{"pageNumber":"1350","pageRowStart":"33725","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40894,"records":[{"id":30490,"text":"wri934133 - 1994 - Flood discharges and hydraulics near the mouths of Wolf Creek, Craig Branch, Manns Creek, Dunloup Creek, and Mill Creek in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:01","indexId":"wri934133","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4133","title":"Flood discharges and hydraulics near the mouths of Wolf Creek, Craig Branch, Manns Creek, Dunloup Creek, and Mill Creek in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service, studied the frequency and magnitude of flooding near the mouths of five tributaries to the New River in the New River Gorge National River. The 100-year peak discharge at each tributary was determined from regional frequency equations. The 100-year discharge at Wolf Creek, Craig Branch, Manns Creek, Dunloup Creek, and Mill Creek was 3,400 cubic feet per second, 640 cubic feet per second, 8,200 cubic feet per second, 7,100 cubic feet per second, and 9,400 cubic feet per second, respectively. Flood elevations for each tributary were determined by application of a steady-state, one-dimensional flow model. Manning's roughness coefficients for the stream channels ranged from 0.040 to 0.100. Bridges that would be unable to contain the 100-year flood within the bridge opening included: the State Highway 82 bridge on Wolf Creek, the second Fayette County Highway 25 bridge upstream from the confluence with New River on Dunloup Creek, and an abandoned log bridge on Mill Creek.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934133","usgsCitation":"Wiley, J., 1994, Flood discharges and hydraulics near the mouths of Wolf Creek, Craig Branch, Manns Creek, Dunloup Creek, and Mill Creek in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4133, iv, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934133.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4133/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59271,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4133/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5ef1ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiley, J.B.","contributorId":76739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27731,"text":"wri944019 - 1994 - Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-28T21:49:14.650832","indexId":"wri944019","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4019","title":"Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area","docAbstract":"Important rainfall-runoff characteristics for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area were determined to be overland flow, interception storage, interception losses, evaporation, and infiltration. Using these characteristics, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) was configured for basins in the study area. The data network for the model calibration consisted of four continuous rainfall gages and three continuous streamflow gages. The model was calibrated, using observed data from three runoff events, by minimizing objective functions representing peak discharge, volume of runoff, and time to peak discharge from the beginning of simulation. The absolute mean percentage difference between the simulated and observed data for peak discharge, volume of runoff, and time to peak discharge are 9.47, 10.8, and 19.6 percent. A sensitivity analysis of SWMM parameters was performed on a simplified drainage basin. The output of runoff (volume, peak, and timing) in SWMM was determined to be most sensitive to subarea width, percentage impervious area, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and initial moisture deficit. The volume of runoff was affected by percentage impervious area, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and initial moisture deficit. The peak flow rate was affected by subcatchment width and percentage impervious area, whereas the time to peak was affected by subcatchment width. The model also was determined to be sensitive to the time step in the streamflow routing part.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944019","usgsCitation":"Holmes, R., and East, J.W., 1994, Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4019, vii, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944019.","productDescription":"vii, 24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411149,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47930.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56571,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4019/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158794,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4019/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Rolla","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.87591911661391,\n              38.03597634320698\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.87591911661391,\n              37.80120519183451\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.61055977166683,\n              37.80120519183451\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.61055977166683,\n              38.03597634320698\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.87591911661391,\n              38.03597634320698\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605d5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":70429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"East, J. W.","contributorId":99186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27708,"text":"wri934169 - 1994 - Potential flood hazards and hydraulic characteristics of distributary-flow areas in Maricopa County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:37","indexId":"wri934169","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4169","title":"Potential flood hazards and hydraulic characteristics of distributary-flow areas in Maricopa County, Arizona","docAbstract":"Flood hazards of distributary-flow areas in Maricopa County, Arizona, can be distinguished on the basis of morphological features. Five distributary-flow areas represent the range of flood-hazard degree in the study area. Descriptive factors, including the presence of desert varnish and the absence of saguaro cactus, are more useful than traditional hydraulic-based methods in defining hazards. The width, depth, and velocity exponents of the hydraulic-geometry relations at the primary diffluences of the sites are similar to theoretical exponents for streams with cohesive bank material and the average exponents of stream channels in other areas in the United States. Because of the unexplained scatter of the values of the exponent of channel width, however, the use of average hydraulic-geometry relations is con- sidered inappropriate for characterizing flood hazards for specific distributary-flow in Maricopa County. No evidence has been found that supports the use of stochastic modeling of flows or flood hazards of many distributary-flow areas. The surface of many distributary-flow areas is stable with many distributary channels eroded in the calcreted surface material. Many distributary- flow areas do not appear to be actively aggrading today, and the paths of flow are not changing.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934169","usgsCitation":"Hjalmarson, H., 1994, Potential flood hazards and hydraulic characteristics of distributary-flow areas in Maricopa County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4169, v, 56 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934169.","productDescription":"v, 56 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4169/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56554,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4169/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6839c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hjalmarson, H. W.","contributorId":95872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hjalmarson","given":"H. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29170,"text":"wri944169 - 1994 - An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling NET geochemical reactions along a flow PATH, version 2.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-12T14:27:07.34098","indexId":"wri944169","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4169","title":"An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling NET geochemical reactions along a flow PATH, version 2.0","docAbstract":"NETPATH is an interactive Fortran 77 computer program used to interpret net geochemical mass-balance reactions between an initial and final water along a hydrologic flow path. Alternatively, NETPATH computes the mixing proportions of two to five initial waters and net geochemical reactions that can account for the observed composition of a final water. The program utilizes previously defined chemical and isotopic data for waters from a hydrochemical system. For a set of mineral and (or) gas phases hypothesized to be the reactive phases in the system, NETPATH calculates the mass transfers in every possible combination of the selected phases that accounts for the observed changes in the selected chemical and (or) isotopic compositions observed along the flow path. The calculations are of use in interpreting geochemical reactions, mixing proportions, evaporation and (or) dilution of waters, and mineral mass transfer in the chemical and isotopic evolution of natural and environmental waters. Rayleigh distillation calculations are applied to each mass-balance model that satisfies the constraints to predict carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and strontium isotopic compositions at the end point, including radiocarbon dating. DB is an interactive Fortran 77 computer program used to enter analytical data into NETPATH, and calculate the distribution of species in aqueous solution. This report describes the types of problems that can be solved, the methods used to solve problems, and the features available in the program to facilitate these solutions. Examples are presented to demonstrate most of the applications and features of NETPATH. The codes DB and NETPATH can be executed in the UNIX or DOS1 environment. This report replaces U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4078, by Plummer and others, which described the original release of NETPATH, version 1.0 (dated December, 1991), and documents revisions and enhancements that are included in version 2.0.  