{"pageNumber":"1347","pageRowStart":"33650","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40894,"records":[{"id":70017886,"text":"70017886 - 1994 - Modeling the seasonal circulation in Massachusetts Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-13T14:02:38","indexId":"70017886","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Modeling the seasonal circulation in Massachusetts Bay","docAbstract":"An 18 month simulation of circulation was conducted in Massachusetts Bay, a roughly 35 m deep, 100??50 km embayment on the northeastern shelf of the United States. Using a variant of the Blumberg-Mellor (1987) model, it was found that a continuous 18 month run was only possible if the velocity field was Shapiro filtered to remove two grid length energy that developed along the open boundary due to mismatch in locally generated and climatologically forced water properties. The seasonal development of temperature and salinity stratification was well-represented by the model once ??-coordinate errors were reduced by subtracting domain averaged vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and density before horizontal differencing was performed. Comparison of modeled and observed subtidal currents at fixed locations revealed that the model performance varies strongly with season and distance from the open boundaries. The model performs best during unstratified conditions, and in the interior of the bay. The model performs poorest during stratified conditions and in the regions where the bay is driven predominantly by remote fluctuations from the Gulf of Maine.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling III","conferenceDate":"September 8-10,1993","conferenceLocation":"Oak Brook, IL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629759","usgsCitation":"Signell, R.P., Jenter, H.L., and Blumberg, A.F., 1994, Modeling the seasonal circulation in Massachusetts Bay, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling III, Oak Brook, IL, USA, September 8-10,1993, p. 578-590.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"578","endPage":"590","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.8123779296875,\n              42.00848901572399\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.02685546875,\n              42.00848901572399\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.02685546875,\n              42.63799988907408\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.8123779296875,\n              42.63799988907408\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.8123779296875,\n              42.00848901572399\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c4fe4b0c8380cd6fbbb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spaulding Malcolm L.Bedford KeithBlumberg AlanCheng RalphSwanson Craig","contributorId":128444,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Spaulding Malcolm L.Bedford KeithBlumberg AlanCheng RalphSwanson Craig","id":536388,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Signell, Richard P. rsignell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"Richard","email":"rsignell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenter, Harry L. 0000-0002-1307-8785 hjenter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1307-8785","contributorId":228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenter","given":"Harry","email":"hjenter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blumberg, Alan F.","contributorId":66299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blumberg","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":59122,"text":"mf2269 - 1994 - Bathymetry of the west-central slope of the island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-10T20:22:12.259026","indexId":"mf2269","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2269","title":"Bathymetry of the west-central slope of the island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"This map shows the topography of a small part of the subaerial western part of the Island of Hawaii as well as modern multibeam bathymetry of the west submarine flank, which covers a total area of about 8,500 km<sup>2</sup> ( see index map). The map area includes part of the submerged flanks of the active Mauna Loa and Hualalai Volcanoes, which last erupted in 1984 and 1801 respectively. The steep and irregular submarine slope is shaped by several giant submarine landslides. They were first identified during surveys from the U.S. Geological Survey research vessel S.P. Lee in 1976 and 1978 (Normark and others, 1979) and later mapped in more detail during a swath-sonar survey (GLORIA) of the United States Hawaiian Exclusive Economic Zone in 1986 to 1991 (Lipman and others, 1988; Moore and others, 1989) as part of a cooperative venture of the U.S. Geological Survey and the British Institute of Oceanographic Sciences.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2269","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey--National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Joint Office for Mapping and Research","usgsCitation":"Chadwick, W.W., Moore, J.G., and Fox, C.G., 1994, Bathymetry of the west-central slope of the island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2269, 1 Plate: 29.95 x 40.82 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2269.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 29.95 x 40.82 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490327,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5890.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":183762,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2269.jpg"},{"id":284468,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2269/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"150000","projection":"Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156.8,19.2 ], [ -156.8,20.0 ], [ -155.9,20.0 ], [ -155.9,19.2 ], [ -156.8,19.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4ef6e4b0b290850f269b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chadwick, William W.","contributorId":77042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chadwick","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":261464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fox, Christopher G.","contributorId":86257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017885,"text":"70017885 - 1994 - Simulated circulation and transport in adjacent wind-driven estuaries in North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017885","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Simulated circulation and transport in adjacent wind-driven estuaries in North Carolina","docAbstract":"The Pamlico and Neuse River estuaries, in North Carolina, display similar physical characteristics because of their proximity and physiographic setting. Yet, because of channel configuration and longitudinal alignment, differences in circulation and flushing exist. Spatially detailed hydrodynamic models were applied to each estuary to characterize these differences. The models were calibrated and tested using continuous records of water level and salinity collected at 15-minute intervals at sites throughout each study reach. Data and model simulations indicate that the alignment of each estuary in relation to Pamlico Sound and the predominant wind directions have significant effects on circulation and transport within each system. The range in simulated flow at the mouth of the Neuse River estuary was nearly 25 percent greater than that simulated at the mouth of the Pamlico River estuary. Simulated cumulative transport for an 11-day period in June 1991 was also greater and more dynamic in the Neuse River than in the Pamlico River. Simulated currents were generally higher in the Neuse River than in the Pamlico River and the tracking of individual particles showed greater overall movement in the Neuse River.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling III","conferenceDate":"8 September 1993 through 10 September 1993","conferenceLocation":"Oak Brook, IL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629759","usgsCitation":"Robbins, J.C., and Bales, J.D., 1994, Simulated circulation and transport in adjacent wind-driven estuaries in North Carolina, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling III, Oak Brook, IL, USA, 8 September 1993 through 10 September 1993, p. 105-118.","startPage":"105","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f8ae4b08c986b318fb6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spaulding Malcolm L.Bedford KeithBlumberg AlanCheng RalphSwanson Craig","contributorId":128444,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Spaulding Malcolm L.Bedford KeithBlumberg AlanCheng RalphSwanson Craig","id":536387,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, Jeanne C. 0000-0001-7804-0764 jrobbins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7804-0764","contributorId":1586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"Jeanne","email":"jrobbins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bales, Jerad D. 0000-0001-8398-6984 jdbales@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-6984","contributorId":683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"Jerad","email":"jdbales@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185421,"text":"70185421 - 1994 - Chick movements and adoption in a colony of Black-Legged Kittiwakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T11:27:41","indexId":"70185421","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chick movements and adoption in a colony of Black-Legged Kittiwakes","docAbstract":"<p><span>We studied Black-legged Kittiwakes (</span><i>Rissa tridactyla</i><span>) in an Alaskan colony where movement of young among nests was possible because of moderate terrain and close nest spacing. Thirty-three percent of chicks in a focal group departed their nests prior to fledging, and seven of the vagrant chicks (58%) were adopted by foster parents. The overall frequency of adoption </span><span class=\"aBn\" data-term=\"goog_1675773204\"><span class=\"aQJ\">in three years</span></span><span> was 8% of 88 chicks from 57 focal nests. Premature nest-departure occurred at different stages among first- and second-hatched chicks. Departing second-hatched chicks were usually expelled by their nest mates within a few days after hatching. First-hatched chicks left at all stages and usually were the sole nest occupant when they departed. The evidence for parent-offspring recognition was equivocal. Adults accepted alien chicks that appeared in the nest and also occasionally attacked their own young outside the nest. However, asymmetry in the response of parents and nonparents to vagrant chicks seeking access to a nest suggested that adults were often able to discriminate appropriately. Vagrant chicks appeared to have little control over their fate-most entered nests where they were smaller than the resident young and suffered nest-mate aggression. Reproductive error seems the likely explanation for the acceptance and foster caregiving observed in adult kittiwakes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Roberts, B.D., and Hatch, S.A., 1994, Chick movements and adoption in a colony of Black-Legged Kittiwakes: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 106, no. 2, p. 289-298.