{"pageNumber":"1352","pageRowStart":"33775","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40894,"records":[{"id":21293,"text":"ofr94278 - 1994 - A dislocation model of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake determined from strong ground motions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:59","indexId":"ofr94278","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-278","title":"A dislocation model of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake determined from strong ground motions","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94278","usgsCitation":"Wald, D., and Heaton, T.H., 1994, A dislocation model of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake determined from strong ground motions: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-278, 53 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94278.","productDescription":"53 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155304,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0278/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50844,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0278/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aed0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heaton, T. H.","contributorId":64671,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heaton","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1710,"text":"wsp2381B - 1994 - Effects of land use on quality of water in stratified-drift aquifers in Connecticut","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19118,"text":"ofr91200 - 1993 - Effects of land use on quality of water in stratified-drift aquifers in Connecticut","indexId":"ofr91200","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Effects of land use on quality of water in stratified-drift aquifers in Connecticut"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1710,"text":"wsp2381B - 1994 - Effects of land use on quality of water in stratified-drift aquifers in Connecticut","indexId":"wsp2381B","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Effects of land use on quality of water in stratified-drift aquifers in Connecticut"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp2381B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2381","chapter":"B","title":"Effects of land use on quality of water in stratified-drift aquifers in Connecticut","docAbstract":"Human activities associated with agricultural, residential, commercial, and industrial land uses have affected the quality of water in the four stratified-drift aquifers examined in Connecticut. A study to evaluate quantitatively the effects of human activities, expressed as land use, on regional ground-water quality was initiated in 1984 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Toxic Waste-round-Water Contamination Program. Water-quality data were collected from 116 shallow stainless-steel wells installed beneath or immediately downgradient from seven types of land use areas within the Pootatuck, Pomperaug, Farmington, and Hockanum River valleys in Connecticut. Analysis of variance on the ranked concentrations of 21 largely uncensored or slightly censored constituents, and contingency-table analysis of the frequency of detection of 49 moderately to highly censored constituents indicate that 27 water-quality variables differ at the 0.05 level of significance for samples from at least one land use area. \r\n\r\nFor most constituents, concentrations or detection frequencies are lowest in samples from the undeveloped areas, which characterize background water-quality conditions. The effect of agricultural land use on groundwater quality reflects tillage practices; tilled areas affect the water quality to a greater degree than do untilled areas. Twenty percent of the wells in the tilled agricultural areas yielded water with concentrations of nitrate plus nitrite-nitrogen exceeding 10 milligrams per liter. Atrazine detections in one-third of the wells in areas of tilled agricultural land use were significantly more common than in the undeveloped areas. \r\n\r\nGround-water quality beneath sewered residential areas is more severely affected by inorganic and organic nonpoint-source contaminants than is water quality beneath unsewered residential areas. Median concentrations or detection frequencies of most physical properties and inorganic constituents of ground water are higher in sewered than in unsewered residential areas. Generally low concentrations (less than 1.0 microgram per liter) of one or more of 17 volatile organic compounds were detected in samples from 62 percent of the wells in the unsewered residential areas. Most of these compounds were detected in less than 10 percent of the ground-water samples from the unsewered residential areas, however, and consequently, their frequency of detections was not significantly different than in samples from other land use areas. The detection of chloroform in ground-water samples from 47 percent of the wells in the sewered residential areas is significantly higher than the frequency of detection of chloroform in samples from the undeveloped, tilled agricultural, and unsewered residential areas. The quality of ground water is adversely affected beneath commercial areas more so than beneath all other land use areas. Median concentrations of sodium (22.5 milligrams per liter), chloride (36 milligrams per liter), and dissolved solids (286 milligrams per liter) are highest in ground-water samples in commercial areas. Detections of tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and 1,2-transdichloroethylene were significantly more common in ground-water samples from the commercial areas than in samples from one or more of the other land use areas. Tetrachloroethylene was detected in water samples from 50 percent of the observation wells in the commercial areas at concentrations of up to 1,300 micrograms per liter. Trichloroethylene and 1,2-transdichloroethylene were found at concentrations of up to 20 and 55 micrograms per liter, respectively, in samples from more than 40 percent of the wells in the commercial areas. \r\n\r\nAlthough industrial areas occupy only a small part of each of the study areas, they have a disproportionately large effect on ground-water quality. One or more of 12 volatile organic compounds were detected in water samples from 91 percent of the observation wells in the industrial areas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2381B","usgsCitation":"Grady, S.J., 1994, Effects of land use on quality of water in stratified-drift aquifers in Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2381, v, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2381B.","productDescription":"v, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2381b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26787,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2381b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611d39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grady, Stephen J.","contributorId":101636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":18060,"text":"ofr93159 - 1994 - Particle-tracking analysis of contributing areas of public-supply wells in simple and complex flow systems, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-01T20:04:56.138628","indexId":"ofr93159","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-159","title":"Particle-tracking analysis of contributing areas of public-supply wells in simple and complex flow systems, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Steady-state, two-and three-dimensional, ground-water flow models coupled with a particle- tracking program were evaluated to determine their effectiveness in delineating contributing areas of existing and hypothetical public-supply wells pumping from two contrasting stratified-drift aquifers of Cape Cod, Mass. Several of the contri- buting areas delineated by use of the three- dimensional models do not conform to simple ellipsoidal shapes that are typically delineated by use of a two-dimensional analytical and numerical modeling techniques, include dis- continuous areas of the water table, and do not surround the wells. Because two-dimensional areal models do not account for vertical flow, they cannot adequately represent many of the hydro- geologic and well-design variables that were shown to complicate the delineation of contributing areas in these flow systems, including the presence of discrete lenses of 1ow hydraulic conductivity, large ratios of horizontal to ver- tical hydraulic conductivity, shallow streams, partially penetrating supply wells, and 1ow pumping rates (less than 0.1 million gallons per day). Nevertheless, contributing areas delineated for two wells in the simpler of the two flow systems--a thin (less than 100 feet), single- layer, uniform  aquifer with near-ideal boundary conditions--were not significantly different for the two- or three-dimensional models of the natural system, for a pumping rate of 0.5 million gallons per day. Use of particle tracking helped identify the source of water to simulated wells, which included precipitation recharge, wastewater return flow, and pond water. Pond water and wastewater return flow accounted for as much as 73 and 40 percent, respectively, of the water captured by simulated wells.