1 The use of trade, brand or product names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944169","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., Prestemon, E.C., and Parkhurst, D.L., 1994, An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling NET geochemical reactions along a flow PATH, version 2.0 (Version 2.0): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4169, iv, 130 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944169.","productDescription":"iv, 130 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4169/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58044,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4169/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 2.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684566","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prestemon, Eric C.","contributorId":45352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prestemon","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":27670,"text":"wri944004 - 1994 - Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges in Gwinnett County, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T10:34:47","indexId":"wri944004","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4004","title":"Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges in Gwinnett County, Georgia","docAbstract":"The effects of flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges along downstream reaches in six urban drainage basins in Gwinnett County, Georgia, were studied during 1986-93 using the U.S. Geological Survey's Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model (DR3M). Short-term rainfall-runoff data were collected at selected stations in six urban drainage basins in Gwinnett County. The basins range in size from 0.10 to 0.37 square miles and contain from 15- to 35- percent impervious areas. Each basin contains from two to six flood-detention reservoirs. The DR3M was calibrated using short-term rainfall-runoff data collected (1986-92) at each station. The model then was used to simulate long-term (1898-1980) peak discharges for these stations for conditions representing various amounts of detention ranging from the existing condition with all flood-detention reservoirs in place to the natural condition with no reservoirs. Flood-frequency relations were developed from the simulated annual peak discharges for each of these conditions by fitting the logarithms of the annual peak discharge data to a Pearson type III distribution curve. The effect of each flood-detention reservoir on peak discharges downstream was determined by comparison of peak discharges simulated with and without the flood-detention reservoirs. The cumulative effect of all flood-detention reservoirs in a basin on peak discharges downstream was determined by comparison of peak discharges for a flood with a given recurrence interval simulated with and without the reservoirs. Results of these comparisons indicate that removal of an individual flood-detention reservoir during simulations changes peak discharges from - 1 to 24 percent for the 2-year recurrence interval, from - 1 to 27 percent for the 10-year recurrence interval, and from -2 to 31 percent for the 100-year recurrence interval. The cumulative effect of removing all of the reservoirs from each of the six basins during simulation increases peak discharges from 1 to 38 percent for the 2-year recurrence interval, from 1 to 37 percent for the l O-year recurrence interval, and from 3 to 31 percent for the 100-year recurrence interval.  In this study of six basins, several factors influenced the effect of flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges downstream. The contributing drainage area, the maximum storage capacity, the outflow-structure capacity, and the elevation-to-storage relation of the flood-detention reservoir affected peak discharges in several basins. The location in the drainage basin and number of flood-detention reservoirs affected peak discharges in some basins.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri944004","usgsCitation":"Hess, G.W., and Inman, E.J., 1994, Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges in Gwinnett County, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4004, v, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944004.","productDescription":"v, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56521,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4004/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4004/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Gwinnett 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,{"id":70017594,"text":"70017594 - 1994 - Bottom stress estimates and sand transport on northern California inner continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-30T00:10:08.383514","indexId":"70017594","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bottom stress estimates and sand transport on northern California inner continental shelf","docAbstract":"<p>Measurements of velocities and light transmission in the bottom boundary layer on the continental shelf off northern California demonstrate the importance of storms in the transport of sediment along the coast and offshore in this region. Time-series estimates of bottom stress obtained from a combined wave-current bottom boundary layer model in which wave and current measurements from the Geoprobe tripod were used as input show high stress values of 10 dynes cm<sup>−2</sup> during two distinct storm events in early February and early March, 1991. These stresses induce significant offshore sediment transport, achieving maximum values of about 0.5 g cm<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>. The net transport over the entire measurement period from 30 January 1991 to 13 March 1991 was along the coast toward the north and offshore. This transport pattern explains slow migration of low amplitude, broad crescentic dunes along and across this portion of the inner continental shelf.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(94)90038-8","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Cacchione, D.A., Drake, D.E., Ferreira, J., and Tate, G.B., 1994, Bottom stress estimates and sand transport on northern California inner continental shelf: Continental Shelf Research, v. 14, no. 10-11, p. 1273-1289, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(94)90038-8.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1273","endPage":"1289","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228429,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.442138671875,\n              37.84015683604136\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.48657226562499,\n              37.84015683604136\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.48657226562499,\n              39.198205348894795\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.442138671875,\n              39.198205348894795\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.442138671875,\n              37.84015683604136\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"10-11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f22de4b0c8380cd4b04f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cacchione, David A.","contributorId":15268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drake, David E.","contributorId":74752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferreira, Joanne T.","contributorId":59174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferreira","given":"Joanne T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tate, George B.","contributorId":80838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":19795,"text":"ofr9459 - 1994 - Documentation of a computer program to simulate transient leakage from confining units using the modular finite-difference, ground-water flow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:35","indexId":"ofr9459","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-59","title":"Documentation of a computer program to simulate transient leakage from confining units using the modular finite-difference, ground-water flow model","docAbstract":"Transient leakage into or out of a compressible fine-grained confining unit results from ground- water storage changes within the unit. The computer program described in this report provides a new method of simulating transient leakage using the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite- difference ground-water flow model (MODFLOW).  The new program is referred to as the Transient- Leakage Package.  The Transient-Leakage Package solves integrodifferential equations that describe flow across the upper and lower boundaries of confining units.  