{"pageNumber":"1351","pageRowStart":"33750","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40894,"records":[{"id":28782,"text":"wri934066 - 1994 - Historical and potential scour around bridge piers and abutments of selected stream crossings in Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T11:56:53","indexId":"wri934066","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4066","title":"Historical and potential scour around bridge piers and abutments of selected stream crossings in Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>Historical scour data were collected by means of geophysical techniques and used to evaluate the scour-computation procedures recommended by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration and 12 other pub- lished pier-scour equations. Geophysical data were collected at 10 bridges in Indiana. For this evaluation it was assumed that the historical scour measured by use of geophysical techniques was associated with the peak historical discharge. The hydraulic conditions for the peak historical discharge were estimated by use of a model that computes water-surface profiles. For the evaluation, the results of the contraction and pier-scour equations were combined to determine a computed bed elevation, which was compared to the minimum historical bed elevation at the upstream end of the piers estimated from the geophysical data. None of the pier-scour equations accurately represented the historical scour at all of the study sites. On the basis of the limited data presented, the Federal Highway Administration procedures provided a combination of accuracy and safety, required by design equations, equal to or better than the other equations evaluated. The potential scour was com- puted according to the procedures recommended by the Federal Highway Administration. At two bridges, the procedures overpredicted historical scour by more than 10 feet, and at two other bridges, the proce- dure underpredicted historical scour by more than 5 ft therefore, the potential-scour computations need to be verified by additional data and sediment-transport modeling. Computed abutment scour appeared to be excessive at about half of the sites.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri934066","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Transporation","usgsCitation":"Mueller, D.S., Miller, R.L., and Wilson, J., 1994, Historical and potential scour around bridge piers and abutments of selected stream crossings in Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4066, xiv, 109 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934066.","productDescription":"xiv, 109 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"123","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science 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S.","contributorId":51338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, J.T.","contributorId":97489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70180419,"text":"70180419 - 1994 - Importance of spatial pattern in estimating predation on juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T12:34:42","indexId":"70180419","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of spatial pattern in estimating predation on juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River","docAbstract":"<p><span>The impact of piscivores in aquatic systems is often estimated by assuming that predation rate and predator density can be characterized as means throughout large, homogeneous areas. Predation losses of juvenile Pacific salmonids </span><i>Oncorhynchus</i><span> spp. migrating through Columbia River reservoirs were previously estimated with the assumption that each reservoir consisted of one or two homogeneous areas. Data from the John Day Reservoir and throughout the river system showed that predation rate and predator density vary greatly between near-dam and midreservoir areas, suggesting that reservoirs in the Columbia River should be divided into at least three or four areas for estimating salmonid losses. For example, the estimated number of salmonids annually eaten by northern squawfish </span><i>Ptychocheilus oregonensis</i><span> in John Day Reservoir decreased from 2.9 million when all samples in the reservoir were pooled into one area, to 1.4 million when samples were partitioned among four areas. Variance about the estimates also decreased steadily with finer partitioning. Mortality of juvenile salmon from predation was substantial with any type of partitioning; however, spatial variation in predation rates and other density-dependent processes may be especially important in river models of migrating juvenile salmon that repeatedly apply predation rates in a series of reservoirs or river reaches.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0924:IOSPIE>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Petersen, J.H., 1994, Importance of spatial pattern in estimating predation on juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 123, no. 6, p. 924-930, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0924:IOSPIE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"924","endPage":"930","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334326,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef8e4b072a7ac0cad83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, James H. petersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":23231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"James","email":"petersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26713,"text":"wri944243 - 1994 - Evaluation of ground-water flow by particle tracking, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-22T21:51:33.947027","indexId":"wri944243","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4243","title":"Evaluation of ground-water flow by particle tracking, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB) began a Basewide Monitoring Program (BMP) in 1992. The purpose of the BMP was to establish a long-term ground-water and surface- water sampling network in order to (1) characterize current ground-water and surface-water quality; (2) describe water-quality changes as water enters, flows across, and exits Base boundaries; (3) conduct statistical analyses of water quality; and (4) estimate the effect of WPAFB on regional water quality.\r\n\r\nAs part of the BMP, the USGS conducted ground-water particle-tracking analyses based on a ground-water-flow model produced during a previous USGS study. This report briefly describes the previous USGS study, the inherent assumptions of particle-tracking analyses, and information on the regional ground-water-flow field as inferred from particle pathlines. Pathlines for particles placed at the Base boundary and particles placed within identified Installation Restoration Program sites are described.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944243","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, W.L., Sheets, R.A., and Schalk, C.W., 1994, Evaluation of ground-water flow by particle tracking, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4243, iii, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944243.","productDescription":"iii, 11 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":55588,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4243/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122850,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4243/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":414589,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48110.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.0188749477466,\n              39.84047429114213\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.12893111841308,\n              39.84047429114213\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.12893111841308,\n              39.77325125752668\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.0188749477466,\n              39.77325125752668\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.0188749477466,\n              39.84047429114213\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fad93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, W. L.","contributorId":22801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheets, R. A.","contributorId":43381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheets","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schalk, C. W.","contributorId":64286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":27731,"text":"wri944019 - 1994 - Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-28T21:49:14.650832","indexId":"wri944019","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4019","title":"Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area","docAbstract":"Important rainfall-runoff characteristics for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area were determined to be overland flow, interception storage, interception losses, evaporation, and infiltration. Using these characteristics, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) was configured for basins in the study area. The data network for the model calibration consisted of four continuous rainfall gages and three continuous streamflow gages. The model was calibrated, using observed data from three runoff events, by minimizing objective functions representing peak discharge, volume of runoff, and time to peak discharge from the beginning of simulation. The absolute mean percentage difference between the simulated and observed data for peak discharge, volume of runoff, and time to peak discharge are 9.47, 10.8, and 19.6 percent. A sensitivity analysis of SWMM parameters was performed on a simplified drainage basin. The output of runoff (volume, peak, and timing) in SWMM was determined to be most sensitive to subarea width, percentage impervious area, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and initial moisture deficit. The volume of runoff was affected by percentage impervious area, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and initial moisture deficit. The peak flow rate was affected by subcatchment width and percentage impervious area, whereas the time to peak was affected by subcatchment width. The model also was determined to be sensitive to the time step in the streamflow routing part.