Humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) are common forms of organic matter in marine sediments, and are routinely ingested by deposit- and suspension-feeding animals. These compounds may be a sink for metals, implying that once metals are bound to humic substances they are no longer available to food webs. A series of experiments was conducted to quantitatively examine this premise using 2 estuarine bivalves from San Francisco Bay, USA: the suspension feeder Potarnocorbula arnurensis and the facultative deposit feeder Macoma balthica. HA and FA, isolated from marine sediments, were bound as organic coatings to either hydrous ferric oxides (HFO) or silica particles. Cd and Cr(II1) were adsorbed to the organic coatings or directly to uncoated HFO and silica particles. Pulse-chase laboratory feeding expenments using 109Cd and 51Cr(III) were then conducted to determine absorption efficiencies of Cd and Cr for individual specimens using each of the particle types. The results demonstrated that: (1) absorption of Cr(I1I) from all types of non-living particles was consistently low (< 11%). Ingested Cd showed greater bioavailability than Cr(IIl), perhaps due to differences in metal chemistry. (2) Bivalves absorbed Cd bound to uncoated HFO or silica particles (i.e. with no HA or FA present). (3) The presence of organic coatings on particles reduced Cd bioavailabhty compared with uncoated particles. (4) Both geochemical and biological conditions affected the food chain transfer of Cd. The data suggest that in marine systems inorganic and organic-coated particles are predominantly a sink for Cr in sediments. In the transfer of Cd to consumer animals, inorganic particles and humic substances can act as a link (although not a highly efficient one) under oxidized conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter Research Science Publishers","doi":"10.3354/meps108133","usgsCitation":"Decho, A.W., and Luoma, S.N., 1994, Humic and fulvic acids: sink or source in the availability of metals to the marine bivalves Macoma balthica and Potamocorbula amurensis?: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 108, p. 133-145, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108133.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"145","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":490143,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108133","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314362,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5698d4cde4b0fbd3f7fa4c42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decho, Alan W.","contributorId":22107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decho","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":34915,"text":"b2102 - 1994 - Applications of velocity-stack methods to seismic data processing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:29","indexId":"b2102","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2102","title":"Applications of velocity-stack methods to seismic data processing","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/b2102","usgsCitation":"Lee, M.W., and Agena, W., 1994, Applications of velocity-stack methods to seismic data processing: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2102, iii, 25 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2102.","productDescription":"iii, 25 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":166260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2102/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":62869,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2102/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a3f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Myung W. mlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","email":"mlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":213800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Agena, Warren F.","contributorId":67079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agena","given":"Warren F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":213801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209984,"text":"70209984 - 1994 - Strontium isotope geochemistry of soil and playa deposits near Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-07T19:24:37.272536","indexId":"70209984","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-31T14:18:44","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Strontium isotope geochemistry of soil and playa deposits near Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"The isotopic composition of strontium contained in the carbonate fractions of soils provides an excellent tracer which can be used to test models for their origin. This paper reports data on surface coatings and cements, eolian sediments, playas and alluvial fan soils which help to constrain a model for formation of the extensive calcretes and fault infillings in the Yucca Mountain region. The playas contain carbonate with a wide range of strontium compositions; further work will be required to fully understand their possible contributions to the pedogenic carbonate system. Soils from an alluvial fan to the west of Yucca Mountain show that only small amounts of strontium are derived from a fan draining a carbonate terrane have strontium component. Although much evidence points to an eolian source for at least some of the strontium in the pedogenic carbonates near Yucca Mountain, an additional component or past variation of strontium composition in the eolian source is required to model the pedogenic carbonate system
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"High level radioactive waste management: Proceedings of the fifth annual international conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference","conferenceDate":"May 22-26, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","usgsCitation":"Marshall, B.D., and Mahan, S.A., 1994, Strontium isotope geochemistry of soil and playa deposits near Yucca Mountain, Nevada, in High level radioactive waste management: Proceedings of the fifth annual international conference, v. 4, Las Vegas, NV, May 22-26, 1994, p. 2685-2691.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2685","endPage":"2691","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374551,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.91352904330221\n ],\n [\n -116.43602371215822,\n 36.91352904330221\n ],\n [\n -116.43602371215822,\n 36.95757376878687\n ],\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.95757376878687\n ],\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.91352904330221\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marshall, Brian D. 0000-0002-8093-0093 bdmarsha@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8093-0093","contributorId":520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"Brian","email":"bdmarsha@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahan, Shannon A. 0000-0001-5214-7774 smahan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7774","contributorId":147159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"Shannon","email":"smahan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208479,"text":"70208479 - 1994 - Monitoring Hurricane Andrew damage and recovery of the coastal Louisiana marsh using satellite remote sensing data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-23T13:12:17","indexId":"70208479","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-31T12:26:18","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Monitoring Hurricane Andrew damage and recovery of the coastal Louisiana marsh using satellite remote sensing data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal zone Canada '94: Cooperation in the coastal zone: International conference: Papers","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Coastal Zone Canada '94","conferenceDate":"Sep 23-23, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Halifax, Nova Scotia","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Zone Canada Association","usgsCitation":"Ramsey III, E., Laine, S., Werle, D., Tittley, B., and Lapp, D., 1994, Monitoring Hurricane Andrew damage and recovery of the coastal Louisiana marsh using satellite remote sensing data, in Coastal zone Canada '94: Cooperation in the coastal zone: International conference: Papers, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Sep 23-23, 1994, p. 1841-1852.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1841","endPage":"1852","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":372239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.87390136718749,\n 30.116621582819377\n ],\n [\n -89.59899902343749,\n 30.20211367909724\n ],\n [\n -89.7802734375,\n 30.548069799103555\n ],\n [\n -91.329345703125,\n 30.524413269923986\n ],\n [\n -93.724365234375,\n 30.149877316442065\n ],\n [\n -93.8616943359375,\n 29.92637417863576\n ],\n [\n -93.9056396484375,\n 29.82158272057499\n ],\n [\n -93.8232421875,\n 29.64509464986076\n ],\n [\n -93.33984375,\n 29.7453016622136\n ],\n [\n -92.79602050781249,\n 29.625996273660785\n ],\n [\n -92.296142578125,\n 29.492206334848714\n ],\n [\n -92.098388671875,\n 29.544787796199465\n ],\n [\n -91.8072509765625,\n 29.439597566602902\n ],\n [\n -91.3677978515625,\n 29.46829664171322\n ],\n [\n -91.4227294921875,\n 29.310351371763023\n ],\n [\n -91.1865234375,\n 29.16655229520015\n ],\n [\n -90.867919921875,\n 29.00333620017934\n ],\n [\n -90.59326171875,\n 29.008140362978157\n ],\n [\n -90.098876953125,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -89.5440673828125,\n 29.248063243796576\n ],\n [\n -89.4232177734375,\n 29.05136777451729\n ],\n [\n -89.49462890625,\n 28.878349647602047\n ],\n [\n -89.3243408203125,\n 28.86872905602898\n ],\n [\n -88.9013671875,\n 29.152161283318915\n ],\n [\n -88.7750244140625,\n 29.950175057288813\n ],\n [\n -88.868408203125,\n 30.09286062952815\n ],\n [\n -88.87390136718749,\n 30.116621582819377\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey III, Elijah 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":212013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey III","given":"Elijah","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laine, S.","contributorId":87616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laine","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Werle, Dirk","contributorId":82167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werle","given":"Dirk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tittley, Brian","contributorId":222393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tittley","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lapp, David","contributorId":222394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lapp","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70195809,"text":"70195809 - 1994 - Landsat TM image maps of the Shirase and Siple Coast ice streams, West Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-02T13:57:09","indexId":"70195809","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat TM image maps of the Shirase and Siple Coast ice streams, West Antarctica","docAbstract":"Fifteen 1: 250000 and one 1: 1000 000 scale Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image mosaic maps are currently being produced of the West Antarctic ice streams on the Shirase and Siple Coasts. Landsat TM images were acquired between 1984 and 1990 in an area bounded approximately by 78°-82.5°S and 120°- 160° W. Landsat TM bands 2, 3 and 4 were combined to produce a single band, thereby maximizing data content and improving the signal-to-noise ratio. The summed single band was processed with a combination of high- and low-pass filters to remove longitudinal striping and normalize solar elevation-angle effects. The images were mosaicked and transformed to a Lambert conformal conic projection using a cubic-convolution algorithm. The projection transformation was controled with ten weighted geodetic ground-control points and internal image-to-image pass points with annotation of major glaciological features. The image maps are being published in two formats: conventional printed map sheets and on a CD-ROM.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Glaciological Society","doi":"10.3189/172756494794587087","usgsCitation":"Ferrigno, J.G., Mullins, J.L., Stapleton, J.A., Bindschadler, R., Scambos, T.A., Bellisime, L.B., Bowell, J., and Acosta, A., 1994, Landsat TM image maps of the Shirase and Siple Coast ice streams, West Antarctica: Annals of Glaciology, v. 20, p. 407-412, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756494794587087.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"412","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/172756494794587087","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":352185,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Ross Sea","volume":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff22fee4b0da30c1bfd62d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":730000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mullins, Jerry L.","contributorId":24439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stapleton, Jo Anne","contributorId":34908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stapleton","given":"Jo","email":"","middleInitial":"Anne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bindschadler, Robert","contributorId":11112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bindschadler","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scambos, Ted A.","contributorId":57367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scambos","given":"Ted","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bellisime, Lynda B.","contributorId":202888,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bellisime","given":"Lynda","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bowell, Jo-Ann","contributorId":103722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowell","given":"Jo-Ann","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Acosta, Alex V. aacosta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acosta","given":"Alex V.","email":"aacosta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":412,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":730007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70129369,"text":"70129369 - 1994 - Analysis of ERS 1 synthetic aperture radar data of frozen lakes in northern Montana and implications for climate studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-08T16:02:20","indexId":"70129369","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-01T11:27:27","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of ERS 1 synthetic aperture radar data of frozen lakes in northern Montana and implications for climate studies","docAbstract":"Lakes that freeze each winter are good indicators of regional climate change if key parameters, such as freeze-up and breakup date and maximum ice thickness, are measured over a decade-scale time frame. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite data have proven to be especially useful for measurement of climatologically significant parameters characteristic of frozen lakes. In this paper, five lakes in Glacier National Park, Montana, have been studied both in the field and using Earth Remote-Sensing Satellite (ERS) 1 SAR data during the 1992-1993 winter. The lakes are characterized by clear ice, sometimes with tubular or rounded bubbles, and often with a layer of snow ice on top of the clear ice. They are also often snow covered. Freeze-up is detected quite easily using ERS 1 SAR data as soon as a thin layer of ice forms. The effect of snow ice on the backscatter is thought to be significant but is, as yet, undetermined. On the five lakes studied, relative backscatter was found to increase with ice thickness until a maximum was reached in February. Breakup, an often ill-defined occurrence, is difficult to detect because surface water causes the SAR signal to be absorbed, thus masking the ice below. Comparison of the bubble structure of thaw lakes in northern Alaska with lakes in northern Montana has shown that the ice structure is quite different, and this difference may contribute to differential SAR signature evolution in the lakes of the two areas.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"William Byrd Press for John Hopkins Press","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.1029/94JC01391","usgsCitation":"Hall, D.K., Fagre, D.B., Klasner, F., Linebaugh, G., and Liston, G.E., 1994, Analysis of ERS 1 synthetic aperture radar data of frozen lakes in northern Montana and implications for climate studies: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, no. C11, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC01391.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295547,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295546,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94JC01391"}],"volume":"99","issue":"C11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775a2e4b0f888a81b82f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Dorothy K.","contributorId":67436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fagre, Daniel B. 0000-0001-8552-9461 dan_fagre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-9461","contributorId":2036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"Daniel","email":"dan_fagre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klasner, Fritz","contributorId":95410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klasner","given":"Fritz","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Linebaugh, Gregg","contributorId":73944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linebaugh","given":"Gregg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liston, Glen E.","contributorId":26244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liston","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70185417,"text":"70185417 - 1994 - Effects of land disposal of municipal sewage sludge on fate of nitrates in soil, streambed sediment, and water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:21:57","indexId":"70185417","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of land disposal of municipal sewage sludge on fate of nitrates in soil, streambed sediment, and water quality","docAbstract":"This study was undertaken to determine the effects of sewage-sludge disposal at the Lowry sewage-sludge-disposal area, near Denver, Colorado, on ground- and surface-water quality, to determine the fate of nitrates from sludge leachate, and to determine the source areas of leachate and the potential for additional leaching from the disposal area.
Sewage-sludge disposal began in 1969. Two methods were used to apply the sludge: burial and plowing. Also, the sludge was applied both in liquid and cake forms. Data in this report represent the chemical composition of soil and streambed sediment from seven soil- and four streambed-sampling sites in 1986, chemical and bacterial composition of ground water from 28 wells from 1981 to 1987, and surface-water runoff from seven water-sampling sites from 1984 to 1987. Ground water samples were obtained from alluvial and bedrock aquifers. Samples of soil, streambed sediment, ground water and surface water were obtained for onsite measurement and chemical analysis. Measurements included determination of nitrogen compounds and major cations and anions, fecal-coliform and -streptococcus bacteria, specific conductance, and pH.
Thirteen wells in the alluvial aquifer in Region 3 of the study area contain water that was probably affected by sewage-sludge leachate. The plots of concentration of nitrate with time show seasonal trends and trends caused by precipitation. In addition to yearly fluctuation, there were noticeable increases in ground-water concentrations of nitrate that coincided with increased precipitation. After 3 years of annual ground-water-quality monitoring and 4 years of a quarterly sampling program, it has been determined that leachate from the sewage-sludge-disposal area caused increased nitrite plus nitrate (as nitrogen) concentration in the alluvial ground water at the site. Soil analyses from the disposal area indicate that organic nitrogen was the dominant form of nitrogen in the soil.
