{"pageNumber":"1348","pageRowStart":"33675","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40894,"records":[{"id":70017439,"text":"70017439 - 1994 - Tectonics and geology of spreading ridge subduction at the Chile Triple Junction: a synthesis of results from Leg 141 of the Ocean Drilling Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70017439","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1795,"text":"Geologische Rundschau","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonics and geology of spreading ridge subduction at the Chile Triple Junction: a synthesis of results from Leg 141 of the Ocean Drilling Program","docAbstract":"An active oceanic spreading ridge is being subducted beneath the South American continent at the Chile Triple Junction. This process has played a major part in the evolution of most of the continental margins that border the Pacific Ocean basin. A combination of high resolution swath bathymetric maps, seismic reflection profiles and drillhole and core data from five sites drilled during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 141 provide important data that define the tectonic, structural and stratigraphic effects of this modern example of spreading ridge subduction. A change from subduction accretion to subduction erosion occurs along-strike of the South American forearc. This change is prominently expressed by normal faulting, forearc subsidence, oversteepening of topographic slopes and intensive sedimentary mass wasting, overprinted on older signatures of sediment accretion, overthrusting and uplift processes in the forearc. Data from drill sites north of the triple junction (Sites 859-861) show that after an important phase of forearc building in the early to late Pliocene, subduction accretion had ceased in the late Pliocene. Since that time sediment on the downgoing oceanic Nazca plate has been subducted. Site 863 was drilled into the forearc in the immediate vicinity of the triple junction above the subducted spreading ridge axis. Here, thick and intensely folded and faulted trench slope sediments of Pleistocene age are currently involved in the frontal deformation of the forearc. Early faults with thrust and reverse kinematics are overprinted by later normal faults. The Chile Triple Junction is also the site of apparent ophiolite emplacement into the South American forearc. Drilling at Site 862 on the Taitao Ridge revealed an offshore volcanic sequence of Plio-Pleistocene age associated with the Taitao Fracture Zone, adjacent to exposures of the Pliocene-aged Taitao ophiolite onshore. Despite the large-scale loss of material from the forearc at the triple junction, ophiolite emplacement produces a large topographic promontory in the forearc immediately after ridge subduction, and represents the first stage of forearc rebuilding. ?? 1994 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologische Rundschau","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00251080","issn":"00167835","usgsCitation":"Behrmann, J., Lewis, S., and Cande, S., 1994, Tectonics and geology of spreading ridge subduction at the Chile Triple Junction: a synthesis of results from Leg 141 of the Ocean Drilling Program: Geologische Rundschau, v. 83, no. 4, p. 832-852, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00251080.","startPage":"832","endPage":"852","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206168,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251080"},{"id":228923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba484e4b08c986b3203dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrmann, J.H.","contributorId":48822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrmann","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, S.D.","contributorId":11618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cande, S.C.","contributorId":59300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cande","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017987,"text":"70017987 - 1994 - Issues related to modeling the transport of suspended sediments in Northern San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T12:32:33","indexId":"70017987","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Issues related to modeling the transport of suspended sediments in Northern San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"<p>Measurements of suspended sediment concentrations at several deep-channel stations in San Francisco Bay are reviewed. Sediment concentrations are found to be strongly correlated with delta outflow, tidal, and spring/neap variations. However, little to no correlation is observed between wind speed and sediment concentration in the deep channel. A two-dimensional depth-averaged sediment transport model has been developed which includes the effects of tidal and spring-neap variations and wind-generated resuspension. During a period of low delta outflow, the model successfully reproduces field measurements of suspended sediment concentration at a station in San Pablo Bay. The model is found to be most sensitive to critical shear stresses, settling velocity, and the erosion rate constant.</p>","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling III","conferenceDate":"8 September 1993 through 10 September 1993","conferenceLocation":"Oak Brook, IL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629759","usgsCitation":"McDonald, E.T., and Cheng, R.T., 1994, Issues related to modeling the transport of suspended sediments in Northern San Francisco Bay, California, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling III, Oak Brook, IL, USA, 8 September 1993 through 10 September 1993, p. 551-564.","startPage":"551","endPage":"564","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fc7e4b0c8380cd647fd","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spaulding Malcolm L.Bedford KeithBlumberg AlanCheng RalphSwanson Craig","contributorId":128444,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Spaulding Malcolm L.Bedford KeithBlumberg AlanCheng RalphSwanson Craig","id":536408,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"McDonald, Ellen Thomas","contributorId":100557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017566,"text":"70017566 - 1994 - Magnetic and gravity constraints on forearc upper crustal structure and composition, offshore northeast Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-04T13:11:20.118568","indexId":"70017566","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2310,"text":"Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetic and gravity constraints on forearc upper crustal structure and composition, offshore northeast Japan","docAbstract":"Marine magnetic and gravity data from the northeast Japan forearc offer insight to the subsurface structure, density and magnetization from which geologic interpretations and tectonic reconstructions can be made. Positive marine magnetic anomalies, on-land geology, drill hole data, and 2-1/2-dimensional models reveal that Kitakami plutons and possibly their associated volcanic rocks constitute part of the modern forearc basement and lie 100-150 km further east than previously thought. A method to create magnetization and density contrast maps was employed to produce a three-dimensional picture of the forearc basement rock properties averaged over a 14-km thickness. -Author","language":"English","publisher":"J-STAGE","doi":"10.5636/jgg.46.423","usgsCitation":"Finn, C.A., 1994, Magnetic and gravity constraints on forearc upper crustal structure and composition, offshore northeast Japan: Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity, v. 46, no. 6, p. 423-441, https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.46.423.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"441","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479362,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.46.423","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228759,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              141.42516285009606,\n              43.17763599352298\n            ],\n            [\n              141.42516285009606,\n              34.3798759750546\n            ],\n            [\n              147.34081016355123,\n              34.3798759750546\n            ],\n            [\n              147.34081016355123,\n              43.17763599352298\n            ],\n            [\n              141.42516285009606,\n              43.17763599352298\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b65e4b0c8380cd694f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018025,"text":"70018025 - 1994 - Wave climate and nearshore lakebed response, Illinois Beach State Park, Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T12:20:42.014978","indexId":"70018025","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wave climate and nearshore lakebed response, Illinois Beach State Park, Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id3\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id4\"><p>The Lake Michigan outer nearshore zone (water depths ≈5 to 25 m) off Illinois Beach State Park is subjected to a spectrum of wave conditions, including those generated by major storms. Only under these major storm conditions is there a realistic potential for wave-lakebed interaction (and associated wind-driven currents) to cause a significant net modification to the outer nearshore lakebed, which, in turn, may promulgate change in the inner nearshore (surf) zone. Analysis of bathymetric and sediment grain-size data, used in conjunction with published wave hindcast data, wave propagation modeling, and previous studies in the area, indicates that this potential occurs, most likely, on a scale of years. Although such storms can generate bottom currents well in excess of what is required to mobilize the fine to very fine sands that are present, little compelling evidence was found, on the basis of gross comparisons with previous studies (1946, 1973, 1978), that there have been rapid or pronounced changes in the outer nearshore lakebed. Nonetheless, grain-size data suggest that sands are episodically transported in a net southerly direction. At least over the time period represented by this and previous studies, any modification of the outer nearshore zone lakebed would seem to be modest and gradual. If so, whereas the outer nearshore zone may be a factor in the long-term adjustment of the shoreline, any rapid change in shoreline position, or any conspicuous change in the rate of shoreline adjustment, is more likely controlled by factors other than those linked to the outer nearshore zone.