The Northern California Earthquake Data Center (NCEDC) provides easy access to central and northern California digital earthquake data. It is located at the University of California, Berkeley, and is operated jointly with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in Menlo Park, Calif., and funded by the University of California and the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program. It has been accessible to users in the scientific community through Internet since mid-1992.
The data center provides an on-line archive for parametric and waveform data from two regional networks: the Northern California Seismic Network (NCSN) operated by the USGS and the Berkeley Digital Seismic Network (BDSN) operated by the Seismographic Station at the University of California, Berkeley.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94EO00934","usgsCitation":"Romanowicz, B., Neuhauser, D., Bogaert, B., and Oppenheimer, D.H., 1994, Accessing northern California earthquake data via Internet: Eos Science News, v. 75, no. 23, p. 257-260, https://doi.org/10.1029/94EO00934.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"260","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417512,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"75","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Romanowicz, B.","contributorId":33176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romanowicz","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neuhauser, Doug","contributorId":201871,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neuhauser","given":"Doug","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6609,"text":"UC Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":873964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bogaert, B.M.","contributorId":103462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bogaert","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oppenheimer, David H. oppen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oppenheimer","given":"David","email":"oppen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":873966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70129061,"text":"70129061 - 1994 - An assessment of riparian environmental quality by using butterflies and disturbance susceptibility scores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-15T14:34:52","indexId":"70129061","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T14:09:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An assessment of riparian environmental quality by using butterflies and disturbance susceptibility scores","docAbstract":"The butterfly community at a revegetated riparian site on the lower Colorado River near Parker, Arizona, was compared to that found in a reference riparian site. Data indicated that the herbaceous plant community, which was lacking at the revegetated site, was important to several butterfly taxa. An index using butterfly sensitivity to habitat change (species classified into risk groups) and number of taxa was developed to monitor revegetation projects and to determine restoration effectiveness.","language":"English","publisher":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","publisherLocation":"Dallas, TX","doi":"10.2307/3672237","usgsCitation":"Nelson, S., and Andersen, D., 1994, An assessment of riparian environmental quality by using butterflies and disturbance susceptibility scores: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 39, no. 2, p. 137-142, https://doi.org/10.2307/3672237.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"142","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295425,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295424,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3672237"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440de19e4b0b0a643c732a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, S. Mark","contributorId":86710,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"S. Mark","affiliations":[{"id":6736,"text":"Bureau of Reclamation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":503416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andersen, Douglas C. doug_andersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Douglas C.","email":"doug_andersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":503415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186590,"text":"70186590 - 1994 - The co-seismic slip distribution of the Landers earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-24T11:05:10.69335","indexId":"70186590","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The co-seismic slip distribution of the Landers earthquake","docAbstract":"We derived a model for the co-seismic slip distribution on the faults which ruptured during the Landers earthquake sequence of 28 June 1992. The model is based on the inversion of surface geodetic measurements, primarily vector displacements measured using the Global Positioning System (GPS). The inversion procedure assumes that the slip distribution is to some extent smooth and purely right-lateral strike slip. For a given fault geometry, a family of solutions of varying smoothness can be generated.
We choose the optimal model from this family based on cross-validation, which measures the predictive power of the data, and the trade-off of misfit and roughness. Solutions which give roughly equal weight to misfit and smoothness are preferred and have certain features in common: (1) there are two main patches of slip, on the Johnson Valley fault, and on the Homestead Valley, Emerson, and Camp Rock faults; (2) virtually all slip is in the upper 10 to 12 km; and (3) the model reproduces the general features of the geologically measured surface displacements, without prior constraints on the surface slip. In all models, regardless of smoothing, very little slip is required on the fault that represents the Big Bear event, and the total moment of the Landers event is 9 · 1019 N-m. The nearly simultaneous rupture of multiple distinct faults suggests that much of the crust in this region must have been close to failure prior to the earthquake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840030646","usgsCitation":"Freymueller, J., King, N., and Segall, P., 1994, The co-seismic slip distribution of the Landers earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 3, p. 646-659, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840030646.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"646","endPage":"659","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339264,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.48148758019548,\n 35.175884043309324\n ],\n [\n -117.48148758019548,\n 33.55266747577443\n ],\n [\n -115.32816726769562,\n 33.55266747577443\n ],\n [\n -115.32816726769562,\n 35.175884043309324\n ],\n [\n -117.48148758019548,\n 35.175884043309324\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60277e4b09da6799ac6a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freymueller, J.","contributorId":190583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freymueller","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, N.E.","contributorId":29950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Segall, P.","contributorId":44231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Segall","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186259,"text":"70186259 - 1994 - Triggered seismicity and deformation between the Landers, California, and Little Skull Mountain, Nevada, earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-25T11:12:46.156025","indexId":"70186259","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Triggered seismicity and deformation between the Landers, California, and Little Skull Mountain, Nevada, earthquakes","docAbstract":"This article presents evidence for the channeling of strain energy released by the Ms = 7.4 Landers, California, earthquake within the eastern California shear zone (ECSZ). We document an increase in seismicity levels during the 22-hr period starting with the Landers earthquake and culminating 22 hr later with the Ms = 5.4 Little Skull Mountain (LSM), Nevada, earthquake. We evaluate the completeness of regional seismicity catalogs during this period and find that the continuity of post-Landers strain release within the ECSZ is even more pronounced than is evident from the catalog data. We hypothesize that regional-scale connectivity of faults within the ECSZ and LSM region is a critical ingredient in the unprecedented scale and distribution of remotely triggered earthquakes and geodetically manifest strain changes that followed the Landers earthquake. The viability of static strain changes as triggering agents is tested using numerical models. Modeling results illustrate that regional-scale fault connectivity can increase the static strain changes by approximately an order of magnitude at distances of at least 280 km, the distance between the Landers and LSM epicenters. This is possible for models that include both a network of connected faults that slip “sympathetically” and realistic levels of tectonic prestrain. Alternatively, if dynamic strains are a more significant triggering agent than static strains, ECSZ structure may still be important in determining the distribution of triggered seismic and aseismic deformation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840030835","usgsCitation":"Bodin, P., and Gomberg, J., 1994, Triggered seismicity and deformation between the Landers, California, and Little Skull Mountain, Nevada, earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 3, p. 835-843, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840030835.