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944019","usgsCitation":"Holmes, R., and East, J.W., 1994, Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4019, vii, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944019.","productDescription":"vii, 24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411149,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47930.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56571,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4019/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158794,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4019/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Rolla","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.87591911661391,\n              38.03597634320698\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.87591911661391,\n              37.80120519183451\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.61055977166683,\n              37.80120519183451\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.61055977166683,\n              38.03597634320698\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.87591911661391,\n              38.03597634320698\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605d5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":70429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"East, J. W.","contributorId":99186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27708,"text":"wri934169 - 1994 - Potential flood hazards and hydraulic characteristics of distributary-flow areas in Maricopa County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:37","indexId":"wri934169","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4169","title":"Potential flood hazards and hydraulic characteristics of distributary-flow areas in Maricopa County, Arizona","docAbstract":"Flood hazards of distributary-flow areas in Maricopa County, Arizona, can be distinguished on the basis of morphological features. Five distributary-flow areas represent the range of flood-hazard degree in the study area. Descriptive factors, including the presence of desert varnish and the absence of saguaro cactus, are more useful than traditional hydraulic-based methods in defining hazards. The width, depth, and velocity exponents of the hydraulic-geometry relations at the primary diffluences of the sites are similar to theoretical exponents for streams with cohesive bank material and the average exponents of stream channels in other areas in the United States. Because of the unexplained scatter of the values of the exponent of channel width, however, the use of average hydraulic-geometry relations is con- sidered inappropriate for characterizing flood hazards for specific distributary-flow in Maricopa County. No evidence has been found that supports the use of stochastic modeling of flows or flood hazards of many distributary-flow areas. The surface of many distributary-flow areas is stable with many distributary channels eroded in the calcreted surface material. Many distributary- flow areas do not appear to be actively aggrading today, and the paths of flow are not changing.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934169","usgsCitation":"Hjalmarson, H., 1994, Potential flood hazards and hydraulic characteristics of distributary-flow areas in Maricopa County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4169, v, 56 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934169.","productDescription":"v, 56 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4169/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56554,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4169/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6839c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hjalmarson, H. W.","contributorId":95872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hjalmarson","given":"H. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27670,"text":"wri944004 - 1994 - Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges in Gwinnett County, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T10:34:47","indexId":"wri944004","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4004","title":"Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges in Gwinnett County, Georgia","docAbstract":"The effects of flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges along downstream reaches in six urban drainage basins in Gwinnett County, Georgia, were studied during 1986-93 using the U.S. Geological Survey's Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model (DR3M). Short-term rainfall-runoff data were collected at selected stations in six urban drainage basins in Gwinnett County. The basins range in size from 0.10 to 0.37 square miles and contain from 15- to 35- percent impervious areas. Each basin contains from two to six flood-detention reservoirs. The DR3M was calibrated using short-term rainfall-runoff data collected (1986-92) at each station. The model then was used to simulate long-term (1898-1980) peak discharges for these stations for conditions representing various amounts of detention ranging from the existing condition with all flood-detention reservoirs in place to the natural condition with no reservoirs. Flood-frequency relations were developed from the simulated annual peak discharges for each of these conditions by fitting the logarithms of the annual peak discharge data to a Pearson type III distribution curve. The effect of each flood-detention reservoir on peak discharges downstream was determined by comparison of peak discharges simulated with and without the flood-detention reservoirs. The cumulative effect of all flood-detention reservoirs in a basin on peak discharges downstream was determined by comparison of peak discharges for a flood with a given recurrence interval simulated with and without the reservoirs. Results of these comparisons indicate that removal of an individual flood-detention reservoir during simulations changes peak discharges from - 1 to 24 percent for the 2-year recurrence interval, from - 1 to 27 percent for the 10-year recurrence interval, and from -2 to 31 percent for the 100-year recurrence interval. The cumulative effect of removing all of the reservoirs from each of the six basins during simulation increases peak discharges from 1 to 38 percent for the 2-year recurrence interval, from 1 to 37 percent for the l O-year recurrence interval, and from 3 to 31 percent for the 100-year recurrence interval.  In this study of six basins, several factors influenced the effect of flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges downstream. The contributing drainage area, the maximum storage capacity, the outflow-structure capacity, and the elevation-to-storage relation of the flood-detention reservoir affected peak discharges in several basins. The location in the drainage basin and number of flood-detention reservoirs affected peak discharges in some basins.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri944004","usgsCitation":"Hess, G.W., and Inman, E.J., 1994, Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges in Gwinnett County, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4004, v, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944004.","productDescription":"v, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56521,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4004/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4004/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Gwinnett 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G. W.","contributorId":43338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Inman, E. J.","contributorId":44193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29170,"text":"wri944169 - 1994 - An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling NET geochemical reactions along a flow PATH, version 2.