Recent investigations provide new insight on the structural chemistry of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in freshwater environments and the role of these structures in contaminant binding. Molecular models of DOM derived from allochthonous and autochthonous sources show that short-chain, branched, and alicyclic structures are terminated by carboxyl or methyl groups in DOM from both sources. Allochthonous DOM, however, had aromatic structures indicative of tannin and lignin residues, whereas the autochthonous DOM was characterized by aliphatic alicyclic structures indicative of lipid hydrocarbons as the source. DOM isolated from different morphoclimatic regions had minor structural differences.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental chemistry of lakes and reservoirs ","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ba-1994-0237.ch007","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J., 1994, Chemistry of dissolved organic matter in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, chap. 7 of Environmental chemistry of lakes and reservoirs , v. 237, p. 195-221, https://doi.org/10.1021/ba-1994-0237.ch007.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"221","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357248,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"237","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111330e4b034bf6a813afb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leenheer, J. A.","contributorId":195371,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016995,"text":"70016995 - 1994 - Microfossil biostratigraphy of prograding Neogene platform-margin carbonates, Bahamas: Age constraints and alternatives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-03T15:44:22.792832","indexId":"70016995","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microfossil biostratigraphy of prograding Neogene platform-margin carbonates, Bahamas: Age constraints and alternatives","docAbstract":"Benthic and planktic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils were recovered in shallow-water carbonate rock cores from two continuous boreholes drilled 7.5 km apart on the west platform margin of the Great Bahama Bank. The microfossils define six biostratigraphic units in each hole. One unit in each hole represents a correlative condensed section. Seven foraminiferal biozones are recognized in 11 of the units between the holes: middle MioceneGloborotalia fohsi robusta Zone N12, late MioceneG. acostaensis Zone N16 andG. humerosa Zone N17, early PlioceneG. margaritae evoluta Subzone N19, late PlioceneG. exilis Subzone N21 and, tentatively,G. tosaensis tosaensis Zone N21, and early PleistoceneG. crassaformis viola Subzone N22. The twelfth unit is inferred to be ofG. crassaformis viola Subzone N22 age. The oldest unit is onshore, the youngest is offshore. As presently interpreted, the nannofossil and foraminiferal zonations are partially correlative. Although the microfossils unequivocally constrain the series ages of the sediments, the incompleteness of the fossil record allows for alternative biozonal age models within the series.
The Miocene and Pliocene biozones are common to both holes, but the greatest similarities between the holes are the significant mixing of middle and late Miocene, and late Miocene-early Pliocene faunas, the greatly condensed intervals at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary, and the early Pliocene influx of deep-water benthic and pelagic foraminifera. Of particular importance is the tentative recognition of late PlioceneG. tosaensis tosaensis Zone N21 in one borehole. Subsequent data not available to this phase of the study indicate that much of the zone is likely missing. Its absence will lend support to speculations of a regional unconformity in the Bahamas.
The microfossils indicate that (1) several transgressions occurred from the middle Miocene to at least the earliest Pleistocene (greater than 11.5–greater than 0.46 Ma), during which banktop-derived sediments accumulating at the margin prograded the platform seaward; (2) a condensed interval on the bank top may represent a late Miocene lowstand, a period of sediment bypassing, or a lack of accommodation space; (3) the slope received thin layers of pelagic sediments in a condensed interval during the late Miocene and early Pliocene, while the bank top accommodated early Pliocene (4.2–3.4 Ma) deep-water indicators prior to a likely period of exposure (2.35 - 1.89 Ma); (4) two cycles of banktop sediment production and starvation occurred during the Pliocene; (5) the Pliocene transgression was punctuated by stillstands or low-amplitude reversals during which parts of biozones did not accumulate; and (6) the sediments containing the most complete microfossil-datum record are the thin pelagic strata that mark interruptions in the regular shedding of transgressive deposits from the platform. Sedimentation-rate patterns varied but were generally higher offshore than onshore.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(94)90022-1","usgsCitation":"Lidz, B., and Bralower, T., 1994, Microfossil biostratigraphy of prograding Neogene platform-margin carbonates, Bahamas: Age constraints and alternatives: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 23, no. 4, p. 265-344, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(94)90022-1.","productDescription":"80 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"344","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225195,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bahamas","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-77.53466,23.75975],[-77.78,23.71],[-78.03405,24.28615],[-78.40848,24.57564],[-78.19087,25.2103],[-77.89,25.17],[-77.54,24.34],[-77.53466,23.75975]]],[[[-77.82,26.58],[-78.91,26.42],[-78.98,26.79],[-78.51,26.87],[-77.85,26.84],[-77.82,26.58]]],[[[-77,26.59],[-77.17255,25.87918],[-77.35641,26.00735],[-77.34,26.53],[-77.78802,26.92516],[-77.79,27.04],[-77,26.59]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"The Bahamas\"}}]}","volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a567ee4b0c8380cd6d620","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lidz, Barbara H.","contributorId":64576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"Barbara H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bralower, Timothy J.","contributorId":177196,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bralower","given":"Timothy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185411,"text":"70185411 - 1994 - Interpretation of surface flux measurements in heterogeneous terrain during the Monsoon '90 experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T09:40:13","indexId":"70185411","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3711,"text":"Water Environment Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interpretation of surface flux measurements in heterogeneous terrain during the Monsoon '90 experiment","docAbstract":"A network of 9-m-tall surface flux measurement stations were deployed at eight sparsely vegetated sites during the Monsoon '90 experiment to measure net radiation, Q, soil heat flux, G, sensible heat flux, H (using eddy correlation), and latent heat flux, λE (using the energy balance equation). At four of these sites, 2-m-tall eddy correlation systems were used to measure all four fluxes directly. Also a 2-m-tall Bowen ratio system was deployed at one site. Magnitudes of the energy balance closure (Q + G + H + λE) increased as the complexity of terrain increased. The daytime Bowen ratio decreased from about 10 before the monsoon season to about 0.3 during the monsoons. Source areas of the measurements are developed and compared to scales of heterogeneity arising from the sparse vegetation and the topography. There was very good agreement among simultaneous measurements of Q with the same model sensor at different heights (representing different source areas), but poor agreement among different brands of sensors. Comparisons of simultaneous measurements of G suggest that because of the extremely small source area, extreme care in sensor deployment is necessary for accurate measurement in sparse canopies. A recently published model to estimate fetch is used to interpret measurements of H at the 2 m and 9 m heights. Three sites were characterized by undulating topography, with ridgetops separated by about 200–600 m. At these sites, sensors were located on ridgetops, and the 9-m fetch included the adjacent valley, whereas the 2-m fetch was limited to the immediate ridgetop and hillside. Before the monsoons began, vegetation was mostly dormant, the watershed was uniformly hot and dry, and the two measurements of H were in close agreement. After the monsoons began and vegetation fully matured, the 2-m measurements of H were significantly greater than the 9-m measurements, presumably because the vegetation in the valleys was denser and cooler than on the ridgetops and hillsides. At one lowland site with little topographic relief, the vegetation was more uniform, and the two measurements of H were in close agreement during peak vegetation. Values of λE could only be compared at two sites, but the 9-m values were greater than the 2-m values, suggesting λE from the dense vegetation in the valleys was greater than elsewhere.