{"pageNumber":"1351","pageRowStart":"33750","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":70208176,"text":"70208176 - 1994 - Wildlife association with human‐altered water sources in semiarid vegetation communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T12:25:47","indexId":"70208176","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T12:19:46","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wildlife association with human‐altered water sources in semiarid vegetation communities","docAbstract":"<p><span>Based on common use in wildlife management, we hypothesized that human‐constructed water sources influence faunal communities detectably compared to similar habitats that lack water. We examined 20 wildlife water units and 20 paired comparison sites without water from April to August 1992 in semiarid southern New Mexico to assess animal species associations. We sampled sites by using small‐mammal live traps, herpetofaunal and invertebrate pitfall arrays, and 30‐minute time‐area counts. We compared animal species richness and species concordance among water units (rain catchments, earthen tanks, and windmills) and comparison sites in three vegetation communities (mixed scrub, grassland, and pinyon‐juniper). We detected 134 animal taxa during field sampling. Animal species richness did not differ between water units and comparison sites among vegetation communities. Amphibians were found only at water units but occur far from units during seasonal wet periods. Greater numbers of individual small mammals and herpetofauna at water units versus comparison sites likely related to debris and disturbed soil present near water units. Taxa detected at water units and comparison sites were 65% concordant overall; discordant taxa were those rarely detected. Our data implied that definitive effects of artificial water sources on native wildlife species were not detectable. Providing water sources may be a strategic management tool but must be viewed critically regarding effect on distribution of native, feral, and exotic animals. Water units should be developed only when and where clear objectives have been stated, natural water sources have been quantified, commitment exists to ensure continued function, and feral and exotic animals will not benefit to the detriment of native species.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030682.x","usgsCitation":"Burkett, D., and Thompson, B., 1994, Wildlife association with human‐altered water sources in semiarid vegetation communities: Conservation Biology, v. 8, no. 3, p. 682-690, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030682.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"682","endPage":"690","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371717,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"White Sands Missile Range","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.842041015625,\n              32.21280106801518\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.12792968749999,\n              32.21280106801518\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.12792968749999,\n              33.80653802509606\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.842041015625,\n              33.80653802509606\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.842041015625,\n              32.21280106801518\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkett, D.W.","contributorId":221953,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burkett","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, B.C.","contributorId":102433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70180367,"text":"70180367 - 1994 - Characterization of the glycoprotein of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-08T01:48:23.373406","indexId":"70180367","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of the glycoprotein of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies","docAbstract":"<p>To study the antigenic nature of the glycoprotein (G protein) of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), 31 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against a reference isolate of the virus. The MAbs were compared using a neutralization assay, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and by immunoblotting of the G protein in the native, reduced, and deglycosylated forms. Hybridoma culture fluids of the various MAbs could be diluted from 1:2 to 1:512 and still completely neutralize 1 X 104 plaque-forming units of IHNV. Similarly, the end point dilutions that produced optical density readings of 0.1 or greater in the ELISA were 1:40 to 1:10240. Western blotting showed that all of the MAbs reacted with the G protein in the unreduced (i.e. native) conformation; however, only 9 nine of the MAbs were able to react with the G protein following reduction by 2-mercaptoethanol. Deglycosylation of the protein did not influence the binding ability of any of the MAbs. These data indicate that all the MAbs recognized amino acid sequences on the protein itself and that the IHNV glycoprotein contains linear as well as conformation-dependent neutralizing epitopes. When rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fingerlings were passively immunized with MAbs against either a linear or a conformation-dependent epitope, the fish were protected against challenge with wild-type IHNV. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/DAO018029","usgsCitation":"Huang, C., Chien, M., Landolt, M., and Winton, J., 1994, Characterization of the glycoprotein of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 18, p. 29-35, https://doi.org/10.3354/DAO018029.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"35","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489781,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao018029","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":334233,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6aa9e4b08c8121c9097a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huang, Chienjin","contributorId":169567,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huang","given":"Chienjin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chien, Maw-Sheng","contributorId":169572,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chien","given":"Maw-Sheng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landolt, Marsha","contributorId":178863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Landolt","given":"Marsha","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winton, James","contributorId":53897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207650,"text":"70207650 - 1994 - High-precision 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum dating of sanidine from the Middle Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T13:43:38.84869","indexId":"70207650","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-02T12:51:14","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-precision 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum dating of sanidine from the Middle Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin","docAbstract":"<p><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar plateau age spectra of seven sanidine samples from the Fire Clay tonstein (Middle Pennsylvanian), collected along a 300-km traverse in the Appalachian basin, range from 310.3 to 311.4 Ma. All plateau ages agree, within the limits of analytical precision, with their respective total gas ages. This agreement, together with the reproducibility between samples, suggests the analyzed samples did not contain any significant contaminant feldspar. The mean of these seven plateau ages, 310.9 ± 0.8 Ma, is interpreted to represent a precise numerical estimate of time of eruption and deposition of this tonstein and the coal bed in which it is found. The lack of any discernible difference between the age of two samples of the Fire Clay tonstein collected from east of the Pine Mountain thrust fault, along with the age of five samples from west of this fault, suggests that the Fire Clay tonstein has been reliably correlated with a tonstein on the Cumberland overthrust sheet. This correlation, together with the age data presented in this paper, indicates that the Pine Mountain thrust fault must be younger than the 310.9-Ma age obtained for the Fire Clay tonstein.</p><p>The Fire Clay tonstein is biostratigraphically correlated with the Trace Creek Shale Member of the Atoka Formation in the Midcontinent of North America and with a position near the Westphalian B-C boundary in Western Europe. Our age of 310.9 ± 0.8 Ma for the Westphalian B-C boundary represents a well-constrained point, useful for the numerical refinement of the geologic time scale.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE294-p105","usgsCitation":"Kunk, M.J., and Rice, C., 1994, High-precision 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum dating of sanidine from the Middle Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin: GSA Special Papers, v. 294, p. 105-112, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE294-p105.