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"298","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338001,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338000,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wjoonline.org/?code=wors-site","text":"Journal's Homepage"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Middleton Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -146.46697998046875,\n              59.37169178361765\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.20811462402344,\n              59.37169178361765\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.20811462402344,\n              59.49809151947178\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.46697998046875,\n              59.49809151947178\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.46697998046875,\n              59.37169178361765\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f82999","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, Bay D.","contributorId":181868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberts","given":"Bay","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":61306,"text":"mf2081F - 1994 - Maps showing interpretation, using R-mode factor analysis, of trace-element abundances in stream-sediment samples, Delta 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T19:23:25.556659","indexId":"mf2081F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2081","chapter":"F","title":"Maps showing interpretation, using R-mode factor analysis, of trace-element abundances in stream-sediment samples, Delta 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Utah","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2081F","usgsCitation":"Zimbelman, D.R., 1994, Maps showing interpretation, using R-mode factor analysis, of trace-element abundances in stream-sediment samples, Delta 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2081, 2 Plates: 41.14 x 57.32 inches and 39.63 x 41.38 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2081F.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 41.14 x 57.32 inches and 39.63 x 41.38 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487284,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5687.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":364343,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081-F/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":180279,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081-F/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":364344,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081-F/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Delta quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114,39 ], [ -114,40 ], [ -112,40 ], [ -112,39 ], [ -114,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605b0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimbelman, D. R.","contributorId":43768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":17955,"text":"ofr94214A - 1994 - The Northridge, California, earthquake of January 1994; a computer animation and paper model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:28","indexId":"ofr94214A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-214","chapter":"A","title":"The Northridge, California, earthquake of January 1994; a computer animation and paper model","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBook and Open-File Report Sales [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94214A","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., and Stein, R., 1994, The Northridge, California, earthquake of January 1994; a computer animation and paper model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-214, 30 leaves :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94214A.","productDescription":"30 leaves :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0214a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47189,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0214a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67af12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, T. R.","contributorId":20715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70186209,"text":"70186209 - 1994 - Brown bear-human interactions associated with deer hunting on Kodiak Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T14:16:50","indexId":"70186209","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":978,"text":"Bears: Their Biology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brown bear-human interactions associated with deer hunting on Kodiak Island","docAbstract":"<p><span>I compared distribution and range of brown bears (<i>Ursus arctos middendorffi</i>) with temporal and spatial distribution of Sitka black-tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis</i>) hunting activity on westside Kodiak Island, Alaska, to examine impacts of deer hunting on bears. Mean number of bears that annually ranged ≤5 km from the coast, &gt;5 km inland from the coast, or in both areas was 10, 8, and 11, respectively. Bears that exclusively or seasonally occupied the coast zone were usually classed as having moderate or high potential to interact with hunters because most hunter access and effort (&gt;95%) was via the coast. Bears that ranged exclusively inland were considered unlikely to encounter hunters. Animals that ranged in both zones often (39%) moved inland during fall (Oct-Dec) and most bears (70%) denned in the inland zone. Females that denned near the coast entered dens later (x̄ = 22 Nov) than females that denned inland (x̄ = 12 Nov). Two radio-collared bears were known to raid deer-hunting camps and 9 other marked bears were observed by hunters or were located &lt;200 m from hunting camps. Deer-hunter surveys revealed that more than two-thirds of the deer harvest occurred during October-November. About half of the hunters observed at least 1 bear during their hunt. Seven to 21% of the respondents reported having a threatening encounter with a bear and 5-26% reported losing deer meat to bears. Human-induced mortality to radio-collared bears occurred more often near the coast (5) than inland (3); 7 bears were harvested by sport hunters and 1 was killed (nonsport) in a Native village. Deer hunters killed 2 unmarked females in defense of life or property situations in the study area. High bear densities and concentrated deer-hunting activity combine to make conflicts unavoidable. Adverse impacts to bears can be minimized by maintaining low levels of human activity in inland areas and improving hunter awareness of bear ecology and behavior.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"A selection of papers from the ninth international conference on bear research and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Ninth International Conference on Bear Research and Management","conferenceDate":"February 23-28, 1992","conferenceLocation":"Missoula, MT","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","doi":"10.2307/3872685","usgsCitation":"Barnes, V.G., 1994, Brown bear-human interactions associated with deer hunting on Kodiak Island: Bears: Their Biology and Management, v. 9, no. Part 1, p. 63-73, https://doi.org/10.2307/3872685.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"73","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338972,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kodiak Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -153.57513427734375,\n              57.91630666417919\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.92120361328125,\n              57.91630666417919\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.01458740234375,\n              57.82281772781588\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.00634765625,\n              57.745213216291866\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.9459228515625,\n              57.65421872137722\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.929443359375,\n              57.562995459387146\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.89373779296875,\n              57.514347738032804\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.885498046875,\n              57.4552937099324\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.85528564453125,\n              57.42720958655339\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.79760742187497,\n              57.38134182387448\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.78662109375,\n              57.3428277935861\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.753662109375,\n              57.31169078996896\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.67401123046872,\n              57.28498092462365\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.63006591796875,\n              57.271618718194446\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.544921875,\n              57.24042137149313\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.33343505859375,\n              57.29388636800383\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.19610595703125,\n              57.37541921931102\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.22082519531247,\n              57.44938305443732\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.336181640625,\n              57.52319760837676\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.468017578125,\n              57.598334849584454\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.52294921875,\n              57.6689107171251\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.51470947265625,\n              57.77012340253372\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.544921875,\n              57.85205911479104\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.57513427734375,\n              57.91630666417919\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"Part 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6acae4b02ff32c6aea89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, Victor G. 