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93WR03037","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D., Blanford, J., Kustas, W.P., Nichols, W.D., Amer, S., Schmugge, T., and Weltz, M., 1994, Interpretation of surface flux measurements in heterogeneous terrain during the Monsoon '90 experiment: Water Environment Research, v. 30, no. 5, p. 1227-1239, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03037.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1227","endPage":"1239","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337986,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b98e4b0236b68f8297c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, D.I.","contributorId":100884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blanford, J.H.","contributorId":189626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blanford","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kustas, William P.","contributorId":29962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kustas","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, W. D.","contributorId":73220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"W.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Amer, S.A.","contributorId":189639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amer","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schmugge, T.J.","contributorId":189640,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmugge","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Weltz, M.A.","contributorId":77732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weltz","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70185397,"text":"70185397 - 1994 - Surface energy balance estimates at local and regional scales using optical remote sensing from an aircraft platform and atmospheric data collected over semiarid rangelands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T07:12:34","indexId":"70185397","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface energy balance estimates at local and regional scales using optical remote sensing from an aircraft platform and atmospheric data collected over semiarid rangelands","docAbstract":"Remotely sensed data in the visible, near-infrared, and thermal-infrared wave bands were collected from a low-flying aircraft during the Monsoon '90 field experiment. Monsoon '90 was a multidisciplinary experiment conducted in a semiarid watershed. It had as one of its objectives the quantification of hydrometeorological fluxes during the “monsoon” or wet season. The remote sensing observations along with micrometeprological and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) data were used to compute the surface energy balance over a range of spatial scales. The procedure involved averaging multiple pixels along transects flown over the meteorological and flux (METFLUX) stations. Average values of the spectral reflectance and thermal-infrared temperatures were computed for pixels of order 10−1 to 101 km in length and were used with atmospheric data for evaluating net radiation (Rn), soil heat flux (G), and sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes at these same length scales. The model employs a single-layer resistance approach for estimating H that requires wind speed and air temperature in the ABL and a remotely sensed surface temperature. The values of Rn and G are estimated from remote sensing information together with near-surface observations of air temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation. Finally, LE is solved as the residual term in the surface energy balance equation. Model calculations were compared to measurements from the METFLUX network for three days having different environmental conditions. Average percent differences for the three days between model and the METFLUX estimates of the local fluxes were about 5% for Rn, 20% for Gand H, and 15% for LE. Larger differences occurred during partly cloudy conditions because of errors in interpreting the remote sensing data and the higher spatial and temporal variation in the energy fluxes. Minor variations in modeled energy fluxes were observed when the pixel size representing the remote sensing inputs changed from 0.2 to 2 km. Regional scale estimates of the surface energy balance using bulk ABL properties for the model parameters and input variables and the 10-km pixel data differed from the METFLUX network averages by about 4% for Rn, 10% for G and H, and 15% for LE. Model sensitivity in calculating the turbulent fluxes H and LE to possible variations in key model parameters (i.e., the roughness lengths for heat and momentum) was found to be fairly significant. Therefore the reliability of the methods for estimating key model parameters and potential errors needs further testing over different ecosystems and environmental conditions.
The Foothills Metamorphic Belt is an accreted terrane consisting of Paleozoic and Mesozoic metamorphic rocks that separates the Great Valley from the Sierra Nevada batholith in northern and central California. Until recently, the only available geophysical data for this area were reconnaissance refraction surveys, and gravity and magnetic data. New insights into the structure of the deep crust are provided by the interpretation of a seismic reflection profile (CC‐2), acquired in 1984 by the U.S. Geological Survey at the southern end of the Foothills Metamorphic Belt. Our interpretation is constrained by a new seismic velocity model derived from coincident microearthquake data. Earthquake hypocenters that occur at unusually great depths of 12 to 30 km make the data set particularly useful for obtaining deep crustal velocity information. The velocity model shows velocities of 5.2 to 6.3 km s−1 for the upper 12 km of the crust, and 6.7 to 6.8 km s−1 from 12 km to an estimated Moho at 32 km. The upper crustal velocities correspond to metamorphic rocks and serpentinites of the Foothills Metamorphic Belt as well as to diorites and granodiorites of the Sierra Nevada batholith, while the lower crustal velocities are interpreted to represent intermediate to mafic granulites. The majority of the earthquake hypocenters as well as a 6.7 km s−1 layer in the velocity model corresponds in depth to thick zones of west dipping midcrustal reflections that may represent major shear zones formed during the late Jurassic Nevadan orogeny or synbatholithic ductile shear zones that accommodated crustal extension associated with batholith intrusion. These reflections are truncated updip by an inferred subvertical contact that coincides with the western edge of the Sierra Nevada batholith and the southward trace of the Bear Mountains fault zone. The updip truncation of midcrustal shear zones and high lower crustal velocities indicate that strike‐slip faulting and magmatic underplating can be important processes during the docking and welding of an accreted terrane.