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"112","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370943,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Middle Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.1005859375,\n              38.736946065676\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.6494140625,\n              36.65079252503471\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.177734375,\n              36.58024660149866\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.23291015625,\n              37.735969208590504\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.4853515625,\n              39.01064750994083\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.1005859375,\n              38.736946065676\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"294","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Charles L.","contributorId":61801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Charles L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207648,"text":"70207648 - 1994 - 40Ar 39Ar age constraints on neogene sedimentary beds, Upper Ramparts, half-way Pillar and Canyon village sites, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T13:50:11.932867","indexId":"70207648","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-02T12:16:02","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"<sup>40</sup>Ar <sup>39</sup>Ar age constraints on neogene sedimentary beds, Upper Ramparts, half-way Pillar and Canyon village sites, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska","title":"40Ar 39Ar age constraints on neogene sedimentary beds, Upper Ramparts, half-way Pillar and Canyon village sites, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar&nbsp;</span>ages of volcanic rocks are used to provide numerical constraints on the age of middle and upper Miocene sedimentary strata collected along the Porcupine River. Intercalated sedimentary rocks north of latitude 67°10′N in the Porcupine terrane of east-central Alaska contain a rich record of plant fossils. The fossils are valuable indicators of this interior region's paleoclimate during the time of their deposition. Integration of the<span>&nbsp;<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>40</mn></msup><mtext>Ar</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>39</mn></msup><mtext>Ar</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"></span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>results with paleomagnetic and sedimentological data allows for refinements in estimating the timing of deposition and duration of selected sedimentary intervals.</p><p><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-4-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>40</mn></msup><mtext>Ar</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>39</mn></msup><mtext>Ar</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">40Ar39Ar</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>plateau age spectra, from whole rock basalt samples, collected along the Upper Ramparts and near Half-way Pillar on the Porcupine River, range from 15.7 ± 0.1 Ma at site 90-6 to 14.4 ± 0.1 Ma at site 90-2. With exception of the youngest basalt flow at site 90-2, all of the samples are of reversed magnetic polarity, and all<span>&nbsp;<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar</span><span>&nbsp;</span>age spectrum results are consistent with the deposition of the entire stratigraphic section during a single interval of reversed magnetic polarity. The youngest flow at site 90-2 was emplaced during an interval of normal polarity. With age, paleomagnetic and sedimentological data, the ages of the Middle Miocene sedimentary rocks between the basalt flows at sites 90-1 and 90-2 can be assigned to an interval within the limits of analytical precision of 15.2 ± 0.1 Ma; thus, the sediments were deposited during the peak of the Middle Miocene thermal maximum. Sediments in the upper parts of sites 90-1 and 90-2 were probably deposited during cooling from the Middle Miocene thermal maximum.</p><p><sup><span>40</span></sup><span>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar</span>&nbsp;results of plagioclase and biotite from a single tephra, collected at sites 90-7 and 90-8 along the Canyon Village section of the Porcupine River, indicate an age of 6.57 ± 0.02 Ma for its time of eruption and deposition. These results, together with sedimentological and paleomagnetic data, suggest that all of the Upper Miocene lacustrine sedimentary rocks at these sites were deposited during a single interval of reversed magnetic polarity and may represent a duration of only about 40,000 years. The age of this tephra corresponds with a late late Miocene warm climatic interval.</p><p>The results from the Upper Ramparts and Half-way Pillar sites are used to estimate a minimum interval of continental flood basalt activity of 1.1–1.5 million years, and to set limits for the timing and duration of Tertiary extensional tectonic activity in the Porcupine terrane. Our data indicate that the oroclinal flexure that formed before the deposition of the basalts at the eastern end of the Brooks Range was created prior to 15.7 ± 0.1 Ma.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1040-6182(94)90005-1","usgsCitation":"Kunk, M.J., Rieck, H., Fouch, T.D., and Carter, L.D., 1994, 40Ar 39Ar age constraints on neogene sedimentary beds, Upper Ramparts, half-way Pillar and Canyon village sites, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska: Quaternary International, v. 22-23, p. 31-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90005-1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370941,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"East-central Alaska and northwestern Yukon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -144.3603515625,\n              66.66603556892721\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.0205078125,\n              66.66603556892721\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.0205078125,\n              67.90448702321025\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.3603515625,\n              67.90448702321025\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.3603515625,\n              66.66603556892721\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22-23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rieck, H.","contributorId":33462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rieck","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fouch, T. D.","contributorId":68333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fouch","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carter, L. David","contributorId":16827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":20897,"text":"ofr94276 - 1994 - Fate and pathways of injection-well effluent in the Florida Keys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T18:45:00.293289","indexId":"ofr94276","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T22:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-276","title":"Fate and pathways of injection-well effluent in the Florida Keys","docAbstract":"<p> Twenty-four wells (21 locations) were core drilled into the limestone beneath the Keys, reef tract, and outer reefs to determine if sewage effluents injected in Class V wells onshore are reaching offshore reef areas via underground flow. These wells were fitted with PVC casings and well screens and were sampled every three months for a period of one year. Analyses showed consistent hypersalinity in most wells and a marked increase in nitrogen (as ammonia) in offshore ground water. Other forms of nitrogen (NO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>3</sub>) and phosphorous were not particularly elevated in offshore ground water but were above the levels found in surface marine water. The highest levels of nitrogen (NO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>3</sub> ) and phosphorous were in shallow onshore ground waters. Sources for the nutrients in the shallow onshore ground water consist of septic tanks and cesspools (@ 24,000 and 5,000 in the Florida Keys, respectively), agricultural fertilizers, and natural vegetation. Ammonia concentrations were low in shallow ground waters beneath the Florida Keys, probably because of oxidizing conditions.</p><p>Tidal pumping is particularly active, especially nearshore. Hydraulic heads sufficient to elevate well water as much as 7 cm above sea level during falling tides were detected in all nearshore wells. During rising tides, the situation was reversed and water flowed into the wells. Tidal pumping implies considerable water movement both in and out of the upper few meters of limestone. Tidal pumping is a likely mechanism for mixing and transferring nutrient-rich ground water into the overlying marine waters. Although tidal pumping should cause rather complete mixing and dilution of any freshwater-based effluents entering the limestone via the more than 600 disposal wells in the Florida Keys, the ground waters in the 30- to 40-ft-depth range (9-12 m) nevertheless remained slightly hypersaline relative to sea water throughout the year.</p><p>Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcal bacteria were associated with three Lower Keys offshore wells and two shallow onshore wells at Key Largo. On occasions, these bacteria were detected farther offshore, once in a well 4 miles off Key Largo. The bacterial analyses for Key Largo (both onshore and offshore) are supported by two independent bacteriological researchers using more sophisticated methods than the standard 100-ml membrane-filter method used in this study. Fecal bacteria can serve as tracers; thus, we conclude their presence is possible evidence for offshore transport of ground waters originating on Key Largo. Elevated nutrients (ammonia) and slightly elevated dissolved total phosphorous in offshore ground waters, however, cannot be tied to onshore sources with existing data.</p><p>Rock analyses of material from our cores do not prove or disprove the hypothesis that limestone beneath the Keys or reef tract is serving as a sink for phosphorus or other nutrients. The data, however, do not rule out phosphorus uptake by limestone adjacent to disposal sources. For the purposes of this study, monitoring wells were not positioned sufficiently close to injection wells to determine if uptake of phosphorous is taking place. Ground waters were found to contain more dissolved solids than could be accounted for if hypersalinity resulted from simple evaporation of sea water. These data indicate that ground waters in the vicinity of our wells are dissolving solids from the rock rather than precipitating material within the rock framework; however, as mentioned above, our wells were not positioned sufficiently close to disposal wells to determine if localized uptake is occurring.