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,{"id":61305,"text":"mf2081G - 1994 - Maps showing interpretation, using R-mode factor analysis, of trace-element abundances in heavy-mineral concentrate samples, Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-01T19:04:20.674893","indexId":"mf2081G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2081","chapter":"G","title":"Maps showing interpretation, using R-mode factor analysis, of trace-element abundances in heavy-mineral concentrate samples, Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah","docAbstract":"A set of heavy-mineral concentrate data for the Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah Conterminous U.S. Mineral Assessment Program (CUSMAP) project was compiled from results of analyses of samples collected during the National Uranium Resource Evaluation Program (SURE), as well as results obtained from samples collected more recently by the USGS. Data results, sampling methods, and analytical methods are provided in Abrogast and others, 1993; 1990; 1988a; 1988b). A similar report, discussing results obtained from stream-sediment samples, is presented in Zimbelman (1993a). The Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah (figure 1) contains a variety of hydrothermal mineral deposit types, including porphyry-, vein-, replacement-, and Carlin-type deposits. These deposit types have been worked for commodities including gold, silver, beryllium, uranium, lead, zinc, copper, manganese, and cadmium (Lindsey, 1977; Morris and Mogensen, 1978; Zimbelman and others, 1990; Zimbelman and others, 1988). Heavy-mineral concentrate and stream-sediment samples derived from these hydrothermally altered rocks typically contain many geochemical anomalies (for example, see Zimbelman 1993b, c, d). Element associations characterizing lithology and hydrothermal mineral deposits can be distinguished using R-mode factor analysis. This tool often is useful in reconnaissance-scale surveys where sample anomalies are often weak. and single-element distributions may not help to delineate targets. R-mode factors analysis can help identify geologic trends and areas most likely to contain the mineral deposits. R-mode factor analysis was performed on a data set of results of analyses for 19 elements in 643 samples and produced a six-factor model. These six factors represent the geochemical contributions to the data set provided by lithologic and mineralization processes, The distribution of samples that contain high scores for mineralization-related factors is widespread in the Delta quadrangle. These sample sites are though to relate to both known prospect and mineralization areas, as well as define new areas that are geochemically favorable to contain altered or mineralized rocks.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2081G","usgsCitation":"Zimbelman, D.R., 1994, Maps showing interpretation, using R-mode factor analysis, of trace-element abundances in heavy-mineral concentrate samples, Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2081, 2 Plates: 43.24 x 59.05 inches and 44.52 x 58.91 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2081G.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 43.24 x 59.05 inches and 44.52 x 58.91 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406086,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5688.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2081g.jpg"},{"id":284431,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081-G/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284432,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081-G/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.0,39.0 ], [ -114.0,40.0 ], [ -112.0,40.0 ], [ -112.0,39.0 ], [ -114.0,39.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6636e4b0b2908510096e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimbelman, David R.","contributorId":58253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70187025,"text":"70187025 - 1994 - Overview of South‐east Asia land cover using a NOAA AVHRR one kilometer composite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-20T11:04:22","indexId":"70187025","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1753,"text":"Geocarto International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overview of South‐east Asia land cover using a NOAA AVHRR one kilometer composite","docAbstract":"<p><span>A cloud free AVHRR composite of South‐East Asia at one kilometer resolution has been produced from 38 selected daily NOAA‐11 AVHRR images. Geometric accuracy of about 1 pixel is achieved using a two‐step rectification algorithm (orbital model and transformation by ground control points). A spatial and spectral enhancement has been performed, the sea masked out and political boundaries included in the final product. This AVHRR composite is particularly useful for a comprehensive overview of land cover at a regional scale. Qualitative comparison between a monthly composite and the existing forest maps highlights the forest cover change and points out the hot spots where the maps have to be updated.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10106049409354471","usgsCitation":"Defourny, P., Pradhan, U.C., Vinay, S., and Johnson, G., 1994, Overview of South‐east Asia land cover using a NOAA AVHRR one kilometer composite: Geocarto International, v. 9, no. 4, p. 45-52, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049409354471.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"52","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340020,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Southeast 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Pierre","contributorId":146809,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Defourny","given":"Pierre","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pradhan, Udai C.","contributorId":191133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pradhan","given":"Udai","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vinay, Sritharan","contributorId":191134,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vinay","given":"Sritharan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Gary E.","contributorId":65007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gary E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":27176,"text":"wri924085 - 1994 - Determination of hydrologic properties needed to calculate average linear velocity and travel time of ground water in the principal aquifer underlying the southeastern part of Salt Lake Valley, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri924085","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4085","title":"Determination of hydrologic properties needed to calculate average linear velocity and travel time of ground water in the principal aquifer underlying the southeastern part of Salt Lake Valley, Utah","docAbstract":"A 48-square-mile area in the southeastern part of the Salt Lake Valley, Utah, was studied to determine if generalized information obtained from geologic maps, water-level maps, and drillers' logs could be used to estimate hydraulic conduc- tivity, porosity, and slope of the potentiometric surface: the three properties needed to calculate average linear velocity of ground water. Estimated values of these properties could be used by water- management and regulatory agencies to compute values of average linear velocity, which could be further used to estimate travel time of ground water along selected flow lines, and thus to determine wellhead protection areas around public- supply wells. The methods used to estimate the three properties are based on assumptions about the drillers' descriptions, the depositional history of the sediments, and the boundary con- ditions of the hydrologic system. These assump- tions were based on geologic and hydrologic infor- mation determined from previous investigations. The reliability of the estimated values for hydro- logic properties and average linear velocity depends on the accuracy of these assumptions. Hydraulic conductivity of the principal aquifer was estimated by calculating the thickness- weighted average of values assigned to different drillers' descriptions of material penetrated during the construction of 98 wells. Using these 98 control points, the study area was divided into zones representing approximate hydraulic- conductivity values of 20, 60, 100, 140, 180, 220, and 250 feet per day. This range of values is about the same range of values used in developing a ground-water flow model of the principal aquifer in the early 1980s. Porosity of the principal aquifer was estimated by compiling the range of porosity values determined or estimated during previous investigations of basin-fill sediments, and then using five different values ranging from 15 to 35 percent to delineate zones in the study area that were assumed to be underlain by similar deposits. Delineation of the zones was based on depositional history of the area and the distri- bution of sediments shown on a surficial geologic map. Water levels in wells were measured twice in 1990: during late winter when ground-water with- drawals were the least and water levels the highest, and again in late summer, when ground- water withdrawals were the greatest and water levels the lowest. These water levels were used to construct potentiometric-contour maps and subsequently to determine the variability of the slope in the potentiometric