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"835","endPage":"843","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339033,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339032,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/84/3/835/102710/Triggered-seismicity-and-deformation-between-the"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Landers, Little Skull Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.48148758019548,\n 35.175884043309324\n ],\n [\n -117.48148758019548,\n 33.55266747577443\n ],\n [\n -115.32816726769562,\n 33.55266747577443\n ],\n [\n -115.32816726769562,\n 35.175884043309324\n ],\n [\n -117.48148758019548,\n 35.175884043309324\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.25731325331711,\n 36.84237299356687\n ],\n [\n -116.25731325331711,\n 36.70827842185419\n ],\n [\n -116.07294893446968,\n 36.70827842185419\n ],\n [\n -116.07294893446968,\n 36.84237299356687\n ],\n [\n -116.25731325331711,\n 36.84237299356687\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f90e4b09da67997ecee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodin, Paul","contributorId":104142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodin","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gomberg, Joan","contributorId":77919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"Joan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186690,"text":"70186690 - 1994 - Fault-zone waves observed at the southern Joshua Tree earthquake rupture zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T10:37:25","indexId":"70186690","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault-zone waves observed at the southern Joshua Tree earthquake rupture zone","docAbstract":"Waveform and spectral characteristics of several aftershocks of the M 6.1 22 April 1992 Joshua Tree earthquake recorded at stations just north of the Indio Hills in the Coachella Valley can be interpreted in terms of waves propagating within narrow, low-velocity, high-attenuation, vertical zones. Evidence for our interpretation consists of: (1) emergent P arrivals prior to and opposite in polarity to the impulsive direct phase; these arrivals can be modeled as headwaves indicative of a transfault velocity contrast; (2) spectral peaks in the S wave train that can be interpreted as internally reflected, low-velocity fault-zone wave energy; and (3) spatial selectivity of event-station pairs at which these data are observed, suggesting a long, narrow geologic structure. The observed waveforms are modeled using the analytical solution of Ben-Zion and Aki (1990) for a plane-parallel layered fault-zone structure. Synthetic waveform fits to the observed data indicate the presence of NS-trending vertical fault-zone layers characterized by a thickness of 50 to 100 m, a velocity decrease of 10 to 15% relative to the surrounding rock, and a P-wave quality factor in the range 25 to 50.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., Ben-Zion, Y., and Leary, P., 1994, Fault-zone waves observed at the southern Joshua Tree earthquake rupture zone: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 3, p. 761-767.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"761","endPage":"767","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339404,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a549e4b09da6799d63d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ben-Zion, Y.","contributorId":190673,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ben-Zion","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leary, P.","contributorId":190672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leary","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186738,"text":"70186738 - 1994 - Magnetic field observations in the near-field the 28 June 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-24T01:15:51.116012","indexId":"70186738","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetic field observations in the near-field the 28 June 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"Recent reports suggest that large magnetic field changes occur prior to, and during, large earthquakes. Two continuously operating proton magnetometers, LSBM and OCHM, at distances of 17.3 and 24.2 km, respectively, from the epicenter of the 28 June 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers earthquake, recorded data through the earthquake and its aftershocks. These two stations are part of a differentially connected array of proton magnetometers that has been operated along the San Andreas fault since 1976. The instruments have a sensitivity of 0.25 nT or better and transmit data every 10 min through the GOES satellite to the USGS headquarters in Menlo Park, California. Seismomagnetic offsets of −1.2 ± 0.6 and −0.7 ± 0.7 nT were observed at these sites. In comparison, offsets of −0.3 ± 0.2 and −1.3 ± 0.2 nT were observed during the 8 July 1986 ML 5.9 North Palm Springs earthquake, which occurred directly beneath the OCHM magnetometer site. The observations are generally consistent with seismomagnetic models of the earthquake, in which fault geometry and slip have the same from as that determined by either inversion of the seismic data or inversion of geodetically determined ground displacements produced by the earthquake. In these models, right-lateral rupture occurs on connected fault segments in a homogeneous medium with average magnetization of 2 A/m. The fault-slip distribution has roughly the same form as the observed surface rupture, and the total moment release is 1.1 × 1020 Nm. There is no indication of diffusion-like character to the magnetic field offsets that might indicate these effects result from fluid flow phenomena. It thus seems unlikely that these earthquake-generated offsets and those produced by the North Palm Springs earthquake were generated by electrokinetic effects. Also, there are no indications of enhanced low-frequency magnetic noise before the earthquake at frequencies below 0.001 Hz.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840030792","usgsCitation":"Johnston, M.J., Mueller, R., and Sasai, Y., 1994, Magnetic field observations in the near-field the 28 June 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers, California, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 3, p. 792-798, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840030792.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"792","endPage":"798","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339474,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.48148758019548,\n 35.175884043309324\n ],\n [\n -117.48148758019548,\n 33.55266747577443\n ],\n [\n -115.32816726769562,\n 33.55266747577443\n ],\n [\n -115.32816726769562,\n 35.175884043309324\n ],\n [\n -117.48148758019548,\n 35.175884043309324\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a549e4b09da6799d63cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, M. J.","contributorId":64255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, R.J.","contributorId":77135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sasai, Yoichi","contributorId":190700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sasai","given":"Yoichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70243700,"text":"70243700 - 1994 - Using regional seismic networks to study the Earth's deep interior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-17T17:58:17.442694","indexId":"70243700","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-17T12:49:59","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using regional seismic networks to study the Earth's deep interior","docAbstract":"Long-period or broadband data from global stations or small aperture arrays have traditionally been used to study the Earth's deep interior. However, recent seismic studies have shown that regional seismic networks can be an important tool in high- resolution studies of the upper mantle, coremantle boundary, and the inner and outer core, as well as the earthquake source.