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-12T14:27:07.34098","indexId":"wri944169","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4169","title":"An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling NET geochemical reactions along a flow PATH, version 2.0","docAbstract":"NETPATH is an interactive Fortran 77 computer program used to interpret net geochemical mass-balance reactions between an initial and final water along a hydrologic flow path. Alternatively, NETPATH computes the mixing proportions of two to five initial waters and net geochemical reactions that can account for the observed composition of a final water. The program utilizes previously defined chemical and isotopic data for waters from a hydrochemical system. For a set of mineral and (or) gas phases hypothesized to be the reactive phases in the system, NETPATH calculates the mass transfers in every possible combination of the selected phases that accounts for the observed changes in the selected chemical and (or) isotopic compositions observed along the flow path. The calculations are of use in interpreting geochemical reactions, mixing proportions, evaporation and (or) dilution of waters, and mineral mass transfer in the chemical and isotopic evolution of natural and environmental waters. Rayleigh distillation calculations are applied to each mass-balance model that satisfies the constraints to predict carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and strontium isotopic compositions at the end point, including radiocarbon dating. DB is an interactive Fortran 77 computer program used to enter analytical data into NETPATH, and calculate the distribution of species in aqueous solution. This report describes the types of problems that can be solved, the methods used to solve problems, and the features available in the program to facilitate these solutions. Examples are presented to demonstrate most of the applications and features of NETPATH. The codes DB and NETPATH can be executed in the UNIX or DOS1 environment. This report replaces U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4078, by Plummer and others, which described the original release of NETPATH, version 1.0 (dated December, 1991), and documents revisions and enhancements that are included in version 2.0.  1 The use of trade, brand or product names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944169","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., Prestemon, E.C., and Parkhurst, D.L., 1994, An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling NET geochemical reactions along a flow PATH, version 2.0 (Version 2.0): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4169, iv, 130 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944169.","productDescription":"iv, 130 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4169/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58044,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4169/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 2.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684566","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prestemon, Eric C.","contributorId":45352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prestemon","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":30490,"text":"wri934133 - 1994 - Flood discharges and hydraulics near the mouths of Wolf Creek, Craig Branch, Manns Creek, Dunloup Creek, and Mill Creek in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:01","indexId":"wri934133","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4133","title":"Flood discharges and hydraulics near the mouths of Wolf Creek, Craig Branch, Manns Creek, Dunloup Creek, and Mill Creek in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service, studied the frequency and magnitude of flooding near the mouths of five tributaries to the New River in the New River Gorge National River. The 100-year peak discharge at each tributary was determined from regional frequency equations. The 100-year discharge at Wolf Creek, Craig Branch, Manns Creek, Dunloup Creek, and Mill Creek was 3,400 cubic feet per second, 640 cubic feet per second, 8,200 cubic feet per second, 7,100 cubic feet per second, and 9,400 cubic feet per second, respectively. Flood elevations for each tributary were determined by application of a steady-state, one-dimensional flow model. Manning's roughness coefficients for the stream channels ranged from 0.040 to 0.100. Bridges that would be unable to contain the 100-year flood within the bridge opening included: the State Highway 82 bridge on Wolf Creek, the second Fayette County Highway 25 bridge upstream from the confluence with New River on Dunloup Creek, and an abandoned log bridge on Mill Creek.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934133","usgsCitation":"Wiley, J., 1994, Flood discharges and hydraulics near the mouths of Wolf Creek, Craig Branch, Manns Creek, Dunloup Creek, and Mill Creek in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4133, iv, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934133.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4133/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59271,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4133/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5ef1ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiley, J.B.","contributorId":76739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017621,"text":"70017621 - 1994 - Composition and sources of atmospheric dusts in snow at 3200 meters in the St. Elias Range, southeastern Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T23:44:20.657511","indexId":"70017621","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Composition and sources of atmospheric dusts in snow at 3200 meters in the St. Elias Range, southeastern Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"<p>Dusts in snow from the accumulation zone in the St. Elias Range appear from their chemical compositions to have come from terranes of rocks of ferromagnesian composition. These dusts, with respect to their composition and to the moderate degree of variation that occurs through a depositional year, are similar those deposited in Greenland. The high portion of the St. Elias Range is isolated from dominance by any local dust source terranes, because of altitude and the extent of the surrounding glacierized and snow-covered region. In Greenland the altitude is typically lower, but local sources are even less likely to dominate the character of the dusts deposited into the ice record there. The similar compositions and moderate compositional variations of dusts from these two places bear on the question of whether the dusts that are transported over long distances by the atmosphere under modern and glacial-period conditions are uniform and representative of a broad regional or even hemispheric background dust.</p><p>The dusts in the snow were measured by means of a suite of major, minor, and trace rock-forming metals chosen to give information about rock types, their constituent minerals, degree of degradation (weathering), and energies of atmospheric uptake from source. The variations in amounts of rock dust through the year in the St. Elias Range snowpack have no time-stratigraphic correspondence to the also large variations in concentrations of other species that are not constituents of rock-derived dusts, such the anions chloride, sulfate, and nitrate; the highs and lows of the two types of materials are apparently completely independent. The structure revealed by the moderately fine-scale sampling of the present study (≈ 10 increments/y) serves as a background for the interpretation of analysis of ice core samples, in which annual layers may be too compressed to permit analysis of sub-annual samples.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90052-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hinkley, T.K., 1994, Composition and sources of atmospheric dusts in snow at 3200 meters in the St. Elias Range, southeastern Alaska, USA: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 15, p. 3245-3254, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90052-3.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"3245","endPage":"3254","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228987,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"St. Elias Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": 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K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017075,"text":"70017075 - 1994 - Surface degassing and modifications to vesicle size distributions in active basalt flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-05T14:00:25","indexId":"70017075","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface degassing and modifications to vesicle size distributions in active basalt flows","docAbstract":"<p>The character of the vesicle population in lava flows includes several measurable parameters that may provide important constraints on lava flow dynamics and rheology. Interpretation of vesicle size distributions (VSDs), however, requires an understanding of vesiculation processes in feeder conduits, and of post-eruption modifications to VSDs during transport and emplacement. To this end we collected samples from active basalt flows at Kilauea Volcano: (1) near the effusive Kupaianaha vent; (2) through skylights in the approximately isothermal Wahaula and Kamoamoa tube systems transporting lava to the coast; (3) from surface breakouts at different locations along the lava tubes; and (4) from different locations in a single breakout from a lava tube 1 km from the 51 vent at Pu'u ‘O’o.