</p></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(94)71138-2","issn":"03801330","usgsCitation":"Booth, J., 1994, Wave climate and nearshore lakebed response, Illinois Beach State Park, Lake Michigan: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 20, no. 1, p. 163-178, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(94)71138-2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"178","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228499,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.06640625,\n              41.60722821271717\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.220703125,\n              41.60722821271717\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.220703125,\n              42.65012181368022\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.06640625,\n              42.65012181368022\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.06640625,\n              41.60722821271717\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf8be4b08c986b32e974","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Booth, J.S.","contributorId":13619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booth","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017602,"text":"70017602 - 1994 - Petrology of gabbroic xenoliths in 1960 Kilauea basalt: crystalline remnants of prior (1955) magmatism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017602","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of gabbroic xenoliths in 1960 Kilauea basalt: crystalline remnants of prior (1955) magmatism","docAbstract":"The 1960 Kapoho lavas of Kilauea's east rift zone contain 1-10 cm xenoliths of olivine gabbro, olivine gabbro-norite, and gabbro norite. Textures are poikilitic (ol+sp+cpx in pl) and intergranular (cpx+pl??ol??opx). Poikilitic xenoliths, which we interpret as cumulates, have the most primitive mineral compositions, Fo82.5, cpx Mg# 86.5, and An80.5. Many granular xenoliths (ol and noritic gabbro) contain abundant vesicular glass that gives them intersertal, hyaloophitic, and overall 'open' textures to suggest that they represent 'mush' and 'crust' of a magma crystallization environment. Their phase compositions are more evolved (Fo80-70, cpx Mg# 82-75, and An73-63) than those of the poikilitic xenoliths. Associated glass is basaltic, but evolved (MgO 5 wt%; TiO2 3.7-5.8 wt%). The gabbroic xenolith mineral compositions fit existing fractional crystallization models that relate the origins of various Kilauea lavas to one another. FeO/MgO crystal-liquid partitioning is consistent with the poikilitic ol-gabbro assemblage forming as a crystallization product from Kilauea summit magma with ???8 wt% MgO that was parental to evolved lavas on the east rift zone. For example, least squares calculations link summit magmas to early 1955 rift-zone lavas (???5 wt% MgO) through ???28-34% crystallization of the ol+sp+cpx+pl that comprise the poikilitic ol-gabbros. The other ol-gabbro assemblages and the olivine gabbro-norite assemblages crystallized from evolved liquids, such as represented by the early 1955 and late 1955 lavas (???6.5 wt% MgO) of the east rift zone. The eruption of 1960 Kapoho magmas, then, scoured the rift-zone reservoir system to entrain portions of cumulate and solidification zones that had coated reservoir margins during crystallization of prior east rift-zone magmas. ?? 1994 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00279729","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Fodor, R., and Moore, R.B., 1994, Petrology of gabbroic xenoliths in 1960 Kilauea basalt: crystalline remnants of prior (1955) magmatism: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 56, no. 1, p. 62-74, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00279729.","startPage":"62","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206125,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279729"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7831e4b0c8380cd7866b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fodor, R.V.","contributorId":106638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fodor","given":"R.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, R. B.","contributorId":98720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017603,"text":"70017603 - 1994 - Anatexis, hybridization and the modification of ancient crust: Mesozoic plutonism in the Old Woman Mountains area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-22T20:25:23","indexId":"70017603","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2588,"text":"LITHOS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anatexis, hybridization and the modification of ancient crust: Mesozoic plutonism in the Old Woman Mountains area, California","docAbstract":"A compositionally expanded array of granitic (s.l.) magmas intruded the > 2 Ga crust of the Old Woman Mountains area between 160 and 70 Ma. These magmas were emplaced near the eastern (inland) edge of the Jurassic/Cretaceous arcs of western North America, in an area where magma flux, especially during the Jurassic, was considerably lower than to the west. The Jurassic intrusives and over half of the Cretaceous intrusives are predominantly metaluminous and variable in composition; a major Cretaceous suite comprises only peraluminous monzogranite. Only the Jurassic intrusions show clear evidence for the presence of mafic liquids. All units, including the most mafic rocks, reveal isotopic evidence for a significant crustal component. However, none of the Mesozoic intrusives matches in isotopic composition either average pre-intrusion crust or any major unit of the exposed crust. Elemental inconsistencies also preclude closed system derivation from exposed crust. Emplacement of these magmas, which doubled the volume of the mid- to upper crust, did not dramatically change its elemental composition. It did, however, affect its Nd and especially Sr isotopic composition and modify some of the distinctive aspects of the elemental chemistry. We propose that Jurassic magmatism was open-system, with a major influx of mantle-derived mafic magma interacting strongly with the ancient crust. Mesozoic crustal thickening may have led to closed-system crustal melting by the Late Cretaceous, but the deep crust had been profoundly modified by earlier Mesozoic hybridization so that crustal melts did not simply reflect the original crustal composition. The clear evidence for a crustal component in magmas of the Old Woman Mountains area may not indicate any fundamental differences from the processes at work elsewhere in this or other magmatic arcs where the role of pre-existing crust is less certain. Rather, a compositionally distinctive, very old crust may simply have yielded a more readily identifiable crustal fingerprint. The same processes that were involved here-mafic magma influx, hybridization, and remelting of hybridized crust-are likely to be typical of arc settings. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"LITHOS","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0024-4937(94)90025-6","issn":"00244937","usgsCitation":"Miller, C.F., and Wooden, J.L., 1994, Anatexis, hybridization and the modification of ancient crust: Mesozoic plutonism in the Old Woman Mountains area, California: LITHOS, v. 32, no. 1-2, p. 111-133, https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(94)90025-6.","startPage":"111","endPage":"133","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267960,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(94)90025-6"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ebefe4b0c8380cd48f98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, C. F.","contributorId":89971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017575,"text":"70017575 - 1994 - Sediment resuspension and bed armoring during high bottom stress events on the northern California inner continental shelf: Measurements and predictions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-30T00:13:36.529606","indexId":"70017575","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment resuspension and bed armoring during high bottom stress events on the northern California inner continental shelf: Measurements and predictions","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id8\"><p>Geoprobe bottom tripods were deployed during the winter of 1990–1991 on the northern California inner continental shelf as part of the STRESS