As a result of investigations at the research site, it has been determined that a potentially large source of contamination exists in the soils of the study area owing to increased concentrations of nitrogen, sodium, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, bicarbonate, and chloride because of sewage disposal. Continued monitoring of surface and ground water for nitrogen and the other ions previously mentioned is required to assess long-term effects of municipal sludge disposal on water quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)90027-2","usgsCitation":"Tindall, J.A., Lull, K.J., and Gaggiani, N.G., 1994, Effects of land disposal of municipal sewage sludge on fate of nitrates in soil, streambed sediment, and water quality: Journal of Hydrology, v. 163, no. 1-2, p. 147-185, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90027-2.","productDescription":"39 p. ","startPage":"147","endPage":"185","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337994,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"163","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b96e4b0236b68f82953","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tindall, James A. 0000-0002-0940-1586 jtindall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-1586","contributorId":2529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tindall","given":"James","email":"jtindall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lull, Kenneth J.","contributorId":189642,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lull","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gaggiani, Neville G. gaggiani@usgs.gov","contributorId":3280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaggiani","given":"Neville","email":"gaggiani@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178155,"text":"70178155 - 1994 - Characterization of ecological risks at the Milltown Reservoir-Clark Fork River Sediments Superfund Site, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T18:26:09.244522","indexId":"70178155","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of ecological risks at the Milltown Reservoir-Clark Fork River Sediments Superfund Site, Montana","docAbstract":"A comprehensive field and laboratory approach to the ecological risk assessment for the Milltown Reservoir-Clark Fork River Sediments Site, a Superfund site in the Rocky Mountains of Montana, has been described in the preceding reports of this series. The risk assessment addresses concerns over the ecological impacts of upstream releases of mining wastes to fisheries of the upper Clark Fork River (CFR) and the benthic and terrestrial habitats further downstream in Milltown Reservoir. The risk characterization component of the process integrated results from a triad of information sources: (a) chemistry studies of environmental media to identify and quantify exposures of terrestrial and aquatic organisms to site-related contaminants; (b) ecological or population studies of terrestrial vegetation, birds, benthic communities, and fish; and (c) in situ and laboratory toxicity studies with terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates and plants, small mammals, amphibians, and fish exposed to contaminated surface water, sediments, wetland soils, and food sources. Trophic transfer studies were performed on waterfowl, mammals, and predatory birds using field measurement data on metals concentrations in environmental media and lower trophic food sources. Studies with sediment exposures were incorporated into the Sediment Quality Triad approach to evaluate risks to benthic ecology. Overall results of the wetland and terrestrial studies suggested that acute adverse biological effects were largely absent from the wetland; however, adverse effects to reproductive, growth, and physiological end points of various terrestrial and aquatic species were related to metals exposures in more highly contaminated depositional areas. Feeding studies with contaminated diet collected from the upper CFR indicated that trout are at high risk from elevated metals concentrations in surface water, sediment, and aquatic invertebrates. Integration of chemical analyses with toxicological and ecological evaluations of metal effects on the wetland and fishery has provided an important foundation for environmental decisions at this site.
","language":"English","publisher":"SETAC","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620131217","usgsCitation":"Pascoe, G.A., Blanchet, R.J., Linder, G.L., Palawski, D., Brumbaugh, W.G., Canfield, T.J., Kemble, N.E., Ingersoll, C.G., Farag, A.M., and DalSoglio, J.A., 1994, Characterization of ecological risks at the Milltown Reservoir-Clark Fork River Sediments Superfund Site, Montana: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 13, no. 12, p. 2043-2058, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620131217.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2043","endPage":"2058","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620131217","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":330741,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Milltown Reservoir‐Clark Fork River Sediments Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.89843940734862,\n 46.8662943650293\n ],\n [\n -113.88453483581543,\n 46.8662943650293\n ],\n [\n -113.88453483581543,\n 46.874978704351086\n ],\n [\n -113.89843940734862,\n 46.874978704351086\n ],\n [\n -113.89843940734862,\n 46.8662943650293\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581d9e2de4b0dee4cc90cbf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pascoe, Gary A.","contributorId":176662,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pascoe","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blanchet, Richard J.","contributorId":176663,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blanchet","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Linder, Greg L. linder2@usgs.gov","contributorId":1766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linder","given":"Greg","email":"linder2@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":653043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Palawski, Don","contributorId":176664,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Palawski","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brumbaugh, William G. 0000-0003-0081-375X bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-375X","contributorId":493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"William","email":"bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Canfield, Tim J.","contributorId":176665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Canfield","given":"Tim","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kemble, Nile E. 0000-0002-3608-0538 nkemble@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-0538","contributorId":2626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"Nile","email":"nkemble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ingersoll, Chris G.","contributorId":48008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":653048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Farag, Aida M. 0000-0003-4247-6763 aida_farag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6763","contributorId":1139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farag","given":"Aida","email":"aida_farag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":653049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"DalSoglio, Julie A.","contributorId":150714,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DalSoglio","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":653050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70216590,"text":"70216590 - 1994 - Simulation of long-term thermal characteristics of three Estonian lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:27:55.131014","indexId":"70216590","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-25T13:40:23","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of long-term thermal characteristics of three Estonian lakes","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional surface energy-balance lake model, coupled to a thermodynamic model of lake ice, is used to simulate variations in the temperature of and evaporation from three Estonian lakes: Karujärv, Viljandi and Kirjaku. The model is driven by daily climate data, derived by cubic-spline interpolation from monthly mean data, and was run for periods of 8 years (Kirjaku) up to 30 years (Viljandi). Simulated surface water temperature is in good agreement with observations: mean differences between simulated and observed temperatures are from −0.8°C to +0.1°C. The simulated duration of snow and ice cover is comparable with observed. However, the model generally underpredicts ice thickness and overpredicts snow depth. Sensitivity analyses suggest that the model results are robust across a wide range (0.1–2.0 m −1) of lake extinction coefficient: surface temperature differs by less than 0.5°C between extreme values of the extinction coefficient. The model results are more sensitive to snow and ice albedos. However, changing the snow (0.2–0.9) and ice (0.15–0.55) albedos within realistic ranges does not improve the simulations of snow depth and ice thickness. The underestimation of ice thickness is correlated with the overestimation of snow cover, since a thick snow layer insulates the ice and limits ice formation. The overestimation of snow cover results from the assumption that all the simulated winter precipitation occurs as snow, a direct consequence of using daily climate data derived by interpolation from mean monthly data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)90025-6","usgsCitation":"Vassiljev, J., Harrison, S., Hostetler, S.W., and Bartlein, P.J., 1994, Simulation of long-term thermal characteristics of three Estonian lakes: Journal of Hydrology, v. 163, no. 1, p. 107-123, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90025-6.