Although these networks were established to monitor regional earthquakes, many have systematically archived seismograms from distant earthquakes that provide a wealth of information on the Earth's deep interior.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94EO00897","usgsCitation":"Benz, H.M., Vidale, J., and Mori, J., 1994, Using regional seismic networks to study the Earth's deep interior: Eos Science News, v. 75, no. 20, p. 225-229, https://doi.org/10.1029/94EO00897.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"229","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417164,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benz, Harley M. 0000-0002-6860-2134 benz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-2134","contributorId":794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"Harley","email":"benz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vidale, J.E.","contributorId":55849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidale","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mori, J.","contributorId":24923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mori","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185725,"text":"70185725 - 1994 - Humic and fulvic acids: sink or source in the availability of metals to the marine bivalves Macoma balthicaand Potamocorbula amurensis?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T12:09:53","indexId":"70185725","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Humic and fulvic acids: sink or source in the availability of metals to the marine bivalves Macoma balthicaand Potamocorbula amurensis?","docAbstract":"Humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) are common forms of organic matter in marine sedirnents, and are routinely ingested by deposit- and suspension-feeding animals. These compounds may be a sink for metals, implying that once metals are bound to humic substances they are no longer available to food webs. A series of experiments was conducted to quantitatively examine this premise using 2 estuarine bivalves from San Francisco Bay, USA: the suspension feeder Potarnocorbula arnurensis and the facultative deposit feeder Macoma balthica. HA and FA, isolated from marine sediments, were bound as organic coatings to either hydrous ferric oxides (HFO) or silica particles. Cd and Cr(II1) were adsorbed to the organic coatings or directly to uncoated HFO and silica particles. Pulse-chase laboratory feeding expenments using '\"'Cd and \"Cr(III) were then conducted to determine absorption efficiencies of Cd and Cr for individual specimens using each of the partlcle types. The results demonstrated that: (1) absorption of Cr(I1I) from all types of non-living particles was consistently low (< 11%). Ingested Cd showed greater bioavailability than Cr(IIl), perhaps due to differences in metal chemistry. (2) Bivalves absorbed Cd bound to uncoated HFO or silica particles (i.e. with no HA or FA present). (3) The presence of organic coatings on part~cles reduced Cd bioavailabhty compared with uncoated particles. (4) Both geochemical and biological conditions affected the food chain transfer of Cd. The data suggest that in marine systems inorganic and organic-coated particles are predominantly a sink for Cr in sediments. In the transfer of Cd to consumer animals, inorganic particles and humic substances can act as a link (although not a highly efficient one) under oxidized conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter Research","doi":"10.3354/meps108133","usgsCitation":"Decho, A., and Luoma, S.N., 1994, Humic and fulvic acids: sink or source in the availability of metals to the marine bivalves Macoma balthicaand Potamocorbula amurensis?: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 108, no. 1-2, p. 133-145, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108133.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"133","endPage":"145","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108133","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338465,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7637e4b0ee37af29e4d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decho, Alan","contributorId":189947,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Decho","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185397,"text":"70185397 - 1994 - Surface energy balance estimates at local and regional scales using optical remote sensing from an aircraft platform and atmospheric data collected over semiarid rangelands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T07:12:34","indexId":"70185397","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface energy balance estimates at local and regional scales using optical remote sensing from an aircraft platform and atmospheric data collected over semiarid rangelands","docAbstract":"Remotely sensed data in the visible, near-infrared, and thermal-infrared wave bands were collected from a low-flying aircraft during the Monsoon '90 field experiment. Monsoon '90 was a multidisciplinary experiment conducted in a semiarid watershed. It had as one of its objectives the quantification of hydrometeorological fluxes during the “monsoon” or wet season. The remote sensing observations along with micrometeprological and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) data were used to compute the surface energy balance over a range of spatial scales. The procedure involved averaging multiple pixels along transects flown over the meteorological and flux (METFLUX) stations. Average values of the spectral reflectance and thermal-infrared temperatures were computed for pixels of order 10−1 to 101 km in length and were used with atmospheric data for evaluating net radiation (Rn), soil heat flux (G), and sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes at these same length scales. The model employs a single-layer resistance approach for estimating H that requires wind speed and air temperature in the ABL and a remotely sensed surface temperature. The values of Rn and G are estimated from remote sensing information together with near-surface observations of air temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation. Finally, LE is solved as the residual term in the surface energy balance equation. Model calculations were compared to measurements from the METFLUX network for three days having different environmental conditions. Average percent differences for the three days between model and the METFLUX estimates of the local fluxes were about 5% for Rn, 20% for Gand H, and 15% for LE. Larger differences occurred during partly cloudy conditions because of errors in interpreting the remote sensing data and the higher spatial and temporal variation in the energy fluxes. Minor variations in modeled energy fluxes were observed when the pixel size representing the remote sensing inputs changed from 0.2 to 2 km. Regional scale estimates of the surface energy balance using bulk ABL properties for the model parameters and input variables and the 10-km pixel data differed from the METFLUX network averages by about 4% for Rn, 10% for G and H, and 15% for LE. Model sensitivity in calculating the turbulent fluxes H and LE to possible variations in key model parameters (i.e., the roughness lengths for heat and momentum) was found to be fairly significant. Therefore the reliability of the methods for estimating key model parameters and potential errors needs further testing over different ecosystems and environmental conditions.