field experiment. Transmissometer measurements of light beam attenuation were made at two levels and current velocity was measured at four levels in the bottom 1.2 m of water. Intervals of high measured bottom wave velocity were generally correlated with times of both high attenuation and high attenuation gradient in the bottom meter of the water column. Measured time series of light attenuation and attenuation gradient are compared to values computed using a modified version of the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">Smith</span><span>&nbsp;</span>[(1977)<span>&nbsp;</span><i>The sea</i>, Vol. 6, Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 539–577] steady wave-current bottom-boundary-layer model. Size-dependent transmissometer calibrations, which show significantly enhanced attenuation with decreasing grain size, are used to convert calculated suspended sediment concentration to light attenuation. The finest fractions of the bed, which are the most easily suspended and attenuate the most light, dominate the computed attenuation signal although they comprise only about 5–7% of the bed sediment. The calculations indicate that adjusting the value of the coefficient γ<sub>0</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>in the expression for near-bed sediment concentration cannot in itself give both the correct magnitudes of light attenuation and attenuation gradient. To supply the volumes of fine sediment computed to be in suspension during peak events, even with values of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>γ<sub>0</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>as low as 5 × 10<sup>−5</sup>, requires suspension of particles from unreasonably large depths in the bed. A limit on the depth of sediment availability is proposed as a correction to suspended sediment calculations. With such a limit, reasonable attenuation values are computed with γ<sub>0</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>≈ 0.002. The effects of limiting availability and employing a higher<span>&nbsp;</span><i>γ<sub>0</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>are to reduce the volume of the finest sediment in suspension and to increase the suspended volumes of the coarser fractions. As a consequence, the average size and settling velocity of suspended sediment increases as bottom shear stress increases, with accompanying increases in near-bed concentration gradients. Higher concentration gradients produce larger stratification effects, particularly near the top of the wave boundary layer at times when wave shear velocities are high and current shear velocities are low. These are the conditions under which maximum attenuation gradients are observed.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(94)90034-5","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Wiberg, P., Drake, D., and Cacchione, D., 1994, Sediment resuspension and bed armoring during high bottom stress events on the northern California inner continental shelf: Measurements and predictions: Continental Shelf Research, v. 14, no. 10-11, p. 1191-1219, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(94)90034-5.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1191","endPage":"1219","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228892,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"14","issue":"10-11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b89b2e4b08c986b316e72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiberg, P.L.","contributorId":33827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiberg","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017579,"text":"70017579 - 1994 - Ionic strength and DOC determinations from various freshwater sources to the San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-07T06:58:30","indexId":"70017579","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ionic strength and DOC determinations from various freshwater sources to the San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"<p>An exact estimation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) within the salinity gradient of zinc and copper metals is significant in understanding the limit to which DOC could influence metal speciation. A low-temperature persulfate/oxygen/ultraviolet wet oxidation procedure was utilized for analyzing DOC samples adapted for ionic strength from major freshwater sources of the northern and southern regions of San Francisco Bay. The ionic strength of samples was modified with a chemically defined seawater medium up to 0.7M. Based on the results, a minimum effect of ionic strength on oxidation proficiency for DOC sources to the Bay over an ionic strength gradient of 0.0 to 0.7 M was observed. There was no major impacts of ionic strength on two Suwanee River fulvic acids. In general, the noted effects associated with ionic strength were smaller than the variances seen in the aquatic environment between high- and low-temperature methods.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00198505","issn":"00074861","usgsCitation":"Hunter, Y., and Kuwabara, J., 1994, Ionic strength and DOC determinations from various freshwater sources to the San Francisco Bay: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 52, no. 2, p. 311-318, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00198505.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"318","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.0084228515625,\n              37.243448378654115\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.0084228515625,\n              38.171273439283084\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.70379638671874,\n              38.171273439283084\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.70379638671874,\n              37.243448378654115\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.0084228515625,\n              37.243448378654115\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ed9e4b0c8380cd640b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunter, Y.R.","contributorId":31542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"Y.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuwabara, J.S.","contributorId":57905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017593,"text":"70017593 - 1994 - Build your own low-cost seismic/bathymetric recorder annotator","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-18T11:09:37.179251","indexId":"70017593","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Build your own low-cost seismic/bathymetric recorder annotator","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id3\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id4\"><p>An inexpensive programmable annotator, completely compatible with at least three models of widely used graphic recorders (Raytheon LSR-1811, Raytheon LSR-1807 M, and EDO 550) has been developed to automatically write event marks and print up to sixteen numbers on the paper record. Event mark and character printout intervals, character height and character position are all selectable with front panel switches. Operation is completely compatible with recorders running in either continuous or start-stop mode.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(94)90109-0","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Robinson, W., 1994, Build your own low-cost seismic/bathymetric recorder annotator: Marine Geology, v. 118, no. 1-2, p. 1-3, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(94)90109-0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228428,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2a6e4b0c8380cd4b28b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, W.","contributorId":58034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017604,"text":"70017604 - 1994 - Modeling surficial sand and gravel deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017604","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling surficial sand and gravel deposits","docAbstract":"Mineral-deposit models are an integral part of quantitative mineral-resource assessment. As the focus of mineral-deposit modeling has moved from metals to industrial minerals, procedure has been modified and may be sufficient to model surficial sand and gravel deposits. Sand and gravel models are needed to assess resource-supply analyses for planning future development and renewal of infrastructure. Successful modeling of sand and gravel deposits must address (1) deposit volumes and geometries, (2) sizes of fragments within the deposits, (3) physical characteristics of the material, and (4) chemical composition and chemical reactivity of the material. Several models of sand and gravel volumes and geometries have been prepared and suggest the following: Sand and gravel deposits in alluvial fans have a median volume of 35 million m3. Deposits in all other geologic settings have a median volume of 5.4 million m3, a median area of 120 ha, and a median thickness of 4 m. The area of a sand and gravel deposit can be predicted from volume using a regression model (log [area (ha)] =1.47+0.79 log [volume (million m3)]). In similar fashion, the volume of a sand and gravel deposit can be predicted from area using the regression (log [volume (million m3)]=-1.45+1.07 log [area (ha)]). Classifying deposits by fragment size can be done using models of the percentage of sand, gravel, and silt within deposits. A classification scheme based on fragment size is sufficiently general to be applied anywhere. ?? 