One of the assumption of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM) is that the dynamics of fish populations are directly or indirectly related to habitat availability. Because this assumption has not been successfully tested in coolwater streams, questions arise regarding the validity of the methodology in such streams. The purpose of our study was to determine whether relations existed between habitat availability and population dynamics of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) and rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) in a 16-km reach of the Huron River in southeastern Michigan.
\nBoth species exhibited strong to moderate carryover of year classes from age 0 through age 2, indicating that adult populations were related to factors affecting recruitment. Year-class strength and subsequent numbers of yearling bass were related to the availability of young-of-year habitat during the first growing season for a cohort. Number of age-0, age-1, and adult smallmouth bass were related to the average length at age 0 for the cohort. Length at age 0 was associated with young-of-year habitat and thermal regime during the first growing season.
\nRock bass populations exhibited similar associations among age classes and habitat variables. Compared to smallmouth bass, the number of age-2 rock bass was associated more closely with their length at age 0 than with year-class strength. Length at age 0 and year-class strength of rock bass were associated with the same habitat variables as those related to age-0 smallmouth bass.
\nWe hypothesize that an energetic mechanism linked thermal regime to length at age 0 and that increased growth resulted in higher survival rates from age 0 to age 1. We also postulate that young-of-year habitat provided protection from predators, higher production of food resources, and increased foraging efficiency. We conclude that the IFIM is a valid methodology for instream flow investigations of coolwater streams. The results for our study support the contention that the dynamics of bass populations are directly or indirectly related to habitat availability in coolwater streams. Our study also revealed several implications related to the operational application of the IFIM in coolwater streams:
\n1. Greater emphasis should be placed on the alleviation of habitat impacts to early life history phases of bass.
\n2. Effects of the thermal regime are important in some coolwater streams even if temperatures remain within nonlethal limits. Degree-day analyses should be routinely included in study plans for applications of the IFIM in coolwater streams.
\n3. The smallest amount of habitat occurring within or across years is not necessarily the most significant event affecting population dynamics. The timing of extreme events can be as important as their magnitude.
\n4. Population-related habitat limitations were associated with high flows more often than with low flows (although both occurred). Negotiations that focus only on minimum flows may preclude viable water management options and ignore significant biological events. This finding is particularly relevant to negotiations involving hydrospeaking operations.
\n5. IFIM users are advised to consider the use of binary criteria in place of conventional suitability index curves in microhabitat simulations. Criteria defining the optimal ranges of variables are preferable to broader rangers, and criteria that simply define suitable conditions should be avoided entirely.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Bovee, K.D., Newcomb, T.J., and Coon, T.G., 1994, Relations between habitat variability and population dynamics of bass in the Huron River, Michigan, 63 p.","productDescription":"63 p.","numberOfPages":"63","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295385,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Huron River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440de3fe4b0b0a643c73307","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bovee, Ken D.","contributorId":49721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Newcomb, Tammy J.","contributorId":13908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newcomb","given":"Tammy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coon, Thomas G.","contributorId":46889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coon","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70129525,"text":"70129525 - 1994 - Identification of tire leachate toxicants and a risk assessment of water quality effects using tire reefs in canals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-23T09:59:28","indexId":"70129525","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T09:49:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of tire leachate toxicants and a risk assessment of water quality effects using tire reefs in canals","docAbstract":"Cover is an important component of aquatic habitat and fisheries management. Fisheries biologists often try to improve habitats through the addition of natural and artificial material to improve cover diversity and complexity. Habitat-improvement programs range from submerging used Christmas trees to more complex programs using sophisticated artificial habitat modules. Used automobile tires have been employed in the large scale construction of reefs and fish attractors in marine environments (D'Itri 1985) and to a lesser extent in freshwater (Johnson and Stein 1979) and have been recognized as a durable, inexpensive and long-lasting material which benefits fishery communities.
\nRecent studies by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Mueller and Liston 1991) have quantified the importance of tire reeds to enhancing freshwater canal fisheries in the southwestern United States. These studies have demonstrated that fisheries and aquatic macroinvertebrates are attracted to these structures, increasing species diversity, densities and biomass where reefs are places in canals. Potential benefits to fishermen are great in the form of recreational fishing. However, the use of tire reefs in aquatic environments which have relatively small volumes compared to marine or reservoir environments has raised water quality concerns. Effects of tires on water quality have not typically been studied in the part because of the obvious presence of fishes and other aquatic organisms that make use of tire reefs; the implication being that tires are intert and non-toxic.
\nLittle information on effects of tires on water quality is contained in the literature. Stone et al. (1975) demonstrated that tire exposure had no detrimental effects on two species of marine fish while results of Kellough's (1991) freshwater tests were inconclusive, but suggested that some factor in tire leachate was toxic to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Nozaka et al. (1973) found no harmful substances leached from tire material soaked in fresh water.