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93159","usgsCitation":"Barlow, P.M., 1994, Particle-tracking analysis of contributing areas of public-supply wells in simple and complex flow systems, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-159, vii, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93159.","productDescription":"vii, 68 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":409011,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12634.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":47413,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0159/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0159/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.39418497653247,\n              41.59971353256725\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.92674075667135,\n              41.59971353256725\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.92674075667135,\n              41.923083402616925\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.39418497653247,\n              41.923083402616925\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.39418497653247,\n              41.59971353256725\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae036","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlow, P. M.","contributorId":63022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":17285,"text":"ofr94335 - 1994 - Irrigation water supply and demand data for 1976, 1980, and 1984 for the western San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-18T07:37:22","indexId":"ofr94335","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-335","title":"Irrigation water supply and demand data for 1976, 1980, and 1984 for the western San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"This report presents the irrigation water supply and demand data for 1976, 1980, and 1984 for 32 water districts in the western San Joaquin Valley, California. Data are provided for each water district or each of the three years if the data were available. The complete data base is given by water district or each township, range, and section in the rectangular system for the subdivision of public lands. These data were complied for use in a ground- water-flow model, compilation of a water-budget, and use by the San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program in a study of water management in the western San Joaquin Valley, California. The data are presented in a computer-readable format to improve data utilization and to condense the information so that it can be more readily distributed to users.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;Earth Science Information Center Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94335","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Templin, W., and Haltom, T., 1994, Irrigation water supply and demand data for 1976, 1980, and 1984 for the western San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-335, 11 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94335.","productDescription":"11 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0335/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46424,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0335/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277765,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0335/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66724f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Templin, W. E.","contributorId":56243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Templin","given":"W. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haltom, T.C.","contributorId":43372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haltom","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":17954,"text":"ofr94214B - 1994 - The Northridge, California earthquake of January 1994 a computer animation and paper model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:28","indexId":"ofr94214B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-214","chapter":"B","title":"The Northridge, California earthquake of January 1994 a computer animation and paper model","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94214B","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., and Stein, R., 1994, The Northridge, California earthquake of January 1994 a computer animation and paper model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-214, 1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94214B.","productDescription":"1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151828,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67aef8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, T. R.","contributorId":20715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":17230,"text":"ofr93619 - 1994 - A hydrogeochemical survey for mineralized breccia pipes: Data from springs, wells, and streams on the Hualapai Indian Reservation, northwestern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-09T22:47:12.230393","indexId":"ofr93619","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-619","title":"A hydrogeochemical survey for mineralized breccia pipes: Data from springs, wells, and streams on the Hualapai Indian Reservation, northwestern Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93619","usgsCitation":"Wenrich, K., Boundy, S.Q., Aumente-Modreski, R.M., Schwarz, S.P., Sutphin, H.B., and Been, J., 1994, A hydrogeochemical survey for mineralized breccia pipes: Data from springs, wells, and streams on the Hualapai Indian Reservation, northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-619, ii, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93619.","productDescription":"ii, 66 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410251,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12781.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":149306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0619/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46379,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0619/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Hualapai Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.899,\n              36.284\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.899,\n              35.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.878,\n              35.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.878,\n              36.284\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.899,\n              36.284\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae3f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wenrich, K. J.","contributorId":40203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenrich","given":"K. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boundy, S. Q.","contributorId":93924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boundy","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aumente-Modreski, R. M.","contributorId":63825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aumente-Modreski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwarz, S. P.","contributorId":92274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sutphin, H. B.","contributorId":58264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutphin","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Been, J.M.","contributorId":26685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Been","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":2965,"text":"wsp2410 - 1994 - Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21358,"text":"ofr91513 - 1992 - Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification","indexId":"ofr91513","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2965,"text":"wsp2410 - 1994 - Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification","indexId":"wsp2410","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:41","indexId":"wsp2410","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2410","title":"Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification","docAbstract":"Humification, the process whereby biomass consisting of dead plant and animal remains is converted into soil organic matter (humus), is one of the basic processes of the carbon cycle. The organic compounds that make up plant and animal tissue are thermodynamically unstable in the oxidizing atmosphere at the surface of the Earth. After the organisms in which they are incorporated die, the compounds are converted back to carbon dioxide and water by degradation reactions catalyzed by enzymes secreted by micro-organisms. However, not all the organic compounds in the dead biomass are immediately converted; some of the material is only partially oxidized. The residue left after partial oxidative degradation of the dead biomass is the source of the organic compounds that accumulate in soils and sediments as humus. \r\n\r\nPreviously, humification was thought to involve a conversion of degradation products by a series of polymerization reactions into new types of polymeric species that are different from the precursor molecular species in the original biomass. However, it is proposed here that the depolymerization and oxidation reactions that take place during the enzymatic degradation of biopolymers produce amphiphiles--molecules that have a polar (hydrophilic) part and a nonpolar (hydrophobic) part. These amphiphiles that result from the partial oxidative degradation of dead biomass assemble spontaneously into ordered aggregates in which the hydrophobic parts of the molecules form the interiors and the hydrophilic parts of the molecules make up the exterior surfaces of the aggregates. These ordered aggregates constitute the humus in soils and sediments. Humus ordered aggregates most likely exist as bilayer membranes coating mineral grains and as micelles in solution.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2410","usgsCitation":"Wershaw, R.L., 1994, Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2410, iv, 48 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2410.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2410/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29694,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2410/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613d0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wershaw, Robert L. rwershaw@usgs.gov","contributorId":4856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"Robert","email":"rwershaw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":146058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":17990,"text":"ofr94145 - 1994 - Petrology and mineralogy of alkaline rocks from the Elk massif, northeastern Poland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:20","indexId":"ofr94145","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-145","title":"Petrology and mineralogy of alkaline rocks from the Elk massif, northeastern Poland","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94145","usgsCitation":"Armbrustmacher, T., and Modreski, P., 1994, Petrology and mineralogy of alkaline rocks from the Elk massif, northeastern Poland: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-145, ii, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94145.","productDescription":"ii, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0145/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47234,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0145/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687d6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armbrustmacher, T.J.","contributorId":92642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armbrustmacher","given":"T.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Modreski, P.J.","contributorId":98335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Modreski","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25961,"text":"wri924046 - 1994 - Geohydrology and simulated ground-water flow in an irrigated area of northwestern Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T10:57:36","indexId":"wri924046","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4046","title":"Geohydrology and simulated ground-water flow in an irrigated area of northwestern Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>Water for irrigation in parts of Newton and Jasper Counties and adjacent areas of northwestern Indiana is pumped mostly from the carbonate- bedrock aquifer that underlies glacial drift. To help in managing the ground-water resources of the area, a three-dimensional ground-water model was developed and tested with hydrologic data collected during 1986 and 1988. Two major aquifers and a confining unit were identified. The surficial unconfined outwash aquifer consists of sand and some gravel. Saturated thickness averages about 30 feet. Estimated values of horizontal hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient are 350 feet per day and 0.07, respectively. The generally continuous confining unit beneath the outwash aquifer is composed predominantly of till and lacustrine silt and clay and is 0 to 125 feet thick. The carbonate-bedrock aquifer is composed of Silurian and Devonian dolomitic limestone; dolomite and has a median transmissivity of 2,000 feet squared per day. A nine-layer digital model was developed to simulate flow in the ground-water system. The mean absolute errors for simulated water levels in the bedrock aquifer ranged from 5 to 7 feet for two recent periods of irrigation. The component of the flow system that most affects water-level drawdowns in the bedrock aquifer is the confining unit which controls the rate of leakage to the bedrock aquifer. The model is most accurate in areas for which data for confining-unit thickness and bedrock water levels are available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri924046","collaboration":"INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES","usgsCitation":"Arihood, L.D., and Basch, M., 1994, Geohydrology and simulated ground-water flow in an irrigated area of northwestern Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4046, v, 38 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924046.","productDescription":"v, 38 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"38","numberOfPages":"43","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54711,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4046/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Jasper, Newton","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -86.92108154296875,\n              41.24064190269477\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.9183349609375,\n              40.901057866884024\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.97052001953125,\n              40.901057866884024\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.96914672851562,\n              40.83563216247778\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.07901000976562,\n              40.831475967182925\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.07901000976562,\n              40.72956780913899\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.53082275390625,\n              40.730608477796636\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.5225830078125,\n              41.20655580884106\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.28225708007812,\n              41.225150426206326\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.2149658203125,\n              41.261291493919856\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.14080810546875,\n              41.3025710943056\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.099609375,\n              41.30050773444147\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.03506469726562,\n              41.272645986935586\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.978759765625,\n              41.24270715552139\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.92245483398438,\n              41.24787000204815\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.92108154296875,\n              41.24064190269477\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arihood, L. D. 