1994 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02259048","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Bliss, J.D., and Page, N., 1994, Modeling surficial sand and gravel deposits: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 3, no. 3, p. 237-249, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02259048.","startPage":"237","endPage":"249","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206134,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02259048"},{"id":228614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c34e4b0c8380cd6fae2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bliss, J. D.","contributorId":25564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Page, N.J.","contributorId":38125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"N.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017502,"text":"70017502 - 1994 - Rare earth element contents and multiple mantle sources of the transform-related Mount Edgecumbe basalts, southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-22T19:55:17.120806","indexId":"70017502","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare earth element contents and multiple mantle sources of the transform-related Mount Edgecumbe basalts, southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Pleistocene basalt of the Mount Edgecumbe volcanic field (MEF) is subdivided into a plagioclase type and an olivine type. Olivine basalt crops out farther inboard from the nearby Fairweather transform than plagioclase basalt. Th/La ratios of plagioclase basalt are similar to those of mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB), whereas those of olivine basalt are of continental affinity. The olivine basalt has higher&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup><span>Sr/</span><sup>86</sup><span>Sr ratios than the plagioclase basalt.We model rare earth element (REE) contents of the olivine basalt, which resemble those of transitional MORB, by 10–15% partial melting of fertile spinel–plagioclase lherzolite followed by removal of 8–13% olivine. Normative mineralogy indicates melting in the spinel stability field. REE contents of an undersaturated basalt (sample 5L005) resemble those of Mauna Loa tholeiite and are modelled by 5–10% partial melting of fertile garnet lherzolite followed by 10% olivine removal. Plagioclase basalt resembles sample 5L005 in REE contents but is lower in other incompatible-element contents and&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup><span>Sr/</span><sup>86</sup><span>Sr ratios. Plagioclase basalt either originated in depleted garnet lherzolite or is a mixture of sample 5L005 and normal MORB; complex zoning of plagioclase and colinear Sc and Th contents are consistent with magma mixing.We conclude that olivine basalt originated in subcontinental spinel lherzolite and that plagioclase basalt may have originated in suboceanic lithosphere of the Pacific plate. Lithospheric melting seemingly requires vertical flow of mantle material, although there is no direct evidence at the MEF for crustal extension that might provide a mechanism for mantle advection. In any case, most MEF magmas are subalkaline because of moderately high degrees of partial melting at shallow depth.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e94-078","usgsCitation":"Riehle, J., Budahn, J., Lanphere, M.A., and Brew, D.A., 1994, Rare earth element contents and multiple mantle sources of the transform-related Mount Edgecumbe basalts, southeastern Alaska: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 31, no. 5, p. 852-864, https://doi.org/10.1139/e94-078.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"852","endPage":"864","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kruzof Island, Mount Edgecumbe Volcanic Field","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -136.153564453125,\n              56.772293472653445\n            ],\n            [\n              -134.98489379882812,\n              56.772293472653445\n            ],\n            [\n              -134.98489379882812,\n              57.36579294673093\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.153564453125,\n              57.36579294673093\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.153564453125,\n              56.772293472653445\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9519e4b0c8380cd817df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riehle, J.R.","contributorId":73573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riehle","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brew, D. A.","contributorId":88344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017615,"text":"70017615 - 1994 - Geochemical soil sampling for deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-13T13:11:34.116557","indexId":"70017615","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical soil sampling for deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>Thousands of solution-collapse breccia pipes crop out in the canyons and on the plateaus of northwestern Arizona; some host high-grade uranium deposits. The mineralized pipes are enriched in Ag, As, Ba, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, V and Zn. These breccia pipes formed as sedimentary strata collapsed into solution caverns within the underlying Mississippian Redwall Limestone. A typical pipe is approximately 100 m (300 ft) in diameter and extends upward from the Redwall Limestone as much as 1000 m (3000 ft).</p><p>Unmineralized gypsum and limestone collapses rooted in the Lower Permian Kaibab Limestone or Toroweap Formation also occur throughout this area. Hence, development of geochemical tools that can distinguish these unmineralized collapse structures, as well as unmineralized breccia pipes, from mineralized breccia pipes could significantly reduce drilling costs for these orebodies commonly buried 300–360 m (1000–1200 ft) below the plateau surface.</p><p>Design and interpretation of soil sampling surveys over breccia pipes are plagued with several complications. (1) The plateau-capping Kaibab Limestone and Moenkopi Formation are made up of diverse lithologies. Thus, because different breccia pipes are capped by different lithologies, each pipe needs to be treated as a separate geochemical survey with its own background samples. (2) Ascertaining true background is difficult because of uncertainties in locations of poorly-exposed collapse cones and ring fracture zones that surround the pipes.</p><p>Soil geochemical surveys were completed on 50 collapse structures, three of which are known mineralized breccia pipes. Each collapse structure was treated as an independent geochemical survey. Geochemical data from each collapse feature were plotted on single-element geochemical maps and processed by multivariate factor analysis. To contrast the results between geochemical surveys (collapse structures), a means of quantifying the anomalousness of elements at each site was developed. This degree of anomalousness, named the “correlation value”, was used to rank collapse features by their potential to overlie a deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipe.</p><p>Soil geochemical results from the three mineralized breccia pipes (the only three of the 50 that had previously been drilled) show that: (1) Soils above the SBF pipe contain significant enrichment of Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ga, K, La, Mo, Nd, Ni, Pb, Sc, Th, U and Zn, and depletion in Ca, Mg and Sr, in contrast to soils outside the topographic and structural rim; (2) Soils over the inner treeless zone of the Canyon pipe show Mo and Pb enrichment anf As and Ga depletion, in contrast to soils from the surrounding forest; and (3) The soil survey of the Mohawk Canyon pipe was a failure because of the rocky terrane and lack of a B soil horizon, or because the pipe plunges. At least 11 of the 47 other collapse structures studied contain anomalous soil enrichments similar to the SBF uranium ore-bearing pipe, and thus have good potential as exploration targets for uranium. One of these 11, #1102, does contain surface mineralized rock. These surveys suggest that soil geochemical sampling is a useful tool for the recognition of many collapse structures with underlying ore-bearing breccia pipes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(94)90065-5","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Wenrich, K., and Aumente-Modreski, R.M., 1994, Geochemical soil sampling for deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona: Applied Geochemistry, v. 9, no. 4, p. 431-454, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(94)90065-5.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"431","endPage":"454","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.31581652045145,\n              36.43233656059891\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.31581652045145,\n              35.60134849448217\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.90029352070502,\n              35.60134849448217\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.90029352070502,\n              36.43233656059891\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.31581652045145,\n              36.43233656059891\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16a8e4b0c8380cd5520f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wenrich, K. J.","contributorId":40203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenrich","given":"K. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aumente-Modreski, R. M.","contributorId":63825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aumente-Modreski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017568,"text":"70017568 - 1994 - Geometry of an outcrop-scale duplex in Devonian flysch, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-09T23:54:11.742158","indexId":"70017568","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geometry of an outcrop-scale duplex in Devonian flysch, Maine","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id5\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id6\"><p>We describe an outcrop-scale duplex consisting of 211 exposed repetitions of a single bed. The duplex marks an early Acadian (Middle Devonian) oblique thrust zone in the Lower Devonian flysch of northern Maine. Detailed mapping at a scale of 1:8 has enabled us to measure accurately parameters such as horse length and thickness, ramp angles and displacements; we compare these and derivative values with those of published descriptions of duplexes, and with theoretical models. Shortening estimates based on line balancing are consistently smaller than two methods of area balancing, suggesting that layer-parallel shortening preceded thrusting.</p></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0191-8141(94)90041-8","issn":"01918141","usgsCitation":"Bradley, D.C., and Bradley, L., 1994, Geometry of an outcrop-scale duplex in Devonian flysch, Maine: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 16, no. 3, p. 371-380, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)90041-8.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"371","endPage":"380","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228761,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a276de4b0c8380cd5989d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, D. C.","contributorId":17634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, L.M.","contributorId":51038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017523,"text":"70017523 - 1994 - Simulation of gas phase transport of carbon-14 at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70017523","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3707,"text":"Waste Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of gas phase transport of carbon-14 at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA","docAbstract":"We have simulated gas phase transport of Carbon-14 at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Three models were established to calculate travel time of Carbon-14 from the potential repository to the mountain surface: a geochemical model for retardation factors, a coupled gas-flow and heat transfer model for temperature and gas flow fields, and a particle tracker for travel time calculation. The simulations used three parallel, east-west cross-sections that were taken from the Sandia National Laboratories Interactive Graphics Information System (IGIS). Assuming that the repository is filled with 30- year-old waste at an initial areal power density of 57 kw/acre, we found that repository temperatures remain above 60??C for more than 10,000 years. For a tuff permeability of 10-7 cm2, Carbon-14 travel times to the surface are mostly less than 1,000 years, for particles starting at any time within the first 10,000 years. If the tuff permeability is 10-8 cm2, however, Carbon- 14 travel times to the surface range from 3,000 to 12,000 years, for particle starting within the 10,000 years.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waste Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon Press Inc","publisherLocation":"Tarrytown, NY, United States","doi":"10.1016/0956-053X(94)90045-0","issn":"0956053X","usgsCitation":"Lu, N., and Ross, B., 1994, Simulation of gas phase transport of carbon-14 at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA: Waste Management, v. 14, no. 5, p. 409-420, https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-053X(94)90045-0.","startPage":"409","endPage":"420","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206151,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-053X(94)90045-0"},{"id":228757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9029e4b08c986b31935f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, N.","contributorId":96025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ross, B.","contributorId":32779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017570,"text":"70017570 - 1994 - Modeling the effects of climate change on water resources - a review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017570","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the effects of climate change on water resources - a review","docAbstract":"Hydrologic models provide a framework in which to conceptualize and investigate the relationships between climate and water resources. A review of current studies that assess the impacts of climate change using hydrologic models indicates a number of problem areas common to the variety of models applied. These problem areas include parameter estimation, scale, model validation, climate scenario generation, and data. Research needs to address these problems include development of (1) a more physically based understanding of hydrologic processes and their interactions; (2) parameter measurement and estimation techniques for application over a range of spatial and temporal scales; (3) quantitative measures of uncertainty in model parameters and model results; (4) improved methodologies of climate scenario generation; (5) detailed data sets in a variety of climatic and physiographic regions; and (6) modular modeling tools to provide a framework to facilitate interdisciplinary research. Solutions to these problems would significantly improve the capability of models to assess the effects of climate change. ?? 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climatic Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01094105","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Leavesley, G., 1994, Modeling the effects of climate change on water resources - a review: Climatic Change, v. 28, no. 1-2, p. 159-177, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01094105.","startPage":"159","endPage":"177","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206153,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01094105"},{"id":228804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c3ee4b0c8380cd6fb2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29289,"text":"wri944021 - 1994 - Data requirements for simulation of hydrogeologic effects of liquid waste injection, Harrison and Jackson Counties, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-26T10:12:41","indexId":"wri944021","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4021","title":"Data requirements for simulation of hydrogeologic effects of liquid waste injection, Harrison and Jackson Counties, Mississippi","docAbstract":"Available literature and data were reviewed to quantify data requirements for computer simulation of hydrogeologic effects of liquid waste injection in southeastern Mississippi. Emphasis of each review was placed on quantifying physical properties of current Class I injection zones in Harrison and Jackson Counties. Class I injection zones are zones that are used for injection of hazardous or non-hazardous liquid waste below a formation containing the lowermost underground source of drinking water located within one-quarter of a mile of the injection well.  Several mathematical models have been developed to simulate injection effects. The Basic Plume Method was selected because it is commonly used in permit applications, and the Intercomp model was selected because it is generally accepted and used in injection-related research. The input data requirements of the two models were combined into a single data requirement list inclusive of physical properties of injection zones only; injected waste and well properties are not included because such information is site-specific by industry, which is beyond the scope of this report.  Results of the reviews of available literature and data indicated that Class I permit applications and standard-reference chemistry and physics texts were the primary sources of information to quantify physical properties of injection zones in Harrison and Jackson Counties. With the exception of a few reports and supplementary data for one injection zone in Jackson County, very little additional information pertaining to physical properties of the injection zones was available in sources other than permit applications and standard-reference texts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944021","usgsCitation":"Rebich, R.A., 1994, Data requirements for simulation of hydrogeologic effects of liquid waste injection, Harrison and Jackson Counties, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4021, iv, 19 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944021.