For each confining unit, vertical hydraulic conductivity, thickness, and specific storage are specified in input arrays. These properties can vary from cell to cell and the confining unit need not be present at all locations in the grid; however, the confining units must be bounded above and below by model layers in which head is calculated or specified. The package was used in an example problem to simulate drawdown around a pumping well in a system with two aquifers separated by a confining unit.  For drawdown values in excess of 1 centimeter, the solution using the new package closely matched an exact analytical solution.  The problem also was simulated without the new package by using a separate model layer to represent the confining unit.  That simulation was refined by using two model layers to represent the confining unit.  The simulation using the Transient-Leakage Package was faster and more accurate than either of the simulations using model layers to represent the confining unit.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9459","usgsCitation":"Leake, S.A., Leahy, P., and Navoy, A., 1994, Documentation of a computer program to simulate transient leakage from confining units using the modular finite-difference, ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-59, vi, 70 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9459.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0059/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49274,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0059/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b0af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leake, S. A.","contributorId":52164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leahy, P.P.","contributorId":104896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leahy","given":"P.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Navoy, A. S.","contributorId":51771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Navoy","given":"A. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017592,"text":"70017592 - 1994 - Diurnal-period currents trapped above Fieberling Guyot: observed characteristics and model comparisons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-13T20:20:53","indexId":"70017592","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1370,"text":"Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diurnal-period currents trapped above Fieberling Guyot: observed characteristics and model comparisons","docAbstract":"Current measurements at depths of 19, 115, 264 and 464 m above the summit of Fieberling Guyot (32??28???N, 127??47???W) for 13 months in 1989 show that the diurnal tides are strongly amplified. The measured variances for K1, P1 and O1 at the 115 m depth were 810, 140 and 80 times larger than the variances of the respective estimated barotropic tides. The diurnal currents closer to the summit were also strongly amplified, through the variance ratios were 40-50% of the ratios observed at 115 m. The diurnal band currents were only amplified at the precise tidal frequencies; the bandwidth of the response was less than 0.0002 cph. The discrete character of the response suggests that only currents with large spatial scales will be amplified. The characteristics of the amplified diurnal currents are compared to those predicted by a model for Fieberling Guyot of seamount-trapped waves driven by the barotropic tide. The amplitudes of the responses at this one site on the seamount compare favourably to the predicted. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0967-0637(94)90047-7","issn":"09670637","usgsCitation":"Noble, M., Brink, K., and Eriksen, C., 1994, Diurnal-period currents trapped above Fieberling Guyot: observed characteristics and model comparisons: Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 41, no. 4, p. 643-658, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90047-7.","startPage":"643","endPage":"658","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269285,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90047-7"},{"id":228383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0346e4b0c8380cd503d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noble, M.A.","contributorId":93513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brink, K.H.","contributorId":86230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brink","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eriksen, C.C.","contributorId":90176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eriksen","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017575,"text":"70017575 - 1994 - Sediment resuspension and bed armoring during high bottom stress events on the northern California inner continental shelf: Measurements and predictions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-30T00:13:36.529606","indexId":"70017575","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment resuspension and bed armoring during high bottom stress events on the northern California inner continental shelf: Measurements and predictions","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id8\"><p>Geoprobe bottom tripods were deployed during the winter of 1990–1991 on the northern California inner continental shelf as part of the STRESS field experiment. Transmissometer measurements of light beam attenuation were made at two levels and current velocity was measured at four levels in the bottom 1.2 m of water. Intervals of high measured bottom wave velocity were generally correlated with times of both high attenuation and high attenuation gradient in the bottom meter of the water column. Measured time series of light attenuation and attenuation gradient are compared to values computed using a modified version of the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">Smith</span><span>&nbsp;</span>[(1977)<span>&nbsp;</span><i>The sea</i>, Vol. 6, Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 539–577] steady wave-current bottom-boundary-layer model. Size-dependent transmissometer calibrations, which show significantly enhanced attenuation with decreasing grain size, are used to convert calculated suspended sediment concentration to light attenuation. The finest fractions of the bed, which are the most easily suspended and attenuate the most light, dominate the computed attenuation signal although they comprise only about 5–7% of the bed sediment. The calculations indicate that adjusting the value of the coefficient γ<sub>0</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>in the expression for near-bed sediment concentration cannot in itself give both the correct magnitudes of light attenuation and attenuation gradient. To supply the volumes of fine sediment computed to be in suspension during peak events, even with values of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>γ<sub>0</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>as low as 5 × 10<sup>−5</sup>, requires suspension of particles from unreasonably large depths in the bed. A limit on the depth of sediment availability is proposed as a correction to suspended sediment calculations. With such a limit, reasonable attenuation values are computed with γ<sub>0</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>≈ 0.002. The effects of limiting availability and employing a higher<span>&nbsp;</span><i>γ<sub>0</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>are to reduce the volume of the finest sediment in suspension and to increase the suspended volumes of the coarser fractions. As a consequence, the average size and settling velocity of suspended sediment increases as bottom shear stress increases, with accompanying increases in near-bed concentration gradients. Higher concentration gradients produce larger stratification effects, particularly near the top of the wave boundary layer at times when wave shear velocities are high and current shear velocities are low. These are the conditions under which maximum attenuation gradients are observed.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(94)90034-5","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Wiberg, P., Drake, D., and Cacchione, D., 1994, Sediment resuspension and bed armoring during high bottom stress events on the northern California inner continental shelf: Measurements and predictions: Continental Shelf Research, v. 14, no. 10-11, p. 1191-1219, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(94)90034-5.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1191","endPage":"1219","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228892,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"14","issue":"10-11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b89b2e4b08c986b316e72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiberg, P.L.","contributorId":33827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiberg","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017987,"text":"70017987 - 1994 - Issues related to modeling the transport of suspended sediments in Northern San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T12:32:33","indexId":"70017987","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Issues related to modeling the transport of suspended sediments in Northern San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"<p>Measurements of suspended sediment concentrations at several deep-channel stations in San Francisco Bay are reviewed. Sediment concentrations are found to be strongly correlated with delta outflow, tidal, and spring/neap variations. However, little to no correlation is observed between wind speed and sediment concentration in the deep channel. A two-dimensional depth-averaged sediment transport model has been developed which includes the effects of tidal and spring-neap variations and wind-generated resuspension. During a period of low delta outflow, the model successfully reproduces field measurements of suspended sediment concentration at a station in San Pablo Bay. The model is found to be most sensitive to critical shear stresses, settling velocity, and the erosion rate constant.