\nBecause there are few data on toxicity associated with tires, this became the focus of our study. Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TUE) procedures developed by the EPA (1991) were used to evaluate water quality impacted by tires.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1007/BF00194146","usgsCitation":"Nelson, S., Mueller, G., and Hemphill, D.C., 1994, Identification of tire leachate toxicants and a risk assessment of water quality effects using tire reefs in canals: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 52, no. 4, p. 574-581, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00194146.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"574","endPage":"581","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295635,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295633,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194146"}],"volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a18dfe4b04d2014abfb40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, S. M.","contributorId":92602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"S. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, G.","contributorId":81035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hemphill, D. C.","contributorId":107630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemphill","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186655,"text":"70186655 - 1994 - Strike-slip faulting at Thebes Gap, Missouri and Illinois; implications for New Madrid tectonism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T14:13:03","indexId":"70186655","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strike-slip faulting at Thebes Gap, Missouri and Illinois; implications for New Madrid tectonism","docAbstract":"Numerous NNE and NE striking strike-slip faults and associated normal faults, folds, and transtensional grabens occur in the Thebes Gap area of Missouri and Illinois. These structures developed along the northwestern margin of the buried Reelfoot rift of Precambrian-Cambrian age at the northern edge of the Mississippi embayment. They have had a long-lived and complex structural history. This is an area of recent moderate seismicity, approximately 45 km north of the New Madrid seismic zone. Stratigraphic evidence suggests that these faults were active during the Middle Ordovician. They were subsequently reactivated between the Early Devonian and Late Cretaceous, probably in response to both the Acadian and Ouachita orogenies. Deformation during this period was characterized by strongly faulted and folded Ordovician through Devonian rocks. In places, these deformed rocks are overlain with angular unconformity by undeformed Cretaceous strata. Fault motion is interpreted as dominantly strike slip. A still younger period of reactivation involved Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic formations as young as the Miocene or Pliocene Mounds Gravel. These formations have experienced both minor high-angle normal faulting and subsequent major, right-lateral strike-slip faulting. En echelon north-south folds, ENE striking normal faults, regional fracture patterns, and drag folds indicate the right-lateral motion for this major episode of faulting which predates deposition of Quaternary loess. Several nondefinitive lines of evidence suggest Quaternary faulting. Similar fault orientations and kinematics, as well as recent seismicity and proximity, clearly suggest a structural relationship between deformation at Thebes Gap and tectonism associated with the New Madrid area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93TC03190","usgsCitation":"Harrison, R., and Schultz, A., 1994, Strike-slip faulting at Thebes Gap, Missouri and Illinois; implications for New Madrid tectonism: Tectonics, v. 13, no. 2, p. 246-257, https://doi.org/10.1029/93TC03190.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"246","endPage":"257","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339354,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e75405e4b09da6799c0c80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrison, Richard W. rharriso@usgs.gov","contributorId":544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"Richard W.","email":"rharriso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schultz, Art","contributorId":44982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"Art","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186585,"text":"70186585 - 1994 - Implications of felt area-magnitude relations for earthquake scaling and the average frequency of perceptible ground motion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-25T23:34:45.146452","indexId":"70186585","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of felt area-magnitude relations for earthquake scaling and the average frequency of perceptible ground motion","docAbstract":"Observed relations between felt area and moment magnitude M for stable continental regions (SCR) and California earthquakes can be explained by a simple model with geometrical spreading, attenuation (Q−1), and earthquake stress drops that remain constant from M 4 to 8. Differences in the slopes of the observed felt area-M relations between SCR and California earthquakes are consistent with differences in Q between these tectonic settings. Fitting the felt area-M data to the model yields an estimate of f/Q, where f is the average frequency of minimum perceptible ground motion. Using fits to the data and instrumentally derived values of Q, I find that f is between about 2 and 4 Hz. I present an estimate of the spectral acceleration level associated with the lower limit of perceptibility.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840020462","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., 1994, Implications of felt area-magnitude relations for earthquake scaling and the average frequency of perceptible ground motion: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 2, p. 462-465, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840020462.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"462","endPage":"465","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339254,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/84/2/462/119834/Implications-of-felt-area-magnitude-relations-for"},{"id":339255,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60277e4b09da6799ac6ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, Arthur","contributorId":103761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185394,"text":"70185394 - 1994 - Transport of chromium and selenium in the suboxic zone of a shallow aquifer: Influence of redox and adsorption reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T08:41:07","indexId":"70185394","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of chromium and selenium in the suboxic zone of a shallow aquifer: Influence of redox and adsorption reactions","docAbstract":"Breakthrough of Cr(VI) (chromate), Se(VI) (selenate), and O2 (dissolved oxygen) was observed in tracer tests conducted in a shallow, sand and gravel aquifer with mildly reducing conditions. Loss of Cr, probably due to reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and irreversible sorption of Cr(III), occurred along with slight retardation of Cr(VI), owing to