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":366895,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4021/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158907,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4021/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","county":"Harrison County, Jackson County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.2913818359375,\n              30.298203605616226\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.41522216796875,\n              30.298203605616226\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.41522216796875,\n              30.820884358222617\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.2913818359375,\n              30.820884358222617\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.2913818359375,\n              30.298203605616226\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679c72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rebich, Richard A. 0000-0003-4256-7171 rarebich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4256-7171","contributorId":2315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rebich","given":"Richard","email":"rarebich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":201286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29265,"text":"wri944014 - 1994 - Estimates of monthly streamflow characteristics at selected sites, Wind River and part of Bighorn River drainage basins, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri944014","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4014","title":"Estimates of monthly streamflow characteristics at selected sites, Wind River and part of Bighorn River drainage basins, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Monthly streamflow records from gaging stations with more than 5 years of record were extended to a 50-year base period, 1941-90, using a mixed- station, record-extension model.  Monthly streamflow characteristics were computed from the extended record.  Four statistical methods--basin characteristics, active-channel width, concurrent measurement, and weighted average were used to estimate monthly streamflow characteristics at ungaged sites and at streamflow-gaging stations with fewer than 5 years of record.  Linear- regression models were used with the basin characteristic and active-channel-width methods to define the relations between the monthly streamflow characteristics and physical basin, climatic, and channel characteristics.  The concurrent-measurement method used a Maintenance of Variance Extension, Type 1 curve-fitting technique to correlate discharge at active streamflow-gaging stations, which had computed streamflow characteristics, with discharge measured at ungaged sites.  The weighted-average method is a weighted combination of estimates from any two or all three of the other methods.  For the basin-characteristics method, the standard errors of estimate ranged from 37 to 83 percent and for the active-channel-width method, 34 to 100 percent.  Standard errors for the concurrent- measurement method ranged from 27 to 151 percent. The standard error for the weighted-average method, ranged from 18 to 82 percent, which was lower than any individual method.  Application of the equations for estimating monthly streamflow characteristics is limited to perennial streams with physical-basin, climatic, and active channel- width characteristics that are within the range of values used in the study.  The equations are not applicable to estimate flow for ephemeral streams.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor], 1994","doi":"10.3133/wri944014","usgsCitation":"Rankl, J., Montague, E., and Lenz, B.N., 1994, Estimates of monthly streamflow characteristics at selected sites, Wind River and part of Bighorn River drainage basins, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4014, iv, 49 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944014.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4014/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58117,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a0e4b07f02db5bda7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rankl, J.G.","contributorId":107733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankl","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Montague, Ellen","contributorId":62244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montague","given":"Ellen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lenz, B. N.","contributorId":106164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29914,"text":"wri944009 - 1994 - Stream-aquifer interactions in the Straight River area, Becker and Hubbard counties, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:14:42","indexId":"wri944009","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4009","title":"Stream-aquifer interactions in the Straight River area, Becker and Hubbard counties, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>The Straight River, in north-central Minnesota, is a trout stream having cold, clear water. The 75-square-mile Straight River watershed contributes flow to the stream. The watershed is underlain by highly transmissive surficial and confined-drift aquifers. Ground-water discharge from these aquifers sustains flow in the Straight River, and the cold water supports a population of trout. Water withdrawals from these aquifers are increasing in response to changes in land use from dry-land to irrigated fanning. Degradation of the stream's habitat for trout could result from the following: a decrease in ground-water discharge to the stream caused by ground-water withdrawals for irrigation, an increase in ground-water temperature resulting from percolation of irrigated water to the ground-water system, and introduction of agricultural chemicals to the stream through ground-water flow or runoff.</p>\n<p>Physical data indicate a hydraulic connection between the stream and the surficial aquifer. Discharge of the Straight River increases from about 25 cubic feet per second at the outfall from a reservoir near the headwaters to about 51 cubic feet per second near the mouth. The rate of streamflow gain during summer decreases downstream, possibly as a result of ground-water withdrawal for irrigation. The water table and potentiometric surface of the uppermost confined-drift aquifer generally slope to the southeast and locally toward rivers and lakes; gradients decline to about 5 feet per mile from spring to summer.</p>\n<p>Daily fluctuations of stream temperature are as great as 15 degrees Celsius during the summer, primarily in response to changes in air temperature. Ground-water discharge to the Straight River decreases stream temperature during the summer. Results of simulations from a stream-temperature model indicate that daily changes in stream temperature are strongly influenced by solar radiation, wind speed, stream depth, and ground-water inflow. Results of simulations from ground-water-flow and stream-temperature models developed for the investigation indicate a significant decrease in ground-water flow could result from ground-water withdrawal at rates similar to those measured during 1988. This reduction in discharge to the stream could result in an increase in stream temperature of 0.5 to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Nitrate concentrations in shallow wells screened at the water table, in some areas, are locally greater than the limit set by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. Nitrate concentrations in water from deeper wells and in the stream are low, generally less than 1.0 milligram per liter.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri944009","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources","usgsCitation":"Stark, J., Armstrong, D.S., and Zwilling, D.R., 1994, Stream-aquifer interactions in the Straight River area, Becker and Hubbard counties, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4009, ix, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944009.","productDescription":"ix, 83 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4009/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58732,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4009/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Straight River area","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a506e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stark, J. R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armstrong, David S. 0000-0003-1695-1233 darmstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-1233","contributorId":1390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"David","email":"darmstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zwilling, Daniel R.","contributorId":100434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zwilling","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017872,"text":"70017872 - 1994 - Insights into the kinematic Cenozoic evolution of the Basin and Range-Colorado Plateau transition from coincident seismic refraction and reflection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-23T15:53:52.037024","indexId":"70017872","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Insights into the kinematic Cenozoic evolution of the Basin and Range-Colorado Plateau transition from coincident seismic refraction and reflection data","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15008219\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Estimates of surface extension in the southern Basin and Range province and transition into the Colorado Plateau range from a few percent to several hundred percent locally, yet the crustal thickness varies perhaps only 10-15 km across these provinces. Within the southern Basin and Range and the metamorphic core complex belt, extremely extended crust is directly juxtaposed against equally thick (or thinner) crust that underwent far milder extension. Unless preextension crustal thickness varied dramatically over a short distance, the crust must have maintained its thickness during extension, through mechanisms that involve crustal flow and magmatism. We employ a 300-km-long profile of seismic refraction and coincident vertical-incidence reflection data to investigate the geophysical signature of these processes from the extended southern Basin and Range province to the unextended Colorado Plateau. By integrating the seismic velocity with the pattern of reflectivity along the profile, we estimate the amounts of Tertiary magmatism and flow that have occurred. We estimate an upper bound of 8 km of mafic material intruded beneath the metamorphic core complex belt and 4 and 5 km of intruded material beneath the Transition Zone and southern Basin and Range province, respectively. We emphasize that this 8-km estimate is strictly an upper bound, and that the actual amount of magmatism was probably less (3 to 4 km). We further speculate that several kilo-meters of silicic rock was added to the metamorphic core complex belt via ductile flow. As suggested by numerous numerical models of crustal extension, we conclude that a mobile, felsic midcrustal layer accommodated most of this crustal flow. This ductile midcrustal layer appears to be thickest beneath the most extended terranes and thinnest beneath the less extended Transition Zone and Colorado Plateau. In contrast, the lowermost crust appears to have thinned passively in an amount that corresponds more directly to the regional surface extension.