{"pageNumber":"1353","pageRowStart":"33800","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40894,"records":[{"id":27176,"text":"wri924085 - 1994 - Determination of hydrologic properties needed to calculate average linear velocity and travel time of ground water in the principal aquifer underlying the southeastern part of Salt Lake Valley, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri924085","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4085","title":"Determination of hydrologic properties needed to calculate average linear velocity and travel time of ground water in the principal aquifer underlying the southeastern part of Salt Lake Valley, Utah","docAbstract":"A 48-square-mile area in the southeastern part of the Salt Lake Valley, Utah, was studied to determine if generalized information obtained from geologic maps, water-level maps, and drillers' logs could be used to estimate hydraulic conduc- tivity, porosity, and slope of the potentiometric surface: the three properties needed to calculate average linear velocity of ground water. Estimated values of these properties could be used by water- management and regulatory agencies to compute values of average linear velocity, which could be further used to estimate travel time of ground water along selected flow lines, and thus to determine wellhead protection areas around public- supply wells. The methods used to estimate the three properties are based on assumptions about the drillers' descriptions, the depositional history of the sediments, and the boundary con- ditions of the hydrologic system. These assump- tions were based on geologic and hydrologic infor- mation determined from previous investigations. The reliability of the estimated values for hydro- logic properties and average linear velocity depends on the accuracy of these assumptions. Hydraulic conductivity of the principal aquifer was estimated by calculating the thickness- weighted average of values assigned to different drillers' descriptions of material penetrated during the construction of 98 wells. Using these 98 control points, the study area was divided into zones representing approximate hydraulic- conductivity values of 20, 60, 100, 140, 180, 220, and 250 feet per day. This range of values is about the same range of values used in developing a ground-water flow model of the principal aquifer in the early 1980s. Porosity of the principal aquifer was estimated by compiling the range of porosity values determined or estimated during previous investigations of basin-fill sediments, and then using five different values ranging from 15 to 35 percent to delineate zones in the study area that were assumed to be underlain by similar deposits. Delineation of the zones was based on depositional history of the area and the distri- bution of sediments shown on a surficial geologic map. Water levels in wells were measured twice in 1990: during late winter when ground-water with- drawals were the least and water levels the highest, and again in late summer, when ground- water withdrawals were the greatest and water levels the lowest. These water levels were used to construct potentiometric-contour maps and subsequently to determine the variability of the slope in the potentiometric surface in the area. Values for the three properties, derived from the described sources of information, were used to produce a map showing the general distribution of average linear velocity of ground water moving through the principal aquifer of the study area. Velocity derived ranged from 0.06 to 144 feet per day with a median of about 3 feet per day. Values were slightly faster for late summer 1990 than for late winter 1990, mainly because increased with- drawal of water during the summer created slightly steeper hydraulic-head gradients between the recharge area near the mountain front and the well fields farther to the west. The fastest average linear-velocity values were located at the mouth of Little Cottonwood Canyon and south of Dry Creek near the mountain front, where the hydraulic con- ductivity was estimated to be the largest because the drillers described the sediments to be pre- dominantly clean and coarse grained. Both of these areas also had steep slopes in the potentiometric surface. Other areas where average linear velocity was fast included small areas near pumping wells where the slope in the potentiometric surface was locally steepened. No apparent relation between average linear velocity and porosity could be seen in the mapped distributions of these two properties. Calculation of travel time along a flow line to a well in the southwestern part of the study area during the sum","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924085","usgsCitation":"Freethey, G., Spangler, L., and Monheiser, W., 1994, Determination of hydrologic properties needed to calculate average linear velocity and travel time of ground water in the principal aquifer underlying the southeastern part of Salt Lake Valley, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4085, iv, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924085.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4085/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56051,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4085/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66772f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freethey, G. W.","contributorId":105714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freethey","given":"G. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spangler, L.E.","contributorId":54230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spangler","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monheiser, W.J.","contributorId":16459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monheiser","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70135098,"text":"70135098 - 1994 - Deep structure beneath Lake Ontario: Crustal-scale Grenville subdivisions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T13:16:49","indexId":"70135098","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep structure beneath Lake Ontario: Crustal-scale Grenville subdivisions","docAbstract":"