</p><p>Examination of rock cores from these wells revealed a general distribution of reef- and grainstone-facies belts. The Upper and Middle Keys are composed of a thin coral reef facies that extends only a few hundred feet seaward of the Keys. Reef facies give way to mudstone facies within a few yards of shore on the Florida Bay side of the Keys. On the seaward side of the Keys, beneath Hawk Channel and White Bank, the Pleistocene limestone is a mixed grainstone, packstone, and wackstone facies. Corals are rare or absent. The Pleistocene limestone beneath the outer reefs 4 to 5 miles offshore, however, consists of reef facies with the same coral fauna as that found on Key Largo. This pattern of two major reef-facies belts separated by a 2- to 4-mile-wide belt of grainstone facies may have as yet undetermined effects on groundwater circulation beneath the Florida reef tract. Grainstone is approximately an order of magnitude less permeable than the coralline Key Largo Limestone facies.</p><p>The Q3 surface, a major subsurface unconformity thought to form an effective confining zone elsewhere in south Florida, was not detected in wells drilled more than 1 mile from shore. This unconformity, however, was detected in all wells drilled on or near the Keys. What was found to be a more effective and widespread confining layer is the Holocene sediment deposited on the Pleistocene limestone during the past 6,000 to 7,000 years. These relatively impermeable sediments are extensive, forming a belt up to 5 miles wide beginning about 0.5 mile offshore. Holocene sediments generally consist of low-permeability lime mud just above the Pleistocene surface, overlain by more permeable carbonate sands and reefs. Leakage of ground water by tidal pumping is not likely to occur through lime-mud-dominated areas such as Hawk Channel but is likely to occur through isolated porous and permeable Holocene reefs situated on Pleistocene limestone highs, and in places where Holocene sediment does not cover the limestone bedrock. Leakage is therefore limited to 1) a shallow-water 0.5-mile-wide nearshore belt of exposed Key Largo Limestone, 2) Holocene patch reefs, which grow on mud-free topographic rock highs, and 3) along the seaward side of the outermost reef in 35 to 65 ft (10-20 m) of water, where Holocene reef and sediment accumulations are thin or absent.</p><p>This study did not address direct measurements of lateral groundwater movement or a hydrologic mechanism for transporting hypersaline ground water away from the Florida Keys. More recent work, however (Halley et al., 1994), shows that sea level in Florida Bay is higher than on the Atlantic side of the Keys more than 50% of the time. Higher sea level on the bay side of the Keys provides a potential for groundwater flow toward the Atlantic most of the time. Use of tracers (dyes or harmless bacteriological tracers) injected into the center of tightly spaced clusters of monitoring wells is a simple way to ascertain the net direction and rate of groundwater movement. Knowing the direction and rate of groundwater movement is needed for prediction and modeling efforts in the future</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94276","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with NOAA Sanctuaries Reserves Division, NOAA National Underwater Research Program, Florida Keys Sanctuary Advisory Committee","usgsCitation":"Shinn, E., Reese, R.S., and Reich, C.D., 1994, Fate and pathways of injection-well effluent in the Florida Keys: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-276, v, 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94276.","productDescription":"v, 116 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":50491,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0276/ofr94276.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.90 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":153559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0276/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.20794677734374,\n              24.477150011148677\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.727294921875,\n              24.467150664739002\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.18896484375,\n              24.58459276519208\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.64239501953125,\n              24.816653556469955\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.36773681640625,\n              25.0383270525352\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.17822265625,\n              25.341543769441667\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.14801025390625,\n              25.527571660479637\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.22491455078125,\n              25.527571660479637\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.26885986328125,\n              25.43087300404471\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.42266845703124,\n              25.232273973019627\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.55450439453125,\n              25.22978942503438\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6781005859375,\n              25.13533901613099\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.1065673828125,\n              25.07316070640961\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.20269775390624,\n              25.175116531621764\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.20794677734374,\n              24.749325626697196\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.20794677734374,\n              24.477150011148677\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f7563","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shinn, Eugene A.","contributorId":6883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"Eugene A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reese, Ronald S. rsreese@usgs.gov","contributorId":1090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"Ronald","email":"rsreese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":183458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reich, Christopher D. 0000-0002-2534-1456 creich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2534-1456","contributorId":900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reich","given":"Christopher","email":"creich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70073914,"text":"70073914 - 1994 - Databases, data integration, and expert systems: new directions in mineral resource assessment and mineral exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-23T15:49:19","indexId":"70073914","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T15:42:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Databases, data integration, and expert systems: new directions in mineral resource assessment and mineral exploration","docAbstract":"Overcoming future difficulties in searching for ore deposits deeper in the earth's crust will require closer attention to the collection and analysis of more diverse types of data and to more efficient use of current computer technologies. Computer technologies of greatest interest include methods of storage and retrieval of resource information, methods for integrating geologic, geochemical, and geophysical data, and the introduction of advanced computer technologies such as expert systems, multivariate techniques, and neural networks. Much experience has been gained in the past few years in applying these technologies. More experience is needed if they are to be implemented for everyday use in future assessments and exploration.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers in mineral industry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"conferenceTitle":"US-India Seminar and Round Table on Computer Methods in the Mineral Industry","conferenceDate":"1991-11-10T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Dhanbad, India","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.","publisherLocation":"New Delhi, India","usgsCitation":"McCammon, R.B., 1994, Databases, data integration, and expert systems: new directions in mineral resource assessment and mineral exploration, 16 p.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"308","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281436,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd53d8e4b0b290850f563a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ramani, Raja V.","contributorId":112483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramani","given":"Raja","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509773,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mozumdar, Bijoy K.","contributorId":112052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mozumdar","given":"Bijoy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509772,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Samaddar, Arun B.","contributorId":111834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samaddar","given":"Arun","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509771,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"McCammon, Richard B.","contributorId":107674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCammon","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70046986,"text":"70046986 - 1994 - The 1 km AVHRR global land data set: first stages in implementation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-11T14:44:19","indexId":"70046986","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T14:42:01","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1 km AVHRR global land data set: first stages in implementation","docAbstract":"The global land 1 km data set project represents an international effort to acquire, archive, process, and distribute 1 km AVHRR data of the entire global land surface in order to meet the needs of the international science community. A network of 26 high resolution picture transmission (HRPT) stations, along with data recorded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has been acquiring daily global land coverage since 1 April 1992. A data set of over 30000 AVHRR images has been archived and made available for distribution by the United States Geological Survey, EROS Data Center and the European Space Agency.  