0000-0001-5792-3699","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5792-3699","contributorId":74388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arihood","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Basch, M.E.","contributorId":106937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basch","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":18755,"text":"ofr94423 - 1994 - A Model to help explain Sr-isotope disequilibrium between feldspar phenocrysts and melt in large-volume silicic magma systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:25","indexId":"ofr94423","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-423","title":"A Model to help explain Sr-isotope disequilibrium between feldspar phenocrysts and melt in large-volume silicic magma systems","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94423","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., and Ruiz, J., 1994, A Model to help explain Sr-isotope disequilibrium between feldspar phenocrysts and melt in large-volume silicic magma systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-423, 9 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94423.","productDescription":"9 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0423/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48115,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0423/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd495ce4b0b290850ef18b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, W. A.","contributorId":71935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruiz, Joaquin","contributorId":87967,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruiz","given":"Joaquin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":179680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":4200,"text":"cir1104 - 1994 - Summary of selected computer programs produced by the U.S. Geological Survey for simulation of ground-water flow and quality, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:37","indexId":"cir1104","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1104","title":"Summary of selected computer programs produced by the U.S. Geological Survey for simulation of ground-water flow and quality, 1994","docAbstract":"A summary list of reports that document numerical methods that simulate ground-water flow and quality is presented. The list documents the reference by giving a description of each model program, its numerical features, an expression of the number of past applications and where to obtain a copy. All reports included in the list have been published or developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and most contain listings of the computer programs.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nUSGS Map Distribution [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/cir1104","usgsCitation":"Appel, C.A., and Reilly, T.E., 1994, Summary of selected computer programs produced by the U.S. Geological Survey for simulation of ground-water flow and quality, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1104, iv, 98 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1104.","productDescription":"iv, 98 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1994/1104/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31314,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1994/1104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6986b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Appel, Charles A.","contributorId":14376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Appel","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, Thomas E. tereilly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Thomas","email":"tereilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":148393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":17952,"text":"ofr94143 - 1994 - Make your own paper model of the Northridge, California earthquake, January 17, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:28","indexId":"ofr94143","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-143","title":"Make your own paper model of the Northridge, California earthquake, January 17, 1994","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94143","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., and Stein, R., 1994, Make your own paper model of the Northridge, California earthquake, January 17, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-143, 4 p. :chiefly ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94143.","productDescription":"4 p. :chiefly ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0143/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47187,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0143/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649f32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, T. R.","contributorId":20715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25709,"text":"wri934144 - 1994 - Pore-water extraction from unsaturated tuff by triaxial and one-dimensional compression methods, Nevada Test Site, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:15","indexId":"wri934144","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4144","title":"Pore-water extraction from unsaturated tuff by triaxial and one-dimensional compression methods, Nevada Test Site, Nevada","docAbstract":"Study of the hydrologic system at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, requires the extraction of pore-water samples from welded and nonwelded, unsaturated tuffs. Two compression methods (triaxial compression and one-dimensional compression) were examined to develop a repeatable extraction technique and to investigate the effects of the extraction method on the original pore-fluid composition.  A commercially available triaxial cell was modified to collect pore water expelled from tuff cores. The triaxial cell applied a maximum axial stress of 193 MPa and a maximum confining stress of 68 MPa. Results obtained from triaxial compression testing indicated that pore-water samples could be obtained from nonwelded tuff cores that had initial moisture contents as small as 13 percent (by weight of dry soil). Injection of nitrogen gas while the test core was held at the maximum axial stress caused expulsion of additional pore water and reduced the required initial moisture content from 13 to 11 percent. Experimental calculations, together with experience gained from testing moderately welded tuff cores, indicated that the triaxial cell used in this study could not apply adequate axial or confining stress to expel pore water from cores of densely welded tuffs. This concern led to the design, fabrication, and testing of a one-dimensional compression cell.  The one-dimensional compression cell used in this study was constructed from hardened 4340-alloy and nickel-alloy steels and could apply a maximum axial stress of 552 MPa. The major components of the device include a corpus ring and sample sleeve to confine the sample, a piston and base platen to apply axial load, and drainage plates to transmit expelled water from the test core out of the cell. One-dimensional compression extracted pore water from nonwelded tuff cores that had initial moisture contents as small as 7.6 percent; pore water was expelled from densely welded tuff cores that had initial moisture contents as small as 7.7 percent. Injection of nitrogen gas at the maximum axial stress did not produce additional pore water from nonwelded tuff cores, but was critical to recovery of pore water from densely welded tuff cores. Gas injection reduced the required initial moisture content in welded tuff cores from 7.7 to 6.5 percent.  Based on the mechanical ability of a pore-water extraction method to remove water from welded and nonwelded tuff cores, one-dimensional compression is a more effective extraction method than triaxial compression. However, because the effects that one-dimensional compression has on pore-water chemistry are not completely understood, additional testing will be needed to verify that this method is suitable for pore-water extraction from Yucca Mountain tuffs.