This paper documents the result of an integrated analysis of spaceborne radar (SIR-B) and digital aeromagnetic data carried out in the heavily forested Guiana Shield. The objective of the research is to interpret the geophysical data base to its limit to produce a reconnaissance geologic map as an aid to ground work planning in a worst‐case setting. Linear geomorphic features were identified based on the interpretation of the SIR-B image. Digital manipulation of aeromagnetic data allowed the development of a color‐shaded relief map of reduced‐to‐pole magnetic anomalies, a terrace‐magnetization map, and a map showing the location of maximum values of the horizontal component of the pseudogravity gradient (magnetization boundary lines). The resultant end product was a reconnaissance geologic map where broad terrane categories were delineated and geologic faults with both topographic and magnetic expression were defined. The availability of global spaceborne radar coverage in the 1990s and the large number of existing digital aeromagnetic surveys in northwestern Brazil indicate that this approach can be potentially useful for reconnaissance geologic mapping elsewhere in the Guiana Shield.
An interdisciplinary field experiment was conducted to study the water and energy balance of a semiarid rangeland watershed in southeast Arizona during the summer of 1990. Two subwatersheds, one grass dominated and the other shrub dominated, were selected for intensive study with ground-based remote sensing systems and hydrometeorological instrumentation. Surface energy balance was evaluated at both sites using direct and indirect measurements of the turbulent fluxes (eddy correlation, variance, and Bowen ratio methods) and using an aerodynamic approach based on remote measurements of surface reflectance and temperature and conventional meteorological information. Estimates of net radiant flux density (Rn), derived from measurements of air temperature, incoming solar radiation, and surface temperature and radiance compared well with values measured using a net radiometer (mean absolute difference (MAD) ≃ 50 W/m2 over a range from 115 to 670 W/m2). Soil heat flux density (G) was estimated using a relation between G/Rn and a spectral vegetation index computed from the red and near-infrared surface reflectance. These G estimates compared well with conventional measurements of G using buried soil heat flux plates (MAD ≃ 20 W/m2 over a range from −13 to 213 W/m2). In order to account for the effects of sparse vegetation, semiempirical adjustments to the single-layer bulk aerodynamic resistance approach were required for evaluation of sensible heat flux density (H). This yielded differences between measurements and remote estimates of H of approximately 33 W/m2 over a range from 13 to 303 W/m2. The resulting estimates of latent heat flux density, LE, were of the same magnitude and trend as measured values; however, a significant scatter was still observed: MAD ≃ 40 W/m2 over a range from 0 to 340 W/m2. Because LE was solved as a residual, there was a cumulative effect of errors associated with remote estimates of Rn, G, and H.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03064","usgsCitation":"Moran, M.S., Kustas, W.P., Vidal, A., Stannard, D., Blanford, J., and Nichols, W.D., 1994, Use of ground-based remotely sensed data for surface energy balance evaluation of a semiarid rangeland: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 5, p. 1339-1349, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03064.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"1339","endPage":"1349","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b98e4b0236b68f8297f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, M. S.","contributorId":91630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moran","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kustas, William P.","contributorId":29962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kustas","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vidal, A.","contributorId":94451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidal","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stannard, D.I.","contributorId":100884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blanford, J.H.","contributorId":189626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blanford","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nichols, W. D.","contributorId":73220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"W.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70210160,"text":"70210160 - 1994 - Crustal structure and composition of the southern Foothills Metamorphic Belt, Sierra Nevada, California, from seismic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-19T15:45:47.113053","indexId":"70210160","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-10T10:39:32","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure and composition of the southern Foothills Metamorphic Belt, Sierra Nevada, California, from seismic data","docAbstract":"The Foothills Metamorphic Belt is an accreted terrane consisting of Paleozoic and Mesozoic metamorphic rocks that separates the Great Valley from the Sierra Nevada batholith in northern and central California. Until recently, the only available geophysical data for this area were reconnaissance refraction surveys, and gravity and magnetic data. New insights into the structure of the deep crust are provided by the interpretation of a seismic reflection profile (CC‐2), acquired in 1984 by the U.S. Geological Survey at the southern end of the Foothills Metamorphic Belt. Our interpretation is constrained by a new seismic velocity model derived from coincident microearthquake data. Earthquake hypocenters that occur at unusually great depths of 12 to 30 km make the data set particularly useful for obtaining deep crustal velocity information. The velocity model shows velocities of 5.2 to 6.3 km s−1 for the upper 12 km of the crust, and 6.7 to 6.8 km s−1 from 12 km to an estimated Moho at 32 km. The upper crustal velocities correspond to metamorphic rocks and serpentinites of the Foothills Metamorphic Belt as well as to diorites and granodiorites of the Sierra Nevada batholith, while the lower crustal velocities are interpreted to represent intermediate to mafic granulites. The majority of the earthquake hypocenters as well as a 6.7 km s−1 layer in the velocity model corresponds in depth to thick zones of west dipping midcrustal reflections that may represent major shear zones formed during the late Jurassic Nevadan orogeny or synbatholithic ductile shear zones that accommodated crustal extension associated with batholith intrusion. These reflections are truncated updip by an inferred subvertical contact that coincides with the western edge of the Sierra Nevada batholith and the southward trace of the Bear Mountains fault zone. The updip truncation of midcrustal shear zones and high lower crustal velocities indicate that strike‐slip faulting and magmatic underplating can be important processes during the docking and welding of an accreted terrane.