Under the guidance of the International Geosphere Biosphere programme, processing standards for the AVHRR data have been developed for calibration, atmospheric correction, geometric registration, and the production of global 10-day maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) composites. The major uses of the composites are related to the study of surface vegetation cover. A prototype 10-day composite was produced for the period of 21–30 June 1992. Production of an 18-month time series of 10-day composites is underway.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431169408954339","usgsCitation":"Eidenshink, J., and Faundeen, J., 1994, The 1 km AVHRR global land data set: first stages in implementation: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 15, no. 17, p. 3443-3462, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169408954339.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"3443","endPage":"3462","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274892,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274891,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431169408954339"}],"volume":"15","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dfd3e5e4b0d332bf22f3b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eidenshink, J.C.","contributorId":11747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eidenshink","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faundeen, J.L. 0000-0003-0287-2921","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0287-2921","contributorId":65364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faundeen","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70129367,"text":"70129367 - 1994 - Straight-line drift fences and pitfall traps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-21T11:21:27","indexId":"70129367","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T11:12:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Straight-line drift fences and pitfall traps","docAbstract":"<p>Straight-line drift fences typically are short barriers (5-15 m) that direct animals traveling on the substrate surface into traps places at the ends of or beside the barriers.  Traps (described below) can be pitfalls, funnel traps, or a combination of the two.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Drift fences with pitfall or funnel traps and pitfall traps without fences are used commonly to inventory and monitor populations of amphibians and reptiles.  For example, 9 of 17 field studies reported for management of terrestrial vertebrates (Sarzo et al. 1988) used these techniques to sample amphibians.  Drift fences with pitfall traps can be used to determine species richness at a site and to detect the presence of rare species.  They also can yield data on relative abundances and habitat use of selected species.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Pitfall traps arrayed in a grid without fences can also be used to study the population ecology and habitat use of selected species.  Population density can be estimated with this latter technique if used in conjunction with mark-recapture techniques (see Chapter 8).  Drift fence arrays or pitfall grids can be left in place for long-term monitoring.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>In this section, I discuss the use of this technique to obtain data on amphibians away from breeding ponds.  Use of drift fences and traps to monitory amphibian activity at breeding ponds is discussed in the section \"Drift Fences Encircling Breeding Sits\", below (technique 9).  Some materials and procedures are common to both techniques.  Investigators contemplating the use of drift fences and traps in any context should read both accounts.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for amphibians","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Smithsonian Institution Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Corn, P.S., 1994, Straight-line drift fences and pitfall traps, chap. <i>of</i> Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for amphibians, p. 109-117.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"117","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295544,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775c1e4b0f888a81b834a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Corn, Paul Stephen 0000-0002-4106-6335","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4106-6335","contributorId":31693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corn","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70129514,"text":"70129514 - 1994 - Neural networks for river flow prediction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-19T19:32:53.031316","indexId":"70129514","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T09:11:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2230,"text":"Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Neural networks for river flow prediction","docAbstract":"<p><span>The surface‐water hydrographs of rivers exhibit large variations due to many natural phenomena. One of the most commonly used approaches for interpolating and extending streamflow records is to fit observed data with an analytic power model. However, such analytic models may not adequately represent the flow process, because they are based on many simplifying assumptions about the natural phenomena that influence the river flow. This paper demonstrates how a neural network can be used as an adaptive model synthesizer as well as a predictor. Issues such as selecting an appropriate neural network architecture and a correct training algorithm as well as presenting data to neural networks are addressed using a constructive algorithm called the cascade‐correlation algorithm. The neural‐network approach is applied to the flow prediction of the Huron River at the Dexter sampling station, near Ann Arbor, Mich. Empirical comparisons are performed between the predictive capability of the neural network models and the most commonly used analytic nonlinear power model in terms of accuracy and convenience of use. Our preliminary results are quite encouraging. An analysis performed on the structure of the networks developed by the cascade‐correlation algorithm shows that the neural networks are capable of adapting their complexity to match changes in the flow history and that the models developed by the neural‐network approach are more complex than the power model.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(1994)8:2(201)","usgsCitation":"Karunanithi, N., Grenney, W.J., Whitley, D., and Bovee, K., 1994, Neural networks for river flow prediction: Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, v. 8, no. 2, p. 201-203, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(1994)8:2(201).","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"203","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295624,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a18eae4b04d2014abfb50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karunanithi, Nachimuthu","contributorId":335698,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karunanithi","given":"Nachimuthu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":899267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grenney, William J.","contributorId":103360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grenney","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":899268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitley, Darrell","contributorId":335699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whitley","given":"Darrell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":899269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bovee, Ken","contributorId":23455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":899270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70129509,"text":"70129509 - 1994 - Chromatographic (TLC) differentiation of grizzly bear and black bear scats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-23T08:44:06","indexId":"70129509","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T08:40:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":978,"text":"Bears: Their Biology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chromatographic (TLC) differentiation of grizzly bear and black bear scats","docAbstract":"While past work concluded that thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was inadequate for the separation of grizzly (<i>Ursus arctos horribilis</i>) and black bear (<i>U. americanus</i>) scats, our study found differences adequate for species separation.  A key was constructed using 19 of 40 data points recorded on each(<i>N</i>)=356 profiles of 178) know-species scat.  Accuracy was best for late summer scats (94%).  Methods for specimen preparation, analysis, and reading the TLC profiles are discussed.  Factors involved in scat variation were tested.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bears: Their Biology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Conference on Bear Research and Management","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.2307/3872737","usgsCitation":"Picton, H.D., and Kendall, K.C., 1994, Chromatographic (TLC) differentiation of grizzly bear and black bear scats: Bears: Their Biology and Management, v. 9, p. 497-501, https://doi.org/10.2307/3872737.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"497","endPage":"501","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295617,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295616,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3872737"}],"volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a18bde4b04d2014abfb17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Picton, Harold D.","contributorId":75081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Picton","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, Katherine C. 0000-0002-4831-2287 kkendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-2287","contributorId":3081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Katherine","email":"kkendall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":59559,"text":"mf2264E - 1994 - Map showing surficial and hydrologic features in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T08:07:25","indexId":"mf2264E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2264","chapter":"E","title":"Map showing surficial and hydrologic features in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri","docAbstract":"<p>This is one in a series of five seismotectonic maps of the seismically active New Madrid area in southeast Missouri and adjacent parts of Arkansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee (table 1). ). We cannot legibly show all the seismotectonic data on a single map, therefore each of the five maps in this series groups a different type of related information. Rhea and others (1994) summarized the background and purpose of the seismotectonic map folio. To aid in locating small features mentioned in the text and tables we have divided the map area into 16 tracts (fig. 1); some of the small features are identified by tract number.