</p>","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling III","conferenceDate":"8 September 1993 through 10 September 1993","conferenceLocation":"Oak Brook, IL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629759","usgsCitation":"McDonald, E.T., and Cheng, R.T., 1994, Issues related to modeling the transport of suspended sediments in Northern San Francisco Bay, California, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling III, Oak Brook, IL, USA, 8 September 1993 through 10 September 1993, p. 551-564.","startPage":"551","endPage":"564","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fc7e4b0c8380cd647fd","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spaulding Malcolm L.Bedford KeithBlumberg AlanCheng RalphSwanson Craig","contributorId":128444,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Spaulding Malcolm L.Bedford KeithBlumberg AlanCheng RalphSwanson Craig","id":536408,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"McDonald, Ellen Thomas","contributorId":100557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017381,"text":"70017381 - 1994 - Relationship between the Porco, Bolivia, Ag-Zn-Pb-Sn deposit and the Porco Caldera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:16:53.266697","indexId":"70017381","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship between the Porco, Bolivia, Ag-Zn-Pb-Sn deposit and the Porco Caldera","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Porco Ag-Zn-Pb-Sn deposit, a major Ag producer in the 16th century and currently the major Zn producer in Bolivia, consists of a swarm of fissure-filling veins in the newly recognized Porco caldera. The caldera measures 5 km north-south by 3 km east-west and formed in response to the eruption of the 12 Ma crystal-rich dacitic Porco Tuff. Well-defined topographic walls of the caldera are cut in Ordovician and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. The mineralization is associated with, and is probably genetically related to, the 8.6 Ma Huayna Porco stock (elev 4,528 m); the deposit is part of a system of radial dikes, metal zonation, and alteration mineral patterns centered on the stock. The outflow Porco Tuff to the north underlies the 6 to 9 Ma ash-flow tuffs of the Los Frailes volcanic field.The Porco deposit consists of steeply dipping irregular and curvilinear veins that cut the intracaldera Porco Tuff about 1 km east of the Huayna Porco stock. Major veins are generally less than a meter wide and as much as 2 km long. Most of the veins, especially the most productive ones, together with a small stock, dike, and breccia pipe, are aligned along the structural margin (ring fracture) of the caldera. The ore deposit is zoned around the Huayna Porco stock--cassiterite is generally close to the stock, and base metals, mostly as sphalerite and galena, are farther away, along the ring fracture veins. The primary Ag minerals, chiefly pyragyrite, acanthite, and stephanite, are most abundant in the upper parts of the veins.Fluid inclusions in sphalerite stalactites have homogenization temperatures of about 225 degrees C and salinities of about 8 wt percent NaCl equiv. The stalactites and the presence of sparse vapor-rich inclusions suggest deposition of sphalerite under boiling conditions. Modeling the depth of formation below the water table indicates that the present ground surface is close to the surface that existed at the time of mineralization.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1833","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, C.G., Aparicio N., H., Murillo S., F., Jimenez, N.C., Lizeca B., J.L., McKee, E.H., Ericksen, G., and Tavera V., F., 1994, Relationship between the Porco, Bolivia, Ag-Zn-Pb-Sn deposit and the Porco Caldera: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 8, p. 1833-1841, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1833.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1833","endPage":"1841","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228700,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a762e4b0e8fec6cdc42f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, Charles G.","contributorId":85940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aparicio N., Hugo","contributorId":69410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aparicio N.","given":"Hugo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murillo S., Fernando","contributorId":32398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murillo S.","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jimenez, Nestor C.","contributorId":86221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jimenez","given":"Nestor","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lizeca B., J. L.","contributorId":107560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lizeca B.","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McKee, Edwin H. mckee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"mckee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":891351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ericksen, George E.","contributorId":54651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tavera V., Franz","contributorId":61293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tavera V.","given":"Franz","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70017510,"text":"70017510 - 1994 - Sedimentological indicators of paleoenvironments and siliciclastic stratigraphic sequences in some Miocene deposits of the Calvert Cliffs, southern Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017510","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3443,"text":"Southeastern Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentological indicators of paleoenvironments and siliciclastic stratigraphic sequences in some Miocene deposits of the Calvert Cliffs, southern Maryland","docAbstract":"Middle Miocene siliciclastic deposits comprising the Calvert Cliffs section at the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company's (BG&E) nuclear power plant site in southern Maryland were analyzed in terms of lithostratigraphy, sedimentary structures, and granulometric parameters, to interprete paleo-environments within a sequence-stratigraphic framework. In terms of sequence-stratigraphic models, the BG&E section can be interpreted as consisting of two genetic stratigraphic sequences (Galloway model), namely, a shelf sequence and an overlying deltaic sequence. Using the Exxon model, the section consists of two third-order (1-5 m.y. duration) depositional sequences. The stratigraphic sequences of the BG&E section reflect both relatively short-term eustatic transgressive events, as well as a long-term regressive trend with associated local deltation and coastal progradation. The regression probably signified a regional basinward shift of depocenters within the Salisbury embayment during Miocene time. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00383678","usgsCitation":"Shideler, G.L., 1994, Sedimentological indicators of paleoenvironments and siliciclastic stratigraphic sequences in some Miocene deposits of the Calvert Cliffs, southern Maryland: Southeastern Geology, v. 34, no. 4, p. 163-184.","startPage":"163","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a94e4b08c986b31726e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shideler, G. L.","contributorId":63393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shideler","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017601,"text":"70017601 - 1994 - A pore-pressure diffusion model for estimating landslide-inducing rainfall","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T00:03:38.493693","indexId":"70017601","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A pore-pressure diffusion model for estimating landslide-inducing rainfall","docAbstract":"<div class=\"col-lg-9 article__content\"><div class=\"article__body show-references \"><div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>Many types of landslide movement are induced by large rainstorms, and empirical rainfall intensity/duration thresholds for initiating movement have been determined for various parts of the world. In this paper, I present a simple pressure diffusion model that provides a physically based hydrologic link between rainfall intensity/duration at the ground surface and destabilizing pore-water pressures at depth. The model approximates rainfall infiltration as a sinusoidally varying flux over time and uses physical parameters that can be determined independently. If destabilizing pore pressures can be estimated, then the model enables the development of a stability criterion defining destabilizing rainfall intensity/duration conditions. Using a comprehensive data set from an intensively monitored landslide, I demonstrate that the model is capable of distinguishing movement-inducing rainstorms.