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"123","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380816,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Estonia","otherGeospatial":"Karujärv, Kirjaku, Viljandi","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[24.31286,57.79342],[24.42893,58.38341],[24.0612,58.25737],[23.42656,58.61275],[23.3398,59.18724],[24.60421,59.46585],[25.86419,59.61109],[26.94914,59.4458],[27.98111,59.47539],[28.1317,59.30083],[27.42017,58.72458],[27.71669,57.7919],[27.28818,57.47453],[26.46353,57.47639],[25.60281,57.84753],[25.16459,57.97016],[24.31286,57.79342]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Estonia\"}}]}","volume":"163","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vassiljev, J.","contributorId":21458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vassiljev","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, S.P.","contributorId":245247,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrison","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bartlein, Patrick J","contributorId":194325,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70216580,"text":"70216580 - 1994 - Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake surface‐water system. 2. A predictive model of δ18O and 182H in Pyramid Lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:23:17.063545","indexId":"70216580","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-25T13:12:29","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake surface‐water system. 2. A predictive model of δ18O and 182H in Pyramid Lake","title":"Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake surface‐water system. 2. A predictive model of δ18O and 182H in Pyramid Lake","docAbstract":"A physically based model of variations in δ18O and δ2H in Pyramid Lake is presented. For inputs, the model uses measurements of liquid water inflows and outflows and their associated isotopic compositions and a set of meteorological data (radiative fluxes, air temperature, relative humidity, and windspeed). The model simulates change of lake volume, thermal and isotopic stratification, evaporation, and the isotopic composition of evaporation. A validation of the model for 1987–1989 and 1991 indicates that it can reproduce measured intra‐ and interannual variations of δ18O and δ2H. Three applications of the model demonstrate its ability to simulate longer term responses of δ18O to change in the hydrologic balance and hydrologic characteristics (opening and closing) of the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.1994.39.2.0356","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., and Benson, L.V., 1994, Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake surface‐water system. 2. A predictive model of δ18O and 182H in Pyramid Lake: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 39, no. 2, p. 356-364, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1994.39.2.0356.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"356","endPage":"364","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380808,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Pyramid Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.7784423828125,\n 39.8401771327549\n ],\n [\n -119.3939208984375,\n 39.8401771327549\n ],\n [\n -119.3939208984375,\n 40.212440718286466\n ],\n [\n -119.7784423828125,\n 40.212440718286466\n ],\n [\n -119.7784423828125,\n 39.8401771327549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, S. W. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":42911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benson, L. V.","contributorId":50159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70248024,"text":"70248024 - 1994 - Introduction to the special section northeast Japan: A case history of subduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-31T14:39:50.191692","indexId":"70248024","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-10T09:29:52","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction to the special section northeast Japan: A case history of subduction","docAbstract":"Subduction-related tectonic events such as strike-slip faulting, uplift of high-pressure metamorphic rocks in the forearc, back arc spreading, arc magmatism, and continental collisions have shaped northeast Japan, making it a case history for subduction. Much of the record of these events is preserved and can be used to reconstruct the tectonic history of the region.
Although many geological, geophysical, and geochemical data have been collected in Japan for the last 30 years, interpretation of these data into a plate tectonic context did not really begin until about 10 years ago. Much of the data and interpretation on northeast Japan have been published in Japanese or as individual local studies. The primary goal of this special section is to present new investigations covering a wide range of topics and scales and place them in a tectonic framework. The papers in this special section focus on three main subjects: Mesozoic aspects of northeast Japan; the relation of Japan Sea opening with the tectonics and geochemistry of northeast Japan in the Tertiary; and the geophysical setting. The purpose of this overview is to link these subjects and provide a tectonic framework for north- east Japan and eastern Asia since the Mesozoic.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94JB01130","usgsCitation":"Finn, C.A., Kimura, G., and Suyehiro, K., 1994, Introduction to the special section northeast Japan: A case history of subduction: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 99, no. B11, p. 22137-22145, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB01130.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"22137","endPage":"22145","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420365,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 136.07872015564664,\n 53.941101394260954\n ],\n [\n 136.07872015564664,\n 33.64728064206582\n ],\n [\n 146.6776000839601,\n 33.64728064206582\n ],\n [\n 146.6776000839601,\n 53.941101394260954\n ],\n [\n 136.07872015564664,\n 53.941101394260954\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"99","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":881542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kimura, Gaku","contributorId":58183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimura","given":"Gaku","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":881543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Suyehiro, Kiyoshi","contributorId":62348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suyehiro","given":"Kiyoshi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":881544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70201387,"text":"70201387 - 1994 - Venus cartography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T11:18:23","indexId":"70201387","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-25T11:18:02","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Venus cartography","docAbstract":"The entire surface of the planet Venus is being mapped at global and regional scales (1:50,000,000 through 1:1,500,000) with synthetic aperture radar (SAR), radar altimeter, and radiometer measurements of physical properties from the Magellan spacecraft. The mapping includes SAR image mosaics, shaded relief maps, and topographic contour overlays made from altimetry data and by radargrammetric methods. Methods used include new techniques of radar image processing that became operational as a result of the Magellan mission. The area being mapped (at a resolution of 75 m/pixel) is roughly equivalent to that of Earth, including seafloors. The mapping is designed to support geologic and geophysical investigations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/94JE01908","usgsCitation":"Batson, R.M., Kirk, R.L., Edwards, K., and Morgan, H., 1994, Venus cartography: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 99, no. E10, p. 21173-21181, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JE01908.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"21173","endPage":"21181","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360202,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Venus","volume":"99","issue":"E10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c122c5ae4b034bf6a856a22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Batson, R. M.","contributorId":76714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":753934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, Kathleen","contributorId":43833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Kathleen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morgan, H.F.","contributorId":211389,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morgan","given":"H.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70226701,"text":"70226701 - 1994 - Palynological record from the North Atlantic region at 3 Ma: Vegetational distribution during a period of global warmth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-06T19:23:38.827875","indexId":"70226701","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T12:48:26","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynological record from the North Atlantic region at 3 Ma: Vegetational distribution during a period of global warmth","docAbstract":"Pollen assemblages from five mid-Pliocene, deep-marine and shallow-marine sites in the North Atlantic Ocean region were analyzed quantitatively to estimate vegetational composition and terrestrial paleoclimates during a time interval centered at about 3 Ma. Three subarctic sites (58–67°N latitude) from the Norwegian Sea, northern Iceland, and the Labrador Sea yielded pollen assemblages characteristic of mixed conifer-hardwood vegetation; these assemblages have no close modern analogs, but the most similar modern vegetation is that of the Tsuga (hemlock)-northern hardwood forests of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia (45–50°N). The presence of such vegetation at these sites indicates mid-Pliocene January temperatures from 4 to 10°C warmer than today and a northward shift of the deciduous forest zone into areas presently occupied by boreal forests. Pollen assemblages from the mid-latitude (36°N) Yorktown Formation site in southeastern Virginia, USA represent Quercus-Carya-Pinus (oak-hickory-pine) forests, similar to those presently occupying much of the Atlantic coastal plain of the United States. Modern analogs for this site are located off the coasts of North Carolina and South Carolina, indicating mid-Pliocene January temperatures 3–5°C warmer than today. In southwestern Florida (27°N), pollen assemblages from the mid-Pliocene Pincrest Beds are representative of pine-dominated communities, similar to Pinus palustris/P. ellittii forests (longleaf/slash pine) growing in Florida today. Close modern analogs for the Pinecrest Beds are located at numerous sites around the Florida peninsula, indicating mid-Pliocene temperatures about the same as today for this region.