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0747:IITKCE>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, J., and Parsons, T., 1994, Insights into the kinematic Cenozoic evolution of the Basin and Range-Colorado Plateau transition from coincident seismic refraction and reflection data: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, no. 6, p. 747-759, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0747:IITKCE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"747","endPage":"759","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228633,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c20e4b0c8380cd62ab3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, J.","contributorId":50290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30537,"text":"wri944000 - 1994 - Geomorphic response to channel modifications of Skuna River at the State Highway 9 crossing at Bruce, Calhoun County, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:12","indexId":"wri944000","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4000","title":"Geomorphic response to channel modifications of Skuna River at the State Highway 9 crossing at Bruce, Calhoun County, Mississippi","docAbstract":"Skuna River at State Highway 9 at Bruce, Calhoun County, Mississippi, has geomorphically responded to channel modifications by lowering of the channel bed through degradation, which heightened and steepened channel banks and induced widening. Skuna River Canal (Skuna River) has typically degraded about 16.5 feet and widened about 150 feet from 1925 (when constructed) to 1992. Old Skuna River has degraded and widened about 11 feet and 40 feet, respectively, from 1921 to 1991. Skuna River Canal tributary has degraded about 6 feet from 1921 to 1991. Most of the geomorphic response on the Old River and the tributary seems to be a consequence of modifications of the canal. The bankfull discharge of the canal has increased about 1,450 percent, and the channel slope has decreased about 34 percent from 1925 to 1989. The bankfull stream power has been decreasing since 1980. The bankfull channel width-depth ratio has been increasing since 1975, which indicates the canal has been widening more than degrading since 1975. As much as 1 foot of additional degradation and 40 feet of additional widening are projected through 2010 on Skuna River Canal in the vicinity of State Highway 9. About 70 feet of additional widening could occur before the canal reaches quasi-equilibrium, which will likely be reached after 2010. If Old Skuna River and Skuna River Canal tributary degrade as much as the canal, which is doubtful, then about 6 and 11 feet of additional degradation could occur by 2010 on the Old Skuna River and the tributary, respectively, at State Highway 9. Old Skuna River and the tributary could both widen an additional 30 feet in the next 10 to 20 years. The channel low-stage thalweg of Skuna River Canal is beginning to meander around sandbars inducing lateral erosion of the channel banks. The widening projections in this report do not directly account for lateral erosion and are considered to be a minimum for the typical channel reach. Lateral erosion will likely have a significant effect on future widening site.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944000","usgsCitation":"Wilson, K., and Turnipseed, D., 1994, Geomorphic response to channel modifications of Skuna River at the State Highway 9 crossing at Bruce, Calhoun County, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4000, vii, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944000.","productDescription":"vii, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4000/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59312,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4000/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649ceb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, K.V. Jr.","contributorId":31419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"K.V.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turnipseed, D.P.","contributorId":59824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turnipseed","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26713,"text":"wri944243 - 1994 - Evaluation of ground-water flow by particle tracking, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-22T21:51:33.947027","indexId":"wri944243","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4243","title":"Evaluation of ground-water flow by particle tracking, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB) began a Basewide Monitoring Program (BMP) in 1992. The purpose of the BMP was to establish a long-term ground-water and surface- water sampling network in order to (1) characterize current ground-water and surface-water quality; (2) describe water-quality changes as water enters, flows across, and exits Base boundaries; (3) conduct statistical analyses of water quality; and (4) estimate the effect of WPAFB on regional water quality.\r\n\r\nAs part of the BMP, the USGS conducted ground-water particle-tracking analyses based on a ground-water-flow model produced during a previous USGS study. This report briefly describes the previous USGS study, the inherent assumptions of particle-tracking analyses, and information on the regional ground-water-flow field as inferred from particle pathlines. Pathlines for particles placed at the Base boundary and particles placed within identified Installation Restoration Program sites are described.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944243","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, W.L., Sheets, R.A., and Schalk, C.W., 1994, Evaluation of ground-water flow by particle tracking, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4243, iii, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944243.","productDescription":"iii, 11 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":55588,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4243/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122850,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4243/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":414589,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48110.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.0188749477466,\n              39.84047429114213\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.12893111841308,\n              39.84047429114213\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.12893111841308,\n              39.77325125752668\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.0188749477466,\n              39.77325125752668\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.0188749477466,\n              39.84047429114213\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fad93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, W. L.","contributorId":22801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheets, R. A.","contributorId":43381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheets","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schalk, C. W.","contributorId":64286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":19355,"text":"ofr93481 - 1994 - Five computer programs for testing weighted residuals and calculating linear confidence and prediction intervals on results from the ground-water parameter-estimation computer program MODFLOWP","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:29","indexId":"ofr93481","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-481","title":"Five computer programs for testing weighted residuals and calculating linear confidence and prediction intervals on results from the ground-water parameter-estimation computer program MODFLOWP","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93481","usgsCitation":"Hill, M.C., 1994, Five computer programs for testing weighted residuals and calculating linear confidence and prediction intervals on results from the ground-water parameter-estimation computer program MODFLOWP: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-481, iv, 81 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93481.","productDescription":"iv, 81 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0481/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48831,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0481/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5ef367","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":238,"text":"wsp2422 - 1994 - Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17671,"text":"ofr9252 - 1993 - Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change","indexId":"ofr9252","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":238,"text":"wsp2422 - 1994 - Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change","indexId":"wsp2422","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:06","indexId":"wsp2422","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2422","title":"Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change","docAbstract":"Because of the greenhouse effect, projected increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels might cause global warming, which in turn could result in changes in precipitation patterns and evapotranspiration and in increases in sea level. This report describes the greenhouse effect; discusses the problems and uncertainties associated with the detection, prediction, and effects of climate change; and presents the results of sensitivity analyses of how climate change might affect water resources in the Delaware River basin.