surface in the area. Values for the three properties, derived from the described sources of information, were used to produce a map showing the general distribution of average linear velocity of ground water moving through the principal aquifer of the study area. Velocity derived ranged from 0.06 to 144 feet per day with a median of about 3 feet per day. Values were slightly faster for late summer 1990 than for late winter 1990, mainly because increased with- drawal of water during the summer created slightly steeper hydraulic-head gradients between the recharge area near the mountain front and the well fields farther to the west. The fastest average linear-velocity values were located at the mouth of Little Cottonwood Canyon and south of Dry Creek near the mountain front, where the hydraulic con- ductivity was estimated to be the largest because the drillers described the sediments to be pre- dominantly clean and coarse grained. Both of these areas also had steep slopes in the potentiometric surface. Other areas where average linear velocity was fast included small areas near pumping wells where the slope in the potentiometric surface was locally steepened. No apparent relation between average linear velocity and porosity could be seen in the mapped distributions of these two properties. Calculation of travel time along a flow line to a well in the southwestern part of the study area during the sum","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924085","usgsCitation":"Freethey, G., Spangler, L., and Monheiser, W., 1994, Determination of hydrologic properties needed to calculate average linear velocity and travel time of ground water in the principal aquifer underlying the southeastern part of Salt Lake Valley, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4085, iv, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924085.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4085/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56051,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4085/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66772f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freethey, G. W.","contributorId":105714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freethey","given":"G. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spangler, L.E.","contributorId":54230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spangler","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monheiser, W.J.","contributorId":16459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monheiser","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29914,"text":"wri944009 - 1994 - Stream-aquifer interactions in the Straight River area, Becker and Hubbard counties, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:14:42","indexId":"wri944009","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4009","title":"Stream-aquifer interactions in the Straight River area, Becker and Hubbard counties, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>The Straight River, in north-central Minnesota, is a trout stream having cold, clear water. The 75-square-mile Straight River watershed contributes flow to the stream. The watershed is underlain by highly transmissive surficial and confined-drift aquifers. Ground-water discharge from these aquifers sustains flow in the Straight River, and the cold water supports a population of trout. Water withdrawals from these aquifers are increasing in response to changes in land use from dry-land to irrigated fanning. Degradation of the stream's habitat for trout could result from the following: a decrease in ground-water discharge to the stream caused by ground-water withdrawals for irrigation, an increase in ground-water temperature resulting from percolation of irrigated water to the ground-water system, and introduction of agricultural chemicals to the stream through ground-water flow or runoff.</p>\n<p>Physical data indicate a hydraulic connection between the stream and the surficial aquifer. Discharge of the Straight River increases from about 25 cubic feet per second at the outfall from a reservoir near the headwaters to about 51 cubic feet per second near the mouth. The rate of streamflow gain during summer decreases downstream, possibly as a result of ground-water withdrawal for irrigation. The water table and potentiometric surface of the uppermost confined-drift aquifer generally slope to the southeast and locally toward rivers and lakes; gradients decline to about 5 feet per mile from spring to summer.</p>\n<p>Daily fluctuations of stream temperature are as great as 15 degrees Celsius during the summer, primarily in response to changes in air temperature. Ground-water discharge to the Straight River decreases stream temperature during the summer. Results of simulations from a stream-temperature model indicate that daily changes in stream temperature are strongly influenced by solar radiation, wind speed, stream depth, and ground-water inflow. Results of simulations from ground-water-flow and stream-temperature models developed for the investigation indicate a significant decrease in ground-water flow could result from ground-water withdrawal at rates similar to those measured during 1988. This reduction in discharge to the stream could result in an increase in stream temperature of 0.5 to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Nitrate concentrations in shallow wells screened at the water table, in some areas, are locally greater than the limit set by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. Nitrate concentrations in water from deeper wells and in the stream are low, generally less than 1.0 milligram per liter.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri944009","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources","usgsCitation":"Stark, J., Armstrong, D.S., and Zwilling, D.R., 1994, Stream-aquifer interactions in the Straight River area, Becker and Hubbard counties, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4009, ix, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944009.","productDescription":"ix, 83 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4009/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58732,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4009/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Straight River area","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a506e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stark, J. R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armstrong, David S. 0000-0003-1695-1233 darmstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-1233","contributorId":1390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"David","email":"darmstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zwilling, Daniel R.","contributorId":100434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zwilling","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":27534,"text":"wri944011 - 1994 - Hydrogeologic framework and preliminary simulation of ground-water flow in the Mimbres Basin, southwestern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-05T22:46:01.698594","indexId":"wri944011","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4011","title":"Hydrogeologic framework and preliminary simulation of ground-water flow in the Mimbres Basin, southwestern New Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>The bolson-fill aquifer, the major water-yielding unit in the Mimbres Basin, southwestern New Mexico, ranges in thickness from 0 to about 3,700 feet. Recharge to the bolson-fill aquifer occurs by infiltration of ephemeral streams that cross the basin margin, infiltration from precipitation and streamflow, ground-water underflow from adjacent basins, and infiltration of springflow from adjacent bedrock units within the basin. Ground water generally flows southward from the northern highland areas of the basin. Ground-water discharge consists of pumpage from wells, transpiration by plants, outflow to playas and springs in the Los Muertos Basin in Mexico, discharge to the Mimbres River, and ground-water flow to the Mesilla Basin near Mason Draw. Before 1910, ground-water recharge and discharge were approximately equal; by 1975, however, about 75 percent of the 146,000 acre-feet withdrawn annually was ground water, most of it from aquifer storage. </p><p>The transmissivity of the bolson-fill aquifer determined from aquifer tests and specific-capacity data ranges from 10 to 50,000 feet squared per day. Hydraulic conductivity, calculated from saturated thickness and transmissivity, ranges from 0.03 to 800 feet per day, with median values of about 18 feet per day in the Deming area and 6 feet per day elsewhere. Reported storage-coefficient values representing confined parts of the aquifer range from 0.00036 to 0.0036, and those representing unconfined parts of the aquifer range from 0.02 to 0.24. </p><p>Water quality in the north and central parts of the Mimbres Basin is suitable for most uses. Due to its large salinity and alkalinity, some of the ground water in the south and southeastern areas of the bolson-fill aquifer may not be suitable for irrigation or domestic use. </p><p>A preliminary two-dimensional digital model was constructed to evaluate ground-water flow in the bolson-fill aquifer. The model was divided into zones of uniform hydraulic conductivity corresponding to the major structural elements of the basin. For simulation purposes, hydraulic conductivity in the central part of the basin ranged from 2.2 to 4.4 feet per day, whereas locally along the edges of the aquifer less certain values ranged from 0.003 to 62 feet per day Analysis of the results of this predevelopment model indicated that use of the mountain-front recharge method overestimates total recharge and that evapotranspiration is substantial. The simulated total inflow was about 55 percent of that estimated in a water budget for the Mimbres Basin.</p><p>Ground-water development between 1930 and 1985 was simulated using storage-coefficient values of 0.01 and 0.02 for the Gila Conglomerate, 0.04 to 0.17 for bolson-fill deposits, and 0.001 for bolson fill capped with lacustrine clay. The simulated transient water budget indicated that most of the water pumped by 1985 came from storage, and lesser but substantial amounts came from reductions in evapotranspiration.