These sites show a gradient from much higher than present temperatures at high latitudes to little change from present temperatures at low latitudes and low elevations; a similar pattern is shown by mid-Pliocene sea-surface and isotopic data. Such a gradient also is consistent with the northward migration of the boreal forest zone, covering sites as far north as Meighen and Banks Islands, a northward shift of the deciduous-boreal forest boundary in both North America and Europe, and little change in vegetational distribution in low elevation sites in subtropical latitudes during the mid-Pliocene warm interval. Atmospheric temperaturs estimated from vegetational distributions indicate a Pliocene to modern temperature anomaly of a similar pattern and magnitude to that indicated by sea-surface temperatures. These data are most consistent with current general circulation model simulations of climate changes in response to increased meridional heat transport.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-6667(94)90141-4","usgsCitation":"Willard, D.A., 1994, Palynological record from the North Atlantic region at 3 Ma: Vegetational distribution during a period of global warmth: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 83, no. 4, p. 275-297, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(94)90141-4.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"297","costCenters":[{"id":410,"text":"National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392503,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Iceland, Norway, United States","state":"Florida, Newfoundland and Labrador, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean, Labrador Sea, Norwegian Sea, Pinecrest Beds, Yorktown Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -4.04296875,\n 67.31868827035339\n ],\n [\n -1.7303466796874998,\n 67.31868827035339\n ],\n [\n -1.7303466796874998,\n 67.97875365614591\n ],\n [\n -4.04296875,\n 67.97875365614591\n ],\n [\n -4.04296875,\n 67.31868827035339\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -17.60833740234375,\n 66.00573538989191\n ],\n [\n -16.6607666015625,\n 66.00573538989191\n ],\n [\n -16.6607666015625,\n 66.33530025104689\n ],\n [\n -17.60833740234375,\n 66.33530025104689\n ],\n [\n -17.60833740234375,\n 66.00573538989191\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -52.855224609375,\n 56.35916436114858\n ],\n [\n -44.923095703125,\n 56.35916436114858\n ],\n [\n -44.923095703125,\n 59.772991625706695\n ],\n [\n -52.855224609375,\n 59.772991625706695\n ],\n [\n -52.855224609375,\n 56.35916436114858\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.90077209472656,\n 27.153865667244425\n ],\n [\n -82.29927062988281,\n 27.153865667244425\n ],\n [\n -82.29927062988281,\n 27.558199406352188\n ],\n [\n -82.90077209472656,\n 27.558199406352188\n ],\n [\n -82.90077209472656,\n 27.153865667244425\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.5360107421875,\n 36.575835338491764\n ],\n [\n -73.5150146484375,\n 36.575835338491764\n ],\n [\n -73.5150146484375,\n 38.496593518947584\n ],\n [\n -77.5360107421875,\n 38.496593518947584\n ],\n [\n -77.5360107421875,\n 36.575835338491764\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willard, Debra A. 0000-0003-4878-0942 dwillard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":2076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra","email":"dwillard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24693,"text":"Climate Research and Development","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":827842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017201,"text":"70017201 - 1994 - Assessment of spatial variability of major-ion concentrations and del oxygen-18 values in surface snow, Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-22T15:33:35.038301","indexId":"70017201","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5426,"text":"Hydrology Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of spatial variability of major-ion concentrations and del oxygen-18 values in surface snow, Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming, USA","docAbstract":"One hundred samples were collected from the surface of the Upper Fremont Glacier at equally spaced intervals defined by an 8,100 m2 snow grid to assess the significance of lateral variability in major-ion concentrations and del oxygen-18 values. For the major ions, the largest concentration range within the snow grid was sodium (0.5056 mg/l) and the smallest concentration range was sulfate (0.125 mg/l). Del oxygen-18 values showed a range of 7.45 per mil. Comparison of the observed variability of each chemical constituent to the variability expected by measurement error indicated substantial lateral variability within the surface-snow layer. Results of the nested ANOVA indicate most of the variance for every constituent is in the values grouped at the two smaller geographic scales (between 506 m2 and within 506 m2 sections). Calcium and sodium concentrations and del oxygen-18 values displayed the largest amount of variance at the largest geographic scale (between 2,025 m2 sections) within the grid and ranged from 14 to 26 per cent of the total variance. The variance data from the snow grid were used to develop equations to evaluate the significance of both positive and negative concentration/value peaks of nitrate and del oxygen-18 with depth, in a 160 m ice core. Solving the equations indicates that both the nitrate and del oxygen-18 ice-core profiles have concentration/value trends that exceed the limits expected from lateral variability. Values of del oxygen-18 in the section from 110-150 m below the surface consistently vary outside the expected limits and possibly represents cooler temperatures during the Little Ice Age from about 1810 to 1725 A.D.
","language":"English","publisher":"IWA Publishing","doi":"10.2166/nh.1994.0015","issn":"00291277","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., Schuster, P., and Reddy, M., 1994, Assessment of spatial variability of major-ion concentrations and del oxygen-18 values in surface snow, Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming, USA: Hydrology Research, v. 25, no. 5, p. 371-388, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.1994.0015.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"371","endPage":"388","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490146,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.1994.0015","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224827,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Upper Fremont Glacier","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.74140699033266,\n 43.39547302682709\n ],\n [\n -109.74140699033266,\n 43.03946312247234\n ],\n [\n -109.24483755572332,\n 43.03946312247234\n ],\n [\n -109.24483755572332,\n 43.39547302682709\n ],\n [\n -109.74140699033266,\n 43.39547302682709\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee5be4b0c8380cd49d01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuster, P. F.","contributorId":30197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"P. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70205823,"text":"70205823 - 1994 - Alternative tissue analysis method developed for organochlorine contaminants in aquatic organisms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-07T12:02:23","indexId":"70205823","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-30T11:54:34","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alternative tissue analysis method developed for organochlorine contaminants in aquatic organisms","docAbstract":"The exposure of aquatic life to organochlorine contaminants has been investigated during the past two decades because of human and ecosystem health concerns related to the bioaccumulation of hazardous, lipophilic substances. The toxic effects of polychlorodibenzo-12-dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are well known, and recent evidence also suggests that low level exposure to lipophilic organochlorines may interfere with normal development during sensitive early life history stages (Hileman 1993). As the use of lipophilic organochlorines, such as DDT, in third world countries continues and with the purported global cycling (Bidleman and Olney 1974; Tanabe et al. 1983) and food chain accumulation (Thomann and Connoly 1984, Thomann 1989) of persistent organochlodnes, the occurrence of these compounds in aquatic organisms is a critical global environmental issue. An understanding of the fate of organochlorines in the environment clearly remains an extremely important subject related to water quality.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has recently gained congressional approval in the United States to track nation wide trends in water quality through the establishment of the National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA). Among the goals defined by NAWQA, aquatic organisms, including fish, shellfish, and plants, collected from major drainage basins will be analyzed for, along with other contaminants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine insecticides, and chlorobenzenes (Crawford and Luoma 1992). The purpose of this report is to present quality assurance data obtained from the development of a PCB, chlorobenzene, and organochlorine insecticide tissue analysis method in support of NAWQA and other large-scale water quality programs conducted
through our laboratory.