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The focus of this map is earthquake effects in the New Madrid area. The first part of the discussion is a description of some superficial effects of three great earthquakes that struck the map area during the winter of 1811-12 (Nuttli, 1973). Next, we discuss other possible records of recent deformation that may have bearing on the assessment of seismic hazards. Finally, some features of uncertain origins are discussed; these have unknown bearing on hazard assessment. Some swampy or flooded areas, locally called sunklands, are discussed in two places because two of the sunklands formed or enlarged during the 1811-12 earthquakes, whereas the others are of uncertain origins.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2264E","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., and Rhea, S., 1994, Map showing surficial and hydrologic features in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2264, Map: 57.62 x 42.60 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2264E.","productDescription":"Map: 57.62 x 42.60 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182537,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2264e.png"},{"id":284462,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2264-E/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic Projection","country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"New Madrid","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.0,35.0 ], [ -91.0,37.0 ], [ -89.0,37.0 ], [ -89.0,35.0 ], [ -91.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd65f3e4b0b290851006e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, Russell L. wheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Russell","email":"wheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rhea, Susan","contributorId":81110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhea","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":61189,"text":"mf2264D - 1994 - Map showing structure of the Mississippi Valley Graben in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-10T19:53:57.223572","indexId":"mf2264D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2264","chapter":"D","title":"Map showing structure of the Mississippi Valley Graben in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri","docAbstract":"<p>This is one of a series of five seismotectonic maps of the seismically active New Madrid area in southeast Missouri and adjacent parts of Arkansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee (table 1). We cannot legibly show all the seismotectonic data on a single map, therefore each of the five maps in this series groups a different type of related information. Rhea and others (1994) summarized the background and purpose of the seismotectonic map folio. The different types of data shown on this map are described in table 2.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Except for a few exposed faults, all structures shown on the map are in Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of the midcontinent or underlying metamorphic and igneous basement rocks of presumed Precambrian age (Dart, 1992; Muehlberger, 1992). Edge of Mississippi Embayment, as shown on the map, marks the contact between gently dipping, exposed Paleozoic rocks to the northwest (Anderson and others, 1979) and unconformably overlying, flat or gently dipping Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata of the embayment to the southeast.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2264D","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., Rhea, S., and Dart, R.L., 1994, Map showing structure of the Mississippi Valley Graben in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2264, 1 Plate: 56.77 x 41.62, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2264D.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 56.77 x 41.62","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187298,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2264d.png"},{"id":284461,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2264-D/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":490321,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5885.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic Projection","country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"New Madrid","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.0,35.0 ], [ -91.0,37.0 ], [ -89.0,37.0 ], [ -89.0,35.0 ], [ -91.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd65f2e4b0b290851006d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, Russell L. wheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Russell","email":"wheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rhea, Susan","contributorId":81110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhea","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dart, Richard L. dart@usgs.gov","contributorId":1209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dart","given":"Richard","email":"dart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":265155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":60686,"text":"mf2264B - 1994 - Map showing large structures interpreted from geophysical data in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-10T13:41:35","indexId":"mf2264B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2264","chapter":"B","title":"Map showing large structures interpreted from geophysical data in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri","docAbstract":"<p>This is one of a series of five seismotectonic maps of the seismically active New Madrid area in southeast Missouri and adjacent parts of Arkansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee (table 1). We cannot legibly show all the seismotectonic data on a single map, therefore each of the five maps in this series groups a different type of related information. Rhea and others (1994) summarized the background and purpose of the seismotectonic map folio.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/mf2264B","usgsCitation":"Rhea, S., and Wheeler, R.L., 1994, Map showing large structures interpreted from geophysical data in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2264, Map: 45.28 x 41.10 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2264B.","productDescription":"Map: 45.28 x 41.10 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2264b.jpg"},{"id":283693,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2264-B/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"New Madrid","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.0,35.0 ], [ -91.0,37.0 ], [ -89.0,37.0 ], [ -89.0,35.0 ], [ -91.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rhea, Susan","contributorId":81110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhea","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wheeler, Russell L. wheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Russell","email":"wheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":60688,"text":"mf2264A - 1994 - Map showing seismicity and sandblows in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-09T16:57:06.818096","indexId":"mf2264A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2264","chapter":"A","title":"Map showing seismicity and sandblows in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri","docAbstract":"<p>This is one of a series of five seismotectic maps of the seismically active New Madrid, Missouri, area (table 1; Wheeler and others, 1992). The map area centers near the sites of three great earthquakes that struck during the winter of 1811-12 (Fuller, 1912; Nuttli, 1973). These earthquakes and continuing subsequent seismicity rank the New Madrid area with Cherlevoix, Quebec, as the two most seismically active areas in North America east of the Rocky Mountains. The threat posed by New Madrid seismicity to the central United States makes the area the focus of many investigations (for examples, Heyl and McKeown, 1978; McKeown and Pakiser, 1982; Algemissen and Hopper, 1984; Hamilton and Johnston, 1990; Applied Technology Council, 1991; Johnston and others, 1992). The map area includes the most intense seismic activity in the New Madrid region.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>A seismotectic map shows some of the geologic and geophysical information needed to assess seismic hazard (Hadley and Devine, 1974; Pavoni, 1985). A previous seismotectonic map of the central Mississippi River valley (Heyl and McKeown, 1978) has had wide use for planning field surveys, as a base map for plotting data collected during single investigations, and for compiling a range of information. Since 1978 numcrous researchers have greatly advanced our knowledge of the geology and geophysics of the central Mississippi Valley. The New Madrid seismotectonic map folio updates approximately the south-central sixth of the central Mississippi Valley seismotectonic map of Heyl and McKeown (1978).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/mf2264A","usgsCitation":"Rhea, B.S., Tarr, A.C., and Wheeler, R.L., 1994, Map showing seismicity and sandblows in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2264, 1 Plate: 50.28 x 41.13 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2264A.