Excessive fine sediment is a focus of stream restoration work because it can impair the structure and function of streams, but few methods exist for removing sediment in spring-fed streams. We tested a novel method of sediment removal with the potential to have minimal adverse effects on the biological community during the restoration process. The Sand Wand system, a dredgeless vacuum developed by Streamside Technologies, was used to experimentally remove fine sediment from Kackley Springs, a spring creek in southeastern Idaho. We assessed the effects of the Sand Wand on stream physical habitat and macroinvertebrate composition for up to 60 days after the treatment. We documented changes in multiple habitat variables, including stream depth, median particle size, and the frequency of embedded substrate in stream reaches that were treated with the Sand Wand. We also found that macroinvertebrate composition was altered even though common macroinvertebrate metrics changed little after the treatment. Our results suggest that the Sand Wand was effective at removing fine sediments in Kackley Springs and did minimal harm to macroinvertebrate function, but the Sand Wand was not ultimately effective in improving substrate composition to desired conditions. Additional restoration techniques are still needed to decrease the amount of fine sediment.
","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Wisconsin Press","doi":"10.3368/er.32.1.68","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, A.J., Sechrist, J.D., and Marczak, L.B., 2014, Testing ecological tradeoffs of a new tool for removing fine sediment in a spring-fed stream: Ecological Restoration, v. 31, no. 1, p. 68-77, https://doi.org/10.3368/er.32.1.68.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"68","endPage":"77","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-035221","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314558,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-02-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a20f4fe4b0961cf2811c2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, Adam J. 0000-0001-7621-7028 asepulveda@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7621-7028","contributorId":150628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"Adam","email":"asepulveda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sechrist, Juddson D.","contributorId":52472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sechrist","given":"Juddson","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marczak, Laurie B","contributorId":152358,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marczak","given":"Laurie","email":"","middleInitial":"B","affiliations":[{"id":18911,"text":"University of Montana, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70160765,"text":"70160765 - 2014 - Diet composition and fish consumption of double-crested cormorants from three St. Lawrence River colonies in 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-05T12:35:03","indexId":"70160765","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5114,"text":"NYSDEC Lake Ontario Annual Report ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"2013","chapter":"15","title":"Diet composition and fish consumption of double-crested cormorants from three St. Lawrence River colonies in 2013","docAbstract":"Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) were first observed nesting in the upper St. Lawrence River at Strachan Island in 1992. Cormorants now nest at a number of islands in the Thousand Islands section of the river. Griswold, McNair, and Strachan islands are among the largest colonies in the upper river. Until 2011, nest counts had remained relatively stable, ranging from 200 to 603 nests per colony. However, since 2011 the number of nests at McNair Island have exceeded 700 each year. Although the size of cormorant colonies in the upper St. Lawrence River is smaller than those in the eastern basin of Lake Ontario, the close proximity of islands in the upper river that have colonies may cause a cumulative fish consumption effect similar to a larger colony. Because of increasing numbers of Double-crested Cormorants in the upper St. Lawrence River and the possible effects on fish populations, studies were initiated in 1999 to quantify cormorant diet and fish consumption at the three largest colonies. From 1999 to 2012, these studies have shown that cormorants consumed about 128.6 million fish including 37.5 million yellow perch (Perca flavescens), 17.4 million rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) and 1.0 million smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolemieu) (Johnson et al. 2012). During this same time period fish assessment studies near some of these islands have shown a major decrease in yellow perch populations (Klindt 2007). This occurrence is known as the halo effect and happens when piscivorous birds deplete local fish populations in areas immediately surrounding the colony (Ashmole 1963). This paper describes the diet and fish consumption of cormorants in the upper St. Lawrence River in 2013.
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We tested toads from this and a nearby site for the emerging amphibian pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and ranavirus (Rv). Both pathogens were detected, and at the rural pond site, with the above-noted losses and decline in toad breeding success, 40% of B. bufo metamorphs were Bd positive, 46% were Rv positive and 20% were co-infected with both pathogens. Toad metamorphs from a neighbouring water body were also Bd and Rv positive (25 and 55%, respectively). This is the first confirmation of these pathogens in Russia. Questions remain as to the origins of these pathogens in Russia and their roles in documented mass mortality events.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","doi":"10.3354/dao02757","usgsCitation":"Reshetnikov, A.N., Chestnut, T.E., Brunner, J.L., Charles, K.M., Nebergall, E.E., and Olson, D.H., 2014, Detection of the emerging amphibian pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranavirus in Russia: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 110, no. 3, p. 235-240, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02757.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"240","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053409","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02757","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314259,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"Lake Glubokoe Regional Reserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 29.197540283203125,\n 60.48835098696415\n ],\n [\n 29.197540283203125,\n 60.61123754937553\n ],\n [\n 29.459838867187496,\n 60.61123754937553\n ],\n [\n 29.459838867187496,\n 60.48835098696415\n ],\n [\n 29.197540283203125,\n 60.48835098696415\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5697833ae4b039675d00a6d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reshetnikov, Andrey N.","contributorId":149329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reshetnikov","given":"Andrey","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":12617,"text":"A.N. Severtsov Ecology & Evolution Institute, Leninskiy 33, Moscow 119071, Russia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":588476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chestnut, Tara E. chestnut@usgs.gov","contributorId":3921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chestnut","given":"Tara","email":"chestnut@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brunner, Jesse L.","contributorId":152208,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brunner","given":"Jesse","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":588477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Charles, Kaylene M. kcharles@usgs.gov","contributorId":5425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charles","given":"Kaylene","email":"kcharles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":588536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nebergall, Emily E.","contributorId":152221,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nebergall","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Olson, Deanna H.","contributorId":60332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Deanna","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70160811,"text":"70160811 - 2014 - Benthic prey fish assessment, Lake Ontario 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-05T12:20:58","indexId":"70160811","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5114,"text":"NYSDEC Lake Ontario Annual Report ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"2013","chapter":"12","title":"Benthic prey fish assessment, Lake Ontario 2013","docAbstract":"The 2013 benthic fish assessment was delayed and shortened as a result of the U.S. Government shutdown, however the assessment collected 51 of the 62 planned bottom trawls.
Over the past 34 years, Slimy Sculpin abundance in Lake Ontario has fluctuated, but ultimately decreased by two orders of magnitude, with a substantial decline occurring in the past 10 years. The 2013 Slimy Sculpin mean bottom trawl catch density (0.001 ind.·m-2, s.d.= 0.0017, n = 52) and mean biomass density (0.015 g·m-2 , s.d.= 0.038, n = 52) were the lowest recorded in the 27 years of sampling using the original bottom trawl design. From 2011-2013, the Slimy Sculpin density and biomass density has decreased by approximately 50% each year. Spring bottom trawl catches illustrate Slimy Sculpin and Round Goby Neogobius melanostoma winter habitat overlaps for as much as 7 months out of a year, providing opportunities for competition and predation. Invasive species, salmonid piscivory, and declines in native benthic invertebrates are likely all important drivers of Slimy Sculpin population dynamics in Lake Ontario.