The Red River of the North drainage basin (herein referred to as Red River Basin) within the United States is a study unit under the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. The overall goals of this program, initiated to better define the status and trends of the Nation’s water quality, are to address regional and national water-quality issues in a nationally consistent manner. Pesticide contamination of surface water and fish is one focus of this program.
\nThe Red River Basin is about 90,600 square kilometers (km2 ) in area and is composed of rolling prairie with a high density of prairie-pothole wetlands to the west; a very flat glacial lake bed with drainage ditches and meandering streams in the center (Red River Valley Lake Plain); morainal hills with a mosaic of agriculture, lakes, and forest in the southeast; and a flat lake-washed till plain with extensive peatlands in the northeast (fig. 1). Stoner and others (1993) have given a more complete description of the environmental setting of the Red River Basin.
\nAgriculture is a major component of the region’s economy, and is greatest in the Red River Valley Lake Plain. Principal crops are wheat, barley, oats, sunflowers, corn, soybeans, dry beans, potatoes, sugarbeets, alfalfa hay, and other hay. Herbicide, insecticide, and fungicide use depends on crop type and environmental stresses such as crop disease, drought, and periodic insect-pest infestation. This paper focuses on the occurrence, movement, and fate of agricultural pesticides that are applied to crops, but improper disposal, and use of pesticides for household pests, lawn care, golf courses, and home gardening can also result in contamination of the aquatic environment. Furthermore, atmospheric transport is known to transport pesticides to regions far from their source (Kurtz, 1990).
\nPesticide data have been collected in the Red River Basin by various Federal, State, and local agencies. Tornes and Brigham (1994) recently summarized many of these historical data. This paper summarizes selected data collected as part of the NAWQA program during 1992-93, and briefly compares these data to historical data and to pesticide usage.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"North Dakota Water Quality Symposium Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"North Dakota Water Quality Symposium","conferenceDate":"March 30-31, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Fargo, ND","language":"English","publisher":"North Dakota State University Extension Service","publisherLocation":"Fargo, ND","usgsCitation":"Brigham, M.E., 1994, Pesticides detected in surface waters and fish of the Red River of the North drainage basin, in North Dakota Water Quality Symposium Proceedings, Fargo, ND, March 30-31, 1994, p. 256-269.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"256","endPage":"269","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5716053de4b0ef3b7ca92048","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brigham, Mark E. 0000-0001-7412-6800 mbrigham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7412-6800","contributorId":1840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"Mark","email":"mbrigham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70129561,"text":"70129561 - 1994 - Drainage investment and wetland loss: an analysis of the national resources inventory data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-23T13:10:42","indexId":"70129561","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T13:08:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2258,"text":"Journal of Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Drainage investment and wetland loss: an analysis of the national resources inventory data","docAbstract":"The United States Soil Conservation Service (SCS) conducts a survey for the purpose of establishing an agricultural land use database. This survey is called the National Resources Inventory (NRI) database. The complex NRI land classification system, in conjunction with the quantitative information gathered by the survey, has numerous applications. The current paper uses the wetland area data gathered by the NRI in 1982 and 1987 to examine empirically the factors that generate wetland loss in the United States. The cross-section regression models listed here use the quantity of wetlands, the stock of drainage capital, the realty value of farmland and drainage costs to explain most of the cross-state variation in wetland loss rates. Wetlands preservation efforts by federal agencies assume that pecuniary economic factors play a decisive role in wetland drainage. The empirical models tested in the present paper validate this assumption.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.1006/jema.1994.1027","usgsCitation":"Douglas, A.J., and Johnson, R., 1994, Drainage investment and wetland loss: an analysis of the national resources inventory data: Journal of Environmental Management, v. 40, no. 4, p. 341-355, https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1994.1027.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"355","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295673,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295672,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jema.1994.1027"}],"volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a18c9e4b04d2014abfb27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Douglas, Aaron J.","contributorId":76243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Richard L.","contributorId":105248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Richard L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70129525,"text":"70129525 - 1994 - Identification of tire leachate toxicants and a risk assessment of water quality effects using tire reefs in canals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-23T09:59:28","indexId":"70129525","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T09:49:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of tire leachate toxicants and a risk assessment of water quality effects using tire reefs in canals","docAbstract":"Cover is an important component of aquatic habitat and fisheries management. Fisheries biologists often try to improve habitats through the addition of natural and artificial material to improve cover diversity and complexity. Habitat-improvement programs range from submerging used Christmas trees to more complex programs using sophisticated artificial habitat modules. Used automobile tires have been employed in the large scale construction of reefs and fish attractors in marine environments (D'Itri 1985) and to a lesser extent in freshwater (Johnson and Stein 1979) and have been recognized as a durable, inexpensive and long-lasting material which benefits fishery communities.
\nRecent studies by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Mueller and Liston 1991) have quantified the importance of tire reeds to enhancing freshwater canal fisheries in the southwestern United States. These studies have demonstrated that fisheries and aquatic macroinvertebrates are attracted to these structures, increasing species diversity, densities and biomass where reefs are places in canals. Potential benefits to fishermen are great in the form of recreational fishing. However, the use of tire reefs in aquatic environments which have relatively small volumes compared to marine or reservoir environments has raised water quality concerns. Effects of tires on water quality have not typically been studied in the part because of the obvious presence of fishes and other aquatic organisms that make use of tire reefs; the implication being that tires are intert and non-toxic.
\nLittle information on effects of tires on water quality is contained in the literature. Stone et al. (1975) demonstrated that tire exposure had no detrimental effects on two species of marine fish while results of Kellough's (1991) freshwater tests were inconclusive, but suggested that some factor in tire leachate was toxic to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Nozaka et al. (1973) found no harmful substances leached from tire material soaked in fresh water.
