Gas hydrates are stable at relatively low temperature and high pressure conditions; thus large amounts of hydrates can exist in sediments within the upper several hundred meters below the sea floor. The existence of gas hydrates has been recognized and mapped mostly on the basis of high amplitude Bottom Simulating Reflections (BSRs) which indicate only that an acoustic contrast exists at the lower boundary of the region of gas hydrate stability. Other factors such as amplitude blanking and change in reflection characteristics in sediments where a BSR would be expected, which have not been investigated in detail, are also associated with hydrated sediments and potentially disclose more information about the nature of hydratecemented sediments and the amount of hydrate present. Our research effort has focused on a detailed analysis of multichannel seismic profiles in terms of reflection character, inferred distribution of free gas underneath the BSR, estimation of elastic parameters, and spatial variation of blanking. This study indicates that continuous-looking BSRs in seismic profiles are highly segmented in detail and that the free gas underneath the hydrated sediment probably occurs as patches of gas-filled sediment having variable thickness. We also present an elastic model for various types of sediments based on seismic inversion results. The BSR from sediments of high ratio of shear to compressional velocity, estimated as about 0.52, encased in sediments whose ratios are less than 0.35 is consistent with the interpretation of gasfilled sediments underneath hydrated sediments. This model contrasts with recent results in which the BSR is explained by increased concentrations of hydrate near the base of the hydrate stability field and no underlying free gas is required.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geophysical Researches","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01237512","issn":"00253235","usgsCitation":"Lee, M.W., Hutchinson, D.R., Agena, W., Dillon, W.P., Miller, J.J., and Swift, B., 1994, Seismic character of gas hydrates on the Southeastern U.S. continental margin: Marine Geophysical Research, v. 16, no. 3, p. 163-184, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01237512.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"184","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8af7e4b08c986b3174db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hutchinson, D. R.","contributorId":31770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Agena, Warren F.","contributorId":67079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agena","given":"Warren F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, J. J.","contributorId":54588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Swift, B.A.","contributorId":32937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swift","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70016974,"text":"70016974 - 1994 - Relationships between atmospheric circulation and snowpack in the Gunnison River basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-23T11:13:56.599054","indexId":"70016974","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between atmospheric circulation and snowpack in the Gunnison River basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"Stratigraphic and geomorphic relations, archeological data, and eight radiocarbon ages at five widely scattered localities in northeastern Colorado indicate that eolian sand was mobilized over broad areas within the past 1000 yr. The mobilization began after 1 ka, was episodic, and ended at some as yet undetermined time prior to the latter part of the nineteenth century. Given that climate-model simulations suggest only slight variation in average surface temperature and annual precipitation in this region during the past 1000 yr, this part of the Great Plains evidently is near the threshold of widespread eolian sand transport under the present climate.
I quantified ovarian rapid follicle growth (RFG) and regression of postovulatory follicles of Northern Pintails (Anas acuta), American Wigeon (A. americana), and Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) by a method that accounted for within-day variation in follicle size. Objective methods for identifying onset of RFG also are presented; this is crucial for accurate classification of breeding status. Duration of RFG was estimated as 4.2, 5.1, and 5.0 days for pintails, wigeon, and scaup, respectively; these are shorter than previously reported. Diameters of follicles at the beginning of RFG were estimated to be 8.2, 6.9, and 7.9 mm for pintails, wigeon, and scaup, respectively. For all species, RFG was linear, using follicle diameters, and exponential, using dry masses. Models of RFG and postovulatory follicle regression have practical value for calculating nest initiation dates, number of developing follicles, clutch size, renesting intervals, and daily energy and nutrient commitment to reproduction of collected breeding females.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Esler, D., 1994, Dynamics of ovarian follicles in breeding ducks: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 106, no. 4, p. 679-688.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"679","endPage":"688","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338003,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338002,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wjoonline.org/?code=wors-site","text":"Journal's Homepage"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge","volume":"106","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f82997","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":685525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26974,"text":"wri944018 - 1994 - Development of historic and synthesized unregulated streamflow for the James River in North Dakota and South Dakota, 1983-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-07T16:24:05","indexId":"wri944018","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4018","title":"Development of historic and synthesized unregulated streamflow for the James River in North Dakota and South Dakota, 1983-91","docAbstract":"Operation of the Garrison Diversion Unit may have some affect on the hydrology of the James River in North Dakota and South Dakota. The Garrison Diversion Unit Monthly Operations Model was developed to analyze a wide range of streamflow conditions that could occur in the James River Basin. The purpose of this study was to compute monthly streamflows that are required as input to the model.
Historic streamflow data were complied and record extension methods were used, when necessary, to compute monthly streamflow for 1983-91 for 15 gaging stations on the James River in North Dakota and South Dakota. The record extension methods used include Maintenance of Variance Extension Type 1, Ordinary Least Squares, and drainage-area ratio.