reversible sorption. Reduction of Se(VI) and O2 was thermodynamically feasible but did not occur, indicating conditions, were unfavorable to microbial reduction. Cr(VI) reduction by constituents of aquifer sediments did not achieve local equilibrium during transport. The reduction rate was probably limited by incomplete contact between Cr(VI) transported along predominant flow paths and reductants located in regions within aquifer sediments of comparatively low permeability. Scatter in the amount of Cr reduction calculated from individual breakthrough curves at identical distances downgradient probably resulted from heterogeneities in the distribution of reductants in the sediments. Predictive modeling of the transport and fate of redox-sensitive solutes cannot be based strictly on thermodynamic considerations; knowledge of reaction rates is critical. Potentially important mass transfer rate limitations between solutes and reactants in sediments as well as heterogeneities in the distribution of redox properties in aquifers complicate determination of limiting rates for use in predictive simulations of the transport of redox-sensitive contaminants in groundwater.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03244","usgsCitation":"Kent, D., Davis, J., Anderson, L., Rea, B., and Waite, T., 1994, Transport of chromium and selenium in the suboxic zone of a shallow aquifer: Influence of redox and adsorption reactions: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 4, p. 1099-1114, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03244.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1099","endPage":"1114","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337958,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b98e4b0236b68f82984","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kent, D.B.","contributorId":16588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, L.C.D.","contributorId":61206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"L.C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rea, B.A.","contributorId":39008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Waite, T.D.","contributorId":31116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70186249,"text":"70186249 - 1994 - Evidence for an upper mantle low velocity zone beneath the southern Basin and Range-Colorado Plateau transition zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T11:24:42","indexId":"70186249","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for an upper mantle low velocity zone beneath the southern Basin and Range-Colorado Plateau transition zone","docAbstract":"A 370-km-long seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profile recorded during the Pacific to Arizona Crustal Experiment (PACE) detected an upper mantle P-wave low-velocity zone (LVZ) in the depth range 40 to 55 km beneath the Basin and Range in southern Arizona. Interpretation of seismic data places constraints on the sub-crustal lithosphere of the southern Basin and Range Province, which is important in light of the active tectonics of the region and the unknown role of the sub-crustal lithosphere in the development of the western United States. Forward travel time and synthetic seismogram techniques are used to model this shallow upper mantle LVZ. Modeling results show that the LVZ is defined by a 5% velocity decrease relative to a Pn velocity of 7.95 km s−1, suggesting either a ∼3–5% mafic partial melt or high-temperature, sub-solidus peridotite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93GL01660","usgsCitation":"Benz, H., and McCarthy, J., 1994, Evidence for an upper mantle low velocity zone beneath the southern Basin and Range-Colorado Plateau transition zone: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, no. 7, p. 509-512, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL01660.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"509","endPage":"512","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339018,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f90e4b09da67997ecf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benz, H.M.","contributorId":21594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, J.","contributorId":50290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016964,"text":"70016964 - 1994 - Thermal history of the periphery of the Junggar Basin, Northwestern China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T14:58:36.551493","indexId":"70016964","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal history of the periphery of the Junggar Basin, Northwestern China","docAbstract":"Geochemical analysis of rock core samples show that the basin periphery has experienced low thermal stress; present-day heat flows are in the range of 25–35 mW/m2 and have not been significantly higher than the worldwide mean of approx. 63 mW/m2 since the mid-Permian. Present day heat flows were determined from corrected borehole temperatures and rock thermal conductivities. Paleo-heat flows were determined by first-order reaction kinetic modeling of several geochemical paleothermometers (vitrinite reflectance, clay mineral diagenesis and relative proportions of sterane and hopane biological marker diastereomers).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(94)90201-1","usgsCitation":"King, J.D., Yang, J., and Pu, F., 1994, Thermal history of the periphery of the Junggar Basin, Northwestern China: Organic Geochemistry, v. 21, no. 3-4, p. 393-405, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(94)90201-1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"405","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224619,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"Junggar Basin, northwestern China","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 83.53136705310851,\n 46.329528948434415\n ],\n [\n 83.53136705310851,\n 42.46801857707328\n ],\n [\n 89.70925704714887,\n 42.46801857707328\n ],\n [\n 89.70925704714887,\n 46.329528948434415\n ],\n [\n 83.53136705310851,\n 46.329528948434415\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb225e4b08c986b325618","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, J. David","contributorId":55434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yang, J.","contributorId":60780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pu, F.","contributorId":96016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pu","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70244152,"text":"70244152 - 1994 - Deep scientific drilling in the San Andreas Fault Zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-05T15:53:02.451848","indexId":"70244152","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-22T10:45:38","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep scientific drilling in the San Andreas Fault Zone","docAbstract":"A deep scientific drilling experiment in San Andreas fault zone would provide data essential to understanding the structure, composition, mechanical behavior, and physical state of an active, major plate-boundary fault. Toward this end, we are working with an international team of scientists and engineers to propose a long-term, integrated program of surface-based geological and geophysical investigations and deep drilling along the San Andreas fault system.