\nBecause there are few data on toxicity associated with tires, this became the focus of our study. Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TUE) procedures developed by the EPA (1991) were used to evaluate water quality impacted by tires.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1007/BF00194146","usgsCitation":"Nelson, S., Mueller, G., and Hemphill, D.C., 1994, Identification of tire leachate toxicants and a risk assessment of water quality effects using tire reefs in canals: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 52, no. 4, p. 574-581, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00194146.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"574","endPage":"581","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295635,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295633,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194146"}],"volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a18dfe4b04d2014abfb40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, S. M.","contributorId":92602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"S. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, G.","contributorId":81035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hemphill, D. C.","contributorId":107630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemphill","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186585,"text":"70186585 - 1994 - Implications of felt area-magnitude relations for earthquake scaling and the average frequency of perceptible ground motion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-25T23:34:45.146452","indexId":"70186585","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of felt area-magnitude relations for earthquake scaling and the average frequency of perceptible ground motion","docAbstract":"Observed relations between felt area and moment magnitude M for stable continental regions (SCR) and California earthquakes can be explained by a simple model with geometrical spreading, attenuation (Q−1), and earthquake stress drops that remain constant from M 4 to 8. Differences in the slopes of the observed felt area-M relations between SCR and California earthquakes are consistent with differences in Q between these tectonic settings. Fitting the felt area-M data to the model yields an estimate of f/Q, where f is the average frequency of minimum perceptible ground motion. Using fits to the data and instrumentally derived values of Q, I find that f is between about 2 and 4 Hz. I present an estimate of the spectral acceleration level associated with the lower limit of perceptibility.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840020462","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., 1994, Implications of felt area-magnitude relations for earthquake scaling and the average frequency of perceptible ground motion: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 2, p. 462-465, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840020462.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"462","endPage":"465","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339254,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/84/2/462/119834/Implications-of-felt-area-magnitude-relations-for"},{"id":339255,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60277e4b09da6799ac6ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, Arthur","contributorId":103761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1015800,"text":"1015800 - 1994 - Identification of kin structure among Guam rail founders: A comparison of pedigrees and DNA profiles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-15T16:25:41.719715","indexId":"1015800","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of kin structure among Guam rail founders: A comparison of pedigrees and DNA profiles","docAbstract":"Kin structure among founders can have a significant effect on subsequent population structure. Here we use the correlation between DNA profile similarity and relatedness calculated from pedigrees to test hypotheses regarding kin structure among founders to the captive Guam rail (Rallus owstoni) population. Five different pedigrees were generated under the following hypotheses: (i) founders are unrelated; (ii) founders are unrelated except for same-nest chicks; (iii) founders from the same major site are siblings; (iv) founders from the same local site are siblings; and (v) founders are related as defined by a UPGMA cluster analysis of DNA similarity data. Relatedness values from pedigrees 1, 2 and 5 had the highest correlation with DNA similarity but the correlation between relatedness and similarity were not significantly different among pedigrees. Pedigree 5 resulted in the highest correlation overall when using only relatedness values that changed as a result of different founder hypotheses. Thus, founders were assigned relatedness based on pedigree 5 because it had the highest correlations with DNA similarity, was the most conservative approach, and incorporated all field data. The analyses indicated that estimating relatedness using DNA profiles remains problematic, therefore we compared mean kinship, a measure of genetic importance, with mean DNA profile similarity to determine if genetic importance among individuals could be determined via use of DNA profiles alone. The significant correlation suggests this method may provide more information about population structure than was previously thought. Thus, DNA profiles can provide a reasonable explanation for founder relatedness and mean DNA profile similarity may be helpful in determining relative genetic importance of individuals when detailed pedigrees are absent.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00111.x","usgsCitation":"Haig, S.M., Ballou, J., and Casna, N., 1994, Identification of kin structure among Guam rail founders: A comparison of pedigrees and DNA profiles: Molecular Ecology, v. 3, no. 2, p. 109-119, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00111.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"119","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Guam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 144.5231597660901,\n 13.724830565341477\n ],\n [\n 144.5231597660901,\n 13.235692611606524\n ],\n [\n 145.06495547040333,\n 13.235692611606524\n ],\n [\n 145.06495547040333,\n 13.724830565341477\n ],\n [\n 144.5231597660901,\n 13.724830565341477\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c7c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ballou, J.D.","contributorId":7245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballou","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Casna, N.J.","contributorId":67849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casna","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186249,"text":"70186249 - 1994 - Evidence for an upper mantle low velocity zone beneath the southern Basin and Range-Colorado Plateau transition zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T11:24:42","indexId":"70186249","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for an upper mantle low velocity zone beneath the southern Basin and Range-Colorado Plateau transition zone","docAbstract":"A 370-km-long seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profile recorded during the Pacific to Arizona Crustal Experiment (PACE) detected an upper mantle P-wave low-velocity zone (LVZ) in the depth range 40 to 55 km beneath the Basin and Range in southern Arizona. Interpretation of seismic data places constraints on the sub-crustal lithosphere of the southern Basin and Range Province, which is important in light of the active tectonics of the region and the unknown role of the sub-crustal lithosphere in the development of the western United States. Forward travel time and synthetic seismogram techniques are used to model this shallow upper mantle LVZ. Modeling results show that the LVZ is defined by a 5% velocity decrease relative to a Pn velocity of 7.95 km s−1, suggesting either a ∼3–5% mafic partial melt or high-temperature, sub-solidus peridotite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93GL01660","usgsCitation":"Benz, H., and McCarthy, J., 1994, Evidence for an upper mantle low velocity zone beneath the southern Basin and Range-Colorado Plateau transition zone: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, no. 7, p. 509-512, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL01660.