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944011","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Mexico State Engineer Office","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., McLean, J., and Miller, R.S., 1994, Hydrogeologic framework and preliminary simulation of ground-water flow in the Mimbres Basin, southwestern New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4011, Report: viii, 118 p.; 2 Plates: 25.71 x 41.06 inches and 24.73 x 32.84 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944011.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 118 p.; 2 Plates: 25.71 x 41.06 inches and 24.73 x 32.84 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393947,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47924.htm"},{"id":56393,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4011/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4011/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":351629,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4011/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351628,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4011/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"datum":"National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Mimbres Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.5,\n              31.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -107,\n              31.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -107,\n              33.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.5,\n              33.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.5,\n              31.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627b59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, R. T.","contributorId":91148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLean, J. S.","contributorId":48589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLean","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Ryan S.","contributorId":49005,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29158,"text":"wri934141 - 1994 - Water resources of Hot Springs County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-14T09:17:42","indexId":"wri934141","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4141","title":"Water resources of Hot Springs County, Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p>The wells and springs inventoried in Hot Springs County most commonly had been completed in or issued from the Quaternary alluvium, Quaternary terrace deposits, Fort Union and Mesaverde Formations, Cody Shale, and the Frontier and Chugwater Formations. The largest discharges measured were from the Quaternary terrace deposits (400 gallons per minute) and the Phosphoria Formation (1,000 gallons per minute). Discharges from all other geologic units varied, but most wells and springs yielded 50 gallons per minute or less.</p><p>Water-quality samples collected from springs that issued from the Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup, the Bighorn Dolomite, and the Flathead Sandstone had the lowest dissolved-solids concentrations, which ranged from 58 to 265 milligrams per liter, and the least variable water types. Water from the volcanic rocks was a sodium bicarbonate type; whereas, water from the Flathead Sandstone was a calcium bicarbonate type. Water types for all the other aquifers varied from sampling site to sampling site; however, water samples from the Fort Union Formation and the Cody Shale were consistently of the sodium sulfate type. </p><p>The effect of oil- and gas-development at Hamilton Dome on thermal spring discharges at Hot Springs State Park near Thermopolis was studied. The estimated drawdown from 1918, when the Hamilton Dome oil field was discovered, to 1988 was made using drill-stem data from previous studies. Drawdown at Big Spring in the Park was estimated to be less than 3 feet on the basis of recent oil- and water-production data, previous modeling studies, and the estimated water-level drawdown of 330 feet in wells at the Hamilton Dome oil field.</p><p>Streams originating in the Plains region of the county, such as Middle Fork Owl Creek, are ephemeral or intermittent; whereas, streams originating in the mountains, such as Gooseberry Creek, are perennial. Average annual runoff across the county ranges from 0.26 inches at a representative streamflow-gaging station near Worland in the plains region to 5.4 inches in the Owl Creek Mountains and southeastern Absaroka Range.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934141","usgsCitation":"Plafcan, M., and Ogle, K.M., 1994, Water resources of Hot Springs County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4141, Report: v, 90 p.; 2 Plates: 16.50 x 26.44 inches and 25.78 x 17.71 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934141.","productDescription":"Report: v, 90 p.; 2 Plates: 16.50 x 26.44 inches and 25.78 x 17.71 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":349978,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4141/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58034,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4141/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58035,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4141/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4141/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Hot Springs County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"stroke\": \"#555555\",\n        \"stroke-width\": 2,\n        \"stroke-opacity\": 1,\n        \"fill\": \"#555555\",\n        \"fill-opacity\": 0.5\n      },\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.36065673828125,\n              43.42898792344155\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.61383056640625,\n              43.42898792344155\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.61383056640625,\n              44.10336537791152\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.36065673828125,\n              44.10336537791152\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.36065673828125,\n              43.42898792344155\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plafcan, Maria","contributorId":20338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafcan","given":"Maria","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ogle, Kathy Muller","contributorId":8896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogle","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"Muller","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30490,"text":"wri934133 - 1994 - Flood discharges and hydraulics near the mouths of Wolf Creek, Craig Branch, Manns Creek, Dunloup Creek, and Mill Creek in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:01","indexId":"wri934133","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4133","title":"Flood discharges and hydraulics near the mouths of Wolf Creek, Craig Branch, Manns Creek, Dunloup Creek, and Mill Creek in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service, studied the frequency and magnitude of flooding near the mouths of five tributaries to the New River in the New River Gorge National River. The 100-year peak discharge at each tributary was determined from regional frequency equations. The 100-year discharge at Wolf Creek, Craig Branch, Manns Creek, Dunloup Creek, and Mill Creek was 3,400 cubic feet per second, 640 cubic feet per second, 8,200 cubic feet per second, 7,100 cubic feet per second, and 9,400 cubic feet per second, respectively. Flood elevations for each tributary were determined by application of a steady-state, one-dimensional flow model. Manning's roughness coefficients for the stream channels ranged from 0.040 to 0.100. Bridges that would be unable to contain the 100-year flood within the bridge opening included: the State Highway 82 bridge on Wolf Creek, the second Fayette County Highway 25 bridge upstream from the confluence with New River on Dunloup Creek, and an abandoned log bridge on Mill Creek.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934133","usgsCitation":"Wiley, J., 1994, Flood discharges and hydraulics near the mouths of Wolf Creek, Craig Branch, Manns Creek, Dunloup Creek, and Mill Creek in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4133, iv, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934133.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4133/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59271,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4133/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5ef1ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiley, J.B.","contributorId":76739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29289,"text":"wri944021 - 1994 - Data requirements for simulation of hydrogeologic effects of liquid waste injection, Harrison and Jackson Counties, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-26T10:12:41","indexId":"wri944021","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4021","title":"Data requirements for simulation of hydrogeologic effects of liquid waste injection, Harrison and Jackson Counties, Mississippi","docAbstract":"Available literature and data were reviewed to quantify data requirements for computer simulation of hydrogeologic effects of liquid waste injection in southeastern Mississippi. Emphasis of each review was placed on quantifying physical properties of current Class I injection zones in Harrison and Jackson Counties. Class I injection zones are zones that are used for injection of hazardous or non-hazardous liquid waste below a formation containing the lowermost underground source of drinking water located within one-quarter of a mile of the injection well.  Several mathematical models have been developed to simulate injection effects. The Basic Plume Method was selected because it is commonly used in permit applications, and the Intercomp model was selected because it is generally accepted and used in injection-related research. The input data requirements of the two models were combined into a single data requirement list inclusive of physical properties of injection zones only; injected waste and well properties are not included because such information is site-specific by industry, which is beyond the scope of this report.  