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 50.28 x 41.13 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490277,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5882.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283692,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2264-A/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":182798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2264a.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"New Madrid","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.0,35.0 ], [ -91.0,37.0 ], [ -89.0,37.0 ], [ -89.0,35.0 ], [ -91.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2ace","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rhea, B. Susan","contributorId":98775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhea","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Susan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tarr, Arthur C. atarr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tarr","given":"Arthur","email":"atarr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":264225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wheeler, Russell L. wheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Russell","email":"wheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":60687,"text":"mf2264C - 1994 - Map showing locations of geophysical survey and modeling lines in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-10T19:39:26.980405","indexId":"mf2264C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2264","chapter":"C","title":"Map showing locations of geophysical survey and modeling lines in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri","docAbstract":"<p>This is one of a series of five seismotectonic maps of the seismically active New Madrid area in southeast Missouri and adjacent parts of Arkansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee (table 1). We cannot legibly show all the seismotectonic data on a single map, therefore each of the five maps in this series groups a different type of related information. Rhea and others (1994) summarized the background and purpose of the seismotectonic map folio.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/mf2264C","usgsCitation":"Rhea, S., and Wheeler, R.L., 1994, Map showing locations of geophysical survey and modeling lines in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2264, 1 Plate: 51.13 x 40.10, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2264C.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 51.13 x 40.10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490320,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5884.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":182797,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2264c.jpg"},{"id":283694,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2264-C/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"New Madrid","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.0,35.0 ], [ -91.0,37.0 ], [ -89.0,37.0 ], [ -89.0,35.0 ], [ -91.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648525","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rhea, Susan","contributorId":81110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhea","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wheeler, Russell L. wheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Russell","email":"wheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":58342,"text":"mf2239 - 1994 - Conodont color alteration index (CAI) map and conodont-based age determinations for the Winchester 30' x 60' Quadrangle and adjacent area, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T08:03:08","indexId":"mf2239","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2239","title":"Conodont color alteration index (CAI) map and conodont-based age determinations for the Winchester 30' x 60' Quadrangle and adjacent area, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland","docAbstract":"Most of the conodont data presented in this report (table 1) were acquired to support 1:100,000-scale geologic mapping of the Winchester 30' X 60' quadrangle by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Conodonts were chosen to provide a biostratigraphic framework for the Upper Cambrian to Mississippian marine carbonate rocks that make up about 25 percent of the Paleozoic strata exposed in the quadrangle (~2,130 m of the approximately 9,450 m) of Paleozoic strata exposed in the quadrangle). Thickness of stratigraphic units are from McDowell (1991), our own measurements, and from many of the stratigraphic reports and geologic maps listed in the references cited. Conodont biostratigraphic and color alteration index (CAI) analyses help identify stratigraphic units and structural discontinuities, particularly in the Upper Cambrian to Middle Ordovician chiefly carbonate rocks of the Shenandoah Valley and North Mountain fault zone. Conodont biofacies analyses provide additional information about the provincial affinities of the conodonts and the depositional environment of the rocks that contain them. Lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, paleoenvironmental, and CAI data for all conodont samples are given in table 1.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2239","usgsCitation":"Harris, A.G., Stamm, N.R., Weary, D.J., Repetski, J.E., Stamm, R.G., and Parker, R., 1994, Conodont color alteration index (CAI) map and conodont-based age determinations for the Winchester 30' x 60' Quadrangle and adjacent area, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2239, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2239.","productDescription":"40 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":101960,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_294.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"294"},{"id":184544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":284453,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2239/report.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Maryl;Virginia;West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.0,39.0 ], [ -79.0,39.3 ], [ -78.0,39.3 ], [ -78.0,39.0 ], [ -79.0,39.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5284e4b0b290850f4948","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, Anita G.","contributorId":50162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Anita","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stamm, Nancy R. 0000-0002-6026-7159 nstamm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6026-7159","contributorId":3071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamm","given":"Nancy","email":"nstamm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":258804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weary, David J. 0000-0002-6115-6397 dweary@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6115-6397","contributorId":545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weary","given":"David","email":"dweary@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Repetski, John E. 0000-0002-2298-7120 jrepetski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-7120","contributorId":2596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"John","email":"jrepetski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stamm, Robert G. 0000-0001-9141-5364 rstamm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9141-5364","contributorId":4702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamm","given":"Robert","email":"rstamm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Parker, Ronald A.","contributorId":70350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Ronald A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":57197,"text":"ofr94569 - 1994 - Volcanic gas emissions and their impact on ambient air character at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-21T16:54:19.305382","indexId":"ofr94569","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-569","title":"Volcanic gas emissions and their impact on ambient air character at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>Currently, gas emissions from Kilauea occur from the summit caldera, along the middle East Rift Zone (ERZ), and where lava enters the ocean. We estimate that the current ERZ eruption of Kilauea releases between 400 metric tonnes of SO2 per day, during eruptive pauses, to as much as 1850 metric tonnes per day during actively erupting periods, along with lesser amounts of other chemically and radiatively active species including H2S, HCl, and HF. In order to characterize gas emissions from Kilauea in a meaningful way for assessing environmental impact we made a series of replicate grab-sample measurements of ambient air and precipitation at the summit of Kilauea, along its ERZ, and at coastal sites where lava enters the ocean. The grab-sampling data combined with SO2 emission rates, and continuous air quality and meteorological monitoring at the summit of Kilauea show that the effects of these emissions on ambient air character are a complex function of chemical reactivity, source geometry and effusivity, and local meteorology. For all the measurement sites, ambient concentrations of the emitted gases decrease rapidly, even at short distances from point sources. Prevailing tradewinds typically carry the gases and aerosols released to the southwest, where they are further distributed by the regional wind regime. Episodes of kona, or low speed variable winds sometimes disrupt this pattern, however, and allow the gases and their oxidation products to collect at the summit and eastern side of the island. Summit solfatara areas of Kilauea are distinguished by moderate to high ambient SO2, high H2S at one location, and low H2S at all others, and negligible HC1 concentrations, as measured 1 m from degassing point-sources. Summit solfatara rain water has high sulfate and low chloride ioa concentrations, and low pH. The middle ERZ degassing areas show moderate to high SO2 at 100 m away from degassing lava, and low H2S concentrations. Moderate HC1 was found in ambient air. Rain water near the middle ERZ degassing areas have high sulfate, high chloride and low pH. Coastal entry areas are characterized by high HC1 in the gas plume and significant rain-out of this HCl as indicated by low rain water pH, and high rain water chloride. Sulfate in the coastal-entry rainwater is also high. Ambient SO2 and 112S are moderate to high near the coastal entry locations. Ambient air in the lower ERZ thermal and non-thermal areas shows essentially no influence from the on-going eruption, as evidenced by the absence of SO2, H2S, HC1, and the moderate rain water pH with low sulfate concentration. When the current eruption ceases, ERZ and summit gas emissions will be greatly reduced.