Radioactive and hazardous waste landfills exist at numerous desert locations in the USA. At these locations, annual precipitation is low and soils are generally dry, yet little is known about recharge of water and transport of contaminants to the water table. Recent water balance measurements made at three desert locations, Las Cruces, NM, Beatty, NV, and the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site in the state of Washington, provide information on recharge potential under three distinctly different climate and soil conditions. All three sites show water storage increases with time when soils are coarse textured and plants are removed from the surface, the rate of increase being influenced by climatic variables such as precipitation, radiation, temperature, and wind. Lysimeter data from Hanford and Las Cruces indicate that deep drainage (recharge) from bare, sandy soils can range from 10 to >50% of the annual precipitation. At Hanford, when desert plants are present on sandy or gravelly surface soils, deep drainage is reduced but not eliminated. When surface soils are silt loams, deep drainage is eliminated whether plants are present or not. At Las Cruces and Beatty, the presence of plants eliminated deep drainage at the measurement sites. Differences in water balance between sites are attributed to precipitation quantity and distribution and to soil and vegetation types. The implication for waste management at desert locations is that surface soil properties and plant characteristics must be considered in waste site design in order to minimize recharge potential.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800010009x","usgsCitation":"Gee, G., Wierenga, P., Andraski, B.J., Young, M., Fayer, M., and Rockhold, M., 1994, Variations in water balance and recharge potential at three western desert sites: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 58, no. 1, p. 63-72, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800010009x.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"63","endPage":"72","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337957,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b96e4b0236b68f8295f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gee, G.W.","contributorId":189340,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gee","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wierenga, P.J.","contributorId":189621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wierenga","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Young, M.H.","contributorId":189622,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fayer, M.J.","contributorId":189623,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fayer","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rockhold, M.L.","contributorId":189624,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rockhold","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70198522,"text":"70198522 - 1994 - Low cost limestone treatment of acid sensitive trout streams in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-18T15:49:24.275908","indexId":"70198522","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-01T16:04:56","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Low cost limestone treatment of acid sensitive trout streams in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia","docAbstract":"The method of single point, single application liming has been studied as a means of mitigating anthropogenic acid in trout streams in Virginia. Three critically acid sensitive streams were dosed with a total of five applications of limestone sand and monitored before, during and after the treatments to assess changes in water chemistry and biota. Limestone treatments of 8 to 50 tons (particle sizes 150–1000 μm), with the amounts based on sulfate deposition loading and existent stream water chemistry, were used to restore ‘lost’ acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). Contact time between the limestone bed in the stream bottom and the water was the limiting factor affecting the degree of treatment with bed length primarily controlled by the gradient of the stream at the dosing site. A single site application was able to restore approximately 2/3 of the ANC. Exponential fits of limestone consumption data were used to predict that treaments of similar streams would last from two five years before reliming was necessary. Both total and monomeric aluminum levels were reduced up to 50%, and aquatic biota increased below the treatment sites. Post-liming average values for the three streams were pH 6.66, 82.7 μeq L−1 ANC and 2.63 mg L−1 Ca. The average ANC improvement suggests that some 88% of the native trout streams in Virginia, which average 29 μeq L−1 ANC reduction from acid deposition, could be temporarily restored using single application liming.
Pressure and near-surface and near-bottom measurements of current, temperature, salinity and light transmission were required in Mobile Bay, a 3 m deep estuary on the Gulf of Mexico. This environment presented several obstacles to obtaining long term observations. Boat traffic, soft estuary bottom, heavy biofouling, rapid sample rates and large data storage were overcome by using instrumentation techniques that are applicable to other estuary systems. Nearly two years of continuous data was collected.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"OCEANS '94. 'Oceans Engineering for Today's Technology and Tomorrow's Preservation.' Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Oceans Engineering for Today's Technology and Tomorrow's Preservation","conferenceDate":"September 13-16, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Brest, France","language":"English","publisher":"Oceanic Engineering Society","publisherLocation":"Piscataway, NJ","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1994.363897","usgsCitation":"Strahle, W.J., Martini, M.A., and Davis, R.E., 1994, Instrument packages to study long-term sediment transport processes in a shallow bay, in OCEANS '94. 'Oceans Engineering for Today's Technology and Tomorrow's Preservation.' Proceedings, v. 1, Brest, France, September 13-16, 1994, p. I/21-I/24, https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1994.363897.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"I/21","endPage":"I/24","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296622,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.8848876953125,\n 29.430029404571762\n ],\n [\n -87.33032226562499,\n 29.430029404571762\n ],\n [\n -87.33032226562499,\n 30.741835717889792\n ],\n [\n -88.8848876953125,\n 30.741835717889792\n ],\n [\n -88.8848876953125,\n 29.430029404571762\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"548ace3de4b00f366bee37ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strahle, William J.","contributorId":55962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strahle","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":526995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martini, Marinna A. 0000-0002-7757-5158 mmartini@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7757-5158","contributorId":2456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martini","given":"Marinna","email":"mmartini@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, Ray E.","contributorId":14821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":74,"text":"74 - 1994 - Global hypocenter data base","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-04T11:59:27","indexId":"74","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-01T11:58:43","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Global hypocenter data base","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"United States Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/74","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994, Global hypocenter data base (Version 3.0.), 1 computer laser optical disc, https://doi.org/10.3133/74.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disc","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291603,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 3.0.