Deepwater Sculpin Myoxocephalus thompsonii, considered rare or absent from Lake Ontario for 30 years, have generally increased over the past eight years. For the first time since they were caught in this assessment, Deepwater Sculpin density and biomass density estimates declined from the previous year. The 2013 abundance and density estimates for trawls covering the standard depths from 60m to 150m was 0.0001 fish per square meter and 0.0028 grams per square meter. In 2013, very few small (< 80 mm) Deepwater Sculpin were caught and most sculpin were at sites of 150 meters or greater, which is in contrast to previous years when juvenile fish were caught around 80-100 meters. The reduced effort and late seasonal timing of the 2013 assessment make it difficult to have high confidence in declines observed in 2013, however observed Alewife Alosa psuedoharengus abundance increases and reduced juvenile Deepwater Sculpin catches are consistent with the hypothesis that Alewife negatively influence Deepwater Sculpin recruitment.
Nonnative Round Gobies were first detected in the USGS/NYSDEC Lake Ontario spring Alewife assessment in 2002. Since that assessment, observations indicate their population has expanded and they are now found along the entire south shore of Lake Ontario, with the highest densities in U.S. waters just east of the Niagara River confluence. In the 2013 spring-based assessment, both the abundance and weight indices increased slightly as compared to 2012. The number index value of 16.6 was 30% of the maximum number observed in 2008 when the number index was 95.2. Round Goby density estimates from the 2013 fall benthic prey fish survey were 33 times greater than fall Slimy Sculpin density, indicating Round Goby are now the dominant Lake Ontario benthic prey fish.
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bweidel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6095-2773","contributorId":2485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weidel","given":"Brian","email":"bweidel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walsh, Maureen 0000-0001-7846-5025 mwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7846-5025","contributorId":3659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Maureen","email":"mwalsh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Connerton, Michael J.","contributorId":25495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Connerton","given":"Michael J.","affiliations":[{"id":13678,"text":"New York State Department of Environmental 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Processes operating to control diagenetic pathways in mudstones are poorly known compared to analogous processes occurring in other sedimentary rocks. Selected organic-carbon-rich mudstones, from the Kimmeridge Clay and Monterey Formations, have been investigated to determine how varying starting compositions influence diagenesis.
The sampled Kimmeridge Clay Formation mudstones are organized into thin homogenous beds, composed mainly of siliciclastic detritus, with some constituents derived from water-column production (e.g., coccoliths, S-depleted type-II kerogen, as much as 52.6% total organic carbon [TOC]) and others from diagenesis (e.g., pyrite, carbonate, and kaolinite). The sampled Monterey Formation mudstones are organized into thin beds that exhibit pelleted wavy lamination, and are predominantly composed of production-derived components including diatoms, coccoliths, and foraminifera, in addition to type-IIS kerogen (as much as 16.5% TOC), and apatite and silica cements.
During early burial of the studied Kimmeridge Clay Formation mudstones, the availability of detrital Fe(III) and reactive clay minerals caused carbonate- and silicate-buffering reactions to operate effectively and the pore waters to be Fe(II) rich. These conditions led to pyrite, iron-poor carbonates, and kaolinite cements precipitating, preserved organic carbon being S-depleted, and sweet hydrocarbons being generated. In contrast, during the diagenesis of the sampled Monterey Formation mudstones, sulfide oxidation, coupled with opal dissolution and the reduced availability of both Fe(III) and reactive siliciclastic detritus, meant that the pore waters were poorly buffered and locally acidic. These conditions resulted in local carbonate dissolution, apatite and silica cements precipitation, natural kerogen sulfurization, and sour hydrocarbons generation.
Differences in mud composition at deposition significantly influence subsequent diagenesis. These differences impact their source rock attributes and mechanical properties.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAPG","doi":"10.1306/08201311176","usgsCitation":"Keller, M.A., Macquaker, J.H., Taylor, K.G., and Polya, D., 2014, Compositional controls on early diagenetic pathways in fine-grained sedimentary rocks: Implications for predicting unconventional reservoir attributes of mudstones: AAPG Bulletin, v. 98, no. 3, p. 587-603, https://doi.org/10.1306/08201311176.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"587","endPage":"603","ipdsId":"IP-035079","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347163,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59eeffade4b0220bbd988fcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keller, Margaret A. mkeller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Margaret","email":"mkeller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":714207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Macquaker, Joe H.S.","contributorId":143669,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Macquaker","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"H.S.","affiliations":[{"id":15294,"text":"Univ. of Newfoundland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":714209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Taylor, Kevin G.","contributorId":197749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":714210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Polya, David","contributorId":197748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Polya","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":714208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70193619,"text":"70193619 - 2014 - Volcanic tremor masks its seismogenic source: Results from a study of noneruptive tremor recorded at Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-05T09:40:22","indexId":"70193619","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic tremor masks its seismogenic source: Results from a study of noneruptive tremor recorded at Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"On 2 October 2004, a significant noneruptive tremor episode occurred during the buildup to the 2004–2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens (Washington). This episode was remarkable both because no explosion followed, and because seismicity abruptly stopped following the episode. This sequence motivated us to consider a model for volcanic tremor that does not involve energetic gas release from magma but does involve movement of conduit magma through extension on its way toward the surface. We found that the tremor signal was composed entirely of Love and Rayleigh waves and that its spectral bandwidth increased and decreased with signal amplitude, with broader bandwidth signals containing both higher and lower frequencies. Our modeling results demonstrate that the forces giving rise to this tremor were largely normal to conduit walls, generating hybrid head waves along conduit walls that are coupled to internally reflected waves. Together these form a crucial part of conduit resonance, giving tremor wavefields that are largely a function of waveguide geometry and velocity. We find that the mechanism of tremor generation fundamentally masks the nature of the seismogenic source giving rise to resonance. Thus multiple models can be invoked to explain volcanic tremor, requiring that information from other sources (such as visual observations, geodesy, geology, and gas geochemistry) be used to constrain source models. With concurrent GPS and field data supporting rapid rise of magma, we infer that tremor resulted from drag of nearly solid magma along rough conduit walls as magma was forced toward the surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/2013JB010698","usgsCitation":"Denlinger, R.P., and Moran, S.C., 2014, Volcanic tremor masks its seismogenic source: Results from a study of noneruptive tremor recorded at Mount St. Helens, Washington: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 119, no. 3, p. 2230-2251, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JB010698.