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/629714","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Reid, M., 1994, A pore-pressure diffusion model for estimating landslide-inducing rainfall: Journal of Geology, v. 102, no. 6, p. 709-717, https://doi.org/10.1086/629714.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"709","endPage":"717","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228567,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4e0e4b0c8380cd469c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, M.E.","contributorId":108130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017566,"text":"70017566 - 1994 - Magnetic and gravity constraints on forearc upper crustal structure and composition, offshore northeast Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-04T13:11:20.118568","indexId":"70017566","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2310,"text":"Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetic and gravity constraints on forearc upper crustal structure and composition, offshore northeast Japan","docAbstract":"Marine magnetic and gravity data from the northeast Japan forearc offer insight to the subsurface structure, density and magnetization from which geologic interpretations and tectonic reconstructions can be made. Positive marine magnetic anomalies, on-land geology, drill hole data, and 2-1/2-dimensional models reveal that Kitakami plutons and possibly their associated volcanic rocks constitute part of the modern forearc basement and lie 100-150 km further east than previously thought. A method to create magnetization and density contrast maps was employed to produce a three-dimensional picture of the forearc basement rock properties averaged over a 14-km thickness. -Author","language":"English","publisher":"J-STAGE","doi":"10.5636/jgg.46.423","usgsCitation":"Finn, C.A., 1994, Magnetic and gravity constraints on forearc upper crustal structure and composition, offshore northeast Japan: Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity, v. 46, no. 6, p. 423-441, https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.46.423.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"441","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479362,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.46.423","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228759,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              141.42516285009606,\n              43.17763599352298\n            ],\n            [\n              141.42516285009606,\n              34.3798759750546\n            ],\n            [\n              147.34081016355123,\n              34.3798759750546\n            ],\n            [\n              147.34081016355123,\n              43.17763599352298\n            ],\n            [\n              141.42516285009606,\n              43.17763599352298\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b65e4b0c8380cd694f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017615,"text":"70017615 - 1994 - Geochemical soil sampling for deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-13T13:11:34.116557","indexId":"70017615","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical soil sampling for deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>Thousands of solution-collapse breccia pipes crop out in the canyons and on the plateaus of northwestern Arizona; some host high-grade uranium deposits. The mineralized pipes are enriched in Ag, As, Ba, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, V and Zn. These breccia pipes formed as sedimentary strata collapsed into solution caverns within the underlying Mississippian Redwall Limestone. A typical pipe is approximately 100 m (300 ft) in diameter and extends upward from the Redwall Limestone as much as 1000 m (3000 ft).</p><p>Unmineralized gypsum and limestone collapses rooted in the Lower Permian Kaibab Limestone or Toroweap Formation also occur throughout this area. Hence, development of geochemical tools that can distinguish these unmineralized collapse structures, as well as unmineralized breccia pipes, from mineralized breccia pipes could significantly reduce drilling costs for these orebodies commonly buried 300–360 m (1000–1200 ft) below the plateau surface.</p><p>Design and interpretation of soil sampling surveys over breccia pipes are plagued with several complications. (1) The plateau-capping Kaibab Limestone and Moenkopi Formation are made up of diverse lithologies. Thus, because different breccia pipes are capped by different lithologies, each pipe needs to be treated as a separate geochemical survey with its own background samples. (2) Ascertaining true background is difficult because of uncertainties in locations of poorly-exposed collapse cones and ring fracture zones that surround the pipes.</p><p>Soil geochemical surveys were completed on 50 collapse structures, three of which are known mineralized breccia pipes. Each collapse structure was treated as an independent geochemical survey. Geochemical data from each collapse feature were plotted on single-element geochemical maps and processed by multivariate factor analysis. To contrast the results between geochemical surveys (collapse structures), a means of quantifying the anomalousness of elements at each site was developed. This degree of anomalousness, named the “correlation value”, was used to rank collapse features by their potential to overlie a deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipe.</p><p>Soil geochemical results from the three mineralized breccia pipes (the only three of the 50 that had previously been drilled) show that: (1) Soils above the SBF pipe contain significant enrichment of Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ga, K, La, Mo, Nd, Ni, Pb, Sc, Th, U and Zn, and depletion in Ca, Mg and Sr, in contrast to soils outside the topographic and structural rim; (2) Soils over the inner treeless zone of the Canyon pipe show Mo and Pb enrichment anf As and Ga depletion, in contrast to soils from the surrounding forest; and (3) The soil survey of the Mohawk Canyon pipe was a failure because of the rocky terrane and lack of a B soil horizon, or because the pipe plunges. At least 11 of the 47 other collapse structures studied contain anomalous soil enrichments similar to the SBF uranium ore-bearing pipe, and thus have good potential as exploration targets for uranium. One of these 11, #1102, does contain surface mineralized rock. These surveys suggest that soil geochemical sampling is a useful tool for the recognition of many collapse structures with underlying ore-bearing breccia pipes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(94)90065-5","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Wenrich, K., and Aumente-Modreski, R.M., 1994, Geochemical soil sampling for deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona: Applied Geochemistry, v. 9, no. 4, p. 431-454, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(94)90065-5.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"431","endPage":"454","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.31581652045145,\n              36.43233656059891\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.31581652045145,\n              35.60134849448217\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.90029352070502,\n              35.60134849448217\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.90029352070502,\n              36.43233656059891\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.31581652045145,\n              36.43233656059891\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16a8e4b0c8380cd5520f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wenrich, K. J.","contributorId":40203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenrich","given":"K. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aumente-Modreski, R. M.","contributorId":63825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aumente-Modreski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018025,"text":"70018025 - 1994 - Wave climate and nearshore lakebed response, Illinois Beach State Park, Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T12:20:42.014978","indexId":"70018025","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wave climate and nearshore lakebed response, Illinois Beach State Park, Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id3\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id4\"><p>The Lake Michigan outer nearshore zone (water depths ≈5 to 25 m) off Illinois Beach State Park is subjected to a spectrum of wave conditions, including those generated by major storms. Only under these major storm conditions is there a realistic potential for wave-lakebed interaction (and associated wind-driven currents) to cause a significant net modification to the outer nearshore lakebed, which, in turn, may promulgate change in the inner nearshore (surf) zone. Analysis of bathymetric and sediment grain-size data, used in conjunction with published wave hindcast data, wave propagation modeling, and previous studies in the area, indicates that this potential occurs, most likely, on a scale of years. Although such storms can generate bottom currents well in excess of what is required to mobilize the fine to very fine sands that are present, little compelling evidence was found, on the basis of gross comparisons with previous studies (1946, 1973, 1978), that there have been rapid or pronounced changes in the outer nearshore lakebed. Nonetheless, grain-size data suggest that sands are episodically transported in a net southerly direction. At least over the time period represented by this and previous studies, any modification of the outer nearshore zone lakebed would seem to be modest and gradual. If so, whereas the outer nearshore zone may be a factor in the long-term adjustment of the shoreline, any rapid change in shoreline position, or any conspicuous change in the rate of shoreline adjustment, is more likely controlled by factors other than those linked to the outer nearshore zone.