</p><p>Near-vent samples are characterized by VSDs that show exponentially decreasing numbers of vesicles with increasing vesicle size. These size distributions suggest that nucleation and growth of bubbles were continuous during ascent in the conduit, with minor associated bubble coalescence resulting from differential bubble rise. The entire vesicle population can be attributed to shallow exsolution of H<sub>2</sub>O-dominated gases at rates consistent with those predicted by simple diffusion models. Measurements of H<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and S in the matrix glass show that the melt equilibrated rapidly at atmospheric pressure.</p><p>Down-tube samples maintain similar VSD forms but show a progressive decrease in both overall vesicularity and mean vesicle size. We attribute this change to open system, “passive” rise and escape of larger bubbles to the surface. Such gas loss from the tube system results in the output of 1.2 × 10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>g/day SO<sub>2</sub>, an output representing an addition of approximately 1% to overall volatile budget calculations. A steady increase in bubble number density with downstream distance is best explained by continued bubble nucleation at rates of 7–8/cm<sup>3</sup>s. Rates are ∼25% of those estimated from the vent samples, and thus represent volatile supersaturations considerably less than those of the conduit. We note also that the small total volume represented by this new bubble population does not: (1) measurably deplete the melt in volatiles; or (2) make up for the overall vesicularity decrease resulting from the loss of larger bubbles.</p><p>Surface breakout samples have distinctive VSDs characterized by an extreme depletion in the small vesicle population. This results in samples with much lower number densities and larger mean vesicle sizes than corresponding tube samples. Similar VSD patterns have been observed in solidified lava flows and are interpreted to result from either static (wall rupture) or dynamic (bubble rise and capture) coalescence. Through comparison with vent and tube vesicle populations, we suggest that, in addition to coalescence, the observed vesicle populations in the breakout samples have experienced a rapid loss of small vesicles consistent with ‘ripening’ of the VSD resulting from interbubble diffusion of volatiles. Confinement of ripening features to surface flows suggests that the thin skin that forms on surface breakouts may play a role in the observed VSD modification.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)00015-8","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Cashman, K.V., Mangan, M.T., and Newman, S., 1994, Surface degassing and modifications to vesicle size distributions in active basalt flows: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 61, no. 1-2, p. 45-68, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00015-8.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"68","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9fa2e4b08c986b31e72b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cashman, K. V.","contributorId":16831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cashman","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangan, M. T.","contributorId":10438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newman, S.","contributorId":7678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017641,"text":"70017641 - 1994 - A spatial features register: Toward standardization of spatial features","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T15:03:11.828965","indexId":"70017641","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1192,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A spatial features register: Toward standardization of spatial features","docAbstract":"<p><span>As the need to share spatial data increases, more than agreement on a common format is needed to ensure that the data is meaningful to both the importer and the exporter. Effective data transfer also requires common definitions of spatial features. To achieve this, part 2 of the Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) provides a model for a spatial features data content specification and a glossary of features and attributes that fit this model. The model provides a foundation for standardizing spatial features. The glossary now contains only a limited subset of hydrographic and topographic features. For it to be useful, terms and definitions must be included for other categories, such as base cartographic, bathymetric, cadastral, cultural and demographic, geodetic, geologic, ground transportation, international boundaries, soils, vegetation, water, and wetlands, and the set of hydrographic and topographic features must be expanded. This paper will review the philosophy of the SDTS part 2 and the current plans for creating a national spatial features register as one mechanism for maintaining part 2.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1559/152304094782602836","usgsCitation":"Cascio, J., 1994, A spatial features register: Toward standardization of spatial features: Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, v. 21, no. 3, p. 155-158, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304094782602836.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"158","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228615,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b947be4b08c986b31aafb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cascio, Janette","contributorId":81265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cascio","given":"Janette","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017664,"text":"70017664 - 1994 - The 1989-1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano: an introduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-15T13:45:44","indexId":"70017664","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1989-1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano: an introduction","docAbstract":"<p><span>Redoubt Volcano, located on the west side of Cook Inlet in south-central Alaska, erupted explosively on over 20 separate occasions between December 14, 1989 and April 21, 1990. Fourteen lava domes were emplaced in the summit area, thirteen of which were subsequently destroyed. The eruption caused economic losses estimated at over $160,000,000 making this the second most costly eruption in U.S. history. This economic impact provided the impetus for a integrated comprehensive account of an erupting volcano using both modern and classical research and modern techniques which in turn led to advances in eruption monitoring and interpretation. Research on such topics as dome formation and collapse and the resulting pyroclastic flows, elutriated ash, lightning, tephra, and flooding was blended with the rapid communication of associated hazards to a large user group. The seismology successes in predicting and monitoring eruption dynamics were due in part to (1) the recognition of long-period seismic events as indicators of the readiness of the volcano to erupt, and (2) to the development of new tools that allowed the seismicity to be assessed instantaneously. Integrated studies of the petrology of erupted products and volatile content over time gave clues as to the progress of the eruption towards completion.