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"2230","endPage":"2251","ipdsId":"IP-051670","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jb010698","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":348092,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.29362487792969,\n 46.13845231463026\n ],\n [\n -122.10617065429688,\n 46.13845231463026\n ],\n [\n -122.10617065429688,\n 46.26771487683375\n ],\n [\n -122.29362487792969,\n 46.26771487683375\n ],\n [\n -122.29362487792969,\n 46.13845231463026\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fc2eabe4b0531197b27fae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denlinger, Roger P. 0000-0003-0930-0635 roger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0930-0635","contributorId":2679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"Roger","email":"roger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, Seth C. 0000-0001-7308-9649 smoran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7308-9649","contributorId":548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Seth","email":"smoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70194142,"text":"70194142 - 2014 - Mercury dynamics in a coastal aquifer: Maunalua Bay, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T15:08:25","indexId":"70194142","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury dynamics in a coastal aquifer: Maunalua Bay, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi","docAbstract":"We evaluated the influence of groundwater–seawater interaction on mercury dynamics in Maunalua Bay, a coral reef ecosystem located on the south shore of Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi, by combining geochemical data with submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) rates. During a rising tide, unfiltered total mercury (U-HgT) concentrations in seawater increased from ∼6 to 20 pM at Black Point (west Bay) and from ∼2.5 to 8 pM at Niu (central Bay). We attribute this change to an increase in suspended particulate matter at high tide. Approximately 90% of mercury in groundwater at Niu was in the filtered (<0.45 μm) fraction, with a concentration of ∼4 pM. Groundwater discharge during a period of amplified SGD at Niu appeared to contribute to an increase in total mercury concentrations in filtered seawater (F-HgT; 1.2 to 2.4 pM) and in unfiltered seawater (U-HgT; 2.5 to 3.2 pM). The larger magnitude of change in F-HgT relative to U-HgT suggests mercury complexation and/or solubility dynamics in seawater were altered by the addition of groundwater. We used site specific 222Rn derived SGD flux estimates and groundwater F-HgT concentrations to calculate mercury loadings at Black Point (∼3 nmol m−2 d−1) and at Niu (∼1 nmol m−2 d−1). We calculated a weighted average Maunalua Bay groundwater mercury flux of 0.68 ± 0.67 mol yr−1 by combining the proportional flux of F-HgT from three distinct SGD zones, and place these results into a broader context by comparing and contrasting flux estimates from locations around the world. Results from existing SGD studies should be evaluated to develop future sampling strategies that address more targeted questions about mercury biogeochemical cycling at the groundwater–seawater interface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecss.2014.01.012","usgsCitation":"Ganguli, P.M., Swarzenski, P.W., Dulaiova, H., Glenn, C.R., and Flegal, A.R., 2014, Mercury dynamics in a coastal aquifer: Maunalua Bay, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 140, p. 52-65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.01.012.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"52","endPage":"65","ipdsId":"IP-051822","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352960,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Maunalua Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.36517333984375,\n 21.160080508753136\n ],\n [\n -157.57278442382812,\n 21.160080508753136\n ],\n [\n -157.57278442382812,\n 21.783731071583155\n ],\n [\n -158.36517333984375,\n 21.783731071583155\n ],\n [\n -158.36517333984375,\n 21.160080508753136\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"140","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afeedebe4b0da30c1bfc73a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ganguli, Priya M.","contributorId":147439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ganguli","given":"Priya","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6948,"text":"UC Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":722337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swarzenski, Peter W. 0000-0003-0116-0578 pswarzen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":1070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"Peter","email":"pswarzen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":722336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dulaiova, Henrieta","contributorId":184206,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dulaiova","given":"Henrieta","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glenn, Craig R.","contributorId":200438,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glenn","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Flegal, A. Russell","contributorId":200439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flegal","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Russell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70156244,"text":"70156244 - 2014 - Soil criteria to protect terrestrial wildlife and open-range livestock from metal toxicity at mining sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-18T08:42:53","indexId":"70156244","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil criteria to protect terrestrial wildlife and open-range livestock from metal toxicity at mining sites","docAbstract":"Thousands of hard rock mines exist in the western USA and in other parts of the world as a result of historic and current gold, silver, lead, and mercury mining. Many of these sites in the USA are on public lands. Typical mine waste associated with these sites are tailings and waste rock dumps that may be used by wildlife and open-range livestock. This report provides wildlife screening criteria levels for metals in soil and mine waste to evaluate risk and to determine the need for site-specific risk assessment, remediation, or a change in management practices. The screening levels are calculated from toxicity reference values based on maximum tolerable levels of metals in feed, on soil and plant ingestion rates, and on soil to plant uptake factors for a variety of receptors. The metals chosen for this report are common toxic metals found at mining sites: arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc. The resulting soil screening values are well above those developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The difference in values was mainly a result of using toxicity reference values that were more specific to the receptors addressed rather than the most sensitive receptor.