</p></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(94)71138-2","issn":"03801330","usgsCitation":"Booth, J., 1994, Wave climate and nearshore lakebed response, Illinois Beach State Park, Lake Michigan: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 20, no. 1, p. 163-178, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(94)71138-2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"178","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228499,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.06640625,\n              41.60722821271717\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.220703125,\n              41.60722821271717\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.220703125,\n              42.65012181368022\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.06640625,\n              42.65012181368022\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.06640625,\n              41.60722821271717\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf8be4b08c986b32e974","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Booth, J.S.","contributorId":13619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booth","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":44770,"text":"wri924043 - 1994 - Maps summarizing geohydrologic information in an area of salt-water disposal, eastern Altamont-Bluebell petroleum field, Uinta Basin, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T20:08:56.660936","indexId":"wri924043","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4043","title":"Maps summarizing geohydrologic information in an area of salt-water disposal, eastern Altamont-Bluebell petroleum field, Uinta Basin, Utah","docAbstract":"In the Altamont-Bluebell Petroleum Field within the Uinta Basin of Utah, saline oil-production water is being injected into the Duchesne River Formation. On the basis of geohydrologic information, a qualitative assessment of the possible effects of this injection indicates that fresh groundwater in certain areas of the Duchesne River formation may be more susceptible than water in other areas to becoming mixed with injected oil-production water. The reason for this possible mixing is because these areas containing the susceptible groundwater lack a thick shale layer above the disposal zone, as indicated in geophysical logs. In other areas, naturally occurring moderately saline water exists at shallow depths and may be withdrawn from water wells completed more than 200 ft below land surface. Additional geohydrologic information will need to be collected to allow investigators to make a quantitative determination of the rate of horizontal and vertical migration of injected oil-production water within and above the disposal zone.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924043","usgsCitation":"Freethey, G.W., 1994, Maps summarizing geohydrologic information in an area of salt-water disposal, eastern Altamont-Bluebell petroleum field, Uinta Basin, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4043, 2 Plates: 21.26 × 25.88 inches and 21.26 × 26.33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924043.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 21.26 × 25.88 inches and 21.26 × 26.33 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":393973,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47621.htm"},{"id":82078,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4043/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82077,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4043/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"eastern Altamont-Bluebell petroleum-field, Uinta Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.1803,\n              40.2722\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.8589,\n              40.2722\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.8589,\n              40.4775\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.1803,\n              40.4775\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.1803,\n              40.2722\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db6063d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freethey, Geoffrey W.","contributorId":25570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freethey","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017598,"text":"70017598 - 1994 - Coal compositional changes along a mire interior to mire margin transect in the Mary Lee coal bed, Warrior Basin, Alabama, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-22T00:32:59.370038","indexId":"70017598","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coal compositional changes along a mire interior to mire margin transect in the Mary Lee coal bed, Warrior Basin, Alabama, USA","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id5\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id6\"><p>Vertical increment samples of the Mary Lee coal bed, collected along an inferred mire interior to mire margin transect, were studied palynologically, petrographically and geochemically to determine if any vertical or lateral changes in coal composition could be detected. Results show the Mary Lee palynoflora to be dominated by<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lycospora</i><span>&nbsp;</span>spp. (arboreous lycophytes), with other lycophyte genera,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Crassispora</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(Sigillaria) and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Densosporites</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(small lycophytes), occurring less frequently. Commonly encountered fern/pteridosperm miospore genera include<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Leiotriletes, Granulatisporites, Lophotriletes</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Schulzospora</i>.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Calamospora</i>, representing calamites, and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Florinites</i>, representing cordaites, are minor constituents of the overall palynoflora.</p><p>Petrographically, the Mary Lee coal bed contains high percentages (&gt; 75% mineral matter free, mmf) of vitrinite macerals, with cryptotelinite being by far the most common type. Cryptogelocollinite is the second most abundant vitrinite maceral. Inertinite maceral percentages are variable, ranging from 8% to 30% (mmf) and liptinite macerals are a relatively minor constituent of the Mary Lee coal bed (3–8% mmf).</p><p>Both vertical and lateral changes in coal composition occur along the transect studied. Lateral changes include an increase in ash yield and sulfur content from the interior to margin; for example, the average ash yield and sulfur content at location 073 (most interior) are 13.7% and 0.55%, respectively, whereas at location 083 (most marginal) the average ash and sulfur values (calculated from coal increments only) are 32.3% and 3.62%, respectively.</p><p>Palynofloral changes, from the interior to margin, include a general increase in<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lycospora pusilla (Lepidodendron)</i><span>&nbsp;</span>over<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lycospora pellucida (Lepidophloios)</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and an increase in fern and calamite spores and cordaite pollen. An increase in poorly preserved miospore assemblages was also observed in this direction. At locations 016 and 026, coal increments between the lower and middle partings were barren of palynomorphs, except for one increment in column 016. Petrographically, these increments were completely (&gt; 95% mmf) dominated by cryptotelinite; both liptinite and inertinite macerals were conspicuously absent. In contrast, increments above the middle partings at these locations contained elevated percentages of inertinite macerals, relative to more interior locations.</p><p>Vertical changes were also noted. At mire interior locations, basal coal layers contain either an arboreous lycophyte-dominant assemblage, with abundant<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lycospora pusilla</i>, or a lycophyte-fern/pteridosperm co-dominant assemblage. This palynoflora grades upward into a<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lycospora pellucida, L. granula</i>-dominant palynoflora in the middle layers and ultimately into a palynoflora containing an abundant fern/pteridosperm element. Petrographically, the coal at these locations is dominated overall by cryptotelinite, with an increase in inertinite occurring in the uppermost increments.</p><p>The overall dominance of arboreous lycophytes and cryptotelinite in the Mary Lee coal bed suggests that the Mary Lee paleomire developed under predominantly wet conditions. The moderate (at interior locations) to high (at marginal locations) ash yield of the coal further suggests that the mire developed under planar to near-planar conditions.