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section, [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934144","usgsCitation":"Mower, T.E., Higgins, J.D., Yang, I., and Peters, C.A., 1994, Pore-water extraction from unsaturated tuff by triaxial and one-dimensional compression methods, Nevada Test Site, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4144, vi, 78 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934144.","productDescription":"vi, 78 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4144/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54469,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4144/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68428c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mower, Timothy E.","contributorId":34171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mower","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Higgins, Jerry D.","contributorId":35353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yang, In C.","contributorId":70424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"In C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peters, Charles A. capeters@usgs.gov","contributorId":214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Charles","email":"capeters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":194749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":21130,"text":"ofr93419 - 1994 - Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21130,"text":"ofr93419 - 1994 - Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States","indexId":"ofr93419","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2810,"text":"wsp2433 - 1997 - Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States","indexId":"wsp2433","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2810,"text":"wsp2433 - 1997 - Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States","indexId":"wsp2433","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:46","indexId":"ofr93419","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-419","title":"Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States","docAbstract":"Methods have been developed for estimating magni- tude and frequency of floods at gaged and ungaged sites on streams in the southwestern United States.  Estimating equations for ungaged sites that apply to small drainage basins were developed by transferring information from ungaged sites using techniques such as multiple regression and a hybrid method developed during this study. Drainage area, mean basin elevation, mean annual precipitation, mean annual evaporation, latitude, and longitude are the basin and climatic charac- teristics needed to use the equations.  Flood- frequency relations and selected basin and climatic characteristics, updated through 1986 water year, are tabulated for more than 1,300 gaging stations in the southwestern United States. The study area was divided into 16 flood regions. Generalized least-squares regression was used to define the regression models in 12 regions with a sufficient number of defined flood-frequency relations at gaged sites.  Four regions had more than 30 percent of the gaged sites with no defined relations, thus the regression method was not used because of the large amount of missing infor- mation.  The hybrid analysis was used in those 4 regions, because it does not require individual flood-frequency relations and thus can use data for all gaging stations in a region.  Average standard error of prediction for the 12 regions with generalized least-squares models ranged from 39 to 95 percent for the 100-year peak discharge. The estimated average standard error of the four hybrid models ranged from 0.44 to 1.8 log units for the 100-year peak discharge.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93419","usgsCitation":"Thomas, B.E., Hjalmarson, H., and Waltemeyer, S., 1994, Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-419, viii, 211 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93419.","productDescription":"viii, 211 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0419/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50722,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0419/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a2d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, B. E.","contributorId":90767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hjalmarson, H. W.","contributorId":95872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hjalmarson","given":"H. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waltemeyer, S. D.","contributorId":65857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waltemeyer","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":2766,"text":"wsp2408A - 1994 - Simulation of unsteady flow in the Roanoke River from near Oak City to Williamston, North Carolina","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21048,"text":"ofr92639 - 1993 - Simulation of unsteady flow in the Roanoke River from near Oak City to Williamston, North Carolina","indexId":"ofr92639","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of unsteady flow in the Roanoke River from near Oak City to Williamston, North Carolina"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2766,"text":"wsp2408A - 1994 - Simulation of unsteady flow in the Roanoke River from near Oak City to Williamston, North Carolina","indexId":"wsp2408A","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Simulation of unsteady flow in the Roanoke River from near Oak City to Williamston, North Carolina"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T11:13:40","indexId":"wsp2408A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2408","chapter":"A","title":"Simulation of unsteady flow in the Roanoke River from near Oak City to Williamston, North Carolina","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model was calibrated, validated, and applied to a 30.4-mile reach of the Roanoke River between State Highway 42-11 bridge near Oak City (river mile 67.0) and the U.S. Highway 17-13 bridge at Williamston (river mile 36.6) North Carolina. The model was calibrated and validated for flows ranging from about 2,000 to 12,000 cubic feet per second. The model was used to compute daily mean flows at selected locations in the study reach for water years 1988-90. Flows were calculated for the range of conditions for which the model was calibrated and validated. Simulated monthly mean flows at river mile 67.0 were within 5 percent of measured flows at a gaging station at river mile 137.0, after adjustment of inflow from the intervening drainage area, for months having mean flows less than 14,000 cubic feet per second.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2408A","usgsCitation":"Strickland, A., and Bales, J.D., 1994, Simulation of unsteady flow in the Roanoke River from near Oak City to Williamston, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2408, iv, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2408A.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":29202,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2408a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2408a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","city":"Oak City, Williamston","otherGeospatial":"Roanoke River","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-83.71307373046874,35.67068501330236],[-83.71307373046874,35.67068501330236],[-83.7103271484375,35.67068501330236],[-83.7103271484375,35.67068501330236],[-83.71307373046874,35.67068501330236]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-77.39593505859375,35.833401703805094],[-77.12677001953125,35.69968630125204],[-76.82601928710938,35.71083783530009],[-76.651611328125,35.91685961322499],[-76.77383422851562,36.010228040656735],[-77.04437255859375,36.1312200154285],[-77.41653442382812,36.43896124085945],[-77.56484985351562,36.493077506552744],[-77.81890869140624,36.63867203824882],[-78.54400634765624,36.88401445049676],[-78.8543701171875,37.322120359451766],[-79.82940673828125,37.53586597792038],[-80.30731201171875,37.55328764595765],[-80.2935791015625,37.520618678869305],[-80.38421630859374,37.49229399862877],[-80.48309326171875,37.43343148473673],[-80.52154541015625,37.472678309670826],[-80.68084716796875,37.43343148473673],[-80.782470703125,37.37670527881838],[-80.826416015625,37.14499280340635],[-80.42816162109375,36.99816565700228],[-80.32516479492188,36.14896463588831],[-79.76898193359375,36.1312200154285],[-79.46273803710938,36.33393438759289],[-79.12490844726562,36.379279167407965],[-79.03358459472656,36.377620677623874],[-78.89076232910156,36.387571085823566],[-78.83308410644531,36.40359962073253],[-77.39593505859375,35.833401703805094]]]}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1d4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strickland, A.G.","contributorId":99959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strickland","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bales, Jerad D. 0000-0001-8398-6984 