Lake Ontario marine seismic data reveal major Grenville crustal subdivisions beneath central and southern Lake Ontario separated by interpreted shear zones that extend to the lower crust. A shear zone bounded transition between the Elzevir and Frontenac terranes exposed north of Lake Ontario is linked to a seismically defined shear zone beneath central Lake Ontario by prominent aeromagnetic and gravity anomalies, easterly dipping wide-angle reflections, and fractures in Paleozoic strata. We suggest the central Lake Ontario zone represents crustal-scale deformation along an Elzevir–Frontenac boundary zone that extends from outcrop to the south shore of Lake Ontario.Seismic images from Lake Ontario and the exposed western Central Metasedimentary Belt are dominated by crustal-scale shear zones and reflection geometries featuring arcuate reflections truncated at their bases by apparent east-dipping linear reflections. The images show that zones analogous to the interpreted Grenville Front Tectonic Zone are also present within the Central Metasedimentary Belt and support models of northwest-directed crustal shortening for Grenvillian deep crustal deformation beneath most of southeastern Ontario.A Precambrian basement high, the Iroquoian high, is defined by a thinning of generally horizontal Paleozoic strata over a crestal area above the basement shear zone beneath central Lake Ontario. The Iroquoian high helps explain the peninsular extension into Lake Ontario forming Prince Edward County, the occurrence of Precambrian inlier outcrops in Prince Edward County, and Paleozoic fractures forming the Clarendon–Linden structure in New York.

","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/e94-025","usgsCitation":"Forsyth, D.A., Milkereit, B., Zelt, C.A., White, D.J., Easton, R.M., and Hutchinson, D.R., 1994, Deep structure beneath Lake Ontario: Crustal-scale Grenville subdivisions: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 31, no. 2, p. 255-270, https://doi.org/10.1139/e94-025.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"270","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296533,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.991455078125,\n 43.389081939117496\n ],\n [\n -80.013427734375,\n 43.34914966389313\n ],\n [\n -80.035400390625,\n 43.27720532212024\n ],\n [\n -79.771728515625,\n 43.141078106345866\n ],\n [\n -79.29931640625,\n 43.07691312608711\n ],\n [\n -78.892822265625,\n 43.18915769654922\n ],\n [\n -77.574462890625,\n 43.12504316740127\n ],\n [\n -76.915283203125,\n 43.12504316740127\n ],\n [\n -76.3330078125,\n 43.31718491566705\n ],\n [\n -76.0693359375,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -76.036376953125,\n 44.07969327425713\n ],\n [\n -75.509033203125,\n 44.36313311380771\n ],\n [\n -76.102294921875,\n 44.457309801319305\n ],\n [\n -77.486572265625,\n 44.14279782818058\n ],\n [\n -79.244384765625,\n 43.88997537383687\n ],\n [\n -79.991455078125,\n 43.389081939117496\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54882b47e4b02acb4f0c8c26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forsyth, D. A.","contributorId":55022,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Forsyth","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milkereit, Bernd","contributorId":62752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milkereit","given":"Bernd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zelt, Colin A.","contributorId":99461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelt","given":"Colin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, D. J.","contributorId":127800,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Easton, R. M.","contributorId":36323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Easton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hutchinson, Deborah R. 0000-0002-2544-5466 dhutchinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-5466","contributorId":521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Deborah","email":"dhutchinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":526825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70135099,"text":"70135099 - 1994 - Large-scale deformation related to the collision of the Aleutian Arc with Kamchatka","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-15T21:49:55.594288","indexId":"70135099","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale deformation related to the collision of the Aleutian Arc with Kamchatka","docAbstract":"