Prior to drilling, a suite of comparative geodynamic models will be developed incorporating detailed investigations of geology, crustal structure, geophysical environment, hydrology, seismotectonics, and fault-movement history at each of the candidate sites. These studies will have a major impact on our understanding of the structure and physical properties of the San Andreas fault system and will form a critical framework for applying the knowledge gained in a deep San Andreas borehole to other segments of the fault and other tectonic environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94EO00830","usgsCitation":"Hickman, S.H., Zoback, M.D., Younker, L., and Ellsworth, W.L., 1994, Deep scientific drilling in the San Andreas Fault Zone: Eos Science News, v. 75, no. 12, p. 137-141, https://doi.org/10.1029/94EO00830.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"141","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417740,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault Zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.94454354954112,\n 42.024641108980376\n ],\n [\n -126.19721011204467,\n 42.024641108980376\n ],\n [\n -126.19721011204467,\n 32.15938331674873\n ],\n [\n -113.94454354954112,\n 32.15938331674873\n ],\n [\n -113.94454354954112,\n 42.024641108980376\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hickman, Stephen H. 0000-0003-2075-9615 hickman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":2705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"Stephen","email":"hickman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":874638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zoback, Mark D.","contributorId":29431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":874639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Younker, Leland","contributorId":48720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Younker","given":"Leland","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ellsworth, William L. ellsworth@usgs.gov","contributorId":787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","email":"ellsworth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":874641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186929,"text":"70186929 - 1994 - Strain accumulation in the Shumagin Islands: Results of initial GPS measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T14:25:32","indexId":"70186929","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation in the Shumagin Islands: Results of initial GPS measurements","docAbstract":"Deformation in the Shumagin seismic gap has been monitored with repeated trilateration (EDM) in the 1980–1987 interval and with the Global Positioning System (GPS) in the 1987–1991 interval. The geodetic network extends for 100-km across the Shumagin Islands to the Alaska Peninsula. Results from the GPS surveys are consistent with those previously reported for the EDM surveys: we failed to detect significant strain accumulation in the N30°W direction of plate convergence. Using the method of simultaneous reduction for position and strain rates, we found the average rate of extension in the direction of plate convergence to be −25±25 nanostrain/yr (nstrain/yr) during the 1987–1991 interval of GPS surveys compared with −20±15 nstrain/yr during the 1981–1987 interval of complete EDM surveys. We found a marginally significant −26±12 nstrain/yr extension rate in the 1981–1991 interval covered by the combined EDM and GPS surveys. Strain rates are higher, but not significantly so, in the part of the network closest to the trench. Spatial variation in the deformation is observed in the 1980–1991 average station velocities, where three of the four stations closest to the trench have an arcward velocity of a few mm/yr. The observed strain rates are an order of magnitude lower than the −200 nstrain/yr rate predicted by dislocation models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/94GL00417","usgsCitation":"Larson, K.M., and Lisowski, M., 1994, Strain accumulation in the Shumagin Islands: Results of initial GPS measurements: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, no. 6, p. 489-492, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL00417.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"489","endPage":"492","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339741,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cce4b08144348b7e5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, Kristine M.","contributorId":15495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Kristine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186947,"text":"70186947 - 1994 - Aftershocks of the 13 May 1993 Shumagin Alaska earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T15:24:19","indexId":"70186947","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aftershocks of the 13 May 1993 Shumagin Alaska earthquake","docAbstract":"The 13 May 1993 Ms 6.9 Shumagin earthquake had an aftershock sequence of 247 earthquakes with magnitudes greater than or equal to 1.5 by 1 June 1993. Of these aftershocks, 79 were located by using S-P travel times at the only two stations within 570 km of the mainshock epicenter. The rupture area inferred from the aftershocks is about 600 km2 and we estimate for the mainshock a mean fault displacement of 1.0 m and a 28 bar stress drop. The magnitude-frequency plots give a b-value for the aftershock sequence of about 0.4, which is low compared to the background value of approximately 0.8. The decay of the aftershock sequence followed the modified Omori law with a p-value of 0.79, which is also lower than the typical values of about 1.1 observed in Alaska. Both of these facts can be interpreted as indicating relatively high ambient stress in the Shumagin seismic gap and the possibility that the 13 May earthquake was a foreshock to a larger gap-filling event to occur within the next few years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/94GL00332","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Wyss, M., Tytgat, G., McNutt, S., and Stihler, S., 1994, Aftershocks of the 13 May 1993 Shumagin Alaska earthquake: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, no. 6, p. 497-500, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL00332.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"497","endPage":"500","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/94gl00332","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":339756,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cce4b08144348b7e56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wyss, Max","contributorId":107284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyss","given":"Max","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tytgat, Guy","contributorId":71152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tytgat","given":"Guy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McNutt, Steve","contributorId":101536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNutt","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stihler, Scott","contributorId":190949,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stihler","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70185404,"text":"70185404 - 1994 - Comparison of drilling reports and detailed geophysical analysis of ground-water production in bedrock wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:11:19","indexId":"70185404","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of drilling reports and detailed geophysical analysis of ground-water production in bedrock wells","docAbstract":"The most extensive data base for fractured bedrock aquifers consists of drilling reports maintained by various state agencies. We investigated the accuracy and reliability of such reports by comparing a representative set of reports for nine wells drilled by conventional air percussion methods in granite with a suite of geophysical logs for the same wells designed to identify the depths of fractures intersecting the well bore which may have produced water during aquifer tests. Production estimates reported by the driller ranged from less than 1 to almost 10 gallons per minute. The moderate drawdowns maintained during subsequent production tests were associated with approximately the same flows as those measured when boreholes were dewatered during air percussion drilling. We believe the estimates of production during drilling and drawdown tests were similar because partial fracture zone dewatering during drilling prevented larger inflows otherwise expected from the steeper drawdowns during drilling. The fractures and fracture zones indicated on the drilling report and the amounts of water produced by these fractures during drilling generally agree with those identified from the geophysical log analysis. Most water production occurred from two fractured and weathered zones which are separated by an interval of unweathered granite. The fractures identified in the drilling reports show various depth discrepancies in comparison to the geophysical logs, which are subject to much better depth control. However, the depths of the fractures associated with water production on the drilling report are comparable to the depths of the fractures shown to be the source of water inflow in the geophysical log analysis. Other differences in the relative contribution of flow from fracture zones may by attributed to the differences between the hydraulic conditions during drilling, which represent large, prolonged drawdowns, and pumping tests, which consisted of smaller drawdowns maintained over shorter periods. We conclude that drilling reports filed by experienced well drillers contain useful information about the depth, thickness, degree of weathering, and production capacity of fracture zones supplying typical domestic water wells. The accuracy of this information could be improved if relatively simple and inexpensive geophysical well logs such as gamma, caliper, and normal resistivity logs were routinely run in conjunction with bedrock drilling projects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00634.x","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F., and Duncanson, R., 1994, Comparison of drilling reports and detailed geophysical analysis of ground-water production in bedrock wells: Groundwater, v. 32, no. 2, p. 200-206, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00634.x.