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)90025-6","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.P., and Chouet, B., 1994, The 1989-1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano: an introduction: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)90025-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook inlet, Redoubt Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -149,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -149,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -154,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -154,\n              59\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba62fe4b08c986b320f4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017078,"text":"70017078 - 1994 - The use of slug tests to describe vertical variations in hydraulic conductivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-23T11:09:46.881574","indexId":"70017078","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of slug tests to describe vertical variations in hydraulic conductivity","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id6\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id7\"><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">Multilevel slug tests provide one means of obtaining estimates of hydraulic conductivity on a scale of relevance for contaminant transport investigations. A numerical model is employed here to assess the potential of multilevel slug tests to provide information about vertical variations in hydraulic conductivity under conditions commonly faced in field settings. The results of the numerical simulations raise several important issues concerning the effectiveness of this technique. If the length of the test interval is of the order of the average layer thickness, considerable error may be introduced into the conductivity estimates owing to the effects of adjoining layers. The influence of adjoining layers is dependent on the aspect ratio (length of test interval/well radius) of the tesy interval and the flow properties of the individual layers. If a low-permeability skin is present at the well, the measured vertical variations will be much less than the actual variations, owing to the influence of the skin conductivity on the parameter estimates. A high-permeability skin can also produce apparent vertical variations that are much less than the actual, owing to water flowing vertically along the conductive skin. In cases where the test interval spans a number of layers, a slug test will yield an approximate thickness-weighted average of the hydraulic conductivities of the intersected layers. In most cases, packer circumvention should not be a major concern when packers of 0.75 m or longer are employed. Results of this study are substantiated by recently reported field tests that demonstrate the importance of well emplacement and development activities for obtaining meaningful estimates from a program of multilevel slug tests.</div></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)90075-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Butler, J., Bohling, G.C., Hyder, Z., and McElwee, C., 1994, The use of slug tests to describe vertical variations in hydraulic conductivity: Journal of Hydrology, v. 156, no. 1-4, p. 137-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90075-2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"162","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225098,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"156","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb198e4b08c986b325359","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, J.J. Jr.","contributorId":12194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"J.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohling, Geoffrey C.","contributorId":43109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bohling","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hyder, Z.","contributorId":44673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyder","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McElwee, C.D.","contributorId":66408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McElwee","given":"C.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017674,"text":"70017674 - 1994 - The space-time structure of oil and gas field growth in a complex depositional system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017674","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The space-time structure of oil and gas field growth in a complex depositional system","docAbstract":"Shortly after the discovery of an oil and gas field, an initial estimate is usually made of the ultimate recovery of the field. With the passage of time, this initial estimate is almost always revised upward. The phenomenon of the growth of the expected ultimate recovery of a field, which is known as \"field growth,\" is important to resource assessment analysts for several reasons. First, field growth is the source of a large part of future additions to the inventory of proved reserves of crude oil and natural gas in most petroliferous areas of the world. Second, field growth introduces a large negative bias in the forecast of the future rates of discovery of oil and gas fields made by discovery process models. In this study, the growth in estimated ultimate recovery of oil and gas in fields made up of sandstone reservoirs formed in a complex depositional environment (Frio strand plain exploration play) is examined. The results presented here show how the growth of oil and gas fields is tied directly to the architectural element of the shoreline processes and tectonics that caused the deposition of the individual sand bodies hosting the producible hydrocarbon. ?? 1994 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02259042","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Drew, L., Mast, R., and Schuenemeyer, J., 1994, The space-time structure of oil and gas field growth in a complex depositional system: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 3, no. 3, p. 169-182, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02259042.","startPage":"169","endPage":"182","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206137,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02259042"},{"id":228619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb057e4b08c986b324dc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mast, R. F.","contributorId":102887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"R. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schuenemeyer, J.H.","contributorId":106094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuenemeyer","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017635,"text":"70017635 - 1994 - Fine structure of the landers fault zone: Segmentation and the rupture process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-20T07:39:34","indexId":"70017635","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fine structure of the landers fault zone: Segmentation and the rupture process","docAbstract":"Observations and modeling of 3- to 6-hertz seismic shear waves trapped within the fault zone of the 1992 Landers earthquake series allow the fine structure and continuity of the zone to be evaluated. The fault, to a depth of at least 12 kilometers, is marked by a zone 100 to 200 meters wide where shear velocity is reduced by 30 to 50 percent. This zone forms a seismic waveguide that extends along the southern 30 kilometers of the Landers rupture surface and ends at the fault bend about 18 kilometers north of the main shock epicenter. Another fault plane waveguide, disconnected from the first, exists along the northern rupture surface. These observations, in conjunction with surface slip, detailed seismicity patterns, and the progression of rupture along the fault, suggest that several simple rupture planes were involved in the Landers earthquake and that the inferred rupture front hesitated or slowed at the location where the rupture jumped from one to the next plane. Reduction in rupture velocity can tentatively be attributed to fault plane complexity, and variations in moment release can be attributed to variations in available energy.","language":"English","publisher":"Science","doi":"10.1126/science.265.5170.367","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Li, Y., Vidale, J., Aki, K., Marone, C., and Lee, W., 1994, Fine structure of the landers fault zone: Segmentation and the rupture process: Science, v. 265, no. 5170, p. 367-370, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.265.5170.367.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"370","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United Staes","state":"California 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 \"}}]}","volume":"265","issue":"5170","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1022e4b0c8380cd53b3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Li, Y.-G.","contributorId":39141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Y.-G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vidale, J.E.","contributorId":55849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidale","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aki, K.","contributorId":50303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aki","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marone, C.J.","contributorId":26096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marone","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lee, W.H.K.","contributorId":35303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"W.H.