Results of the reviews of available literature and data indicated that Class I permit applications and standard-reference chemistry and physics texts were the primary sources of information to quantify physical properties of injection zones in Harrison and Jackson Counties. With the exception of a few reports and supplementary data for one injection zone in Jackson County, very little additional information pertaining to physical properties of the injection zones was available in sources other than permit applications and standard-reference texts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944021","usgsCitation":"Rebich, R.A., 1994, Data requirements for simulation of hydrogeologic effects of liquid waste injection, Harrison and Jackson Counties, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4021, iv, 19 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944021.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":366895,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4021/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158907,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4021/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","county":"Harrison County, Jackson County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.2913818359375,\n              30.298203605616226\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.41522216796875,\n              30.298203605616226\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.41522216796875,\n              30.820884358222617\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.2913818359375,\n              30.820884358222617\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.2913818359375,\n              30.298203605616226\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679c72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rebich, Richard A. 0000-0003-4256-7171 rarebich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4256-7171","contributorId":2315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rebich","given":"Richard","email":"rarebich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":201286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27537,"text":"wri934196 - 1994 - Simulation of ground-water flow and potential land subsidence, upper Santa Cruz Basin, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri934196","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4196","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow and potential land subsidence, upper Santa Cruz Basin, Arizona","docAbstract":"A numerical ground-water flow model of the upper Santa Cruz basin in Pinal, Pima, and Santa Cruz Counties was developed to evaluate predevelopment conditions in 1940, ground-water withdrawals for 1940-86, and potential water-level declines and land subsidence for 1987-2024. Simulations of steady-state ground-water conditions indicate 12,900 acre-feet of ground-water inflow, 15,260 acre-feet of outflow, 53,000 acre-feet of pre- development pumpage, 29,840 acre-feet of mountain- front recharge, and 34,020 acre-feet of streamflow infiltration in 1940. Simulations of transient ground-water conditions indicate a total of 6.6 million acre-feet of net pumpage and 3.4 million acre-feet of water removed from aquifer storage for 1941-86. A difference of 1.2 million acre-feet between estimated and net pumpage is attributed to increased recharge from irrigation return flow, mine return flow, and infiltration of sewage effluent. Estimated natural recharge represents 40 percent of pumpage for 1966-86 and averaged 63,860 acre-feet per year for 1940-57 and 76,250 acre-feet per year for 1958-86. The increase in recharge after 1958 was coincident with above- average winter streamflow in the Santa Cruz River for 1959-86. Increased recharge after 1958 and decreased pumpage after 1975 contributed to decreased water-level declines or to recoveries after 1977 in wells near the Santa Cruz River and its tributaries. The results of projection simu- lations indicate that a maximum potential subsi- dence for 1987-2024 ranges from 1.2 feet for an inelastic specific storage of .0001 ft to 12 feet for an inelastic specific storage of .0015 ft. The simulations were made on the basis of pumpage and recharge rates from 1986 and by using a preconso- lidation-stress threshold of 100 feet. A permanent reduction in acquitard storage can range from 1 to 12 percent of the potential loss of 3.9 million acre-feet in aquifer-system storage for 1987-2024.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section, [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934196","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., and Benedict, J., 1994, Simulation of ground-water flow and potential land subsidence, upper Santa Cruz Basin, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4196, v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS  - 52 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934196.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS  - 52 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4196/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56396,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4196/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545fa0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, R. T.","contributorId":91148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benedict, J.F.","contributorId":66688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benedict","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70044636,"text":"70044636 - 1994 - Soda Lake-Painted Rock(!) Petroleum System in the Cuyama Basin, California, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-18T12:04:49","indexId":"70044636","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Soda Lake-Painted Rock(!) Petroleum System in the Cuyama Basin, California, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The Cuyama basin, located in the central California Coast Ranges, was formed by extension during early Miocene time and was filled with a variety of nonmarine, marginal marine, and neritic to bathyal marine sediments. Low sulfur oil is produced primarily from the lower Miocene Painted Rock Sandstone Member of the Vaqueros Formation along a structural trend parallel to the Russell fault, which was active from 23 to 5 Ma. A major fold and thrust belt beginning about 3 Ma formed the Caliente and Sierra Madre ranges and partially obscures the Miocene extensional basin. Stable carbon isotope and biomarker data indicate that the lower Miocene Soda Lake Shale Member of the Vaqueros Formation is the predominant source rock for the oil in the Cuyama area. Burial and thermal history modeling shows that oil generation began in middle-late Miocene time and that oil migrated into existing traps. Younger traps that formed in the overthrust are barren of oil because migration occurred prior to the development of the fold and thrust belt or because subthrust oil was unable to migrate into the overthrust.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Petroleum system : from source to trap","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","usgsCitation":"Lillis, P.G., 1994, Soda Lake-Painted Rock(!) Petroleum System in the Cuyama Basin, California, U.S.A., chap. <i>of</i> The Petroleum system : from source to trap, p. 437-451.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"451","numberOfPages":"15","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269659,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269658,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/methodo2/images/a077/a0770001/0400/04370.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"514837a2e4b022dd171afee3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lillis, Paul G. 0000-0002-7508-1699 plillis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7508-1699","contributorId":1817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lillis","given":"Paul","email":"plillis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70180419,"text":"70180419 - 1994 - Importance of spatial pattern in estimating predation on juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T12:34:42","indexId":"70180419","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of spatial pattern in estimating predation on juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River","docAbstract":"<p><span>The impact of piscivores in aquatic systems is often estimated by assuming that predation rate and predator density can be characterized as means throughout large, homogeneous areas. Predation losses of juvenile Pacific salmonids </span><i>Oncorhynchus</i><span> spp. migrating through Columbia River reservoirs were previously estimated with the assumption that each reservoir consisted of one or two homogeneous areas. Data from the John Day Reservoir and throughout the river system showed that predation rate and predator density vary greatly between near-dam and midreservoir areas, suggesting that reservoirs in the Columbia River should be divided into at least three or four areas for estimating salmonid losses. For example, the estimated number of salmonids annually eaten by northern squawfish </span><i>Ptychocheilus oregonensis</i><span> in John Day Reservoir decreased from 2.9 million when all samples in the reservoir were pooled into one area, to 1.4 million when samples were partitioned among four areas. Variance about the estimates also decreased steadily with finer partitioning. Mortality of juvenile salmon from predation was substantial with any type of partitioning; however, spatial variation in predation rates and other density-dependent processes may be especially important in river models of migrating juvenile salmon that repeatedly apply predation rates in a series of reservoirs or river reaches.