</p></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-snippets\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-references\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0166-5162(94)90031-0","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Eble, C., Gastaldo, R.A., Demko, T., and Liu, Y., 1994, Coal compositional changes along a mire interior to mire margin transect in the Mary Lee coal bed, Warrior Basin, Alabama, USA: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 26, no. 1-2, p. 43-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(94)90031-0.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"62","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228519,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f682e4b0c8380cd4c7d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gastaldo, Robert A.","contributorId":13389,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gastaldo","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Demko, T.M.","contributorId":91999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demko","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, Yajing","contributorId":16553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Yajing","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017523,"text":"70017523 - 1994 - Simulation of gas phase transport of carbon-14 at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70017523","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3707,"text":"Waste Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of gas phase transport of carbon-14 at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA","docAbstract":"We have simulated gas phase transport of Carbon-14 at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Three models were established to calculate travel time of Carbon-14 from the potential repository to the mountain surface: a geochemical model for retardation factors, a coupled gas-flow and heat transfer model for temperature and gas flow fields, and a particle tracker for travel time calculation. The simulations used three parallel, east-west cross-sections that were taken from the Sandia National Laboratories Interactive Graphics Information System (IGIS). Assuming that the repository is filled with 30- year-old waste at an initial areal power density of 57 kw/acre, we found that repository temperatures remain above 60??C for more than 10,000 years. For a tuff permeability of 10-7 cm2, Carbon-14 travel times to the surface are mostly less than 1,000 years, for particles starting at any time within the first 10,000 years. If the tuff permeability is 10-8 cm2, however, Carbon- 14 travel times to the surface range from 3,000 to 12,000 years, for particle starting within the 10,000 years.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waste Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon Press Inc","publisherLocation":"Tarrytown, NY, United States","doi":"10.1016/0956-053X(94)90045-0","issn":"0956053X","usgsCitation":"Lu, N., and Ross, B., 1994, Simulation of gas phase transport of carbon-14 at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA: Waste Management, v. 14, no. 5, p. 409-420, https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-053X(94)90045-0.","startPage":"409","endPage":"420","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206151,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-053X(94)90045-0"},{"id":228757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9029e4b08c986b31935f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, N.","contributorId":96025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ross, B.","contributorId":32779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017593,"text":"70017593 - 1994 - Build your own low-cost seismic/bathymetric recorder annotator","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-18T11:09:37.179251","indexId":"70017593","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Build your own low-cost seismic/bathymetric recorder annotator","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id3\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id4\"><p>An inexpensive programmable annotator, completely compatible with at least three models of widely used graphic recorders (Raytheon LSR-1811, Raytheon LSR-1807 M, and EDO 550) has been developed to automatically write event marks and print up to sixteen numbers on the paper record. Event mark and character printout intervals, character height and character position are all selectable with front panel switches. Operation is completely compatible with recorders running in either continuous or start-stop mode.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(94)90109-0","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Robinson, W., 1994, Build your own low-cost seismic/bathymetric recorder annotator: Marine Geology, v. 118, no. 1-2, p. 1-3, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(94)90109-0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228428,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2a6e4b0c8380cd4b28b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, W.","contributorId":58034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017553,"text":"70017553 - 1994 - Precursory swarms of long-period events at Redoubt Volcano (1989-1990), Alaska: Their origin and use as a forecasting tool","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-08T10:06:22","indexId":"70017553","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precursory swarms of long-period events at Redoubt Volcano (1989-1990), Alaska: Their origin and use as a forecasting tool","docAbstract":"<p><span>During the eruption of Redoubt Volcano from December 1989 through April 1990, the Alaska Volcano Observatory issued advance warnings of several tephra eruptions based on changes in seismic activity related to the occurrence of precursory swarms of long-period (LP) seismic events (dominant period of about 0.5 s). The initial eruption on December 14 occurred after 23 years of quiescence and was heralded by a 23-hour swarm of LP events that ended abruptly with the eruption. After a series of vent-clearing explosions over the next few days, dome growth began on December 21. Another swarm, with LP events similar to those of the first, began on the 26th and ended in a major tephra eruption on January 2. Eruptions continued over the next two weeks and then ceased until February 15, when a large eruption initiated a long phase of repetitive dome-building and dome-destroying episodes that continued into April. Warnings were issued before the major events on December 14 and January 2, but as the eruptive sequence continued after January 2, the energy of the swarms decreased and forecasting became more difficult. A significant but less intense swarm preceded the February 15 eruption, which was not forecast. This eruption destroyed the only seismograph on the volcanic edifice and stymied forecasting until March 4, when the first of three new stations was installed within 3 km of the active vent. From March 4 to the end of the sequence on April 21, there were eight eruptions, six of which were preceded by detectable swarms of LP events. Although weak, these swarms provided the basis for warnings issued before the eruptions on March 23 and April 6. The initial swarm on December 13 had the following features: (1) short duration (23 hours); (2) a rapidly accelerating rate of seismic energy release over the first 18 hours of the swarm, followed by a decline of activity during the 5 hours preceding the eruption; (3) a magnitude range from −0.4 to 1.6; (4) nearly identical LP signatures with a dominant period near 0.5 s; (5) dilatational first motions everywhere; and (6) a stationary source location at a depth of 1.4 km beneath the crater. This occurrence of long-period events suggests a model involving the interaction of magma with groundwater in which magmatic gases, steam and water drive a fixed conduit at a stationary point throughout the swarm. The initiation of that sequence of events is analogous to the failure of a pressure-relief valve connecting a lower, supercharged magma-dominated reservoir to a shallow hydrothermal system. A three-dimensional model of a vibrating fluid-filled crack recently developed by Chouet is found to be compatible with the seismic data and yields the following parameters for the LP source: crack length, 280–380 m; crack width, 140–190 m; crack thickness, 0.05–0.20 m; crack stiffness, 100–200; sound speed of fluid, 0.8–1.3 km/s; compressional-wave speed of rock, 5.1 km/s; density ratio of fluid to rock, ≈0.4; and ratio of bulk modulus of fluid to rigidity of rock, 0.03–0.07. The fluid-filled crack is excited intermittently by an impulsive pressure drop that varies in magnitude within the range of 0.4 to 40 bar. Such disturbance appears to be consistent with a triggering mechanism associated with choked flow conditions in the crack.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)90030-2","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Chouet, B., Page, R., Stephens, C., Lahr, J., and Power, J., 1994, Precursory swarms of long-period events at Redoubt Volcano (1989-1990), Alaska: Their origin and use as a forecasting tool: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 95-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)90030-2.