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017068,"text":"70017068 - 1994 - Geochemical evolution of groundwater in the Culebra dolomite near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, southeastern New Mexico, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T11:26:53.155498","indexId":"70017068","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evolution of groundwater in the Culebra dolomite near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, southeastern New Mexico, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Culebra Dolomite Member of the Rustler Formation, a thin (10 m) fractured dolomite aquifer, lies approximately 450 m above the repository horizon of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in southeastern New Mexico, USA. Salinities of water in the Culebra range roughly from 10,000 to 200,000 mg/L within the WIPP site. A proposed model for the post-Pleistocene hydrochemical evolution of the Culebra tentatively identifies the major sources and sinks for many of the groundwater solutes. Reaction-path simulations with the PHRQPITZ code suggest that the Culebra dolomite is a partial chemical equilibrium system whose composition is controlled by an irreversible process (dissolution of evaporites) and equilibrium with gypsum and calcite. Net geochemical reactions along postulated modern flow paths, calculated with the NETPATH code, include dissolution of halite, carbonate and evaporite salts, and ion exchange. R-mode principal component analysis revealed correlations among the concentrations of Si, Mg, pH, Li, and B that are consistent with several clay-water reactions. The results of the geochemical calculations and mineralogical data are consistent with the following hydrochemical model:</span></p><ul class=\"list\"><li class=\"react-xocs-list-item\"><span class=\"list-label\">1. </span>solutes are added to the Culebra by dissolution of evaporite minerals</li><li class=\"react-xocs-list-item\"><span class=\"list-label\">2. </span>the solubilities of gypsum and calcite increase as the salinity increases; these minerals dissolve as chemical equilibrium is maintained between them and the groundwater</li><li class=\"react-xocs-list-item\"><span class=\"list-label\">3. </span>equilibrium is not maintained between the waters and dolomite; sufficient Mg is added to the waters by dissolution of accessory carnallite or polyhalite such that the degree of dolomite supersaturation increases with ionic strength</li><li class=\"react-xocs-list-item\"><span class=\"list-label\">4. </span>clays within the fractures and rock matrix exert some control on the distribution of Li, B, Mg, and Si via sorption, ion exchange, and dissolution.</li></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90012-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Siegel, M., and Anderholm, S., 1994, Geochemical evolution of groundwater in the Culebra dolomite near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, southeastern New Mexico, USA: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 10, p. 2299-2323, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90012-4.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"2299","endPage":"2323","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224914,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Delaware Basin, Rustler Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.83527231807984,\n              31.999507260035358\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.06136883545061,\n              31.999507260035358\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.06136883545061,\n              32.76223573754362\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.83527231807984,\n              32.76223573754362\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.83527231807984,\n              31.999507260035358\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1637e4b0c8380cd550c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Siegel, M.D.","contributorId":64395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siegel","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderholm, S.","contributorId":20912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderholm","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017064,"text":"70017064 - 1994 - Digital hum filtering","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T13:22:15","indexId":"70017064","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Digital hum filtering","docAbstract":"Data may be overprinted by a steady-state cyclical noise (hum). Steady-state indicates that the noise is invariant with time; its attributes, frequency, amplitude, and phase, do not change with time. Hum recorded on seismic data usually is powerline noise and associated higher harmonics; leakage from full-waveform rectified cathodic protection devices that contain the odd higher harmonics of powerline frequencies; or vibrational noise from mechanical devices. The fundamental frequency of powerline hum may be removed during data acquisition with the use of notch filters. Unfortunately, notch filters do not discriminate signal and noise, attenuating both. They also distort adjacent frequencies by phase shifting. Finally, they attenuate only the fundamental mode of the powerline noise; higher harmonics and frequencies other than that of powerlines are not removed. Digital notch filters, applied during processing, have many of the same problems as analog filters applied in the field. The method described here removes hum of a particular frequency. Hum attributes are measured by discrete Fourier analysis, and the hum is canceled from the data by subtraction. Errors are slight and the result of the presence of (random) noise in the window or asynchrony of the hum and data sampling. Error is minimized by increasing window size or by resampling to a finer interval. Errors affect the degree of hum attenuation, not the signal. The residual is steady-state hum of the same frequency. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(94)90119-8","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Knapp, R., and Anderson, N., 1994, Digital hum filtering: Computers & Geosciences, v. 20, no. 5, p. 881-888, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(94)90119-8.","startPage":"881","endPage":"888","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266161,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(94)90119-8"}],"volume":"20","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0160e4b0c8380cd4fbaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knapp, R.W.","contributorId":98049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knapp","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, N.L.","contributorId":55129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017523,"text":"70017523 - 1994 - Simulation of gas phase transport of carbon-14 at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70017523","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3707,"text":"Waste Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of gas phase transport of carbon-14 at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA","docAbstract":"We have simulated gas phase transport of Carbon-14 at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Three models were established to calculate travel time of Carbon-14 from the potential repository to the mountain surface: a geochemical model for retardation factors, a coupled gas-flow and heat transfer model for temperature and gas flow fields, and a particle tracker for travel time calculation. The simulations used three parallel, east-west cross-sections that were taken from the Sandia National Laboratories Interactive Graphics Information System (IGIS). Assuming that the repository is filled with 30- year-old waste at an initial areal power density of 57 kw/acre, we found that repository temperatures remain above 60??C for more than 10,000 years. For a tuff permeability of 10-7 cm2, Carbon-14 travel times to the surface are mostly less than 1,000 years, for particles starting at any time within the first 10,000 years. If the tuff permeability is 10-8 cm2, however, Carbon- 14 travel times to the surface range from 3,000 to 12,000 years, for particle starting within the 10,000 years.