\r\n\r\nSensitivity analyses suggest that potentially serious shortfalls of certain water resources in the basin could result if some scenarios for climate change come true . The results of model simulations of the basin streamflow demonstrate the difficulty in distinguishing the effects that climate change versus natural climate variability have on streamflow and water supply . The future direction of basin changes in most water resources, furthermore, cannot be precisely determined because of uncertainty in current projections of regional temperature and precipitation . This large uncertainty indicates that, for resource planning, information defining the sensitivities of water resources to a range of climate change is most relevant . The sensitivity analyses could be useful in developing contingency plans for evaluating and responding to changes, should they occur.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Map Distribution ;\r\nU.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2422","usgsCitation":"Ayers, M.A., Wolock, D.M., McCabe, G., Hay, L.E., and Tasker, G.D., 1994, Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2422, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2422.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wsp2422/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":136530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6863f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayers, Mark A.","contributorId":84730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":142122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. 0000-0002-9258-2997 gmccabe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":1453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory J.","email":"gmccabe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":142124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hay, Lauren E. 0000-0003-3763-4595 lhay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-4595","contributorId":1287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"Lauren","email":"lhay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":142123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":95035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1331,"text":"wsp2414 - 1994 - Relations of borehole resistivity to the horizontal hydraulic conductivity and dissolved-soils concentration in water of clastic coastal plain aquifers in the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:12","indexId":"wsp2414","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2414","title":"Relations of borehole resistivity to the horizontal hydraulic conductivity and dissolved-soils concentration in water of clastic coastal plain aquifers in the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"Aquifer bulk resistivity and grain-surface resistivity (inverse of grain-surface conductance) were tested as geoelectrical analogs to the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of clastic, freshwater aquifers in the Southeastern United States. Bulk resistivity was also tested as a geoelectrical analog for dissolved-solids concentrations in aquifer water. Bulk resistivity was defined as the average resistivity across a contributing interval measured by the long-normal (64-inch) or induction log. Grain-surface resistivity was empirically defined as the difference between aquifer bulk resistivity and aquifer water resistivity (computed from specific conductance). Sources of data were borehole geophysical logs and results of water-quality and aquifer-test analyses related to unconsolidated sands and clayey sands at more than a hundred sites in seven Southeastern States. Waterbearing units were composed of sediments ranging from the Late Cretaceous to middle Eocene. \r\n\r\nAll bivariate data were related using the logarithmic regression model Y=AX B. Aquifer bulk resistivity and grain-surface resistivity were moderately correlated to horizontal hydraulic conductivity (70 and 72 percent correlation coefficients, respectively). Apparent formation factor, defined as the ratio of aquifer bulk resistivity to aquifer water resistivity, was shown to be poorly correlated with horizontal hydraulic conductivity (38 percent correlation coefficient). Aquifer bulk resistivity was shown to be highly correlated with dissolved-solids concentration and aquifer water resistivity (88 and 93 percent correlation coefficients, respectively). \r\n\r\nRegression models using bulk resistivity and aquifer water resistivity as independent variables were applied at four locations in South Carolina and Louisiana to predict dissolved-solids concentrations in aquifer water. Absolute mean error of prediction was 20 and 6 percent, respectively. A regression model using bulk resistivity to predict horizontal hydraulic conductivity was applied at 27 sites in 6 Southeastern States, resulting in an absolute error ranging from 4 to 95 percent with a corresponding mean error of 43 percent.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off. ;\r\nFor sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2414","usgsCitation":"Faye, R.E., and Smith, W.G., 1994, Relations of borehole resistivity to the horizontal hydraulic conductivity and dissolved-soils concentration in water of clastic coastal plain aquifers in the southeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2414, iv, 33 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2414.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2414/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26386,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2414/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63be66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faye, Robert E.","contributorId":92221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faye","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Winston G.","contributorId":33297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Winston","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001133,"text":"1001133 - 1994 - A glossary for avian conservation biology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-29T13:24:41","indexId":"1001133","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A glossary for avian conservation biology","docAbstract":"This glossary provides standard definitions for many of the terms used in avian conservation biology. We compiled these definitions to assist communication among researchers, managers, and others involved in the Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Program, also known as Partners in Flight. We used existing glossaries and recent literature to prepare this glossary. The cited sources were not necessarily the first ones to use the terms. Many definitions were taken verbatim from the cited source material. Others were modified slightly to clarify the meaning. Definitions that were modified to a greater extent are indicated as being adapted from the originals. Terms that have been used in more than one way by different authors are listed with numbered alternative definitions if the definitions differ substantially.","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Bulletin","usgsCitation":"Koford, R.R., Dunning, J., Ribic, C., and Finch, D., 1994, A glossary for avian conservation biology: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 106, no. 1, p. 121-137.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"137","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koford, Rolf R.","contributorId":16347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koford","given":"Rolf","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunning, J.B. Jr.","contributorId":25908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunning","given":"J.B.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ribic, C. A. 0000-0003-2583-1778","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2583-1778","contributorId":6026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ribic","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finch, D.M.","contributorId":39331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}