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"135","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook inlet, Redoubt Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -149,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -149,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -154,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -154,\n              59\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a814de4b0c8380cd7b470","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Page, R.A.","contributorId":40197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephens, C.D.","contributorId":18752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lahr, J.C.","contributorId":34892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Power, J.A.","contributorId":20765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":46590,"text":"ofr9249 - 1994 - Generalized water-table map of Block Island, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:39","indexId":"ofr9249","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-49","title":"Generalized water-table map of Block Island, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"The map shows the altitude of water table surface above seal level in the glacial deposits that form Block Island. Because the sediments are only moderately permeable, the water table is close to the to the surface in most parts of the island, even in hilly areas. The map represents a generalized water-table configuration on the basis of data from many different sampling periods; because the data were collected at different times, they should not be used to determine a specific depth to water at a particular site. Water levels measured in 117 shallow wells (less than 35 feet deep) from June through September 1962 and from March through September 1988-90--periods when water levels were at about the same altitude above sea level--ranged from less than 1 to 24 feet below land surface and averaged about 6 feet below land surface.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9249","usgsCitation":"Johnston, H., and Veeger, A., 1994, Generalized water-table map of Block Island, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-49, 1 map ;90 x 63 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9249.","productDescription":"1 map ;90 x 63 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":83531,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0049/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83532,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aec21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, H.E.","contributorId":27070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Veeger, A.I.","contributorId":100031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veeger","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017538,"text":"70017538 - 1994 - Mechanisms of crustal uplift and subsidence at the Yellowstone caldera, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70017538","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanisms of crustal uplift and subsidence at the Yellowstone caldera, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Leveling surveys in 1923, 1976, and each year from 1983 to 1993 have shown that the east-central part of the Yellowstone caldera, near the base of the Sour Creek resurgent dome, rose at an average rate of 14??1 mm/year from 1923 to 1976 and 22??1 mm/year from 1976 to 1984. In contrast, no detectable movement occurred in the same area from 1984 to 1985 (-2??5 mm/year), and from 1985 to 1993 the area subsided at an average rate of 19??1 mm/year. We conclude that uplift from 1923 to 1984 was caused by: (1) pressurization of the deep hydrothermal system by fluids released from a crystallizing body of rhyolite magma beneath the caldera, then trapped beneath a self-sealed zone near the base of the hydrothermal system; and (2) aseismic intrusions of magma into the lower part of the sub-caldera magma body. Subsidence since 1985 is attributed to: (1) depressurization and fluid loss from the deep hydrothermal system, and (2) sagging of the caldera floor in response to regional crustal extension. Future intrusions might trigger renewed eruptive activity at Yellowstone, but most intrusions at large silicic calderas seem to be accommodated without eruptions. Overpressurization of the deep hydrothermal system could conceivably result in a phreatic or phreatomagmatic eruption, but this hazard is mitigated by episodic rupturing of the self-sealed zone during shallow earthquake swarms. Historical ground movements, although rapid by most geologic standards, seem to be typical of inter-eruption periods at large, mature, silicic magma systems like Yellowstone. The greatest short-term hazards posed by continuing unrest in the Yellowstone region are: (1) moderate to large earthquakes (magnitude 5.5-7.5), with a recurrence interval of a few decdes; and (2) small hydrothermal explosions, most of which affect only a small area (<0.01 km2), with a recurrence interval of a few years. ?? 1994 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00302079","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., Yamashita, K., and Kleinman, J., 1994, Mechanisms of crustal uplift and subsidence at the Yellowstone caldera, Wyoming: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 56, no. 4, p. 261-270, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302079.","startPage":"261","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206178,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302079"}],"volume":"56","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a536de4b0c8380cd6ca97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yamashita, K.M.","contributorId":54603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamashita","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kleinman, J.W.","contributorId":51465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleinman","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017568,"text":"70017568 - 1994 - Geometry of an outcrop-scale duplex in Devonian flysch, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-09T23:54:11.742158","indexId":"70017568","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geometry of an outcrop-scale duplex in Devonian flysch, Maine","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id5\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id6\"><p>We describe an outcrop-scale duplex consisting of 211 exposed repetitions of a single bed. The duplex marks an early Acadian (Middle Devonian) oblique thrust zone in the Lower Devonian flysch of northern Maine. Detailed mapping at a scale of 1:8 has enabled us to measure accurately parameters such as horse length and thickness, ramp angles and displacements; we compare these and derivative values with those of published descriptions of duplexes, and with theoretical models. Shortening estimates based on line balancing are consistently smaller than two methods of area balancing, suggesting that layer-parallel shortening preceded thrusting.</p></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0191-8141(94)90041-8","issn":"01918141","usgsCitation":"Bradley, D.C., and Bradley, L., 1994, Geometry of an outcrop-scale duplex in Devonian flysch, Maine: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 16, no. 3, p. 371-380, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)90041-8.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"371","endPage":"380","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228761,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a276de4b0c8380cd5989d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, D. C.","contributorId":17634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, L.M.","contributorId":51038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017570,"text":"70017570 - 1994 - Modeling the effects of climate change on water resources - a review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017570","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the effects of climate change on water resources - a review","docAbstract":"Hydrologic models provide a framework in which to conceptualize and investigate the relationships between climate and water resources. A review of current studies that assess the impacts of climate change using hydrologic models indicates a number of problem areas common to the variety of models applied. These problem areas include parameter estimation, scale, model validation, climate scenario generation, and data. Research needs to address these problems include development of (1) a more physically based understanding of hydrologic processes and their interactions; (2) parameter measurement and estimation techniques for application over a range of spatial and temporal scales; (3) quantitative measures of uncertainty in model parameters and model results; (4) improved methodologies of climate scenario generation; (5) detailed data sets in a variety of climatic and physiographic regions; and (6) modular modeling tools to provide a framework to facilitate interdisciplinary research. Solutions to these problems would significantly improve the capability of models to assess the effects of climate change. ?? 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climatic Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01094105","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Leavesley, G., 1994, Modeling the effects of climate change on water resources - a review: Climatic Change, v. 28, no. 1-2, p. 159-177, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01094105.","startPage":"159","endPage":"177","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206153,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01094105"},{"id":228804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c3ee4b0c8380cd6fb2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}