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waste Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon Press Inc","publisherLocation":"Tarrytown, NY, United States","doi":"10.1016/0956-053X(94)90045-0","issn":"0956053X","usgsCitation":"Lu, N., and Ross, B., 1994, Simulation of gas phase transport of carbon-14 at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA: Waste Management, v. 14, no. 5, p. 409-420, https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-053X(94)90045-0.","startPage":"409","endPage":"420","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206151,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-053X(94)90045-0"},{"id":228757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9029e4b08c986b31935f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, N.","contributorId":96025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ross, B.","contributorId":32779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017335,"text":"70017335 - 1994 - Effects of polar and nonpolar groups on the solubility of organic compounds in soil organic matter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T08:18:15","indexId":"70017335","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of polar and nonpolar groups on the solubility of organic compounds in soil organic matter","docAbstract":"<p>Vapor sorption capacities on a high-organic-content peat, a model for soil organic matter (SOM), were determined at room temperature for the following liquids: n-hexane, 1,4-dioxane, nitroethane, acetone, acetonitrile, 1-propanol, ethanol, and methanol. The linear organic vapor sorption is in keeping with the dominance of vapor partition in peat SOM. These data and similar results of carbon tetrachloride (CT), trichloroethylene (TCE), benzene, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME), and water on the same peat from earlier studies are used to evaluate the effect of polarity on the vapor partition in SOM. The extrapolated liquid solubility from the vapor isotherm increases sharply from 3-6 wt % for low-polarity liquids (hexane, CT, and benzene) to 62 wt % for polar methanol and correlates positively with the liquid's component solubility parameters for polar interaction and hydrogen bonding. The same polarity effect may be expected to influence the relative solubilities of a variety of contaminants in SOM and, therefore, the relative deviations between the SOM-water partition coefficients (Kom) and corresponding octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) for different classes of compounds. The large solubility disparity in SOM between polar and nonpolar solutes suggests that the accurate prediction of Kom from Kow or Sw (solute water solubility) would be limited to compounds of similar polarity.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00055a026","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Chiou, C.T., and Kile, D.E., 1994, Effects of polar and nonpolar groups on the solubility of organic compounds in soil organic matter: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 6, p. 1139-1144, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00055a026.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1139","endPage":"1144","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0783e4b0c8380cd51727","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiou, C. T.","contributorId":97080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kile, D. E.","contributorId":22758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017324,"text":"70017324 - 1994 - Palynology, paleoclimatology and correlation of middle Miocene beds from Porcupine River (locality 90-1), Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T16:38:17","indexId":"70017324","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynology, paleoclimatology and correlation of middle Miocene beds from Porcupine River (locality 90-1), Alaska","docAbstract":"Beds in the Upper Ramparts Canyon of the Porcupine River, Alaska (67?? 20' N, 141?? 20' W), yielded a flora rich in pollen of hardwood genera now found in the temperate climates of North America and Asia. The beds are overlain or enclosed by two basalt flows which were dated to 15.2 ?? 0.1 Ma by the  40Ar 39Ar method, fixing the period of the greatest abundance of warm-loving genera to the early part of the middle Miocene. The assemblage is the most northern middle Miocene flora known in Alaska. Organic bed 1 underlies the basalt and is older than 15.2 Ma, but is of early to middle Miocene age. The pollen assemblage from organic bed 1 is dominated by conifer pollen from the pine and redwood-cypress-yew families with rare occurrences of temperate hardwoods. Organic bed 2 is a forest floor containing redwood trees in life position, engulfed by the lowest basalt flow. A pine log has growth rings up to 1 cm thick. Organic beds 3 and 4 comprise lacustrine sediment and peat between the two basalt flows. Their palynoflora contain conifers and hardwood genera, of which about 40% have modern temperate climatic affinities. Hickory, katsura, walnut, sweet gum, wingnut, basswood and elm pollen are consistently present, and beech and oak alone make up about 20% of the pollen assemblage. A warm high latitude climate is indicated for all of the organic beds, but organic bed 3 was deposited under a time of peak warmth. Climate data derived by comparison with modern east Asian vegetation suggest that, at the time of deposition of organic bed 3, the Mean Annual Temperature (MAT) was ca. 9??C, the Warm Month Mean Temperature (WMMT) was ??? 20??C and the Cold Month Mean Temperature (CMMT) was ca. -2??C. In contrast, the modern MAT for the region is -8.6??C, WMMT is 12.6??C and CMMT is -28??C. Organic beds 3 and 4 correlate to rocks of the middle Miocene-late Seldovian Stage of Cook Inlet and also probably correlate to, and more precisely date, the lower third of the Suntrana Formation in the Alaska Range, beds at Unalaklect, part of the upper Mackenzie Bay sequence in the Beaufort-Mackenzie basin, and the Mary Sachs gravel of Banks Island. This suggests that forests with significant percentages of temperate deciduous angiosperms existed between latitudes 60?? and 72??N during the early middle Miocene. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1040-6182(94)90006-X","issn":"10406182","usgsCitation":"White, J.M., and Ager, T.A., 1994, Palynology, paleoclimatology and correlation of middle Miocene beds from Porcupine River (locality 90-1), Alaska: Quaternary International, v. 22-23, no. C, p. 43-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90006-X.","startPage":"43","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270055,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90006-X"}],"volume":"22-23","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a74a7e4b0c8380cd7775a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, J. M.","contributorId":40268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ager, T. A.","contributorId":88386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017576,"text":"70017576 - 1994 - Real-time data collection of scour at bridges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017576","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Real-time data collection of scour at bridges","docAbstract":"The record flood on the Mississippi River during the summer of 1993 provided a rare opportunity to collect data on scour of the streambed at bridges and to test data collection equipment under extreme hydraulic conditions. Detailed bathymetric and hydraulic information were collected at two bridges crossing the Mississippi River during the rising limb, near the peak, and during the recession of the flood. Bathymetric data were collected using a digital echo sounder. Three-dimensional velocities were collected using Broadband Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (BB-ADCP) operating at 300 kilohertz (kHz), 600 kHz, and 1,200 kHz. Positioning of the data collected was measured using a range-azimuth tracking system and two global positioning systems (GPS). Although differential GPS was able to provide accurate positions and tracking information during approach- and exit-reach data collection, it was unable to maintain lock on a sufficient number of satellites when the survey vessel was under the bridge or near the piers. The range-azimuth tracking system was used to collect position and tracking information for detailed data collection near the bridge piers. These detailed data indicated local scour ranging from 3 to 8 meters and will permit a field-based evaluation of the ability of various numerical models to compute the hydraulics, depth, geometry, and time-dependent development of local scour.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Fundamentals and Advancements in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimentation","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Fundamentals and Advancements in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimentation","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0784400369","usgsCitation":"Mueller, D.S., and Landers, M.N., 1994, Real-time data collection of scour at bridges, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Symposium on Fundamentals and Advancements in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimentation, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 104-113.","startPage":"104","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a959fe4b0c8380cd81b26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, David S. dmueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"dmueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landers, Mark N. 0000-0002-3014-0480 landers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3014-0480","contributorId":1103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landers","given":"Mark","email":"landers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017401,"text":"70017401 - 1994 - Climate, interseasonal storage of soil water, and the annual water balance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-01T17:13:13.6461","indexId":"70017401","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate, interseasonal storage of soil water, and the annual water balance","docAbstract":"<p><span>The effects of annual totals and seasonal variations of precipitation and potential evaporation on the annual water balance