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"200","endPage":"206","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337978,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f8298f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick","contributorId":189632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duncanson, Russell","contributorId":189633,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duncanson","given":"Russell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186790,"text":"70186790 - 1994 - Thermal history of the periphery of the Junggar Basin, Northwestern China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T18:58:57","indexId":"70186790","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal history of the periphery of the Junggar Basin, Northwestern China","docAbstract":"Geochemical analysis of rock core samples show that the basin periphery has experienced low thermal stress; present-day heat flows are in the range of 25–35 mW/m2 and have not been significantly higher than the worldwide mean of approx. 63 mW/m2 since the mid-Permian. Present day heat flows were determined from corrected borehole temperatures and rock thermal conductivities. Paleo-heat flows were determined by first-order reaction kinetic modeling of several geochemical paleothermometers (vitrinite reflectance, clay mineral diagenesis and relative proportions of sterane and hopane biological marker diastereomers).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(94)90201-1","usgsCitation":"King, J.D., Yang, J., and Pu, F., 1994, Thermal history of the periphery of the Junggar Basin, Northwestern China: Organic Geochemistry, v. 21, no. 3-4, p. 393-405, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(94)90201-1.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"393","endPage":"405","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339545,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ec9a30e4b0b4d95d33526c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, J. David","contributorId":55434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yang, Jianqiang","contributorId":190737,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yang","given":"Jianqiang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pu, Fan","contributorId":190736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pu","given":"Fan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185408,"text":"70185408 - 1994 - Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T09:56:40","indexId":"70185408","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness","docAbstract":"Most analytical formulas used to model moisture retention in unsaturated porous media have been developed for the wet range and are unsuitable for applications in which low water contents are important. We have developed two models that fit the entire range from saturation to oven dryness in a practical and physically realistic way with smooth, continuous functions that have few parameters. Both models incorporate a power law and a logarithmic dependence of water content on suction, differing in how these two components are combined. In one model, functions are added together (model “sum”); in the other they are joined smoothly together at a discrete point (model “junction”). Both models also incorporate recent developments that assure a continuous derivative and force the function to reach zero water content at a finite value of suction that corresponds to oven dryness. The models have been tested with seven sets of water retention data that each cover nearly the entire range. The three-parameter sum model fits all data well and is useful for extrapolation into the dry range when data for it are unavailable. The two-parameter junction model fits most data sets almost as well as the sum model and has the advantage of being analytically integrable for convenient use with capillary-bundle models to obtain the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03238","usgsCitation":"Rossi, C., and Nimmo, J.R., 1994, Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 3, p. 701-708, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03238.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"701","endPage":"708","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337982,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f8298c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rossi, Cinzia","contributorId":189637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rossi","given":"Cinzia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186457,"text":"70186457 - 1994 - Conflicting tectonics? Contraction and extension at middle and upper crustal levels along the Cordilleran Late Jurassic arc, southeastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T17:11:52.743956","indexId":"70186457","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conflicting tectonics? Contraction and extension at middle and upper crustal levels along the Cordilleran Late Jurassic arc, southeastern California","docAbstract":"Effects of mid-Mesozoic contraction followed closely in time by extension are present in mid- to upper-crustal plutonic rocks in the Chuckwalla Mountains of the eastern Transverse Ranges, California. Late Jurassic movement along a steeply dipping, right-lateral mylonitic shear zone is bracketed between 159 and 147 Ma via U-Pb dated plutons. Depth of emplacement vs. time data based on hornblende geobarometry and U-Pb geochronology of Mesozoic plutons indicate that a period of dramatic uplift affected the Chuckwalla Mountains during the Late Jurassic, contrasting sharply with data from the (then) nearby San Gabriel Mountains. Subsequent latest Jurassic extensional tectonics is suggested by alkalic plutonism, nearly synchronous intrusion of the Late Jurassic Independence dike swarm, and possibly by deposition of the McCoy Mountains Formation. We conclude that both contraction and extension were significant at upper- and mid-crustal depths in the Chuckwalla Mountains region during the Late Jurassic, and speculate that the combined influence of oblique convergence and the opening of the Gulf of Mexico may have caused the contrasting and nearly contemporaneous tectonic modes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0247:CTCAEA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Davis, M.J., Farber, D.L., Wooden, J.L., and Anderson, J.L., 1994, Conflicting tectonics? Contraction and extension at middle and upper crustal levels along the Cordilleran Late Jurassic arc, southeastern California: Geology, v. 22, no. 3, p. 247-250, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0247:CTCAEA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"250","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339160,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Chuckwalla and Little Chuckwalla Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -114.5,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -114.5,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 33.