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10661-013-3503-x","collaboration":"Karl L. Ford, Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Ford, K.L., and Beyer, W.N., 2014, Soil criteria to protect terrestrial wildlife and open-range livestock from metal toxicity at mining sites: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 186, no. 3, p. 1899-1905, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3503-x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1899","endPage":"1905","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052580","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306830,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":306771,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10661-013-3503-x"}],"volume":"186","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d45734e4b0518e354694f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ford, Karl L","contributorId":146544,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ford","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":16722,"text":"US Bureau of Land Management","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beyer, W. Nelson 0000-0002-8911-9141 nbeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-9141","contributorId":3301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"W.","email":"nbeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Nelson","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70150414,"text":"70150414 - 2014 - Reservoir floodplains support distinct fish assemblages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-24T14:16:04","indexId":"70150414","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reservoir floodplains support distinct fish assemblages","docAbstract":"Reservoirs constructed on floodplain rivers are unique because the upper reaches of the impoundment may include extensive floodplain environments. Moreover, reservoirs that experience large periodic water level fluctuations as part of their operational objectives seasonally inundate and dewater floodplains in their upper reaches, partly mimicking natural inundations of river floodplains. In four flood control reservoirs in Mississippi, USA, we explored the dynamics of connectivity between reservoirs and adjacent floodplains and the characteristics of fish assemblages that develop in reservoir floodplains relative to those that develop in reservoir bays. Although fish species richness in floodplains and bays were similar, species composition differed. Floodplains emphasized fish species largely associated with backwater shallow environments, often resistant to harsh environmental conditions. Conversely, dominant species in bays represented mainly generalists that benefit from the continuous connectivity between the bay and the main reservoir. Floodplains in the study reservoirs provided desirable vegetated habitats at lower water level elevations, earlier in the year, and more frequently than in bays. Inundating dense vegetation in bays requires raising reservoir water levels above the levels required to reach floodplains. Therefore, aside from promoting distinct fish assemblages within reservoirs and helping promote diversity in regulated rivers, reservoir floodplains are valued because they can provide suitable vegetated habitats for fish species at elevations below the normal pool, precluding the need to annually flood upland vegetation that would inevitably be impaired by regular flooding. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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smiranda@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2138-7924","contributorId":531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miranda","given":"Leandro","email":"smiranda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":556812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wigen, S. L.","contributorId":143698,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wigen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":556829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dagel, Jonah D.","contributorId":143699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dagel","given":"Jonah","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":556830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70154815,"text":"70154815 - 2014 - Mercury bioaccumulation in Southern Appalachian birds, assessed through feather concentrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-13T13:55:54","indexId":"70154815","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1479,"text":"Ecotoxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury bioaccumulation in Southern Appalachian birds, assessed through feather concentrations","docAbstract":"Mercury contamination in wildlife has rarely been studied in the Southern Appalachians despite high deposition rates in the region. From 2006 to 2008 we sampled feathers from 458 birds representing 32 species in the Southern Appalachians for total mercury and stable isotope δ 15N. Mercury concentrations (mean ± SE) averaged 0.46 ± 0.02 μg g−1 (range 0.01–3.74 μg g−1). Twelve of 32 species had individuals (7 % of all birds sampled) with mercury concentrations higher than 1 μg g−1. Mercury concentrations were 17 % higher in juveniles compared to adults (n = 454). In adults, invertivores has higher mercury levels compared to omnivores. Mercury was highest at low-elevation sites near water, however mercury was detected in all birds, including those in the high elevations (1,000–2,000 m). Relative trophic position, calculated from δ 15N, ranged from 2.13 to 4.87 across all birds. We fitted linear mixed-effects models to the data separately for juveniles and year-round resident adults. In adults, mercury concentrations were 2.4 times higher in invertivores compared to omnivores. Trophic position was the main effect explaining mercury levels in juveniles, with an estimated 0.18 ± 0.08 μg g−1 increase in feather mercury for each one unit rise in trophic position. Our research demonstrates that mercury is biomagnifying in birds within this terrestrial mountainous system, and further research is warranted for animals foraging at higher trophic levels, particularly those associated with aquatic environments downslope from montane areas receiving high mercury deposition.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10646-013-1174-6","usgsCitation":"Keller, R.H., Xie, L., Buchwalter, D.B., Franzreb, K.E., and Simons, T.R., 2014, Mercury bioaccumulation in Southern Appalachian birds, assessed through feather concentrations: Ecotoxicology, v. 23, no. 2, p. 304-316, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-013-1174-6.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"304","endPage":"316","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044870","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306667,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-01-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55cdbfb8e4b08400b1fe1414","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keller, Rebecca Hylton","contributorId":12213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"Hylton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xie, Lingtian","contributorId":65209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xie","given":"Lingtian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buchwalter, David B.","contributorId":11927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchwalter","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Franzreb, Kathleen E.","contributorId":146487,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Franzreb","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Simons, Theodore R. 0000-0002-1884-6229 tsimons@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1884-6229","contributorId":2623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"Theodore","email":"tsimons@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70150417,"text":"70150417 - 2014 - Fish depth distributions in the Lower Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-24T13:33:15","indexId":"70150417","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fish depth distributions in the Lower Mississippi River","docAbstract":"A substantial body of literature exists about depth distribution of fish in oceans, lakes and reservoirs, but less is known about fish depth distribution in large rivers. Most of the emphasis on fish distributions in rivers has focused on longitudinal and latitudinal spatial distributions. Knowledge on depth distribution is necessary to understand species and community habitat needs. Considering this void, our goal was to identify patterns in fish benthic distribution along depth gradients in the Lower Mississippi River. Fish were collected over 14 years in depths down to 27 m. Fish exhibited non-random depth distributions that varied seasonally and according to species. Species richness was highest in shallow water, with about 50% of the 62 species detected no longer collected in water deeper than 8 m and about 75% no longer collected in water deeper than 12 m. Although richness was highest in shallow water, most species were not restricted to shallow water. Rather, most species used a wide range of depths. A weak depth zonation occurred, not as strong as that reported for deep oceans and lakes. Larger fish tended to occur in deeper water during the high-water period of an annual cycle, but no correlation was evident during the low-water period. The advent of landscape ecology has guided river research to search for spatial patterns along the length of the river and associated floodplains. Our results suggest that fish assemblages in large rivers are also structured vertically.