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"509","endPage":"512","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339018,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f90e4b09da67997ecf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benz, H.M.","contributorId":21594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, J.","contributorId":50290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185404,"text":"70185404 - 1994 - Comparison of drilling reports and detailed geophysical analysis of ground-water production in bedrock wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:11:19","indexId":"70185404","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of drilling reports and detailed geophysical analysis of ground-water production in bedrock wells","docAbstract":"The most extensive data base for fractured bedrock aquifers consists of drilling reports maintained by various state agencies. We investigated the accuracy and reliability of such reports by comparing a representative set of reports for nine wells drilled by conventional air percussion methods in granite with a suite of geophysical logs for the same wells designed to identify the depths of fractures intersecting the well bore which may have produced water during aquifer tests. Production estimates reported by the driller ranged from less than 1 to almost 10 gallons per minute. The moderate drawdowns maintained during subsequent production tests were associated with approximately the same flows as those measured when boreholes were dewatered during air percussion drilling. We believe the estimates of production during drilling and drawdown tests were similar because partial fracture zone dewatering during drilling prevented larger inflows otherwise expected from the steeper drawdowns during drilling. The fractures and fracture zones indicated on the drilling report and the amounts of water produced by these fractures during drilling generally agree with those identified from the geophysical log analysis. Most water production occurred from two fractured and weathered zones which are separated by an interval of unweathered granite. The fractures identified in the drilling reports show various depth discrepancies in comparison to the geophysical logs, which are subject to much better depth control. However, the depths of the fractures associated with water production on the drilling report are comparable to the depths of the fractures shown to be the source of water inflow in the geophysical log analysis. Other differences in the relative contribution of flow from fracture zones may by attributed to the differences between the hydraulic conditions during drilling, which represent large, prolonged drawdowns, and pumping tests, which consisted of smaller drawdowns maintained over shorter periods. We conclude that drilling reports filed by experienced well drillers contain useful information about the depth, thickness, degree of weathering, and production capacity of fracture zones supplying typical domestic water wells. The accuracy of this information could be improved if relatively simple and inexpensive geophysical well logs such as gamma, caliper, and normal resistivity logs were routinely run in conjunction with bedrock drilling projects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00634.x","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F., and Duncanson, R., 1994, Comparison of drilling reports and detailed geophysical analysis of ground-water production in bedrock wells: Groundwater, v. 32, no. 2, p. 200-206, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00634.x.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"200","endPage":"206","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337978,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f8298f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick","contributorId":189632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duncanson, Russell","contributorId":189633,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duncanson","given":"Russell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185408,"text":"70185408 - 1994 - Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T09:56:40","indexId":"70185408","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness","docAbstract":"Most analytical formulas used to model moisture retention in unsaturated porous media have been developed for the wet range and are unsuitable for applications in which low water contents are important. We have developed two models that fit the entire range from saturation to oven dryness in a practical and physically realistic way with smooth, continuous functions that have few parameters. Both models incorporate a power law and a logarithmic dependence of water content on suction, differing in how these two components are combined. In one model, functions are added together (model “sum”); in the other they are joined smoothly together at a discrete point (model “junction”). Both models also incorporate recent developments that assure a continuous derivative and force the function to reach zero water content at a finite value of suction that corresponds to oven dryness. The models have been tested with seven sets of water retention data that each cover nearly the entire range. The three-parameter sum model fits all data well and is useful for extrapolation into the dry range when data for it are unavailable. The two-parameter junction model fits most data sets almost as well as the sum model and has the advantage of being analytically integrable for convenient use with capillary-bundle models to obtain the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03238","usgsCitation":"Rossi, C., and Nimmo, J.R., 1994, Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 3, p. 701-708, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03238.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"701","endPage":"708","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337982,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f8298c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rossi, Cinzia","contributorId":189637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rossi","given":"Cinzia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199515,"text":"70199515 - 1994 - Evaluation of measurement scale using imbibition experiments in volcanic tuffs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T16:58:07","indexId":"70199515","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-01T16:57:43","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of measurement scale using imbibition experiments in volcanic tuffs","docAbstract":"A major issue in the site characterization at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a potential site for a high-level nuclear waste repository, is the relevance of laboratory-scale measurements on cores to field-scale processes, particularly water flow. Calculation of Philip`s sorptivity parameter using imbibition of water into rock was selected as a simple test to describe hydrologic parameters at both laboratory and field scales and to study effects of sample size and spatial variability. Laboratory-scale imbibition experiments were conducted on two sizes of core from two boreholes drilled in layered nonwelded tuff and fractured welded tuff. Laboratory experiments were compared with field experiments in the boreholes using neutron logs and a field-scale Mariotte system. Measured sorptivity for both sizes of core were virtually identical and both could predict field-scale sorptivity if enough samples were used to account for spatial heterogeneity. Core data was less useful in predicting the neutron log data due to the nature of the neutron probe measurement and difficulties in accounting for effects of the unique system geometry. Mean neutron log values could not predict the field results from the welded borehole due to fractures transmitting but not retaining water, and could not predict laboratory results because of scale and sampling volume differences. The mean neutron log data could, however, approximate the large-scale field results in the nonwelded borehole.