jdbales@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-6984","contributorId":683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"Jerad","email":"jdbales@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2705,"text":"wsp2421 - 1994 - Saltwater movement in the upper Floridan aquifer beneath Port Royal Sound, South Carolina","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20945,"text":"ofr91483 - 1993 - Saltwater movement in the Upper Floridan aquifer beneath Port Royal Sound, South Carolina","indexId":"ofr91483","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Saltwater movement in the Upper Floridan aquifer beneath Port Royal Sound, South Carolina"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2705,"text":"wsp2421 - 1994 - Saltwater movement in the upper Floridan aquifer beneath Port Royal Sound, South Carolina","indexId":"wsp2421","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Saltwater movement in the upper Floridan aquifer beneath Port Royal Sound, South Carolina"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T10:05:02","indexId":"wsp2421","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2421","title":"Saltwater movement in the upper Floridan aquifer beneath Port Royal Sound, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Freshwater for Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, is supplied by withdrawals from the Upper Floridan aquifer. Freshwater for the nearby city of Savannah, Georgia, and for the industry that has grown adjacent to the city, has also been supplied, in part, by withdrawal from the Upper Floridan aquifer since 1885. The withdrawal of ground water has caused water levels in the Upper Floridan aquifer to decline over a broad area, forming a cone of depression in the potentiometric surface of the aquifer centered near Savannah. In 1984, the cone of depression extended beneath Hilton Head Island as far as Port Royal Sound. Flow in the aquifer, which had previously been toward Port Royal Sound, has been reversed, and, as a result, saltwater in the aquifer beneath Port Royal Sound has begun to move toward Hilton Head Island. \r\n\r\nThe Saturated-Unsaturated Transport (SUTRA) model of the U.S. Geological Survey was used for the simulation of density-dependent ground-water flow and solute transport for a vertical section of the Upper Floridan aquifer and upper confining unit beneath Hilton Head Island and Port Royal Sound. The model simulated a dynamic equilibrium between the flow of seawater and freshwater in the aquifer near the Gyben-Herzberg position estimated for the period before withdrawals began in 1885; it simulated reasonable movements of brackish water and saltwater from that position to the position determined by chemical analyses of samples withdrawn from the aquifer in 1984, and it approximated hydraulic heads measured in the aquifer in 1976 and 1984. \r\n\r\nThe solute-transport simulations indicate that the transition zone would continue to move toward Hilton Head Island even if pumping ceased on the island. Increases in existing withdrawals or additional withdrawals on or near Hilton Head Island would accelerate movement of the transition zone toward the island, but reduction in withdrawals or the injection of freshwater would slow movement toward the island, according to the simulations. \r\n\r\nFuture movements of the transition zone toward Hilton Head Island will depend on hydraulic gradients in the aquifer beneath the island and the sound. Hydraulic gradients in the Upper Floridan aquifer beneath Hilton Head Island and Port Royal Sound are strongly influenced by withdrawals on the island and near Savannah. Since 1984, withdrawals on Hilton Head Island have increased.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution, Denver 80225,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2421","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.S., 1994, Saltwater movement in the upper Floridan aquifer beneath Port Royal Sound, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2421, v, 40 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2421.","productDescription":"v, 40 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2421/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29075,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2421/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Port Royal Sound, Upper Floridan Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.71307373046874,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.71307373046874,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7103271484375,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7103271484375,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.71307373046874,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.30957031249999,\n              31.57853542647338\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.30957031249999,\n              33.65120829920497\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.156494140625,\n              33.65120829920497\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.156494140625,\n              31.57853542647338\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.30957031249999,\n              31.57853542647338\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f1631","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Barry S.","contributorId":21532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":19795,"text":"ofr9459 - 1994 - Documentation of a computer program to simulate transient leakage from confining units using the modular finite-difference, ground-water flow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:35","indexId":"ofr9459","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-59","title":"Documentation of a computer program to simulate transient leakage from confining units using the modular finite-difference, ground-water flow model","docAbstract":"Transient leakage into or out of a compressible fine-grained confining unit results from ground- water storage changes within the unit. The computer program described in this report provides a new method of simulating transient leakage using the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite- difference ground-water flow model (MODFLOW).  The new program is referred to as the Transient- Leakage Package.  The Transient-Leakage Package solves integrodifferential equations that describe flow across the upper and lower boundaries of confining units.  For each confining unit, vertical hydraulic conductivity, thickness, and specific storage are specified in input arrays. These properties can vary from cell to cell and the confining unit need not be present at all locations in the grid; however, the confining units must be bounded above and below by model layers in which head is calculated or specified. The package was used in an example problem to simulate drawdown around a pumping well in a system with two aquifers separated by a confining unit.  For drawdown values in excess of 1 centimeter, the solution using the new package closely matched an exact analytical solution.  The problem also was simulated without the new package by using a separate model layer to represent the confining unit.  That simulation was refined by using two model layers to represent the confining unit.  The simulation using the Transient-Leakage Package was faster and more accurate than either of the simulations using model layers to represent the confining unit.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9459","usgsCitation":"Leake, S.A., Leahy, P., and Navoy, A., 1994, Documentation of a computer program to simulate transient leakage from confining units using the modular finite-difference, ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-59, vi, 70 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9459.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0059/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49274,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0059/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b0af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leake, S. A.","contributorId":52164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leahy, P.P.","contributorId":104896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leahy","given":"P.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Navoy, A. S.","contributorId":51771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Navoy","given":"A. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":21357,"text":"ofr93650 - 1994 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of selected carbamate pesticides in water by high-performance liquid chromatography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T17:42:09.166892","indexId":"ofr93650","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-650","title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of selected carbamate pesticides in water by high-performance liquid chromatography","docAbstract":"As part of its primary responsibility concerning water as a national resource, the U.S. Geological Survey collects and analyzes samples of ground water and surface water to determine water quality. This report describes the method used since June 1987 to determine selected total-recoverable carbamate pesticides present in water samples. High- performance liquid chromatography is used to separate N-methyl carbamates, N-methyl carbamoyloximes, and an N-phenyl carbamate which have been extracted from water and concentrated in dichloromethane. Analytes, surrogate compounds, and reference compounds are eluted from the analytical column within 25 minutes. Two modes of analyte detection are used: (1) a photodiode-array detector measures and records ultraviolet-absorbance profiles, and (2) a fluorescence detector measures and records fluorescence from an analyte derivative produced when analyte hydrolysis is combined with chemical derivatization. Analytes are identified and confirmed in a three-stage process by use of chromatographic retention time, ultraviolet (UV) spectral comparison, and derivatization/fluorescence detection. Quantitative results are based on the integration of single-wavelength UV-absorbance chromatograms and on comparison with calibration curves derived from external analyte standards that are run with samples as part of an instrumental analytical sequence. Estimated method detection limits vary for each analyte, depending on the sample matrix conditions, and range from 0.5 microgram per liter to as low as 0.01 microgram per liter. Reporting levels for all analytes have been set at 0.5 microgram per liter for this method. Corrections on the basis of percentage recoveries of analytes spiked into distilled water are not applied to values calculated for analyte concentration in samples. These values for analyte concentrations instead indicate the quantities recovered by the method from a particular sample matrix.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93650","usgsCitation":"Werner, S., and Johnson, S., 1994, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of selected carbamate pesticides in water by high-performance liquid chromatography: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-650, v, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93650.","productDescription":"v, 29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":50917,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0650/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0650/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bc04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Werner, S.L.","contributorId":82734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, S.M.","contributorId":52214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":238,"text":"wsp2422 - 1994 - Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17671,"text":"ofr9252 - 1993 - Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change","indexId":"ofr9252","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":238,"text":"wsp2422 - 1994 - Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change","indexId":"wsp2422","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:06","indexId":"wsp2422","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2422","title":"Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change","docAbstract":"Because of the greenhouse effect, projected increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels might cause global warming, which in turn could result in changes in precipitation patterns and evapotranspiration and in increases in sea level. This report describes the greenhouse effect; discusses the problems and uncertainties associated with the detection, prediction, and effects of climate change; and presents the results of sensitivity analyses of how climate change might affect water resources in the Delaware River basin.\r\n\r\nSensitivity analyses suggest that potentially serious shortfalls of certain water resources in the basin could result if some scenarios for climate change come true . The results of model simulations of the basin streamflow demonstrate the difficulty in distinguishing the effects that climate change versus natural climate variability have on streamflow and water supply . The future direction of basin changes in most water resources, furthermore, cannot be precisely determined because of uncertainty in current projections of regional temperature and precipitation . This large uncertainty indicates that, for resource planning, information defining the sensitivities of water resources to a range of climate change is most relevant . The sensitivity analyses could be useful in developing contingency plans for evaluating and responding to changes, should they occur.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Map Distribution ;\r\nU.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2422","usgsCitation":"Ayers, M.A., Wolock, D.M., McCabe, G., Hay, L.E., and Tasker, G.D., 1994, Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2422, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2422.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wsp2422/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":136530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6863f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayers, Mark A.","contributorId":84730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":142122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. 0000-0002-9258-2997 gmccabe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":1453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory J.","email":"gmccabe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":142124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hay, Lauren E. 0000-0003-3763-4595 lhay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-4595","contributorId":1287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"Lauren","email":"lhay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":142123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":95035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1319,"text":"wsp2389 - 1994 - A heat and water transfer model for seasonally frozen soils with application to a precipitation-runoff model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T16:07:39","indexId":"wsp2389","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2389","title":"A heat and water transfer model for seasonally frozen soils with application to a precipitation-runoff model","docAbstract":"<p>A model that simulates heat and water transfer in soils during freezing and thawing periods was developed and incorporated into the U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System. The model's transfer of heat is based on an equation developed from Fourier's equation for heat flux. The model's transfer of water within the soil profile is based on the concept of capillary forces. Field capacity and infiltration rate can vary throughout the freezing and thawing period, depending on soil conditions and rate and timing of snowmelt. The model can be used to determine the effects of seasonally frozen soils on ground-water recharge and surface-water runoff. </p><p>Data collected for two winters, 1985-86 and 1986-87, on three runoff plots were used to calibrate and verify the model. The winter of 1985-86 was colder than normal, and snow cover was continuous throughout the winter. The winter of 1986-87 was warmer than normal, and snow accumulated for only short periods of several days.</p><p> as the criteria for determining the degree of agreement between simulated and measured data. The model was calibrated using the 1985-86 data for plot 2. The calibration simulation agreed closely with the measured data. The verification simulations for plots 1 and 3 using the 1985-86 data and for plots 1 and 2 using the 1986-87 data agreed closely with the measured data. The verification simulation for plot 3 using the 1986-87 data did not agree closely. The recalibration simulations for plots 1 and 3 using the 1985-86 data indicated little improvement because the verification simulations for plots 1 and 3 already agreed closely with the measured data. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2389","usgsCitation":"Emerson, D.G., 1994, A heat and water transfer model for seasonally frozen soils with application to a precipitation-runoff model: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2389, iv, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2389.","productDescription":"iv, 72 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2389/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26358,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2389/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bffd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emerson, Douglas G.","contributorId":40579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20480,"text":"ofr94203 - 1994 - Geoenvironmental models of mineral deposits, and geology-based mineral-environmental assessments of public lands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:39","indexId":"ofr94203","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-203","title":"Geoenvironmental models of mineral deposits, and geology-based mineral-environmental assessments of public lands","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94203","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G., Smith, K., and Ficklin, W.H., 1994, Geoenvironmental models of mineral deposits, and geology-based mineral-environmental assessments of public lands: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-203, 7 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94203.","productDescription":"7 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1115,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/ofr-94-0203/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9b61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, G.S.","contributorId":80698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, K. S. 0000-0001-8547-9804","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":47779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"K. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ficklin, W. H.","contributorId":89517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ficklin","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":19355,"text":"ofr93481 - 1994 - Five computer programs for testing weighted residuals and calculating linear confidence and prediction intervals on results from the ground-water parameter-estimation computer program MODFLOWP","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:29","indexId":"ofr93481","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-481","title":"Five computer programs for testing weighted residuals and calculating linear confidence and prediction intervals on results from the ground-water parameter-estimation computer program MODFLOWP","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93481","usgsCitation":"Hill, M.C., 1994, Five computer programs for testing weighted residuals and calculating linear confidence and prediction intervals on results from the ground-water parameter-estimation computer program MODFLOWP: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-481, iv, 81 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93481.","productDescription":"iv, 81 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0481/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48831,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0481/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5ef367","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":19676,"text":"ofr94250 - 1994 - Descriptive and grade-tonnage models of Archean low-sulfide Au-quartz veins and a revised grade-tonnage model of Homestake Au","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:34","indexId":"ofr94250","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-250","title":"Descriptive and grade-tonnage models of Archean low-sulfide Au-quartz veins and a revised grade-tonnage model of Homestake Au","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94250","usgsCitation":"Klein, T.L., and Day, W.C., 1994, Descriptive and grade-tonnage models of Archean low-sulfide Au-quartz veins and a revised grade-tonnage model of Homestake Au: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-250, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94250.","productDescription":"29 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1129,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/ofr-94-0250/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":151596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db668007","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, T. L.","contributorId":76322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day, W. C.","contributorId":6876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":17981,"text":"ofr92358 - 1994 - HYDRO a BASIC program and user's guide to model a recorded hydrograph of a debris flow using two different solutions for kinematic wave theory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:22","indexId":"ofr92358","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-358","title":"HYDRO a BASIC program and user's guide to model a recorded hydrograph of a debris flow using two different solutions for kinematic wave theory","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr92358","usgsCitation":"Arattano, M., Cannon, S., and Powers, P.S., 1994, HYDRO a BASIC program and user's guide to model a recorded hydrograph of a debris flow using two different solutions for kinematic wave theory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-358, i, 24 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92358.","productDescription":"i, 24 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0358/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47223,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0358/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db6914a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arattano, M.","contributorId":84394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arattano","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cannon, S.H.","contributorId":38154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powers, P. S.","contributorId":37754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":21396,"text":"ofr9377 - 1994 - Flood characteristics for the New River in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:48","indexId":"ofr9377","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-77","title":"Flood characteristics for the New River in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia","docAbstract":"The frequency and magnitude of flooding of the New River in the New River Gorge National River was studied. A steady-state, one-dimensional flow model was applied to the study reach. Rating curves, cross sections, and Manning's roughness coefficients that were used are presented in this report. Manning's roughness coefficients were evaluated by comparing computed elevations (from application of the steady-state, one-dimensional flow model) to rated elevations at U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow-gaging stations and miscellaneous-rating sites. Manning's roughness coefficients ranged from 0.030 to 0.075 and varied with hydraulic depth. The 2-, 25-, and 100-year flood discharges were esti- mated on the basis of information from flood- insurance studies of Summers County, Fayette County, and the city of Hinton, and flood-frequency analysis of discharge records for the USGS streamflow-gaging stations at Hinton and Thurmond. The 100-year discharge ranged from 107,000 cubic feet per second at Hinton to 150,000 cubic feet per second at Fayette.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Books and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9377","usgsCitation":"Wiley, J., and Cunningham, M., 1994, Flood characteristics for the New River in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-77, iv, 96 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9377.","productDescription":"iv, 96 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0077/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50965,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0077/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5ef21c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiley, J.B.","contributorId":76739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cunningham, M.K.","contributorId":86800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}