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Maximizing restoration benefits and increasing efficiency of shellfish restoration activities would greatly benefit from understanding and measurement of system responses to management activities. This project (1) compiles a database of northern Gulf of Mexico inshore artificial oyster reefs created for restoration purposes, and (2) quantitatively assesses a subset of reefs to determine project outcomes. We documented 259 artificial inshore reefs created for ecological restoration. Information on reef material, reef design and monitoring was located for 94, 43 and 20% of the reefs identified. To quantify restoration success, we used diver surveys to quantitatively sample oyster density and substrate volume of 11 created reefs across the coast (7 with rock; 4 with shell), paired with 7 historic reefs. Reefs were defined as fully successful if there were live oysters, and partially successful if there was hard substrate. Of these created reefs, 73% were fully successful, while 82% were partially successful. These data highlight that critical information related to reef design, cost, and success remain difficult to find and are generally inaccessible or lost, ultimately hindering efforts to maximize restoration success rates. Maintenance of reef creation information data, development of standard reef performance measures, and inclusion of material and reef design testing within reef creation projects would be highly beneficial in implementing adaptive management. Adaptive management protocols seek specifically to maximize short and long-term restoration success, but are critically dependent on tracking and measuring system responses to management activities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.12.002","usgsCitation":"LaPeyre, M.K., Furlong, J.N., Brown, L.A., Piazza, B.P., and Brown, K., 2014, Oyster reef restoration in the northern Gulf of Mexico: extent, methods and outcomes: Ocean and Coastal Management, v. 89, p. 20-28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.12.002.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"20","endPage":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-046200","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305945,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 27.916766641249065\n ],\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 31.005862904624205\n ],\n [\n -84.847412109375,\n 31.005862904624205\n ],\n [\n -84.847412109375,\n 27.916766641249065\n ],\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 27.916766641249065\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55b361b6e4b09a3b01b5dab3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaPeyre, Megan K. 0000-0001-9936-2252 mlapeyre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9936-2252","contributorId":585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaPeyre","given":"Megan","email":"mlapeyre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":549056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Furlong, Jessica N.","contributorId":145458,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Furlong","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Laura A.","contributorId":145457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piazza, Bryan P.","contributorId":11022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piazza","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, Ken","contributorId":145926,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70190469,"text":"70190469 - 2014 - Distinguishing between tectonic and lithologic controls on bedrock channel longitudinal profiles using cosmogenic 10Be erosion rates and channel steepness index","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-01T10:10:41","indexId":"70190469","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Distinguishing between tectonic and lithologic controls on bedrock channel longitudinal profiles using cosmogenic 10Be erosion rates and channel steepness index","title":"Distinguishing between tectonic and lithologic controls on bedrock channel longitudinal profiles using cosmogenic 10Be erosion rates and channel steepness index","docAbstract":"Knickpoints in fluvial channel longitudinal profiles and channel steepness index values derived from digital elevation data can be used to detect tectonic structures and infer spatial patterns of uplift. However, changes in lithologic resistance to channel incision can also influence the morphology of longitudinal profiles. We compare the spatial patterns of both channel steepness index and cosmogenic 10Be-determined erosion rates from four landscapes in Italy, where the geology and tectonics are well constrained, to four theoretical predictions of channel morphologies, which can be interpreted as the result of primarily tectonic or lithologic controls. These data indicate that longitudinal profile forms controlled by unsteady or nonuniform tectonics can be distinguished from those controlled by nonuniform lithologic resistance. In each landscape the distribution of channel steepness index and erosion rates is consistent with model predictions and demonstrates that cosmogenic nuclide methods can be applied to distinguish between these two controlling factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.12.010","usgsCitation":"Cyr, A.J., Granger, D., Olivetti, V., and Molin, P., 2014, Distinguishing between tectonic and lithologic controls on bedrock channel longitudinal profiles using cosmogenic 10Be erosion rates and channel steepness index: Geomorphology, v. 209, p. 27-38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.12.010.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"38","ipdsId":"IP-025041","costCenters":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345413,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"209","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59aa71dae4b0e9bde130cff0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cyr, Andrew J. 0000-0003-2293-5395 acyr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2293-5395","contributorId":3539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cyr","given":"Andrew","email":"acyr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":709329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Granger, Darryl E.","contributorId":40137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granger","given":"Darryl E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Olivetti, Valerio","contributorId":191611,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olivetti","given":"Valerio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Molin, Paola","contributorId":196097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Molin","given":"Paola","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70189231,"text":"70189231 - 2014 - Wildland fire ash: Production, composition and eco-hydro-geomorphic effects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-06T11:37:27","indexId":"70189231","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1431,"text":"Earth-Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wildland fire ash: Production, composition and eco-hydro-geomorphic effects","docAbstract":"Fire transforms fuels (i.e. biomass, necromass, soil organic matter) into materials with different chemical and physical properties. One of these materials is ash, which is the particulate residue remaining or deposited on the ground that consists of mineral materials and charred organic components. The quantity and characteristics of ash produced during a wildland fire depend mainly on (1) the total burned fuel (i.e. fuel load), (2) fuel type and (3) its combustion completeness. For a given fuel load and type, a higher combustion completeness will reduce the ash organic carbon content, increasing the relative mineral content, and hence reducing total mass of ash produced. The homogeneity and thickness of the ash layer can vary substantially in space and time and reported average thicknesses range from close to 0 to 50 mm. Ash is a highly mobile material that, after its deposition, may be incorporated into the soil profile, redistributed or removed from a burned site within days or weeks by wind and water erosion to surface depressions, footslopes, streams, lakes, reservoirs and, potentially, into marine deposits.
Research on the composition, properties and effects of ash on the burned ecosystem has been conducted on material collected in the field after wildland and prescribed fires as well as on material produced in the laboratory. At low combustion completeness (typically T < 450 °C), ash is organic-rich, with organic carbon as the main component. At high combustion completeness (T > 450 °C), most organic carbon is volatized and the remaining mineral ash has elevated pH when in solution. It is composed mainly of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, silicon and phosphorous in the form of inorganic carbonates, whereas at T > 580 °C the most common forms are oxides. Ash produced under lower combustion completeness is usually darker, coarser, and less dense and has a higher saturated hydraulic conductivity than ash with higher combustion completeness, although physical reactions with CO2 and when moistened produce further changes in ash characteristics.
As a new material present after a wildland fire, ash can have profound effects on ecosystems. It affects biogeochemical cycles, including the C cycle, not only within the burned area, but also globally. Ash incorporated into the soil increases temporarily soil pH and nutrient pools and changes physical properties such as albedo, soil texture and hydraulic properties including water repellency. Ash modifies soil hydrologic behavior by creating a two-layer system: the soil and the ash layer, which can function in different ways depending on (1) ash depth and type, (2) soil type and (3) rainfall characteristics. Key parameters are the ash's water holding capacity, hydraulic conductivity and its potential to clog soil pores. Runoff from burned areas carries soluble nutrients contained in ash, which can lead to problems for potable water supplies. Ash deposition also stimulates soil microbial activity and vegetation growth.