Clear subsurface seismic images have been obtained at low cost on the Columbia Plateau, Washington. The Columbia Plateau is perhaps the most notorious of all 'bad-data' areas because large impedance contrasts in surface flood basalts severely degrade the seismic wavefield. This degradation was mitigated in this study via a large-explosive source, wide-recording aperture shooting method.The shooting method emphasizes the wide-angle portion of the wavefield, where Fermat's principle guarantees reverberation will not interfere with the seismic manifestations of crucial geologic interfaces. The basalt diving wave, normally discarded in standard common midpoint (CMP) seismic profiling, can be used to image basalt velocity structure via traveltime inversion. Maximum depth-penetration of the diving wave tightly constrains basalt-sediment interface depth. An arrival observed only at shot-receiver offsets greater than 15 km can be used to determine the velocity and geometry of basement via simultaneous inversion.The results from this study suggest that previous geologic hypotheses and hydrocarbon play concepts for the Columbia Plateau may have been in error.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1443588","usgsCitation":"Jarchow, C.M., Catchings, R.D., and Lutter, W.J., 1994, Large-explosive source, wide-recording aperture, seismic profiling on the Columbia Plateau, Washington: Geophysics, v. 59, no. 2, p. 259-271, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1443588.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"259","endPage":"271","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339430,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54ae4b09da6799d63df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarchow, Craig M.","contributorId":190682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jarchow","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Catchings, Rufus D. 0000-0002-5191-6102 catching@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5191-6102","contributorId":1519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"Rufus","email":"catching@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lutter, William J.","contributorId":74366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutter","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187460,"text":"70187460 - 1994 - How permeable are clays and shales?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T10:05:04","indexId":"70187460","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How permeable are clays and shales?","docAbstract":"The permeability of argillaceous formations, although rarely measured and poorly understood, is commonly a critical parameter in analyses of subsurface flow. Data now available suggest a regular relation between permeability and porosity in clays and shales and permeabilities that, even at large scales, are significantly lower than usually assumed. Permeabilities between 10−23and 10−17 m2 have been obtained at porosities between 0.1 and 0.4 in both laboratory and regional studies. Although it is clear that transmissive fractures or other heterogeneities control the large-scale hydraulic behavior of certain argillaceous units, the permeability of many others is apparently scale independent. These results have significant implications for understanding fluid transport rates and abnormal pressure generation in basins, and could prove important for waste isolation efforts.
Measurements of the concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), tritium, and other environmental tracers can be used to calculate recharge ages of shallow groundwater and estimate rates of groundwater movement. Numerical simulation also provides quantitative estimates of flow rates, flow paths, and mixing properties of the groundwater system. The environmental tracer techniques and the hydraulic analyses each contribute to the understanding and quantification of the flow of shallow groundwater. However, when combined, the two methods provide feedback that improves the quantification of the flow system and provides insight into the processes that are the most uncertain. A case study near Locust Grove, Maryland, is used to investigate the utility of combining groundwater age dating, based on CFCs and tritium, and hydraulic analyses using numerical simulation techniques. The results of the feedback between an advective transport model and the estimates of groundwater ages determined by the CFCs improve a quantitative description of the system by refining the system conceptualization and estimating system parameters. The plausible system developed with this feedback between the advective flow model and the CFC ages is further tested using a solute transport simulation to reproduce the observed tritium distribution in the groundwater. The solute transport simulation corroborates the plausible system developed and also indicates that, for the system under investigation with the data obtained from 0.9-m-long (3-foot-long) well screens, the hydrodynamic dispersion is negligible. Together the two methods enable a coherent explanation of the flow paths and rates of movement while indicating weaknesses in the understanding of the system that will require future data collection and conceptual refinement of the groundwater system.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR02655","usgsCitation":"Reilly, T.E., Plummer, N., Phillips, P., and Busenberg, E., 1994, The use of simulation and multiple environmental tracers to quantify groundwater flow in a shallow aquifer: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 2, p. 421-433, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR02655.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"433","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337980,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f82991","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reilly, Thomas E. tereilly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Thomas","email":"tereilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, Patrick J. pjphilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Patrick J.","email":"pjphilli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186257,"text":"70186257 - 1994 - Regional propagation characteristics and source parameters of earthquakes in northeastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-24T11:32:04.13597","indexId":"70186257","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional propagation characteristics and source parameters of earthquakes in northeastern North America","docAbstract":"The vertical components of the S wave trains recorded on the Eastern Canadian Telemetered Network (ECTN) from 1980 through 1990 have been spectrally analyzed for source, site, and propagation characteristics. The data set comprises some 1033 recordings of 97 earthquakes whose magnitudes range from M ≈ 3 to 6. The epicentral distances range from 15 to 1000 km, with most of the data set recorded at distances from 200 to 800 km. The recorded S wave trains contain the phases S, SmS, Sn, and Lg and are sampled using windows that increase with distance; the acceleration spectra were analyzed from 1.0 to 10 Hz. To separate the source, site, and propagation characteristics, an inversion for the earthquake corner frequencies, low-frequency levels, and average attenuation parameters is alternated with a regression of residuals onto the set of stations and a grid of 14 distances ranging from 25 to 1000 km. The iteration between these two parts of the inversion converges in about 60 steps. The average attenuation parameters obtained from the inversion were Q = 1997 ± 10 and γ = 0.998 ± 0.003. The most pronounced variation from this average attenuation is a marked deamplification of more than a factor of 2 at 63 km and 2 Hz, which shallows with increasing frequency and increasing distance out to 200 km. The site-response spectra obtained for the ECTN stations are generally flat. The source spectral shape assumed in this inversion provides an adequate spectral model for the smaller events (Mo < 3 × 1021 dyne-cm) in the data set, whose Brune stress drops range from 5 to 150 bars. For the five events in the data set with Mo ≧ 1023 dyne-cm, however, the source spectra obtained by regressing the residuals suggest that an ω2 spectrum is an inadequate model for the spectral shape. In particular, the corner frequencies for most of these large events appear to be split, so that the spectra exhibit an intermediate behavior (where |ü(ω)| is roughly proportional to ω).
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840010001","usgsCitation":"Boatwright, J., 1994, Regional propagation characteristics and source parameters of earthquakes in northeastern North America: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 1, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840010001.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339029,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f90e4b09da67997ecfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boatwright, John 0000-0002-6931-5241 boat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6931-5241","contributorId":1938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"John","email":"boat@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}