empirical radar backscatter model for predicting backscatter characteristics of geologic units at Pisgah Volcanic Field, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-11T10:08:34","indexId":"70202099","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-15T10:04:52","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of an empirical radar backscatter model for predicting backscatter characteristics of geologic units at Pisgah Volcanic Field, California","docAbstract":"Comparison of radar backscatter coefficients (σ°, in dB), calculated by using the empirical model of Oh et al. [1992], to σ° extracted from AIRSAR data of four geologic units at Pisgah shows that the model predicts measured σ°vv and σ°hv to within ±3 dB. The model predicts higher σ°hh than those observed. For smooth surfaces (rms height=s, s<8 cm), model results depend strongly on the accuracy of the surface measurements ( s and dielectric constant, ϵr). For rougher surfaces, the model is less dependent on the accuracy of surface characterizations. The model may be inverted to estimate s from measured σ° for surfaces with ks<3 (k = wavenumber, or 2π/λ, where λ = radar wavelength). Model inversion for a pahoehoe unit at 30° to 50° incidence angles (θ) resulted in an estimate of s to within <1 cm of the measured 3 cm. The inability of the model to estimate accurately σ°hh and the anomalously high nadir Fresnel reflection coefficients (Γo) and ϵr required in the model inversion may both be due to ∼equal co‐polarized ratios (σ°hh/σ°vv=p∼1) of the soils used to derive the model. For effective application to many geologic surfaces, for which p<1 is often observed at θ>30°, the model will require modification to include surfaces with non‐unity σ°hh/σ°vv.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94GL01253","usgsCitation":"Gaddis, L.R., 1994, Evaluation of an empirical radar backscatter model for predicting backscatter characteristics of geologic units at Pisgah Volcanic Field, California: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, no. 17, p. 1803-1806, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL01253.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1803","endPage":"1806","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/94gl01253","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":361112,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Pisgah Volcanic Field","volume":"21","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaddis, Lisa R. 0000-0001-9953-5483 lgaddis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-5483","contributorId":2817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaddis","given":"Lisa","email":"lgaddis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}