In addition to the historic streamflow, synthesized unregulated streamflow was computed for the 15 gaging stations on the James River for 1983-91 by eliminating the effects of Jamestown Reservoir, Pipestem Reservoir, Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge, consumptive surface-water withdrawals, and wastewater withdrawals. Maintenance of Variance Extension Type 1, Ordinary Least Squares regression, water-balance procedures, and drainage-area ratio method were used to compute the unregulated streamflows.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944018","usgsCitation":"Emerson, D.G., and Niehus, C.A., 1994, Development of historic and synthesized unregulated streamflow for the James River in North Dakota and South Dakota, 1983-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4018, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944018.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4018/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55862,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4018/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"James River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100,\n 42.84777884235988\n ],\n [\n -97.2344970703125,\n 42.84777884235988\n ],\n [\n -97.2344970703125,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -100,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -100,\n 42.84777884235988\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dec8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emerson, Douglas G.","contributorId":40579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niehus, Colin A.","contributorId":86815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niehus","given":"Colin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186674,"text":"70186674 - 1994 - Environmental conditions affecting concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 in soil gases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T09:36:19","indexId":"70186674","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental conditions affecting concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 in soil gases","docAbstract":"The measurement of concentrations of volatile species in soil gases has potential for use in geochemical exploration for concealed ore deposits and for monitoring of subsurface contaminants. However, the interpretation of anomalies in surficial gases can be difficult because soil-gas concentrations are dependent on both meteorological and environmental conditions.
For this study, concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 and meteorological conditions were monitored for 10–14 months at eight nonmineralized sites in both humid and dry environments. Gases were collected at 0.6–0.7-m depth at seven sites. At one site, gases were collected from 0.3-, 0.6-, 1.2-, and 2.0-m depths; diurnal monitoring studies were conducted at this site also. Rain and snowfall, soil and air temperatures, barometric pressure, and relative humidity were monitored at all the sites. The sand, silt and clay content, and the organic carbon content of surficial soil were measured at each site.
Meteorological conditions generally affected He and CO2 concentrations in the same way at all the sites; however, these effects were modified by local environmental conditions. Both seasonal and diurnal concentration changes occurred. The most important seasonal concentration changes were related to rain and snowfall and soil and air temperatures. Seasonal changes tended to be larger then the diurnal changes, but both could be related to the same processes. Local conditions of soil type and organic content affected the amount of pore space and moisture present in the soil and therefore the soil-gas concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(94)90052-3","usgsCitation":"Hinkle, M., 1994, Environmental conditions affecting concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 in soil gases: Applied Geochemistry, v. 9, no. 1, p. 53-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(94)90052-3.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"53","endPage":"63","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339383,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54ae4b09da6799d63e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkle, Margaret","contributorId":36918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"Margaret","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20960,"text":"ofr93373 - 1994 - Crude-oil spill research project near Bemidji, Minnesota - Bibliography, 1984-1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:04:36","indexId":"ofr93373","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-373","title":"Crude-oil spill research project near Bemidji, Minnesota - Bibliography, 1984-1994","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey began a research project at the site of a crude-oil spill near Bemidji, Minnesota in 1983. The project is part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. The objectives of research at the site are to obtain an understanding of the mobilization, transport, and fate of petroleum derivatives in the shallow subsurface and to use this understanding to develop predictive models of contaminant behavior. This report presents a bibliography of scientific papers that have been published from 1984 to early 1994. Research results have been published in scientific journals, conference proceedings, U.S. Geological Survey Reports, and academic theses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr93373","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.E., and Hult, M.F., 1994, Crude-oil spill research project near Bemidji, Minnesota - Bibliography, 1984-1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-373, i, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93373.","productDescription":"i, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0373/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50543,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0373/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db6808fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, S. E.","contributorId":46120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hult, M. F.","contributorId":29817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hult","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017819,"text":"70017819 - 1994 - Experimental studies of alunite: II. Rates of alunite-water alkali and isotope exchange","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T00:41:18.527333","indexId":"70017819","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental studies of alunite: II. Rates of alunite-water alkali and isotope exchange","docAbstract":"Rates of alkali exchange between alunite and water have been measured in hydrothermal experiments of 1 hour to 259 days duration at 150 to 400°C. Examination of run products by scanning electron microscope indicates that the reaction takes place by dissolution-reprecipitation. This exchange is modeled with an empirical rate equation which assumes a linear decrease in mineral surface area with percent exchange (f) and a linear dependence of the rate on the square root of the affinity for the alkali exchange reaction. This equation provides a good fit of the experimental data for f = 17% to 90% and yields log rate constants which range from −6.25 moles alkali m−2s−1 at 400°C to − 11.7 moles alkali m−2s−1 at 200°C. The variation in these rates with temperature is given by the equation log
In the absence of coupled alkali exchange, oxygen isotope exchange between alunite and water also occurs by dissolution-reprecipitation but rates are one to three orders of magnitude lower than those for alkali exchange. In fine-grained alunites, significant D-H exchange occurs by hydrogen diffusion at temperatures as low as 100°C. Computed hydrogen diffusion coefficients range from −15.7 to −17.3 cm2s−1 and suggest that the activation energy for hydrogen diffusion may be as low as 6 kcal/mol.