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e09e55e4b0beb42bdca41b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186600,"text":"70186600 - 1994 - Origin, transport, and emplacement of an exotic island-arc terrane exposed in eastern Kamchatka, Russia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-19T13:19:35.163423","indexId":"70186600","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin, transport, and emplacement of an exotic island-arc terrane exposed in eastern Kamchatka, Russia","docAbstract":"The regional stratigraphy of eastern Kamchatka includes an exotic, Early-Late Cretaceous ophiolite and Late Cretaceous island-arc volcanic sequence. Integrating the existing geologic and geophysical data, we examine the origin, transport, emplacement, and postemplacement deformation of the island-arc terrane, which is named the Olyutorsky island arc. Results from several paleomagnetic studies consistently indicate that the island-arc terrane originated >1000 km to the south of where it is presently exposed. Although the formative paleolatitudes of the island-arc rocks approximately correspond to the location of the Izanagi-Farallon subduction zone, the age of the volcanic rocks postdates the cessation of Izanagi-Farallon convergence, thus indicating that an unnamed plate or back-arc basin existed in the northwest Pacific during Late Cretaceous time. We examine two possible models for northward transport of the island-arc terrane to Kamchatka: (1) infra-oceanic transport with the Pacific or Kula plates and (2) coastwise translation of the island-arc terrane after accretion to the Eurasian margin far to the south of Kamchatka. For both models, the dominant Eocene and Miocene deformation ages observed in eastern Kamchatka are used as two possible age limits for the cessation of northward transport. Although the observed paleolatitudes from paleomagnetic data correspond best with the infra-oceanic transport model, the provenance of the Paleogene \"transport\" stratigraphy indicates a near-shore sediment supply. Our preferred interpretation is that the island-arc terrane (1) accreted onto the Eurasian margin concurrent with cessation of island-arc volcanism (Maastrichtian-Danian) and (2) underwent northward coastwise translation along a major strike-slip fault zone ending by middle-late Eocene time (43-50 Ma). It is unclear whether the ophiolite was exposed during arc-continent collision or whether the ophiolite was obducted onto the island arc prior to collision. A consequence of either infra-oceanic transport or coastwise translation is that an open corridor between the western terminus of the Aleutian Arc and Kamchatka must have existed until middle to late Eocene time. Spreading within the Komandorsky Basin, subduction of sea-mounts, and collision of the Aleutian Arc with Kamchatka are proposed to have instigated the second Miocene phase of deformation, which uplifted and reexposed the island-arc terrane.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1182:OTAEOA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Geist, E.L., Vallier, T.L., and Scholl, D.W., 1994, Origin, transport, and emplacement of an exotic island-arc terrane exposed in eastern Kamchatka, Russia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, no. 9, p. 1182-1194, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1182:OTAEOA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1182","endPage":"1194","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339284,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"Kamchatka Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 163.20258755290382,\n 61.00637167715445\n ],\n [\n 161.69305220919045,\n 60.56804725421827\n ],\n [\n 159.44889197087247,\n 59.081947107468125\n ],\n [\n 159.09733432823919,\n 58.69252073362182\n ],\n [\n 157.40883348269927,\n 58.055364767090595\n ],\n [\n 156.44070038399877,\n 57.96985930003743\n ],\n [\n 156.53381961385384,\n 57.45928767434276\n ],\n [\n 155.41075905047182,\n 56.57402157819166\n ],\n [\n 155.22123486851945,\n 55.23924656661535\n ],\n [\n 155.62898349274462,\n 53.24224978863219\n ],\n [\n 156.16955629177272,\n 52.102769885948305\n ],\n [\n 156.24533432092898,\n 51.33267214490681\n ],\n [\n 156.73401813089475,\n 50.767305106285306\n ],\n [\n 157.51556178037703,\n 51.18150965069202\n ],\n [\n 158.69361672829837,\n 52.41353725977288\n ],\n [\n 158.66990166944248,\n 52.74343117033786\n ],\n [\n 159.49647609181955,\n 53.21310941559881\n ],\n [\n 160.08489460864558,\n 52.98663269436213\n ],\n [\n 160.06374030911832,\n 53.419596822409716\n ],\n [\n 159.91289147082966,\n 53.69950491234525\n ],\n [\n 160.07867037448761,\n 54.08771434561001\n ],\n [\n 161.01061366280572,\n 54.524249643382035\n ],\n [\n 161.2095160487467,\n 54.383784038217584\n ],\n [\n 161.77586065709102,\n 54.40876194260778\n ],\n [\n 162.30041432485723,\n 54.75466906023789\n ],\n [\n 161.94259864495496,\n 55.227756105681124\n ],\n [\n 161.99933808145715,\n 55.62310503108381\n ],\n [\n 162.25130996927277,\n 56.085638651086754\n ],\n [\n 162.52816124539265,\n 56.13080387237895\n ],\n [\n 163.0800214316048,\n 55.85059679084554\n ],\n [\n 163.24555118268722,\n 56.030975994675\n ],\n [\n 163.48438081385694,\n 56.14158389836072\n ],\n [\n 163.32143614963354,\n 56.86229049830959\n ],\n [\n 162.93338342193385,\n 56.77687195315198\n ],\n [\n 162.95536113045154,\n 57.081187805155935\n ],\n [\n 162.90458523236265,\n 57.22963080988282\n ],\n [\n 163.36324681350527,\n 57.53772002508748\n ],\n [\n 163.38644309273087,\n 57.92518191884736\n ],\n [\n 162.62275017174602,\n 57.99055946086884\n ],\n [\n 162.38630990669117,\n 57.9241361926818\n ],\n [\n 162.1539690888648,\n 58.099507759305624\n ],\n [\n 162.40153830254246,\n 58.53891403659355\n ],\n [\n 163.66412182163936,\n 58.29975353036349\n ],\n [\n 164.26062566000064,\n 58.68782998566613\n ],\n [\n 164.89882117744526,\n 58.78595804247561\n ],\n [\n 164.83893482799846,\n 59.228642694030384\n ],\n [\n 165.2957922051972,\n 59.87278346699375\n ],\n [\n 166.17636173828566,\n 60.37940494019236\n ],\n [\n 163.20258755290382,\n 61.00637167715445\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60277e4b09da6799ac6a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, Eric L. 0000-0003-0611-1150 egeist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":1956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Eric","email":"egeist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":689711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vallier, Tracy L.","contributorId":28857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":689713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70202099,"text":"70202099 - 1994 - Evaluation of an empirical radar backscatter model for predicting backscatter characteristics of geologic units at Pisgah Volcanic Field, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-11T10:08:34","indexId":"70202099","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-15T10:04:52","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of an empirical radar backscatter model for predicting backscatter characteristics of geologic units at Pisgah Volcanic Field, California","docAbstract":"Comparison of radar backscatter coefficients (σ°, in dB), calculated by using the empirical model of Oh et al. [1992], to σ° extracted from AIRSAR data of four geologic units at Pisgah shows that the model predicts measured σ°vv and σ°hv to within ±3 dB. The model predicts higher σ°hh than those observed. For smooth surfaces (rms height=s, s<8 cm), model results depend strongly on the accuracy of the surface measurements ( s and dielectric constant, ϵr). For rougher surfaces, the model is less dependent on the accuracy of surface characterizations. The model may be inverted to estimate s from measured σ° for surfaces with ks<3 (k = wavenumber, or 2π/λ, where λ = radar wavelength). Model inversion for a pahoehoe unit at 30° to 50° incidence angles (θ) resulted in an estimate of s to within <1 cm of the measured 3 cm. The inability of the model to estimate accurately σ°hh and the anomalously high nadir Fresnel reflection coefficients (Γo) and ϵr required in the model inversion may both be due to ∼equal co‐polarized ratios (σ°hh/σ°vv=p∼1) of the soils used to derive the model. For effective application to many geologic surfaces, for which p<1 is often observed at θ>30°, the model will require modification to include surfaces with non‐unity σ°hh/σ°vv.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94GL01253","usgsCitation":"Gaddis, L.R., 1994, Evaluation of an empirical radar backscatter model for predicting backscatter characteristics of geologic units at Pisgah Volcanic Field, California: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, no. 17, p. 1803-1806, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL01253.