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94569","usgsCitation":"Sutton, A.J., Elias, T., and Navarrete, R., 1994, Volcanic gas emissions and their impact on ambient air character at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-569, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94569.","productDescription":"34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":482342,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0569/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173985,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0569/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":55089,"text":"wdrWI931 - 1994 - Water resources data, Wisconsin, water year 1993. Volume 1. St. Lawrence River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-06T21:10:30.548982","indexId":"wdrWI931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WI-93-1","title":"Water resources data, Wisconsin, water year 1993. Volume 1. St. Lawrence River Basin","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrWI931","usgsCitation":"Holmstrom, B.K., Kammerer, P., and Ellefson, B., 1994, Water resources data, Wisconsin, water year 1993. Volume 1. 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,{"id":58781,"text":"mf2155E - 1994 - Sample locality map and analytical data for potassium-argon ages in the Port Moller, Stepovak Bay, and Simeonof Island quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-10T19:17:41.083603","indexId":"mf2155E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2155","chapter":"E","title":"Sample locality map and analytical data for potassium-argon ages in the Port Moller, Stepovak Bay, and Simeonof Island quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula","docAbstract":"<p><span>Potassium-argon age determinations for 84 volcanic, intrusive, and hydrothermally altered rocks from the Port Moller, Stepovak Bay, and Simeonof Island quadrangles are reported here. Of these age determinations, 78 samples were analyzed as part of Alaska Mineral Resource Assessment Program (AMRAP) studies in the Port Moller, Stepovak Bay, and Simeonof Island quadrangles. Age deter- minations for 6 of the samples have been previously published (Burk, 1965; Kienle and Turner, 1976; Wilson and others, 1981). This report consists of a sample location map, analytical data (table 1), and rock descriptions (table 2).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2155E","usgsCitation":"Wilson, F.H., Shew, N.B., DuBois, G.D., and Bie, S.W., 1994, Sample locality map and analytical data for potassium-argon ages in the Port Moller, Stepovak Bay, and Simeonof Island quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2155, Report: 18 p.; 1 Plate: 39.0 x 36.2 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2155E.","productDescription":"Report: 18 p.; 1 Plate: 39.0 x 36.2 inches","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":105277,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5782.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5782"},{"id":88558,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1994/2155e/report.pdf","text":"Report to Accompany Map MF-2155-E","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":183325,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1994/2155e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":88557,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1994/2155e/plate-1.pdf","text":"Map MF-2155-E","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Peninsula, Port Moller quadrangle, Simeonof Island quadrangle, Stepovak Bay quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -162,\n              54.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              56\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.4167,\n              56\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.4167,\n              54.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              54.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fde9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":260777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shew, Nora B. 0000-0003-0025-7220 nshew@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0025-7220","contributorId":3382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shew","given":"Nora","email":"nshew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":260779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DuBois, Gregory D.","contributorId":6824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DuBois","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bie, Scott W.","contributorId":16475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bie","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":55090,"text":"wdrWI932 - 1994 - Water Resources Data, Wisconsin, Water Year 1993. Volume 2. Upper Mississippi River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:38","indexId":"wdrWI932","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WI-93-2","title":"Water Resources Data, Wisconsin, Water Year 1993. Volume 2. Upper Mississippi River Basin","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrWI932","usgsCitation":"Holmstrom, B.K., Kammerer, P., and Ellefson, B., 1994, Water Resources Data, Wisconsin, Water Year 1993. Volume 2. Upper Mississippi River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WI-93-2, 406 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWI932.","productDescription":"406 p.","numberOfPages":"406","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/wi-93-2/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":87921,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/wi-93-2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa554","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmstrom, B. K.","contributorId":90728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmstrom","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kammerer, P.A.","contributorId":21943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kammerer","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellefson, B.R.","contributorId":83927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefson","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":61305,"text":"mf2081G - 1994 - Maps showing interpretation, using R-mode factor analysis, of trace-element abundances in heavy-mineral concentrate samples, Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-01T19:04:20.674893","indexId":"mf2081G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2081","chapter":"G","title":"Maps showing interpretation, using R-mode factor analysis, of trace-element abundances in heavy-mineral concentrate samples, Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah","docAbstract":"A set of heavy-mineral concentrate data for the Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah Conterminous U.S. Mineral Assessment Program (CUSMAP) project was compiled from results of analyses of samples collected during the National Uranium Resource Evaluation Program (SURE), as well as results obtained from samples collected more recently by the USGS. Data results, sampling methods, and analytical methods are provided in Abrogast and others, 1993; 1990; 1988a; 1988b). A similar report, discussing results obtained from stream-sediment samples, is presented in Zimbelman (1993a). The Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah (figure 1) contains a variety of hydrothermal mineral deposit types, including porphyry-, vein-, replacement-, and Carlin-type deposits. These deposit types have been worked for commodities including gold, silver, beryllium, uranium, lead, zinc, copper, manganese, and cadmium (Lindsey, 1977; Morris and Mogensen, 1978; Zimbelman and others, 1990; Zimbelman and others, 1988). Heavy-mineral concentrate and stream-sediment samples derived from these hydrothermally altered rocks typically contain many geochemical anomalies (for example, see Zimbelman 1993b, c, d). Element associations characterizing lithology and hydrothermal mineral deposits can be distinguished using R-mode factor analysis. This tool often is useful in reconnaissance-scale surveys where sample anomalies are often weak. and single-element distributions may not help to delineate targets. R-mode factors analysis can help identify geologic trends and areas most likely to contain the mineral deposits. R-mode factor analysis was performed on a data set of results of analyses for 19 elements in 643 samples and produced a six-factor model. These six factors represent the geochemical contributions to the data set provided by lithologic and mineralization processes, The distribution of samples that contain high scores for mineralization-related factors is widespread in the Delta quadrangle. These sample sites are though to relate to both known prospect and mineralization areas, as well as define new areas that are geochemically favorable to contain altered or mineralized rocks.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2081G","usgsCitation":"Zimbelman, D.R., 1994, Maps showing interpretation, using R-mode factor analysis, of trace-element abundances in heavy-mineral concentrate samples, Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2081, 2 Plates: 43.24 x 59.05 inches and 44.52 x 58.91 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2081G.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 43.24 x 59.05 inches and 44.52 x 58.91 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406086,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5688.