These experiments indicate that rates of alkali exchange in the relatively coarse-grained alunites typical of hydrothermal ore deposits are insignificant, and support the reliability of K-Ar age data from such samples. However, the fine-grained alunites typical of low temperature settings may be susceptible to limited alkali exchange at surficial conditions which could cause alteration of their radiometric ages. Furthermore, the rapid rate of hydrogen diffusion observed at 100–150°C suggests that fine-grained alunites are susceptible to rapid D-H re-equilibration even at surficial conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90515-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Stoffregen, R., Rye, R.O., and Wasserman, M., 1994, Experimental studies of alunite: II. Rates of alunite-water alkali and isotope exchange: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 2, p. 917-929, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90515-0.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"917","endPage":"929","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228628,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0de1e4b0c8380cd53232","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoffregen, R.E.","contributorId":70417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoffregen","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wasserman, M.D.","contributorId":77949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasserman","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187227,"text":"70187227 - 1994 - Precambrian zircons from the Florida basement: A Gondwanan connection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-21T22:46:25.83814","indexId":"70187227","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precambrian zircons from the Florida basement: A Gondwanan connection","docAbstract":"A Gondwanan origin for the pre-Cretaceous basement of Florida is suggested by U- Pb ages of 515 to 2860 Ma for single zircons separated from subsurface samples of lower Paleozoic sandstone of the Suwannee basin (Alachua County, Florida) and Neoproterozoic Osceola granite (Osceola County, Florida). Forty individual grains analyzed by SHRIMP ion microprobe yielded ages from 515 to 2860 Ma; ages >1000 Ma were predominantly concordant. Two principal populations are evident: (1) 515 to 637 Ma (avg. = 574 Ma; 206Pb/238U ages) and (2) 1967 to 2282 Ma (avg. = 2130 Ma; 207Pb/206Pb ages). Only six zircons were recovered from the granite; four are Pan-African and two are Archean. For the sandstone, the similarity between the Sm-Nd model age (1245 Ma) and the average of the single zircon ages (1326 Ma) suggests that these zircons are chronologically representative of the aggregate provenance of the sandstone. The two dominant zircon age groupings correspond chronologically to the Pan-African and Birimian or Eburnian (Africa) and to the Brasiliano and Trans-Amazonian (South America) orogenic cycles. The presence of detritus from rocks of these two orogenic cycles clearly places the basement of Florida in Gondwanaland proximal to the West African and/or Trans-Amazonian-San Luis cratons in the early Paleozoic, a location it probably shared with other circum-Atlantic exotic terranes (Avalonian, Cadomian, and/or Carolina).
Sage grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus, in an isolated montane basin near Gunnison, Colorado differ in several morphological and behavioural traits from conspecifics studied in other areas of the species' range. Both sexes in Gunnison are smaller than sage grouse elsewhere, and males possess differences in feather morphology as well. The mating behaviour of male sage grouse in three populations was examined to determine whether male strut displays of Gunnison sage grouse were behaviourally distinct. Behavioural analyses revealed Gunnison males perform strut displays at a slower rate than males in the two other sage grouse populations sampled. In addition, Gunnison males' strut displays contain unique visual and acoustical aspects. The most distinguishing attributes of Gunnison sage grouse were male secondary sexual characteristics including traits that correlate with mating success in other populations. Thus, phenotypic differences observed in the Gunnison population represent a divergence in expression of traits that are likely to be influenced by sexual selection. Recent models of speciation suggest that species characterized by intense sexual selection, such as those with lek mating systems, have the potential for rapid inter-populational divergence in male traits and female preferences leading to speciation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/anbe.1994.1183","usgsCitation":"Young, J., Hupp, J.W., Bradbury, J.W., and Braun, C.E., 1994, Phenotypic divergence of secondary sexual traits among sage grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus, populations: Animal Behaviour, v. 37, no. 6, p. 1353-1362, https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1994.1183.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1353","endPage":"1362","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334506,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Gunnison","volume":"37","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5891b0b9e4b072a7ac12993e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, Jessica R.","contributorId":50837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Jessica R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hupp, Jerry W. 0000-0002-6439-3910 jhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-3910","contributorId":127803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Jerry","email":"jhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradbury, Jack W.","contributorId":179016,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradbury","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Braun, Clait E.","contributorId":59368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"Clait","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70184279,"text":"70184279 - 1994 - Seasonal and annual survival of emperor geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T10:57:39","indexId":"70184279","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal and annual survival of emperor geese","docAbstract":"Population levels of emperor geese (Chen canagica) in Alaska in 1993 were about half that estimated in the 1960s. Survival information is necessary for managers to decide how to best enhance recovery of this species to former levels. We calculated seasonal and annual estimates of emperor goose survival from resightings of neck-collared birds. Geese were neck collared in 1988-90 on their breeding grounds in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, and resighted each spring and fall, 1988-92, at staging areas on the Alaska Peninsula. Adult monthly survival rates during overwinter periods (1 Oct-30 Apr) were not different (P = 0.281) among years (Ŝ'= 0.940, SE = 0.009), whereas monthly rates of oversummer (1 May-30 Sep) survival showed annual variation (P = 0.048). However, we constrained oversummer survival to a single estimate of 0.980 (0.010). Monthly survival estimates for juveniles during their first overwinter period did not vary among years (P = 0.999) and was 0.710 (0.018). Subsequent monthly survival for juveniles was 0.943 (0.010), similar to that for adults. We developed an adjustment procedure to account for philopatric behavior of geese and this enabled us to use data for postbanding (1 Aug-30 Sep) periods. Survival estimates were low compared with those for other goose species, particularly for juveniles. We addressed collar loss and heterogeneity in resighting probabilities and felt their contribution to potential model bias was insignificant. Annual survival among adults (Ŝ' = 0.631, SE = 0.023) was not different (P = 0.709) from that observed during 1982-85 (Petersen 1992). The similarity in survival rates in these studies suggests that harvest regimes did not differ between the 2 periods. This suggests that continued subsistence harvest has contributed to persistent low population levels in emperor geese.