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0924:IOSPIE>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Petersen, J.H., 1994, Importance of spatial pattern in estimating predation on juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 123, no. 6, p. 924-930, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0924:IOSPIE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"924","endPage":"930","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334326,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef8e4b072a7ac0cad83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, James H. petersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":23231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"James","email":"petersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29265,"text":"wri944014 - 1994 - Estimates of monthly streamflow characteristics at selected sites, Wind River and part of Bighorn River drainage basins, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri944014","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4014","title":"Estimates of monthly streamflow characteristics at selected sites, Wind River and part of Bighorn River drainage basins, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Monthly streamflow records from gaging stations with more than 5 years of record were extended to a 50-year base period, 1941-90, using a mixed- station, record-extension model.  Monthly streamflow characteristics were computed from the extended record.  Four statistical methods--basin characteristics, active-channel width, concurrent measurement, and weighted average were used to estimate monthly streamflow characteristics at ungaged sites and at streamflow-gaging stations with fewer than 5 years of record.  Linear- regression models were used with the basin characteristic and active-channel-width methods to define the relations between the monthly streamflow characteristics and physical basin, climatic, and channel characteristics.  The concurrent-measurement method used a Maintenance of Variance Extension, Type 1 curve-fitting technique to correlate discharge at active streamflow-gaging stations, which had computed streamflow characteristics, with discharge measured at ungaged sites.  The weighted-average method is a weighted combination of estimates from any two or all three of the other methods.  For the basin-characteristics method, the standard errors of estimate ranged from 37 to 83 percent and for the active-channel-width method, 34 to 100 percent.  Standard errors for the concurrent- measurement method ranged from 27 to 151 percent. The standard error for the weighted-average method, ranged from 18 to 82 percent, which was lower than any individual method.  Application of the equations for estimating monthly streamflow characteristics is limited to perennial streams with physical-basin, climatic, and active channel- width characteristics that are within the range of values used in the study.  The equations are not applicable to estimate flow for ephemeral streams.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor], 1994","doi":"10.3133/wri944014","usgsCitation":"Rankl, J., Montague, E., and Lenz, B.N., 1994, Estimates of monthly streamflow characteristics at selected sites, Wind River and part of Bighorn River drainage basins, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4014, iv, 49 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944014.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4014/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58117,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a0e4b07f02db5bda7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rankl, J.G.","contributorId":107733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankl","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Montague, Ellen","contributorId":62244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montague","given":"Ellen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lenz, B. N.","contributorId":106164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":17230,"text":"ofr93619 - 1994 - A hydrogeochemical survey for mineralized breccia pipes: Data from springs, wells, and streams on the Hualapai Indian Reservation, northwestern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-09T22:47:12.230393","indexId":"ofr93619","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-619","title":"A hydrogeochemical survey for mineralized breccia pipes: Data from springs, wells, and streams on the Hualapai Indian Reservation, northwestern Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93619","usgsCitation":"Wenrich, K., Boundy, S.Q., Aumente-Modreski, R.M., Schwarz, S.P., Sutphin, H.B., and Been, J., 1994, A hydrogeochemical survey for mineralized breccia pipes: Data from springs, wells, and streams on the Hualapai Indian Reservation, northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-619, ii, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93619.","productDescription":"ii, 66 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410251,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12781.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":149306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0619/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46379,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0619/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Hualapai Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.899,\n              36.284\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.899,\n              35.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.878,\n              35.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.878,\n              36.284\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.899,\n              36.284\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae3f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wenrich, K. J.","contributorId":40203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenrich","given":"K. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boundy, S. Q.","contributorId":93924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boundy","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aumente-Modreski, R. M.","contributorId":63825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aumente-Modreski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwarz, S. P.","contributorId":92274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sutphin, H. B.","contributorId":58264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutphin","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Been, J.M.","contributorId":26685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Been","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70017661,"text":"70017661 - 1994 - Triaxial testing of Lopez Fault gouge at 150 MPa mean effective stress","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70017661","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Triaxial testing of Lopez Fault gouge at 150 MPa mean effective stress","docAbstract":"Triaxial compression experiments were performed on samples of natural granular fault gouge from the Lopez Fault in Southern California. This material consists primarily of quartz and has a self-similar grain size distribution thought to result from natural cataclasis. The experiments were performed at a constant mean effective stress of 150 MPa, to expose the volumetric strains associated with shear failure. The failure strength is parameterized by the coefficient of internal friction ??, based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Samples of remoulded Lopez gouge have internal friction ??=0.6??0.02. In experiments where the ends of the sample are constrained to remain axially aligned, suppressing strain localisation, the sample compacts before failure and dilates persistently after failure. In experiments where one end of the sample is free to move laterally, the strain localises to a single oblique fault at around the point of failure; some dilation occurs but does not persist. A comparison of these experiments suggests that dilation is confined to the region of shear localisation in a sample. Overconsolidated samples have slightly larger failure strengths than normally consolidated samples, and smaller axial strains are required to cause failure. A large amount of dilation occurs after failure in heavily overconsolidated samples, suggesting that dilation is occurring throughout the sample. Undisturbed samples of Lopez gouge, cored from the outcrop, have internal friction in the range ??=0.4-0.6; the upper end of this range corresponds to the value established for remoulded Lopez gouge. Some kind of natural heterogeneity within the undisturbed samples is probably responsible for their low, variable strength. In samples of simulated gouge, with a more uniform grain size, active cataclasis during axial loading leads to large amounts of compaction. Larger axial strains are required to cause failure in simulated gouge, but the failure strength is similar to that of natural Lopez gouge. Use of the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion to interpret the results from this study, and other recent studies on intact rock and granular gouge, leads to values of ?? that depend on the loading configuration and the intact or granular state of the sample. Conceptual models are advanced to account for these descrepancies. The consequences for strain-weakening of natural faults are also discussed. ?? 1994 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00876063","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Scott, D., Lockner, D., Byerlee, J., and Sammis, C., 1994, Triaxial testing of Lopez Fault gouge at 150 MPa mean effective stress: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 142, no. 3-4, p. 749-775, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876063.","startPage":"749","endPage":"775","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206103,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876063"},{"id":228339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"142","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb83fe4b08c986b327755","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, D.R.","contributorId":86508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sammis, C.G.","contributorId":77140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sammis","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017622,"text":"70017622 - 1994 - Gravitational stresses in long symmetric ridges and valleys in anisotropic rock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-18T11:56:02","indexId":"70017622","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2071,"text":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gravitational stresses in long symmetric ridges and valleys in anisotropic rock","docAbstract":"The effect of topography and rock mass anisotropy on gravitational stresses in long isolated symmetric ridges and valleys is modeled using an analytical method proposed earlier by the first two authors. The rock mass deforms under a condition of plane strain. A parametric study is presented on the effect of (1) topography, (2) orientation of anisotropy and (3) degree of anisotropy on the magnitude and distribution of gravitational stresses in transversely isotropic rock masses with planes of anisotropy striking parallel to the ridge or valley axis. It is found that compressive stresses develop near ridge crests and that tensile stresses develop in valley bottoms and valley walls. The magnitude of the gravitational stresses is of the order of the characteristics stress ??