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1803","endPage":"1806","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/94gl01253","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":361112,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Pisgah Volcanic Field","volume":"21","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaddis, Lisa R. 0000-0001-9953-5483 lgaddis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-5483","contributorId":2817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaddis","given":"Lisa","email":"lgaddis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186210,"text":"70186210 - 1994 - Isotopic composition of Pb in ore deposits of the Betic Cordillera, Spain; origin and relationship to other European deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T14:24:23","indexId":"70186210","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic composition of Pb in ore deposits of the Betic Cordillera, Spain; origin and relationship to other European deposits","docAbstract":"The Betic Cordillera in southern Spain is a complex Alpine fold belt that resulted from the Cretaceous through Cenozoic collision of Africa with Europe. The region is illustrative of one of the characteristics of the Alpine-Mediterranean orogen: the occurrence over a limited area of mineral deposits with a wide variety of host rocks, mineralization ages, and styles. The metamorphic basement in the Betic zone is characterized by a nappe structure of superimposed tectonostratigraphic units and consists of lower Paleozoic to Lower Triassic clastic metasedimentary rocks. This is overlain by Middle to Upper Triassic platform carbonate rocks with abundant strata-bound F-Pb-Zn-(Ba) deposits (e.g., Sierra de Gador, Sierra Alhamilla). Cretaceous to Paleogene subduction-related compression in southeastern Spain was followed by Miocene postcollisional extension and resulted in the formation of the Almeria-Cartagena volcanic belt and widespread hydrothermal activity and associated polymetallic mineralization. Typical Miocene hydrothermal deposits include volcanic-hosted Au (e.g., Rodalquilar) and Ag-rich base metal (e.g., Cabo de Gata, Mazarron) deposits as well as complex polymetallic veins, mantos, and irregular replacement bodies which are hosted by Paleozoic and Mesozoic metamorphic rocks and Neogene sedimentary and volcanic rocks (e.g., Cartagena, Sierra Almagrera, Sierra del Aguilon, Loma de Bas).Lead isotope compositions were measured on sulfide samples from nine ore districts and from representative fresh samples of volcanic and basement rock types of the region. The results have been used to evaluate ore-forming processes in southeastern Spain with emphasis on the sources of metals. During a Late Triassic mineralizing event, Pb was leached from Paleozoic clastic metasedimentary rocks and incorporated in galena in strata-bound F-Pb-Zn-(Ba) deposits ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 18.332 + or - 12, 207Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.672 + or - 12, 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 38.523 + or - 46). The second episode of mineralization was essentially contemporaneous (late Miocene) throughout the region and did not involve remobilization of less radiogenic Triassic ore Pb. Lead isotope data indicate a dominantly Paleozoic metasedimentary source for polymetallic vein- and manto-type deposits that formed by hydrothermal circulation through the Betic basement, driven by Miocene intrusions ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 18.747 + or - 20, 207 Pb/ 204Pb = 15.685 + or - 9, 208 /Pb/ 204 Pb = 39.026 + or - 37). Lead in Au-(Cu-Te-Sn) ores is isotopically indistinguishable from that of the calc-alkalic volcanic host ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 18.860 + or - 9, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.686 + or - 8, 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 38.940 + or - 27). In contrast, the Pb in volcanic-hosted Pb-Zn-Cu-(Ag-Au) veins was derived from Paleozoic metamorphic and Miocene volcanic rocks ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 18.786 + or - 5, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.686 + or - 2, 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 38.967 + or - 9).A comparison of the Pb isotope data from southeastern Spain with published data from selected Pb-Zn deposits in southern Europe (including Les Malines, L'Argentiere, and the Alpine, Iglesiente-Sulcis, and Montagne Noire districts) indicates the importance of a metasedimentary basement as a common source of ore Pb.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.5.1074","usgsCitation":"Arribas , A., and Tosdal, R.M., 1994, Isotopic composition of Pb in ore deposits of the Betic Cordillera, Spain; origin and relationship to other European deposits: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 5, p. 1074-1093, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.5.1074.","productDescription":"20 p. ","startPage":"1074","endPage":"1093","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338974,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6ac9e4b02ff32c6aea7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arribas , Antonio","contributorId":190234,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arribas ","given":"Antonio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tosdal, Richard M.","contributorId":42274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186949,"text":"70186949 - 1994 - An image of the Columbia Plateau from inversion of high‐resolution seismic data ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T15:41:24","indexId":"70186949","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An image of the Columbia Plateau from inversion of high‐resolution seismic data ","docAbstract":"We use a method of traveltime inversion of high‐resolution seismic data to provide the first reliable images of internal details of the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG), the subsurface basalt/sediment interface, and the deeper sediment/basement interface. Velocity structure within the basalts, delineated on the order of 1 km horizontally and 0.2 km vertically, is constrained to within ±0.1 km/s for most of the seismic profile. Over 5000 observed traveltimes fit our model with an rms error of 0.018 s. The maximum depth of penetration of the basalt diving waves (truncated by underlying low‐velocity sediments) provides a reliable estimate of the depth to the base of the basalt, which agrees with well‐log measurements to within 0.05 km (165 ft). We use image blurring, calculated from the resolution matrix, to estimate the aspect ratio of imaged velocity anomaly widths to true widths for velocity features within the basalt. From our calculations of image blurring, we interpret low velocity zones (LVZ) within the basalts at Boylston Mountain and the Whiskey Dick anticline to have widths of 4.5 and 3 km, respectively, within the upper 1.5 km of the model. At greater depth, the widths of these imaged LVZs thin to approximately 2 km or less. We interpret these linear, subparallel, low‐velocity zones imaged adjacent to anticlines of the Yakima Fold Belt to be brecciated fault zones. These fault zones dip to the south at angles between 15 to 45 degrees.
A 100-km-long, 13-station profile extending across the San Andreas fault system north of San Francisco Bay was measured 7 times between March 1990 and January 1993 with the Global Positioning System (GPS). The data have been processed using the Bernese Version 3.2 software. Data from a continental-scale fiducial network were included in the solutions to aid orbit improvement and provide a consistent reference frame. We find 33 ± 2 mm/yr of fault-parallel (N33°W) shear evenly distributed southwest and northeast of the Rodgers Creek fault and a near linear velocity gradient across the profile. The profile spans most of the zone of active deformation associated with the San Andreas fault system. Shear is negligible at the east end of the profile near the Great Valley. Additional shear of a few millimeters per year is likely beyond Point Reyes Head, the west end of the profile. We observe no systematic convergence upon the fault. The GPS measured velocities are similar to those derived previously from trilateration. The velocity change across the GPS profile (31–35 mm/yr) plus that west of the profile (0–3 mm/yr) and that observed with VLBI east of the Sierra Nevada Mountains (∼10–12 mm/yr) accounts for the North American-Pacific plate rate (46–47 mm/yr).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94GL01227","usgsCitation":"Williams, S.D., Svarc, J.L., Lisowski, M., and Prescott, W., 1994, GPS measured rates of deformation in the northern San Francisco Bay Region, California, 1990–1993: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, no. 14, p. 1511-1514, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL01227.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1511","endPage":"1514","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417497,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.67787296745597,\n 37.935723282750175\n ],\n [\n -122.49240053350692,\n 37.582608421523375\n ],\n [\n -122.19715869987414,\n 37.39940580401151\n ],\n [\n -121.8413544388292,\n 37.3241930156277\n ],\n [\n -121.39849168837979,\n 37.57360896549716\n ],\n [\n -121.23951531642354,\n 37.9118365816349\n ],\n [\n -121.33792926096763,\n 38.177138817390414\n ],\n [\n -121.59531957746846,\n 38.30200351083394\n ],\n [\n -122.27664688585205,\n 38.37325844916012\n ],\n [\n -122.64759175375013,\n 38.18606483453169\n ],\n [\n -122.67787296745597,\n 37.935723282750175\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, S. D. P.","contributorId":305832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Svarc, Jerry L. 0000-0002-2802-4528 jsvarc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2802-4528","contributorId":2413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svarc","given":"Jerry","email":"jsvarc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":873958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":873959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}