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809325","usgsCitation":"Schmutz, J.A., Cantor, S.E., and Petersen, M.R., 1994, Seasonal and annual survival of emperor geese: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 58, no. 3, p. 525-535, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809325.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"525","endPage":"535","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336902,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"58","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be8340e4b014cc3a3a9a23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cantor, Susan E.","contributorId":187555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cantor","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185421,"text":"70185421 - 1994 - Chick movements and adoption in a colony of Black-Legged Kittiwakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T11:27:41","indexId":"70185421","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chick movements and adoption in a colony of Black-Legged Kittiwakes","docAbstract":"We studied Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) in an Alaskan colony where movement of young among nests was possible because of moderate terrain and close nest spacing. Thirty-three percent of chicks in a focal group departed their nests prior to fledging, and seven of the vagrant chicks (58%) were adopted by foster parents. The overall frequency of adoption in three years was 8% of 88 chicks from 57 focal nests. Premature nest-departure occurred at different stages among first- and second-hatched chicks. Departing second-hatched chicks were usually expelled by their nest mates within a few days after hatching. First-hatched chicks left at all stages and usually were the sole nest occupant when they departed. The evidence for parent-offspring recognition was equivocal. Adults accepted alien chicks that appeared in the nest and also occasionally attacked their own young outside the nest. However, asymmetry in the response of parents and nonparents to vagrant chicks seeking access to a nest suggested that adults were often able to discriminate appropriately. Vagrant chicks appeared to have little control over their fate-most entered nests where they were smaller than the resident young and suffered nest-mate aggression. Reproductive error seems the likely explanation for the acceptance and foster caregiving observed in adult kittiwakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Roberts, B.D., and Hatch, S.A., 1994, Chick movements and adoption in a colony of Black-Legged Kittiwakes: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 106, no. 2, p. 289-298.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"298","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338001,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338000,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wjoonline.org/?code=wors-site","text":"Journal's Homepage"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Middleton Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -146.46697998046875,\n 59.37169178361765\n ],\n [\n -146.20811462402344,\n 59.37169178361765\n ],\n [\n -146.20811462402344,\n 59.49809151947178\n ],\n [\n -146.46697998046875,\n 59.49809151947178\n ],\n [\n -146.46697998046875,\n 59.37169178361765\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f82999","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, Bay D.","contributorId":181868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberts","given":"Bay","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":61306,"text":"mf2081F - 1994 - Maps showing interpretation, using R-mode factor analysis, of trace-element abundances in stream-sediment samples, Delta 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T19:23:25.556659","indexId":"mf2081F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2081","chapter":"F","title":"Maps showing interpretation, using R-mode factor analysis, of trace-element abundances in stream-sediment samples, Delta 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Utah","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2081F","usgsCitation":"Zimbelman, D.R., 1994, Maps showing interpretation, using R-mode factor analysis, of trace-element abundances in stream-sediment samples, Delta 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2081, 2 Plates: 41.14 x 57.32 inches and 39.63 x 41.38 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2081F.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 41.14 x 57.32 inches and 39.63 x 41.38 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487284,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5687.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":364343,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081-F/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":180279,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081-F/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":364344,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081-F/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Delta quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114,39 ], [ -114,40 ], [ -112,40 ], [ -112,39 ], [ -114,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605b0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimbelman, D. R.","contributorId":43768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":61305,"text":"mf2081G - 1994 - Maps showing interpretation, using R-mode factor analysis, of trace-element abundances in heavy-mineral concentrate samples, Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-01T19:04:20.674893","indexId":"mf2081G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2081","chapter":"G","title":"Maps showing interpretation, using R-mode factor analysis, of trace-element abundances in heavy-mineral concentrate samples, Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah","docAbstract":"A set of heavy-mineral concentrate data for the Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah Conterminous U.S. Mineral Assessment Program (CUSMAP) project was compiled from results of analyses of samples collected during the National Uranium Resource Evaluation Program (SURE), as well as results obtained from samples collected more recently by the USGS. Data results, sampling methods, and analytical methods are provided in Abrogast and others, 1993; 1990; 1988a; 1988b). A similar report, discussing results obtained from stream-sediment samples, is presented in Zimbelman (1993a). The Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah (figure 1) contains a variety of hydrothermal mineral deposit types, including porphyry-, vein-, replacement-, and Carlin-type deposits. These deposit types have been worked for commodities including gold, silver, beryllium, uranium, lead, zinc, copper, manganese, and cadmium (Lindsey, 1977; Morris and Mogensen, 1978; Zimbelman and others, 1990; Zimbelman and others, 1988). Heavy-mineral concentrate and stream-sediment samples derived from these hydrothermally altered rocks typically contain many geochemical anomalies (for example, see Zimbelman 1993b, c, d). Element associations characterizing lithology and hydrothermal mineral deposits can be distinguished using R-mode factor analysis. This tool often is useful in reconnaissance-scale surveys where sample anomalies are often weak. and single-element distributions may not help to delineate targets. R-mode factors analysis can help identify geologic trends and areas most likely to contain the mineral deposits. R-mode factor analysis was performed on a data set of results of analyses for 19 elements in 643 samples and produced a six-factor model. These six factors represent the geochemical contributions to the data set provided by lithologic and mineralization processes, The distribution of samples that contain high scores for mineralization-related factors is widespread in the Delta quadrangle. These sample sites are though to relate to both known prospect and mineralization areas, as well as define new areas that are geochemically favorable to contain altered or mineralized rocks.