Further work is needed to (1) standardize methods for investigating ash and its effects on the ecosystem, (2) characterize ash properties for specific ecosystems and wildland fire types, (3) determine the effects of ash on human and ecosystem health, especially when transported by wind or water, (4) investigate ash's controls on water and soil losses at slope and catchment scales, (5) examine its role in the C cycle, and (6) study its redistribution and fate in the environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.12.007","usgsCitation":"Bodi, M.B., Martin, D.A., Balfour, V.N., Santin, C., Doerr, S.H., Pereira, P., Cerda, A., and Mataix-Solera, J., 2014, Wildland fire ash: Production, composition and eco-hydro-geomorphic effects: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 130, p. 103-127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.12.007.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"127","ipdsId":"IP-053418","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343399,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595f4c42e4b0d1f9f057e360","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodi, Merche B.","contributorId":194266,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bodi","given":"Merche","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Deborah A. 0000-0001-8237-0838 damartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8237-0838","contributorId":168662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Deborah","email":"damartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Balfour, Victoria N.","contributorId":194267,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Balfour","given":"Victoria","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Santin, Cristina","contributorId":194268,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Santin","given":"Cristina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Doerr, Stefan H.","contributorId":194269,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doerr","given":"Stefan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pereira, Paulo","contributorId":194270,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pereira","given":"Paulo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cerda, Artemi","contributorId":194271,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cerda","given":"Artemi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mataix-Solera, Jorge","contributorId":194272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mataix-Solera","given":"Jorge","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70187418,"text":"70187418 - 2014 - Productivity and linkages of the food web of the southern region of the western Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-02T13:18:55","indexId":"70187418","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3194,"text":"Progress in Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Productivity and linkages of the food web of the southern region of the western Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf","docAbstract":"The productivity and linkages in the food web of the southern region of the west Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf were investigated using a multi-trophic level mass balance model. Data collected during the Southern Ocean Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics field program were combined with data from the literature on the abundance and diet composition of zooplankton, fish, seabirds and marine mammals to calculate energy flows in the food web and to infer the overall food web structure at the annual level. Sensitivity analyses investigated the effects of variability in growth and biomass of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and in the biomass of Antarctic krill predators on the structure and energy fluxes in the food web. Scenario simulations provided insights into the potential responses of the food web to a reduced contribution of large phytoplankton (diatom) production to total primary production, and to reduced consumption of primary production by Antarctic krill and mesozooplankton coincident with increased consumption by microzooplankton and salps. Model-derived estimates of primary production were 187–207 g C m−2 y−1, which are consistent with observed values (47–351 g C m−2 y−1). Simulations showed that Antarctic krill provide the majority of energy needed to sustain seabird and marine mammal production, thereby exerting a bottom-up control on higher trophic level predators. Energy transfer to top predators via mesozooplanton was a less efficient pathway, and salps were a production loss pathway because little of the primary production they consumed was passed to higher trophic levels. Increased predominance of small phytoplankton (nanoflagellates and cryptophytes) reduced the production of Antarctic krill and of its predators, including seabirds and seals.
How wildlife social and resource networks are distributed on the landscape and how animals respond to resource loss are important aspects of behavioral ecology. For bats, understanding these responses may improve conservation efforts and provide insights into adaptations to environmental conditions. We tracked maternity colonies of northern bats (Myotis septentrionalis) at Fort Knox, Kentucky, USA to evaluate their social and resource networks and space use. Roost and social network structure differed between maternity colonies. Overall roost availability did not appear to be strongly related to network characteristics or space use. In simulations for our two largest networks, roost removal was related linearly to network fragmentation; despite this, networks were relatively robust, requiring removal of >20% of roosts to cause network fragmentation. Results from our analyses indicate that northern bat behavior and space use may differ among colonies and potentially across the maternity season. Simulation results suggest that colony social structure is robust to fragmentation caused by random loss of small numbers of roosts. Flexible social dynamics and tolerance of roost loss may be adaptive strategies for coping with ephemeral conditions in dynamic forest habitats.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.beproc.2014.01.016","usgsCitation":"Silvis, A., Ford, W.M., Britzke, E.R., and Johnson, J.B., 2014, Association, roost use and simulated disruption of Myotis septentrionalis maternity colonies: Behavioural Processes, v. 103, p. 283-290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2014.01.016.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"290","ipdsId":"IP-045739","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340668,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59084933e4b0fc4e448ffd84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Silvis, Alexander","contributorId":171585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Silvis","given":"Alexander","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":26923,"text":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":693742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ford, W. Mark wford@usgs.gov","contributorId":3858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"W.","email":"wford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":693732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Britzke, Eric R.","contributorId":8327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britzke","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Joshua B.","contributorId":171598,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70188364,"text":"70188364 - 2014 - The profound reach of the 11 April 2012 M 8.6 Indian Ocean earthquake: Short‐term global triggering followed by a longer‐term global shadow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T11:46:41","indexId":"70188364","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The profound reach of the 11 April 2012 M 8.6 Indian Ocean earthquake: Short‐term global triggering followed by a longer‐term global shadow","docAbstract":"The 11 April 2012 M 8.6 Indian Ocean earthquake was an unusually large intraoceanic strike‐slip event. For several days, the global M≥4.5 and M≥6.5 seismicity rate at remote distances (i.e., thousands of kilometers from the mainshock) was elevated. The strike‐slip mainshock appears through its Love waves to have triggered a global burst of strike‐slip aftershocks over several days. But the M≥6.5 rate subsequently dropped to zero for the succeeding 95 days, although the M≤6.0 global rate was close to background during this period. Such an extended period without an M≥6.5 event has happened rarely over the past century, and never after a large mainshock. Quiescent periods following previous large (M≥8) mainshocks over the past century are either much shorter or begin so long after a given mainshock that no physical interpretation is warranted. The 2012 mainshock is unique in terms of both the short‐lived global increase and subsequent long quiescent period. We believe that the two components are linked and interpret this pattern as the product of dynamic stressing of a global system of faults. Transient dynamic stresses can encourage short‐term triggering, but, paradoxically, it can also inhibit rupture temporarily until background tectonic loading restores the system to its premainshock stress levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120130078","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., Burgmann, R., Stein, R.S., and Sevilgen, V., 2014, The profound reach of the 11 April 2012 M 8.6 Indian Ocean earthquake: Short‐term global triggering followed by a longer‐term global shadow: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 104, no. 2, p. 972-984, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120130078.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"972","endPage":"984","ipdsId":"IP-044296","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342227,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"593910b4e4b0764e6c5e88dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, Frederick 0000-0002-4060-2706 fpollitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4060-2706","contributorId":139578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"Frederick","email":"fpollitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burgmann, Roland","contributorId":192700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burgmann","given":"Roland","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stein, Ross S. 0000-0001-7586-3933 rstein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-3933","contributorId":2604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Ross","email":"rstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sevilgen, Volkan vsevilgen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sevilgen","given":"Volkan","email":"vsevilgen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":697408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70182175,"text":"70182175 - 2014 - CO2 and CH4 emissions from streams in a lake-rich landscape: Patterns, controls, and regional significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T16:36:33","indexId":"70182175","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"CO2 and CH4 emissions from streams in a lake-rich landscape: Patterns, controls, and regional significance","docAbstract":"Aquatic ecosystems are important components of landscape carbon budgets. In lake-rich landscapes, both lakes and streams may be important sources of carbon gases (CO2 and CH4) to the atmosphere, but the processes that control gas concentrations and emissions in these interconnected landscapes have not been adequately addressed. We use multiple data sets that vary in their spatial and temporal extent during 2001–2012 to investigate the carbon gas source strength of streams in a lake-rich landscape and to determine the contribution of lakes, metabolism, and groundwater to stream CO2 and CH4. We show that streams emit roughly the same mass of CO2 (23.4 Gg C yr−1; 0.49 mol CO2 m−2 d−1) as lakes at a regional scale (27 Gg C yr−1) and that stream CH4 emissions (189 Mg C yr−1; 8.46 mmol CH4 m−2 d−1) are an important component of the regional greenhouse gas balance. Gas transfer velocity variability (range = 0.34 to 13.5 m d−1) contributed to the variability of gas flux in this landscape. Groundwater inputs and in-stream metabolism control stream gas supersaturation at the landscape scale, while carbon cycling in lakes and deep groundwaters does not control downstream gas emissions. Our results indicate the need to consider connectivity of all aquatic ecosystems (lakes, streams, wetlands, and groundwater) in lake-rich landscapes and their connections with the terrestrial environment in order to understand the full nature of the carbon cycle.