are explored. It is assumed that the only other factor of significance to annual water balance is a simple process of water storage, and that the relevant storage capacity is the plant-available water-holding capacity of the soil. Under the assumption that precipitation and potential evaporation vary sinusoidally through the year, it is possible to derive an analytic solution of the storage problem, and this yields an expression for the fraction of precipitation that evaporates (and the fraction that runs off) as a function of three dimensionless numbers: the ratio of annual potential evaporation to annual precipitation (index of dryness); an index of the seasonality of the difference between precipitation and potential evaporation; and the ratio of plant-available water-holding capacity to annual precipitation. The solution is applied to the area of the United States east of 105°W, using published information on precipitation, potential evaporation, and plant-available water-holding capacity as inputs, and using an independent analysis of observed river runoff for model evaluation. The model generates an areal mean annual runoff of only 187 mm, which is about 30% less than the observed runoff (263 mm). The discrepancy is suggestive of the importance of runoff-generating mechanisms neglected in the model. These include intraseasonal variability (storminess) of precipitation, spatial variability of storage capacity, and finite infiltration capacity of land.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0309-1708(94)90020-5","usgsCitation":"Milly, P., 1994, Climate, interseasonal storage of soil water, and the annual water balance: Advances in Water Resources, v. 17, no. 1-2, p. 19-24, https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(94)90020-5.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229060,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f658e4b0c8380cd4c6e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":19676,"text":"ofr94250 - 1994 - Descriptive and grade-tonnage models of Archean low-sulfide Au-quartz veins and a revised grade-tonnage model of Homestake Au","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:34","indexId":"ofr94250","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-250","title":"Descriptive and grade-tonnage models of Archean low-sulfide Au-quartz veins and a revised grade-tonnage model of Homestake Au","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94250","usgsCitation":"Klein, T.L., and Day, W.C., 1994, Descriptive and grade-tonnage models of Archean low-sulfide Au-quartz veins and a revised grade-tonnage model of Homestake Au: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-250, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94250.","productDescription":"29 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1129,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/ofr-94-0250/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":151596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db668007","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, T. L.","contributorId":76322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day, W. C.","contributorId":6876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017662,"text":"70017662 - 1994 - Hydrologic and atmospheric models: The (continuing) problem of discordant scales - An Editorial Comment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70017662","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic and atmospheric models: The (continuing) problem of discordant scales - An Editorial Comment","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climatic Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01096266","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., 1994, Hydrologic and atmospheric models: The (continuing) problem of discordant scales - An Editorial Comment: Climatic Change, v. 27, no. 4, p. 345-350, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01096266.","startPage":"345","endPage":"350","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206104,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01096266"},{"id":228340,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a353ae4b0c8380cd5fd81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, S. W. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":42911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017113,"text":"70017113 - 1994 - Electrochemistry and dissolution kinetics of magnetite and ilmenite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T00:16:32.66894","indexId":"70017113","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electrochemistry and dissolution kinetics of magnetite and ilmenite","docAbstract":"<p>Natural samples of magnetite and ilmenite were experimentally weathered in pH 1–7 anoxic solutions at temperatures of 2–65 °C. Reaction of magnetite is described as [<i>Fe</i><sup>2+</sup><i>Fe</i><sub>2</sub><sup>3+</sup>]<i>O</i><sub>4(magnetite)</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>+ 2<i>H</i><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>→<span>&nbsp;</span><i>γ</i>[<i>Fe</i><sub>2</sub><sup>3+</sup>]<i>O</i><sub>3(maghemite)</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>+<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Fe</i><sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>+<span>&nbsp;</span><i>H</i><sub>2</sub><i>O</i>. Dynamic polarization experiments using magnetite electrodes confirmed that this reaction is controlled by two electrochemical half cells, 3[<i>Fe</i><sup>2+</sup><i>Fe</i><sub>2</sub><sup>3+</sup>]<i>O</i><sup>4</sup>(magnetite) → 4<i>γ</i>[<i>Fe</i><sub>2</sub><sup>3+</sup>]<i>O</i><sub>3</sub>(maghemite) +<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Fe</i><sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>+ 2<i>e</i><sup>−</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and [<i>Fe</i><sup>2+</sup><i>Fe</i><sub>2</sub><sup>3+</sup>]<i>O</i><sub>4(magnetite)</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>+ 8<span>&nbsp;</span><i>H</i><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>+ 2<i>e</i><sup>−</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>→ 3<i>Fe</i><sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>+ 4<i>H</i><sub>2</sub><i>O</i>, which result in solid state Fe<sup>3+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>reduction, formation of an oxidized layer and release of Fe(II) to solution. XPS data revealed that iron is present in the ferric state in the surfaces of reacted magnetite and ilmenite and that the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Ti</mtext><mtext>Fe</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">TiFe</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio increased with reaction pH for ilmenite.</p><p>Short-term (&lt;36 h) release rates of Fe(II) were linear with time. Between pH 1 and 7, rates varied between 0.3 and 13 × 10<sup>−14</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>mol · cm<sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>· s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>for magnetite and 0.05 and 12.3 × 10<sup>−14</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>mol · cm<sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>· s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>for ilmenite. These rates are two orders of magnitude slower than electrochemical rates determined by Tafel and polarization resistance measurements. Discrepancies are due to both differences in geometric and BET surface area estimates and in the oxidation state of the mineral surface. In long-term closed-system experiments (&lt;120 days), Fe(II) release slowed with time due to the passivation of the surfaces by increasing thicknesses of oxide surface layers. A shrinking core model, coupling surface reaction and diffusion transport, predicted that at neutral pH, the mean residence time for sand-size grains of magnetite and ilmenite will exceed 10<sup>7</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>years. This agrees with long-term stability of these oxides in the geologic record.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90420-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"White, A.F., Peterson, M.L., and Hochella, M., 1994, Electrochemistry and dissolution kinetics of magnetite and ilmenite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 8, p. 1859-1875, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90420-0.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1859","endPage":"1875","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224961,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a089fe4b0c8380cd51bbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, A. F.","contributorId":36546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, M. L.","contributorId":49930,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hochella, M.F. Jr.","contributorId":30765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hochella","given":"M.F.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}