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2081G","usgsCitation":"Zimbelman, D.R., 1994, Maps showing interpretation, using R-mode factor analysis, of trace-element abundances in heavy-mineral concentrate samples, Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2081, 2 Plates: 43.24 x 59.05 inches and 44.52 x 58.91 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2081G.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 43.24 x 59.05 inches and 44.52 x 58.91 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406086,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5688.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2081g.jpg"},{"id":284431,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081-G/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284432,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081-G/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.0,39.0 ], [ -114.0,40.0 ], [ -112.0,40.0 ], [ -112.0,39.0 ], [ -114.0,39.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6636e4b0b2908510096e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimbelman, David R.","contributorId":58253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186209,"text":"70186209 - 1994 - Brown bear-human interactions associated with deer hunting on Kodiak Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T14:16:50","indexId":"70186209","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":978,"text":"Bears: Their Biology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brown bear-human interactions associated with deer hunting on Kodiak Island","docAbstract":"I compared distribution and range of brown bears (Ursus arctos middendorffi) with temporal and spatial distribution of Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) hunting activity on westside Kodiak Island, Alaska, to examine impacts of deer hunting on bears. Mean number of bears that annually ranged ≤5 km from the coast, >5 km inland from the coast, or in both areas was 10, 8, and 11, respectively. Bears that exclusively or seasonally occupied the coast zone were usually classed as having moderate or high potential to interact with hunters because most hunter access and effort (>95%) was via the coast. Bears that ranged exclusively inland were considered unlikely to encounter hunters. Animals that ranged in both zones often (39%) moved inland during fall (Oct-Dec) and most bears (70%) denned in the inland zone. Females that denned near the coast entered dens later (x̄ = 22 Nov) than females that denned inland (x̄ = 12 Nov). Two radio-collared bears were known to raid deer-hunting camps and 9 other marked bears were observed by hunters or were located <200 m from hunting camps. Deer-hunter surveys revealed that more than two-thirds of the deer harvest occurred during October-November. About half of the hunters observed at least 1 bear during their hunt. Seven to 21% of the respondents reported having a threatening encounter with a bear and 5-26% reported losing deer meat to bears. Human-induced mortality to radio-collared bears occurred more often near the coast (5) than inland (3); 7 bears were harvested by sport hunters and 1 was killed (nonsport) in a Native village. Deer hunters killed 2 unmarked females in defense of life or property situations in the study area. High bear densities and concentrated deer-hunting activity combine to make conflicts unavoidable. Adverse impacts to bears can be minimized by maintaining low levels of human activity in inland areas and improving hunter awareness of bear ecology and behavior.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"A selection of papers from the ninth international conference on bear research and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Ninth International Conference on Bear Research and Management","conferenceDate":"February 23-28, 1992","conferenceLocation":"Missoula, MT","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","doi":"10.2307/3872685","usgsCitation":"Barnes, V.G., 1994, Brown bear-human interactions associated with deer hunting on Kodiak Island: Bears: Their Biology and Management, v. 9, no. Part 1, p. 63-73, https://doi.org/10.2307/3872685.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"73","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338972,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kodiak Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.57513427734375,\n 57.91630666417919\n ],\n [\n -153.92120361328125,\n 57.91630666417919\n ],\n [\n -154.01458740234375,\n 57.82281772781588\n ],\n [\n -154.00634765625,\n 57.745213216291866\n ],\n [\n -153.9459228515625,\n 57.65421872137722\n ],\n [\n -153.929443359375,\n 57.562995459387146\n ],\n [\n -153.89373779296875,\n 57.514347738032804\n ],\n [\n -153.885498046875,\n 57.4552937099324\n ],\n [\n -153.85528564453125,\n 57.42720958655339\n ],\n [\n -153.79760742187497,\n 57.38134182387448\n ],\n [\n -153.78662109375,\n 57.3428277935861\n ],\n [\n -153.753662109375,\n 57.31169078996896\n ],\n [\n -153.67401123046872,\n 57.28498092462365\n ],\n [\n -153.63006591796875,\n 57.271618718194446\n ],\n [\n -153.544921875,\n 57.24042137149313\n ],\n [\n -153.33343505859375,\n 57.29388636800383\n ],\n [\n -153.19610595703125,\n 57.37541921931102\n ],\n [\n -153.22082519531247,\n 57.44938305443732\n ],\n [\n -153.336181640625,\n 57.52319760837676\n ],\n [\n -153.468017578125,\n 57.598334849584454\n ],\n [\n -153.52294921875,\n 57.6689107171251\n ],\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 57.77012340253372\n ],\n [\n -153.544921875,\n 57.85205911479104\n ],\n [\n -153.57513427734375,\n 57.91630666417919\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"Part 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6acae4b02ff32c6aea89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, Victor G. Jr.","contributorId":95113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Victor","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":35655,"text":"Kodiak Brown Bear Trust, Westcliffe, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":687882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2705,"text":"wsp2421 - 1994 - Saltwater movement in the upper Floridan aquifer beneath Port Royal Sound, South Carolina","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20945,"text":"ofr91483 - 1993 - Saltwater movement in the Upper Floridan aquifer beneath Port Royal Sound, South Carolina","indexId":"ofr91483","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Saltwater movement in the Upper Floridan aquifer beneath Port Royal Sound, South Carolina"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2705,"text":"wsp2421 - 1994 - Saltwater movement in the upper Floridan aquifer beneath Port Royal Sound, South Carolina","indexId":"wsp2421","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Saltwater