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2013GB004661","usgsCitation":"Crawford, J.T., Lottig, N.R., Stanley, E.H., Walker, J.F., Hanson, P.C., Finlay, J.C., and Striegl, R.G., 2014, CO2 and CH4 emissions from streams in a lake-rich landscape: Patterns, controls, and regional significance: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 28, no. 3, p. 197-210, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004661.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"210","ipdsId":"IP-046128","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335834,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ac0e31e4b0ce4410e7d604","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crawford, John T. 0000-0003-4440-6945 jtcrawford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4440-6945","contributorId":4081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"John","email":"jtcrawford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lottig, Noah R.","contributorId":172031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lottig","given":"Noah","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanley, Emily H.","contributorId":55725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stanley","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":12951,"text":"Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walker, John F. jfwalker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"John","email":"jfwalker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hanson, Paul C.","contributorId":35634,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanson","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12951,"text":"Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Finlay, Jacques C.","contributorId":19695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finlay","given":"Jacques","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":669882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70186163,"text":"70186163 - 2014 - Mineral Resource of the Month: Talc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T10:48:35","indexId":"70186163","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1419,"text":"Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral Resource of the Month: Talc","docAbstract":"When people think of talc, they often think of talcum and baby powder. However, these uses of talc are minor compared to its use in industrial manufacturing. The leading use of talc in the United States is in the production of ceramics, where it is a source of magnesium oxide, serves as a flux to reduce firing temperatures, and improves thermal shock characteristics of the final product. Worldwide, the major use of talc is as a paper constituent, where it fills the interstices between cellulose paper fibers, reduces paper transparency, improves ink receptivity, and absorbs undesirable tree sap residues that can generate blemishes in the paper.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGI","usgsCitation":"Virta, R.L., and Van Gosen, B.S., 2014, Mineral Resource of the Month: Talc: Earth, v. March 2014, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","ipdsId":"IP-052602","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338941,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338825,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/mineral-resource-month-talc"}],"volume":"March 2014","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6ac7e4b02ff32c6aea67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Virta, Robert L. rvirta@usgs.gov","contributorId":395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virta","given":"Robert","email":"rvirta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Gosen, Bradley S. 0000-0003-4214-3811 bvangose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4214-3811","contributorId":1174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Gosen","given":"Bradley","email":"bvangose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187195,"text":"70187195 - 2014 - Reconstructing suspended sediment mercury contamination of a steep, gravel-bed river using reservoir theory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-26T10:34:42","indexId":"70187195","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1541,"text":"Environmental Geosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconstructing suspended sediment mercury contamination of a steep, gravel-bed river using reservoir theory","docAbstract":"We use sediment ages and mercury (Hg) concentrations to estimate past and future concentrations in the South River, Virginia, where Hg was released between 1930 and 1950 from a manufacturing process related to nylon production. In a previous study, along a 40 km (25 mi) reach, samples were collected from 26 of 54 fine-grained deposits that formed in the lee of large wood obstructions in the channel and analyzed for grain size, Hg concentration, and organic content. We also obtained radiometric dates from six deposits. To create a history that reflects the full concentration distribution (which contains concentrations as high as 900 mg/kg [900 ppm]), here, we treat the deposits as a single reservoir exchanging contaminated sediments with the overlying water column, and assume that the total sediment mass in storage and the distribution of sediment ages are time invariant. We use reservoir theory to reconstruct the annual history of Hg concentration on suspended sediment using data from our previous study and new results presented here. Many different reconstructed histories fit our data. To constrain results, we use information from a well-preserved core (and our estimate of the total mass of Hg stored in 2007) to specify the years associated with the peak concentration of 900 mg/kg. Our results indicate that around 850 kg (1874 lb) of Hg was stored in the deposits between 1955 and 1961, compared to only 80 kg (176 lb) today. Simulations of future Hg remediation suggest that 100-yr timescales will be needed for the South River to remove Hg-contaminated sediments from the channel perimeter through natural processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/eg.08151313007","usgsCitation":"Skalak, K., and Pizzuto, J., 2014, Reconstructing suspended sediment mercury contamination of a steep, gravel-bed river using reservoir theory: Environmental Geosciences, v. 20, no. 1, p. 17-35, https://doi.org/10.1306/eg.08151313007.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"35","ipdsId":"IP-045487","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340438,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5901b1c0e4b0c2e071a99bb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skalak, Katherine 0000-0003-4122-1240 kskalak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4122-1240","contributorId":3990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skalak","given":"Katherine","email":"kskalak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pizzuto, James","contributorId":12366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pizzuto","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70189096,"text":"70189096 - 2014 - When water, gravity and geology collide: Firsthand observations of the impacts of the 2013 Colorado floods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-29T21:19:11.873266","indexId":"70189096","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-28T16:16:26","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1422,"text":"Earth Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"When water, gravity and geology collide: Firsthand observations of the impacts of the 2013 Colorado floods","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geosciences Institute","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G.S., 2014, When water, gravity and geology collide: Firsthand observations of the impacts of the 2013 Colorado floods: Earth Magazine, v. 59, no. 2, p. 29-34.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"34","ipdsId":"IP-053190","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":379939,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Central America and the Caribbean Basin"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-12T17:03:35.638028","indexId":"sir20105090I","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-28T14:29:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5090","chapter":"I","title":"Porphyry copper assessment of Central America and the Caribbean Basin","docAbstract":"Mineral resource assessments provide a synthesis of available information about distributions of mineral deposits in the Earth’s crust. The U.S. Geological Survey prepared a probabilistic mineral resource assessment of undiscovered resources in porphyry copper deposits in Central America and the Caribbean Basin in collaboration with geoscientists from academia and the minerals industry. The purpose of the study was to (1) delineate permissive areas (tracts) for undiscovered porphyry copper deposits within 1 kilometer of the surface at a scale of 1:1,000,000; (2) provide a database of known porphyry copper deposits and significant prospects; (3) estimate numbers of undiscovered deposits within the permissive tracts; and (4) provide probabilistic estimates of amounts of copper, molybdenum, gold, and silver that could be contained in undiscovered deposits. The assessment was done using a three-part mineral resource assessment based on established mineral deposit models. Permissive tracts were delineated based primarily on distributions of mapped igneous rocks related to magmatic arcs that formed in tectonic settings associated with convergent plate margins. Five permissive tracts were delineated: the Early Cretaceous through Eocene Santiago tract, the Late Cretaceous through Oligocene Chortis tract, the Paleocene through Oligocene Darién tract, the Miocene and Pliocene Cocos tract, and the Eocene to Holocene Lesser Antilles tract. These tracts range in size from about 3,000 to about 204,000 square kilometers.