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e4b0b4e4b09da6799977b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Mark J.","contributorId":190487,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farber, Daniel L.","contributorId":190488,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farber","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, Joe L.","contributorId":22210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, J. Lawford","contributorId":7275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lawford","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70200557,"text":"70200557 - 1994 - Topography of Valles Marineris: Implications for erosional and structural history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T08:18:54","indexId":"70200557","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-25T08:18:37","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topography of Valles Marineris: Implications for erosional and structural history","docAbstract":"Compilation of a simplified geologic/geomorphic map onto digital terrain models of the Valles Marineris permitted an evaluation of elevations in the vicinity of the troughs and the calculation of depth of troughs below surrounding plateaus, thickness of deposits inside the troughs, volumes of void spaces above geologic/geomorphic units, and volumes of deposits. The central troughs north Ophir, north and central Candor, and north Melas Chasmata lie as much as 11 km below the adjacent plateaus. In Ophir and Candor Chasmata, interior layered deposits reach 8 km in elevation. If the deposits are lacustrine and if all troughs were interconnected, lake waters standing 8 km high would have spilled out of Coprates Chasma onto the surrounding plateaus having surface elevations of only 4–5 km. In this case, interior deposits above about 4 km in the central troughs would not be lacustrine. They could be volcanic. On the other hand, the troughs may not have been interconnected at the time of interior‐deposit emplacement; they may have formed isolated ancestral basins. The existence of such basins is supported by independent structural and stratigraphic evidence. The ancestral basins may have eventually merged, perhaps through renewed faulting, to form northern subsidiary troughs in Ophir and Candor Chasmata and the Coprates/north Melas/Ius graben system. The peripheral troughs are only 2–5 km deep, shallower than the central troughs. They may have formed from a combination of erosional collapse and structural activity. Chaotic terrain is seen in the peripheral troughs near a common contour level of about 4 km on the adjacent plateaus, which supports the idea of release of water under artesian pressure from confined aquifers. The layered deposits in the peripheral troughs may have formed in isolated depressions that harbored lakes and predated the formation of the deep outflow channels. If these layered deposits are of volcanic origin, they may have been emplaced beneath ice in the manner of table mountains. Areal and volumetric computations show that erosion widened the troughs by about one‐third and that deposits occupy one‐sixth of the interior space. Even though the volume eroded is larger than the volume deposited, topographic and geologic considerations imply that material eroded from trough walls was probably part of the interior layered deposits but not their sole source. Additional material may have come from subterranean piping, from reworking of local disintegration products on the floors, such as chaotic materials, or from eolian influx. But overall it is likely that the additional material is volcanic and that it forms mostly the upper, more diversely bedded layers of the interior deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93JE03095","usgsCitation":"Lucchitta, B.K., Isbell, N., and Howington-Kraus, E., 1994, Topography of Valles Marineris: Implications for erosional and structural history: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 99, no. E2, p. 3783-3798, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JE03095.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"3783","endPage":"3798","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1231337","text":"External Repository"},{"id":358715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"E2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c11134ae4b034bf6a813c52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucchitta, Baerbel K. blucchitta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Baerbel","email":"blucchitta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":749584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Isbell, N.K.","contributorId":210014,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Isbell","given":"N.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howington-Kraus, Elpitha 0000-0001-5787-6554 ahowington@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5787-6554","contributorId":2815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howington-Kraus","given":"Elpitha","email":"ahowington@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":749586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017550,"text":"70017550 - 1994 - Lake-atmosphere feedbacks associated with paleolakes Bonneville and Lahontan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T16:37:36.768545","indexId":"70017550","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lake-atmosphere feedbacks associated with paleolakes Bonneville and Lahontan","docAbstract":"A high-resolution, regional climate model nested within a general circulation model was used to study the interactions between the atmosphere and the large Pleistocene lakes in the Great Basin of the United States. Simulations for January and July 18,000 years ago indicate that moisture provided by synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation features was the primary component of the hydrologic budgets of Lakes Lahontan and Bonneville. In addition, lake-generated precipitation was a substantial component of the hydrologic budget of Lake Bonneville at that time. This local lake-atmosphere interaction may help explain differences in the relative sizes of these lakes 18,000 years ago.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.263.5147.665","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., Giorgi, F., Bates, G.T., and Bartlein, P., 1994, Lake-atmosphere feedbacks associated with paleolakes Bonneville and Lahontan: Science, v. 263, no. 5147, p. 665-668, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.263.5147.665.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"665","endPage":"668","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.74369648695927,\n 42.132603763621205\n ],\n [\n -119.74369648695927,\n 35.0093127705463\n ],\n [\n -111.72876361909215,\n 35.0093127705463\n ],\n [\n -111.72876361909215,\n 42.132603763621205\n ],\n [\n -119.74369648695927,\n 42.132603763621205\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"263","issue":"5147","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4171e4b0c8380cd6551e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, S. W. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":42911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giorgi, F.","contributorId":24924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giorgi","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bates, G. T.","contributorId":29147,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bates","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bartlein, P. J.","contributorId":54566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186459,"text":"70186459 - 1994 - Geochemical evidence for enhanced preservation of organic matter in the oxygen minimum zone of the continental margin of northern California during the Late Pleistocene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-04T19:13:57","indexId":"70186459","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3002,"text":"Paleoceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evidence for enhanced preservation of organic matter in the oxygen minimum zone of the continental margin of northern California during the Late Pleistocene","docAbstract":"The present upper water mass of the northeastern Pacific Ocean off California has a well-developed oxygen minimum zone between 600 and 1200 m wherein concentrations of dissolved oxygen are less than 0.5 mL/L. Even at such low concentrations of dissolved oxygen, benthic burrowing organisms are abundant enough to thoroughly bioturbate the surface and near-surface sediments. These macro organisms, together with micro organisms, also consume large quantities of organic carbon produced by large seasonal stocks of plankton in the overlying surface waters, which are supported by high concentrations of nutrients within the California Current upwelling system. In contrast to modern conditions of bioturbation, laminated sediments are preserved in upper Pleistocene sections of cores collected on the continental slope at water depths within the present oxygen minimum zone from at least as far north as the California-Oregon border and as far south as Point Conception. Comparison of sediment components in the laminae with those delivered to sediment traps as pelagic marine “snow” demonstrates that the dark-light lamination couplets are indeed annual (varves). These upper Pleistocene varved sediments contain more abundant lipid-rich “sapropelic” (type II) organic matter than the overlying bioturbated, oxidized Holocene sediments. The baseline of stable carbon isotopic composition of the organic matter in these slope cores does not change with time, indicating that the higher concentrations of type II organic matter in the varved sediments represent better preservation of organic matter rather than any change in the source of organic matter.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93PA02829","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Gardner, J., and Anderson, R.Y., 1994, Geochemical evidence for enhanced preservation of organic matter in the oxygen minimum zone of the continental margin of northern California during the Late Pleistocene: Paleoceanography, v. 9, no. 1, p. 47-61, https://doi.org/10.1029/93PA02829.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"47","endPage":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e4b0b4e4b09da6799977b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, James V.","contributorId":61769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Roger Y.","contributorId":19251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}