movement in the upper Floridan aquifer beneath Port Royal Sound, South Carolina"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T10:05:02","indexId":"wsp2421","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2421","title":"Saltwater movement in the upper Floridan aquifer beneath Port Royal Sound, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Freshwater for Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, is supplied by withdrawals from the Upper Floridan aquifer. Freshwater for the nearby city of Savannah, Georgia, and for the industry that has grown adjacent to the city, has also been supplied, in part, by withdrawal from the Upper Floridan aquifer since 1885. The withdrawal of ground water has caused water levels in the Upper Floridan aquifer to decline over a broad area, forming a cone of depression in the potentiometric surface of the aquifer centered near Savannah. In 1984, the cone of depression extended beneath Hilton Head Island as far as Port Royal Sound. Flow in the aquifer, which had previously been toward Port Royal Sound, has been reversed, and, as a result, saltwater in the aquifer beneath Port Royal Sound has begun to move toward Hilton Head Island. \r\n\r\nThe Saturated-Unsaturated Transport (SUTRA) model of the U.S. Geological Survey was used for the simulation of density-dependent ground-water flow and solute transport for a vertical section of the Upper Floridan aquifer and upper confining unit beneath Hilton Head Island and Port Royal Sound. The model simulated a dynamic equilibrium between the flow of seawater and freshwater in the aquifer near the Gyben-Herzberg position estimated for the period before withdrawals began in 1885; it simulated reasonable movements of brackish water and saltwater from that position to the position determined by chemical analyses of samples withdrawn from the aquifer in 1984, and it approximated hydraulic heads measured in the aquifer in 1976 and 1984. \r\n\r\nThe solute-transport simulations indicate that the transition zone would continue to move toward Hilton Head Island even if pumping ceased on the island. Increases in existing withdrawals or additional withdrawals on or near Hilton Head Island would accelerate movement of the transition zone toward the island, but reduction in withdrawals or the injection of freshwater would slow movement toward the island, according to the simulations. \r\n\r\nFuture movements of the transition zone toward Hilton Head Island will depend on hydraulic gradients in the aquifer beneath the island and the sound. Hydraulic gradients in the Upper Floridan aquifer beneath Hilton Head Island and Port Royal Sound are strongly influenced by withdrawals on the island and near Savannah. Since 1984, withdrawals on Hilton Head Island have increased.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution, Denver 80225,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2421","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.S., 1994, Saltwater movement in the upper Floridan aquifer beneath Port Royal Sound, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2421, v, 40 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2421.","productDescription":"v, 40 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2421/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29075,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2421/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Port Royal Sound, Upper Floridan Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.7103271484375,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.7103271484375,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.30957031249999,\n 31.57853542647338\n ],\n [\n -82.30957031249999,\n 33.65120829920497\n ],\n [\n -79.156494140625,\n 33.65120829920497\n ],\n [\n -79.156494140625,\n 31.57853542647338\n ],\n [\n -82.30957031249999,\n 31.57853542647338\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f1631","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Barry S.","contributorId":21532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2766,"text":"wsp2408A - 1994 - Simulation of unsteady flow in the Roanoke River from near Oak City to Williamston, North Carolina","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21048,"text":"ofr92639 - 1993 - Simulation of unsteady flow in the Roanoke River from near Oak City to Williamston, North Carolina","indexId":"ofr92639","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of unsteady flow in the Roanoke River from near Oak City to Williamston, North Carolina"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2766,"text":"wsp2408A - 1994 - Simulation of unsteady flow in the Roanoke River from near Oak City to Williamston, North Carolina","indexId":"wsp2408A","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Simulation of unsteady flow in the Roanoke River from near Oak City to Williamston, North Carolina"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T11:13:40","indexId":"wsp2408A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2408","chapter":"A","title":"Simulation of unsteady flow in the Roanoke River from near Oak City to Williamston, North Carolina","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model was calibrated, validated, and applied to a 30.4-mile reach of the Roanoke River between State Highway 42-11 bridge near Oak City (river mile 67.0) and the U.S. Highway 17-13 bridge at Williamston (river mile 36.6) North Carolina. The model was calibrated and validated for flows ranging from about 2,000 to 12,000 cubic feet per second. The model was used to compute daily mean flows at selected locations in the study reach for water years 1988-90. Flows were calculated for the range of conditions for which the model was calibrated and validated. Simulated monthly mean flows at river mile 67.0 were within 5 percent of measured flows at a gaging station at river mile 137.0, after adjustment of inflow from the intervening drainage area, for months having mean flows less than 14,000 cubic feet per second.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2408A","usgsCitation":"Strickland, A., and Bales, J.D., 1994, Simulation of unsteady flow in the Roanoke River from near Oak City to Williamston, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2408, iv, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2408A.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":29202,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2408a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2408a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","city":"Oak City, Williamston","otherGeospatial":"Roanoke River","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-83.71307373046874,35.67068501330236],[-83.71307373046874,35.67068501330236],[-83.7103271484375,35.67068501330236],[-83.7103271484375,35.67068501330236],[-83.71307373046874,35.67068501330236]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-77.39593505859375,35.833401703805094],[-77.12677001953125,35.69968630125204],[-76.82601928710938,35.71083783530009],[-76.651611328125,35.91685961322499],[-76.77383422851562,36.010228040656735],[-77.04437255859375,36.1312200154285],[-77.41653442382812,36.43896124085945],[-77.56484985351562,36.493077506552744],[-77.81890869140624,36.63867203824882],[-78.54400634765624,36.88401445049676],[-78.8543701171875,37.322120359451766],[-79.82940673828125,37.53586597792038],[-80.30731201171875,37.55328764595765],[-80.2935791015625,37.520618678869305],[-80.38421630859374,37.49229399862877],[-80.48309326171875,37.43343148473673],[-80.52154541015625,37.472678309670826],[-80.68084716796875,37.43343148473673],[-80.782470703125,37.37670527881838],[-80.826416015625,37.14499280340635],[-80.42816162109375,36.99816565700228],[-80.32516479492188,36.14896463588831],[-79.76898193359375,36.1312200154285],[-79.46273803710938,36.33393438759289],[-79.12490844726562,36.379279167407965],[-79.03358459472656,36.377620677623874],[-78.89076232910156,36.387571085823566],[-78.83308410644531,36.40359962073253],[-77.39593505859375,35.833401703805094]]]}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1d4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strickland, A.G.","contributorId":99959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strickland","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bales, Jerad