\nProbabilistic estimates of numbers of undiscovered deposits were made for all tracts. To estimate the number of undiscovered porphyry copper deposits, data on known mineral deposits, prospects, and occurrences were considered along with mapped alteration zones, local stream-sediment geochemistry, exploration history, descriptive deposit models, and grade and tonnage models.
\nMost porphyry copper exploration in Central America and the Caribbean Basin has focused on Panama and on the exposed Cretaceous to Eocene central Cordilleran arc that extends from Cuba and Jamaica through Haiti and the Dominican Republic to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Interest in gold has prompted exploration of historical precious-metal prospects and small mines, some of which may represent high-sulfidation epithermal systems or skarns overlying, or adjacent to, porphyry copper systems.
\nThis assessment estimated a total mean of 37 undiscovered porphyry copper deposits within the assessed permissive tracts in Central America and the Caribbean Basin. This represents more than five times the seven known deposits. Predicted mean (arithmetic) resources that could be associated with these undiscovered deposits are about 130 million metric tons of copper and about 5,200 metric tons of gold, as well as byproduct molybdenum and silver. The reported identified resources for the seven known deposits total about 39 million metric tons of copper and about 930 metric tons of gold. The assessment area is estimated to contain nearly four times as much copper and six times as much gold in undiscovered porphyry copper deposits as has been identified to date.
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Comprehensive fish health assessments were conducted in order to document potential adverse affects from exposure to complex chemical mixtures. Fish were necropsied on site, blood samples obtained, pieces of liver, spleen, kidney, gill and any abnormalities placed in fixative for histopathology. Liver samples were saved for gene expression analysis and otoliths were removed for aging. A suite of fish health indicators was developed and implemented for site comparisons and to document seasonal effects and species differences in response to environmental conditions. Organism level (grossly visible lesions, condition factor), tissue level (microscopic pathology, organosomatic indices, micronuclei, and other nuclear abnormalities), plasma factors (reproductive steroid hormones, vitellogenin), and molecular (gene expression) indicators were included. This report describes the methods and preliminary results.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141027","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Blazer, V., Mazik, P.M., Iwanowicz, L., Braham, R., Hahn, C., Walsh, H.L., and Sperry, A., 2014, Monitoring of wild fish health at selected sites in the Great Lakes Basin: methods and preliminary results: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1027, Report: vi, 31 p.; Appendix 1, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141027.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 31 p.; Appendix 1","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-053600","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282943,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141027.jpg"},{"id":282940,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1027/"},{"id":282941,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1027/pdf/of2014-1027.pdf"},{"id":282942,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1027/appendix/ofr2014-1027_appendix.xlsx"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.44,39.45 ], [ -94.44,51.54 ], [ -73.25,51.54 ], [ -73.25,39.45 ], [ -94.44,39.45 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6823e4b0b29085101d69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blazer, Vicki 0000-0001-6647-9614 vblazer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"Vicki","email":"vblazer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":490185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mazik, Patricia M. 0000-0002-8046-5929 pmazik@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8046-5929","contributorId":2318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazik","given":"Patricia","email":"pmazik@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iwanowicz, Luke R.","contributorId":11902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iwanowicz","given":"Luke R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Braham, Ryan","contributorId":7175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braham","given":"Ryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hahn, Cassidy","contributorId":25456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hahn","given":"Cassidy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Walsh, Heather L. 0000-0001-6392-4604 hwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6392-4604","contributorId":4696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Heather","email":"hwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sperry, Adam","contributorId":98212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sperry","given":"Adam","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70093901,"text":"ofr20141030 - 2014 - 2013 update on sea otter studies to assess recovery from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, Prince William Sound, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-19T19:38:53","indexId":"ofr20141030","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-28T09:32:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1030","title":"2013 update on sea otter studies to assess recovery from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, Prince William Sound, Alaska","docAbstract":"On March 24, 1989, the tanker vessel Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound, Alaska, spilling an estimated 42 million liters of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Oil spread in a southwesterly direction and was deposited on shores and waters in western Prince William Sound (WPWS). The sea otter (Enhydra lutris) was one of more than 20 nearshore species considered to have been injured by the spill. Since 1989, the U.S. Geological Survey has led a research program to evaluate effects of the spill on sea otters and assess progress toward recovery, as defined by demographic and biochemical indicators. Here, we provide an update on the status of sea otter populations in WPWS, presenting findings through 2013. To assess recovery based on demographic indicators, we used aerial surveys to estimate abundance and annual collections of sea otter carcasses to evaluate patterns in ages-at-death. To assess recovery based on biochemical indicators, we quantified transcription rates for a suite of genes selected as potential indicators of oil exposure in sea otters based on laboratory studies of a related species, the mink (Mustela vison). In our most recent assessment of sea otter recovery, which incorporated results from a subset of studies through 2009, we concluded that recovery of sea otters in WPWS was underway. This conclusion was based on increasing abundance throughout WPWS, including increasing numbers at northern Knight Island, an area that was heavily oiled in 1989 and where the local sea otter population had previously shown protracted injury and lack of recovery. However, we did not conclude that the WPWS sea otter population had fully recovered, due to indications of continuing reduced survival and exposure to lingering oil in sea otters at Knight Island, at least through 2009. Based on data available through 2013, we now conclude that the status of sea otters—at all spatial scales within WPWS—is consistent with the designation of recovery from the spill as defined by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. The support for this conclusion is based primarily on demographic data, including (1) a return to estimated pre-spill abundance of sea otters at northern Knight Island, and (2) a return to pre-spill mortality patterns. Gene transcription rates in 2012 were similar in sea otters from oiled, moderately oiled and unoiled areas, suggesting abatement of exposure effects in 2012. However, because 2012 gene transcription rates generally were low for sea otters from all areas relative to 2008, we cannot fully interpret these observations without data from a wider panel of genes. This slight uncertainty with respect to the data from the biochemical indicator is outweighed by the strength of the data for the demographic indicators. 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