{variant}g??b?? where ??{variant} is the rock density, g is the gravitational acceleration and ??b?? is the height of the ridge or depth of the valley. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0148-9062(94)90899-0","issn":"01489062","usgsCitation":"Pan, E., Amadei, B., and Savage, W.Z., 1994, Gravitational stresses in long symmetric ridges and valleys in anisotropic rock: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, v. 31, no. 4, p. 293-312, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(94)90899-0.","startPage":"293","endPage":"312","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265932,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(94)90899-0"}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29f5e4b0c8380cd5ada6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pan, E.","contributorId":13107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pan","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amadei, B.","contributorId":86902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amadei","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Savage, W. Z.","contributorId":106481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017449,"text":"70017449 - 1994 - Deglaciation, lake levels, and meltwater discharge in the Lake Michigan basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-24T13:28:27","indexId":"70017449","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deglaciation, lake levels, and meltwater discharge in the Lake Michigan basin","docAbstract":"The deglacial history of the Lake Michigan basin, including discharge and routing of meltwater, is complex because of the interaction among (1) glacial retreats and re-advances in the basin (2) the timing of occupation and the isostatic adjustment of lake outlets and (3) the depositional and erosional processes that left evidence of past lake levels. In the southern part of the basin, a restricted area little affected by differential isostasy, new studies of onshore and offshore areas allow refinement of a lake-level history that has evolved over 100 years. Important new data include the recognition of two periods of influx of meltwater from Lake Agassiz into the basin and details of the highstands gleaned from sedimentological evidence. Major disagreements still persist concerning the exact timing and lake-level changes associated with the Algonquin phase, approximately 11,000 BP. A wide variety of independent data suggests that the Lake Michigan Lobe was thin, unstable, and subject to rapid advances and retreats. Consequently, lake-level changes were commonly abrupt and stable shorelines were short-lived. The long-held beliefs that the southern part of the basin was stable and separated from deformed northern areas by a hinge-line discontinuity are becoming difficult to maintain. Numerical modeling of the ice-earth system and empirical modeling of shoreline deformation are both consistent with observed shoreline tilting in the north and with the amount and pattern of modern deformation shown by lake-level gauges. New studies of subaerial lacustrine features suggest the presence of deformed shorelines higher than those originally ascribed to the supposed horizontal Glenwood level. Finally, the Lake Michigan region as a whole appears to behave in a similar manner to other areas, both local (other Great Lakes) and regional (U.S. east coast), that have experienced major isostatic changes. Detailed sedimentological and dating studies of field sites and additional development of geophysical models offer hope for reconciling the field data with our understanding of earth rheology. ?? 1995.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(94)90007-8","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Clark, J., Clayton, L., Hansel, A., and Larsen, C., 1994, Deglaciation, lake levels, and meltwater discharge in the Lake Michigan basin: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 13, no. 9-10, p. 879-890, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(94)90007-8.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"879","endPage":"890","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science 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L.","contributorId":55145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hansel, A.K.","contributorId":89280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansel","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Larsen, C.E.","contributorId":84518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017376,"text":"70017376 - 1994 - Hydraulics and sediment transport processes in a pool-riffle rocky mountain stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70017376","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydraulics and sediment transport processes in a pool-riffle rocky mountain stream","docAbstract":"Sediment transport processes related to varying channel-bed morphology were investigated from April to November, 1993 along a 1 km pool-riffle and step-pool reach of North Saint Vrain Creek, a small mountain stream in the Northern Colorado Rocky Mountains. Three hundred sixteen 16-256 mm tracer particles placed in two separate pool-riffle-pool sequences, forty-three direct bedload measurements at three separate cross-sections in discharges ranging between 0.27-8.8 m3/s, and indirect velocity measurements at thirteen cross-sections in 23 discharges ranging between 0.23-9.2 m3/s are used to assess sediment sorting patterns and sediment transport capacity variations. An investigation of secondary flow features and wave patterns provides preliminary evidence of turbulent controls on sediment entrainment and transport, and was used to develop a conceptual model of bedload transport and channel-bed maintenance on North Saint Vrain Creek. Recirculating eddy systems provide a means to constrict flow in pools, leading to modeled velocity-reversals at high flows. Tracer particle depositional evidence also indicates higher sediment transport capacities in pools versus riffles at high flow. Modeled hydraulic conditions and depositional evidence of tracers indicates that high-flow recirculating-eddy-influenced velocity-reversals and associated turbulence may provide the primary pool maintenance processes in this channel.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"Thompson, D.M., 1994, Hydraulics and sediment transport processes in a pool-riffle rocky mountain stream, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994.","numberOfPages":"849","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a330de4b0c8380cd5ecb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Douglas M.","contributorId":98483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017401,"text":"70017401 - 1994 - Climate, interseasonal storage of soil water, and the annual water balance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-01T17:13:13.6461","indexId":"70017401","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate, interseasonal storage of soil water, and the annual water balance","docAbstract":"<p><span>The effects of annual totals and seasonal variations of precipitation and potential evaporation on the annual water balance are explored. It is assumed that the only other factor of significance to annual water balance is a simple process of water storage, and that the relevant storage capacity is the plant-available water-holding capacity of the soil. Under the assumption that precipitation and potential evaporation vary sinusoidally through the year, it is possible to derive an analytic solution of the storage problem, and this yields an expression for the fraction of precipitation that evaporates (and the fraction that runs off) as a function of three dimensionless numbers: the ratio of annual potential evaporation to annual precipitation (index of dryness); an index of the seasonality of the difference between precipitation and potential evaporation; and the ratio of plant-available water-holding capacity to annual precipitation. The solution is applied to the area of the United States east of 105°W, using published information on precipitation, potential evaporation, and plant-available water-holding capacity as inputs, and using an independent analysis of observed river runoff for model evaluation. The model generates an areal mean annual runoff of only 187 mm, which is about 30% less than the observed runoff (263 mm). The discrepancy is suggestive of the importance of runoff-generating mechanisms neglected in the model. These include intraseasonal variability (storminess) of precipitation, spatial variability of storage capacity, and finite infiltration capacity of land.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0309-1708(94)90020-5","usgsCitation":"Milly, P., 1994, Climate, interseasonal storage of soil water, and the annual water balance: Advances in Water Resources, v. 17, no. 1-2, p. 19-24, https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(94)90020-5.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229060,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f658e4b0c8380cd4c6e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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