D. 0000-0001-8398-6984 jdbales@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-6984","contributorId":683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"Jerad","email":"jdbales@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187025,"text":"70187025 - 1994 - Overview of South‐east Asia land cover using a NOAA AVHRR one kilometer composite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-20T11:04:22","indexId":"70187025","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1753,"text":"Geocarto International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overview of South‐east Asia land cover using a NOAA AVHRR one kilometer composite","docAbstract":"A cloud free AVHRR composite of South‐East Asia at one kilometer resolution has been produced from 38 selected daily NOAA‐11 AVHRR images. Geometric accuracy of about 1 pixel is achieved using a two‐step rectification algorithm (orbital model and transformation by ground control points). A spatial and spectral enhancement has been performed, the sea masked out and political boundaries included in the final product. This AVHRR composite is particularly useful for a comprehensive overview of land cover at a regional scale. Qualitative comparison between a monthly composite and the existing forest maps highlights the forest cover change and points out the hot spots where the maps have to be updated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10106049409354471","usgsCitation":"Defourny, P., Pradhan, U.C., Vinay, S., and Johnson, G., 1994, Overview of South‐east Asia land cover using a NOAA AVHRR one kilometer composite: Geocarto International, v. 9, no. 4, p. 45-52, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049409354471.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"52","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340020,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Southeast 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Pierre","contributorId":146809,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Defourny","given":"Pierre","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pradhan, Udai C.","contributorId":191133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pradhan","given":"Udai","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vinay, Sritharan","contributorId":191134,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vinay","given":"Sritharan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Gary E.","contributorId":65007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gary E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":4349,"text":"cir1106 - 1994 - Mineral-resource assessments in Alaska; background information to accompany maps and reports about the geology and undiscovered-mineral-resource potential of the Mount Katmai Quadrangle and adjacent parts of the Naknek and Afognak quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:21","indexId":"cir1106","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1106","title":"Mineral-resource assessments in Alaska; background information to accompany maps and reports about the geology and undiscovered-mineral-resource potential of the Mount Katmai Quadrangle and adjacent parts of the Naknek and Afognak quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula","docAbstract":"Geologic and geochemical field studies were carded out from 1983 to 1987 in the Mount Katmai l?x2 ? quadrangle and adjoining region, at the northeast end of the Alaska Peninsula. The region is nearly entirely within Katmai National Park and Preserve and has had almost no mineral production, so prior to this study there were few data by which to assess the mineral potential of the region. This report describes the folio of publications that have resulted from the study: geologic maps, geochemical results, fossil identifications, radiometric rock ages, and an assessment of the undiscovered-mineral-resource potential of the region. \r\n\r\nThe Katmai region is inferred to potentially have three types of undiscovered mineral deposits: porphyry copper (molybdenum), precious-metal vein, and hot-springs gold. These deposit types occur elsewhere on the Alaska Peninsula in similar geologic units. Evidence suggesting their occurrence in the Katmai region is the presence of trace amounts of metals typically associated with these kinds of deposits in bedrock of certain tracts and in sediments of streams draining those tracts. Magma to provide heat, fractures to provide pathways for mineralizing fluids, and altered rock are required by genetic models of these deposit types. Such features do occur in the Katmai tracts. Confirmation of any mineral deposit in the Katmai region requires detailed follow-up sampling and acquisition of subsurface information, which is beyond the scope of this study. However, producing porphyry deposits are unknown elsewhere on the Alaska Peninsula in similar rocks, so if any such deposits occur in the Katmai region, they are likely to be few in number. Conversely, vein deposits are typically small in size so there may be several of such deposits.\r\n\r\nThe properties and thermal history of the sedimentary rocks that could serve as reservoirs for oil or gas are unfavorable in adjacent regions. Thus the potential of the Katmai region for producible quantities of fossil fuels is low. In theory the region has shallow concentrations of geothermal fluids, but specific evidence for their presence is obscured by heavy precipitation and cold young rocks or deposits. Small volumes of coal occur at tidewater sites on the Pacific coast.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/cir1106","usgsCitation":"Riehle, J., Church, S.E., Detterman, R.L., and Miller, J.W., 1994, Mineral-resource assessments in Alaska; background information to accompany maps and reports about the geology and undiscovered-mineral-resource potential of the Mount Katmai Quadrangle and adjacent parts of the Naknek and Afognak quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1106, vi, 13 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1106.","productDescription":"vi, 13 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1994/1106/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31458,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1994/1106/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648628","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riehle, J.R.","contributorId":73573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riehle","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Church, S. E.","contributorId":58260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Detterman, R. L.","contributorId":71525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detterman","given":"R.