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2081g.jpg"},{"id":284431,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081-G/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284432,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081-G/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.0,39.0 ], [ -114.0,40.0 ], [ -112.0,40.0 ], [ -112.0,39.0 ], [ -114.0,39.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6636e4b0b2908510096e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimbelman, David R.","contributorId":58253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":55076,"text":"wdrWA931 - 1994 - Water resources data, Washington, water year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T14:18:43.722798","indexId":"wdrWA931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WA-93-1","title":"Water resources data, Washington, water year 1993","docAbstract":"<p>Water resources data for the 1993 water year for Washington consist of records, of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels of wells. This report contains discharge records for 220 gaging stations; stage only records for 4 gaging stations; stage and (or) contents for 32 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 30 streamflow-gaging stations, and 7 ungaged streamsites; water levels for 5 observation wells; streamflow for 43 partial-record or miscellaneous streamflow stations, and 1 seepage investigation. Locations of these sites are shown on figures 4a, 4b, 5, 6a, and 6b. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Washington.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrWA931","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Washington and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Miles, M., Wiggins, W., Ruppert, G., Smith, R.R., Reed, L., Hubbard, L., and Courts, M., 1994, Water resources data, Washington, water year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WA-93-1, xxvii, 408 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWA931.","productDescription":"xxvii, 408 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492615,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/wa-93-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":175229,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/wa-93-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":60690,"text":"mf2275 - 1994 - Revised correlation chart of coal beds, coal zones, and key stratigraphic units in the Pennsylvanian rocks of eastern Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T08:09:44","indexId":"mf2275","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2275","title":"Revised correlation chart of coal beds, coal zones, and key stratigraphic units in the Pennsylvanian rocks of eastern Kentucky","docAbstract":"This report revises Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1188 (Rice and Smith, 1980). Major revisions to the original correlation chart include formal naming of key marine units in Kentucky and replacement of informally named marine units incorrectly projected into Kentucky from adjacent states. Also included in the report is the proper correlation of some regionally recognized coal bed names that have been incorrectly projected into Kentucky, particularly from Ohio and West Virginia. Besides these additions and corrections, minor changes have been made to the correlation chart, all of which are discussed below in detail. The Pennsylvania rocks of the eastern Kentucky coal field underlie an area of about 27,000 square kilometers (see index map). Largely because of the size and stratigra[hic complexity of the area, Huddle and others (1963, p. 31) divided the coal field into six coal-reserve districts. District boundaries utilize state and county line as well as geologic features, drainage areas, and coal producing areas. Their division is followed herein because, in general, each of the districts has a characteristic stratigraphic nomenclature, particularly with regard to coal bed names. The six districts are the Princess, Licking River, Big Sandy, Hazard, Southwestern, and Upper Cumberland River district is divided into the Middlesboro and Harlan subdistricts. The correlation chart lists most of the stratigraphic units of Pennsylvanian age used in eastern Kentucky, and is concerned principally with coal bed names used in publications since about 1950, especially all of the names of coal beds for which resources and reserves have been calculated. Coal constitutes only a small percentage of the total Pennsylvanian-rock sequence, but is present in as many as 26 major coal zones that have been prospected and mined extensively in all parts of the coal field since the early 1900's. Coal names listed in this chart represent coal beds that have been mined commercially or used locally by residents of the area. Not every coal bed listed under a district in the chart is found in all parts of that district, nor has every coal bed been given a name. For the sake of saving space, coal beds commonly identified as a \"rider\" coal bed (commonly a minor coal or split above the main bed) or as a \"marker\" coal bed (a minor coal below the main bed) are not included in the chart because they do not contribute to the overall stratigraphic framework of the coal field. Most of the stratigraphic units listed in the correlation chart are defined and described in detail in almost 200 geologic reports of the Geologic Quadrangle (GQ) Map Series of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). These maps were published as a result of the cooperative geological mapping program of the USGS and the Kentucky Geological Survey; which was begun in 1960 and was completed in 1978. The GQ maps, at a scale of 1:24,000, describe the lithology and local stratigraphy and identify many coal beds by noth local and regional names. Other sources of stratigraphic information and coal bed names used in the construction of the chart include USGS bulletins dealing with the coal resources of single 7.5-minute quadrangles (Englund, 1955; Adkinson, 1957; Welch, 1958; Bergin, 1962). The coal resources of eastern Kentucky as a whole have been described by Huddle and others (1963) and detailed reports on the stratigraphy and coal resources of significant areas in eastern Kentucky have been made by Huddle and Englund (1966) and Englund (1968). An additional source of coal bed names is the SEAMS database, which is jointly sponsored by the University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, the Kentucky Geological Survey, and the Kentucky Department of Mines and Minerals. The SEAMS database identifies the stratigraphic position and location of all coal beds in the eastern and the western Kentucky coal fields as well as those of bordering areas in adjacent states. The databases includes references to all coal-bed names used in Kentucky, especially those shown on coal company mine maps. Local names of coal beds in the database file that are not generally used in publications are listed in table 1 together with their regional equivalents.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2275","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Commonwealth of Kentucky, University of Kentucky, Kentucky Geological Survey, Donald C. Haney, Director and State Geologist","usgsCitation":"Rice, C., and Hiett, J.K., 1994, Revised correlation chart of coal beds, coal zones, and key stratigraphic units in the Pennsylvanian rocks of eastern Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2275, 1 Plate: 41.63 x 39.40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2275.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 41.63 x 39.40 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2275.jpg"},{"id":284469,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2275/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.823611,36.576389 ], [ -83.823611,38.708333 ], [ -82.333333,38.708333 ], [ -82.333333,36.576389 ], [ -83.823611,36.576389 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd70f1e4b0b290851075e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, Charles L.","contributorId":61801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Charles L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hiett, John K.","contributorId":39648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiett","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":55102,"text":"wdrWV931 - 1994 - Water resources data, West Virginia, water year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-19T14:31:01.411309","indexId":"wdrWV931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WV-93-1","title":"Water resources data, West Virginia, water year 1993","docAbstract":"<p>Water-resources data for the 1993 water year for West Virginia consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; contents of reservoirs; and water levels of observations wells. This report contains discharge records for 78 streamflow-gaging stations; stage only records for 11 gaging stations; annual maximum discharge at 2 crest-stage partial-record stations; change in contents for 1 reservoir; water-quality records for 13 stations; and water-level records for 29 observation wells. Locations of these sites are shown on figures 4 and 5. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not involved in the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous sites. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in West Virginia.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrWV931","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of West Virginia and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Ward, S., Taylor, B., and Mathes, M., 1994, Water resources data, West Virginia, water year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WV-93-1, xxii, 331 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWV931.","productDescription":"xxii, 331 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":482193,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/wv-93-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":181095,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/wv-93-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"West 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