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, J. W.","contributorId":62199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1331,"text":"wsp2414 - 1994 - Relations of borehole resistivity to the horizontal hydraulic conductivity and dissolved-soils concentration in water of clastic coastal plain aquifers in the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:12","indexId":"wsp2414","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2414","title":"Relations of borehole resistivity to the horizontal hydraulic conductivity and dissolved-soils concentration in water of clastic coastal plain aquifers in the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"Aquifer bulk resistivity and grain-surface resistivity (inverse of grain-surface conductance) were tested as geoelectrical analogs to the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of clastic, freshwater aquifers in the Southeastern United States. Bulk resistivity was also tested as a geoelectrical analog for dissolved-solids concentrations in aquifer water. Bulk resistivity was defined as the average resistivity across a contributing interval measured by the long-normal (64-inch) or induction log. Grain-surface resistivity was empirically defined as the difference between aquifer bulk resistivity and aquifer water resistivity (computed from specific conductance). Sources of data were borehole geophysical logs and results of water-quality and aquifer-test analyses related to unconsolidated sands and clayey sands at more than a hundred sites in seven Southeastern States. Waterbearing units were composed of sediments ranging from the Late Cretaceous to middle Eocene. \r\n\r\nAll bivariate data were related using the logarithmic regression model Y=AX B. Aquifer bulk resistivity and grain-surface resistivity were moderately correlated to horizontal hydraulic conductivity (70 and 72 percent correlation coefficients, respectively). Apparent formation factor, defined as the ratio of aquifer bulk resistivity to aquifer water resistivity, was shown to be poorly correlated with horizontal hydraulic conductivity (38 percent correlation coefficient). Aquifer bulk resistivity was shown to be highly correlated with dissolved-solids concentration and aquifer water resistivity (88 and 93 percent correlation coefficients, respectively). \r\n\r\nRegression models using bulk resistivity and aquifer water resistivity as independent variables were applied at four locations in South Carolina and Louisiana to predict dissolved-solids concentrations in aquifer water. Absolute mean error of prediction was 20 and 6 percent, respectively. A regression model using bulk resistivity to predict horizontal hydraulic conductivity was applied at 27 sites in 6 Southeastern States, resulting in an absolute error ranging from 4 to 95 percent with a corresponding mean error of 43 percent.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off. ;\r\nFor sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2414","usgsCitation":"Faye, R.E., and Smith, W.G., 1994, Relations of borehole resistivity to the horizontal hydraulic conductivity and dissolved-soils concentration in water of clastic coastal plain aquifers in the southeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2414, iv, 33 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2414.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2414/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26386,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2414/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63be66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faye, Robert E.","contributorId":92221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faye","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Winston G.","contributorId":33297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Winston","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44770,"text":"wri924043 - 1994 - Maps summarizing geohydrologic information in an area of salt-water disposal, eastern Altamont-Bluebell petroleum field, Uinta Basin, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T20:08:56.660936","indexId":"wri924043","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4043","title":"Maps summarizing geohydrologic information in an area of salt-water disposal, eastern Altamont-Bluebell petroleum field, Uinta Basin, Utah","docAbstract":"In the Altamont-Bluebell Petroleum Field within the Uinta Basin of Utah, saline oil-production water is being injected into the Duchesne River Formation. On the basis of geohydrologic information, a qualitative assessment of the possible effects of this injection indicates that fresh groundwater in certain areas of the Duchesne River formation may be more susceptible than water in other areas to becoming mixed with injected oil-production water. The reason for this possible mixing is because these areas containing the susceptible groundwater lack a thick shale layer above the disposal zone, as indicated in geophysical logs. In other areas, naturally occurring moderately saline water exists at shallow depths and may be withdrawn from water wells completed more than 200 ft below land surface. Additional geohydrologic information will need to be collected to allow investigators to make a quantitative determination of the rate of horizontal and vertical migration of injected oil-production water within and above the disposal zone.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924043","usgsCitation":"Freethey, G.W., 1994, Maps summarizing geohydrologic information in an area of salt-water disposal, eastern Altamont-Bluebell petroleum field, Uinta Basin, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4043, 2 Plates: 21.26 × 25.88 inches and 21.26 × 26.33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924043.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 21.26 × 25.88 inches and 21.26 × 26.33 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":393973,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47621.htm"},{"id":82078,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4043/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82077,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4043/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"eastern Altamont-Bluebell petroleum-field, Uinta Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.1803,\n 40.2722\n ],\n [\n -109.8589,\n 40.2722\n ],\n [\n -109.8589,\n 40.4775\n ],\n [\n -110.1803,\n 40.4775\n ],\n [\n -110.1803,\n 40.2722\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db6063d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freethey, Geoffrey W.","contributorId":25570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freethey","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19676,"text":"ofr94250 - 1994 - Descriptive and grade-tonnage models of Archean low-sulfide Au-quartz veins and a revised grade-tonnage model of Homestake Au","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:34","indexId":"ofr94250","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-250","title":"Descriptive and grade-tonnage models of Archean low-sulfide Au-quartz veins and a revised grade-tonnage model of Homestake Au","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94250","usgsCitation":"Klein, T.L., and Day, W.C., 1994, Descriptive and grade-tonnage models of Archean low-sulfide Au-quartz veins and a revised grade-tonnage model of Homestake Au: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-250, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94250.","productDescription":"29 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1129,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/ofr-94-0250/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":151596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db668007","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, T. L.","contributorId":76322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day, W. C.","contributorId":6876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}