The far western Aleutian Island Arc is actively colliding with Kamchatka. Westward motion of the Aleutian Arc is brought about by the tangential relative motion of the Pacific plate transferred to major, right-lateral shear zones north and south of the arc. Early geologic mapping of Cape Kamchatka (a promontory of Kamchatka along strike with the Aleutian Arc) revealed many similarities to the geology of the Aleutian Islands. Later studies support the notion that Cape Kamchatka is the farthest west Aleutian “island” and that it has been accreted to Kamchatka by the process of arc-continent collision. Deformation associated with the collision onshore Kamchatka includes gravimetrically determined crustal thickening and formation of a narrow thrust belt of intensely deformed rocks directly west of Cape Kamchatka. The trend of the thrust faults is concave toward the collision zone, indicating a radial distribution of maximum horizontal compressive stress. Offshore, major crustal faults trend either oblique to the Kamchatka margin or parallel to major Aleutian shear zones. These offshore faults are complex, accommodating both strike-slip and thrust displacements as documented by focal mechanisms and seismic reflection data. Earthquake activity is much higher in the offshore region within a zone bounded to the north by the northernmost Aleutian shear zone and to the west by an apparent aseismic front. Analysis of focal mechanisms in the region indicate that the present-day arc-continent “contact zone” is located directly east of Cape Kamchatka. In modeling the dynamics of the collision zone using thin viscous sheet theory, the rheological parameters are only partially constrained to values of n (the effective power law exponent) ≥ 3 and Ar(the Argand number) ≤ 30. These values are consistent with a forearc thermal profile of Kamchatka, previously determined from heat flow modeling. The thin viscous sheet modeling also indicates that onshore thrust faulting is a consequence, not only of compressive stresses resulting from the west directed collision, but also of sediment-induced coupling of the subducting Pacific plate.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94TC00428","usgsCitation":"Geist, E.L., and Scholl, D.W., 1994, Large-scale deformation related to the collision of the Aleutian Arc with Kamchatka: Tectonics, v. 13, no. 3, p. 538-560, https://doi.org/10.1029/94TC00428.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"538","endPage":"560","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296534,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"Kamchatka Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 164.3115234375,\n 62.2679226294176\n ],\n [\n 154.8193359375,\n 56.80087831233043\n ],\n [\n 154.3359375,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n 164.3994140625,\n 55.7765730186677\n ],\n [\n 164.3115234375,\n 62.2679226294176\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54882b57e4b02acb4f0c8c3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, Eric L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":15543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25961,"text":"wri924046 - 1994 - Geohydrology and simulated ground-water flow in an irrigated area of northwestern Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T10:57:36","indexId":"wri924046","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4046","title":"Geohydrology and simulated ground-water flow in an irrigated area of northwestern Indiana","docAbstract":"

Water for irrigation in parts of Newton and Jasper Counties and adjacent areas of northwestern Indiana is pumped mostly from the carbonate- bedrock aquifer that underlies glacial drift. To help in managing the ground-water resources of the area, a three-dimensional ground-water model was developed and tested with hydrologic data collected during 1986 and 1988. Two major aquifers and a confining unit were identified. The surficial unconfined outwash aquifer consists of sand and some gravel. Saturated thickness averages about 30 feet. Estimated values of horizontal hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient are 350 feet per day and 0.07, respectively. The generally continuous confining unit beneath the outwash aquifer is composed predominantly of till and lacustrine silt and clay and is 0 to 125 feet thick. The carbonate-bedrock aquifer is composed of Silurian and Devonian dolomitic limestone; dolomite and has a median transmissivity of 2,000 feet squared per day. A nine-layer digital model was developed to simulate flow in the ground-water system. The mean absolute errors for simulated water levels in the bedrock aquifer ranged from 5 to 7 feet for two recent periods of irrigation. The component of the flow system that most affects water-level drawdowns in the bedrock aquifer is the confining unit which controls the rate of leakage to the bedrock aquifer. The model is most accurate in areas for which data for confining-unit thickness and bedrock water levels are available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri924046","collaboration":"INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES","usgsCitation":"Arihood, L.D., and Basch, M., 1994, Geohydrology and simulated ground-water flow in an irrigated area of northwestern Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4046, v, 38 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924046.","productDescription":"v, 38 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"38","numberOfPages":"43","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54711,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4046/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Jasper, Newton","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.92108154296875,\n 41.24064190269477\n ],\n [\n -86.9183349609375,\n 40.901057866884024\n ],\n [\n -86.97052001953125,\n 40.901057866884024\n ],\n [\n -86.96914672851562,\n 40.83563216247778\n ],\n [\n -87.07901000976562,\n 40.831475967182925\n ],\n [\n -87.07901000976562,\n 40.72956780913899\n ],\n [\n -87.53082275390625,\n 40.730608477796636\n ],\n [\n -87.5225830078125,\n 41.20655580884106\n ],\n [\n -87.28225708007812,\n 41.225150426206326\n ],\n [\n -87.2149658203125,\n 41.261291493919856\n ],\n [\n -87.14080810546875,\n 41.3025710943056\n ],\n [\n -87.099609375,\n 41.30050773444147\n ],\n [\n -87.03506469726562,\n 41.272645986935586\n ],\n [\n -86.978759765625,\n 41.24270715552139\n ],\n [\n -86.92245483398438,\n 41.24787000204815\n ],\n [\n -86.92108154296875,\n 41.24064190269477\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arihood, L. D. 0000-0001-5792-3699","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5792-3699","contributorId":74388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arihood","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Basch, M.E.","contributorId":106937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basch","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25709,"text":"wri934144 - 1994 - Pore-water extraction from unsaturated tuff by triaxial and one-dimensional compression methods, Nevada Test Site, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:15","indexId":"wri934144","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4144","title":"Pore-water extraction from unsaturated tuff by triaxial and one-dimensional compression methods, Nevada Test Site, Nevada","docAbstract":"Study of the hydrologic system at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, requires the extraction of pore-water samples from welded and nonwelded, unsaturated tuffs. Two compression methods (triaxial compression and one-dimensional compression) were examined to develop a repeatable extraction technique and to investigate the effects of the extraction method on the original pore-fluid composition. A commercially available triaxial cell was modified to collect pore water expelled from tuff cores. The triaxial cell applied a maximum axial stress of 193 MPa and a maximum confining stress of 68 MPa. Results obtained from triaxial compression testing indicated that pore-water samples could be obtained from nonwelded tuff cores that had initial moisture contents as small as 13 percent (by weight of dry soil). Injection of nitrogen gas while the test core was held at the maximum axial stress caused expulsion of additional pore water and reduced the required initial moisture content from 13 to 11 percent. Experimental calculations, together with experience gained from testing moderately welded tuff cores, indicated that the triaxial cell used in this study could not apply adequate axial or confining stress to expel pore water from cores of densely welded tuffs. This concern led to the design, fabrication, and testing of a one-dimensional compression cell. The one-dimensional compression cell used in this study was constructed from hardened 4340-alloy and nickel-alloy steels and could apply a maximum axial stress of 552 MPa. The major components of the device include a corpus ring and sample sleeve to confine the sample, a piston and base platen to apply axial load, and drainage plates to transmit expelled water from the test core out of the cell. One-dimensional compression extracted pore water from nonwelded tuff cores that had initial moisture contents as small as 7.6 percent; pore water was expelled from densely welded tuff cores that had initial moisture contents as small as 7.7 percent. Injection of nitrogen gas at the maximum axial stress did not produce additional pore water from nonwelded tuff cores, but was critical to recovery of pore water from densely welded tuff cores. Gas injection reduced the required initial moisture content in welded tuff cores from 7.7 to 6.5 percent. Based on the mechanical ability of a pore-water extraction method to remove water from welded and nonwelded tuff cores, one-dimensional compression is a more effective extraction method than triaxial compression. However, because the effects that one-dimensional compression has on pore-water chemistry are not completely understood, additional testing will be needed to verify that this method is suitable for pore-water extraction from Yucca Mountain tuffs.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section, [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934144","usgsCitation":"Mower, T.E., Higgins, J.D., Yang, I., and Peters, C.A., 1994, Pore-water extraction from unsaturated tuff by triaxial and one-dimensional compression methods, Nevada Test Site, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4144, vi, 78 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934144.","productDescription":"vi, 78 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4144/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54469,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4144/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68428c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mower, Timothy E.","contributorId":34171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mower","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Higgins, Jerry D.","contributorId":35353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yang, In C.","contributorId":70424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"In C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peters, Charles A. capeters@usgs.gov","contributorId":214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Charles","email":"capeters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":194749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":2965,"text":"wsp2410 - 1994 - Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21358,"text":"ofr91513 - 1992 - Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification","indexId":"ofr91513","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2965,"text":"wsp2410 - 1994 - Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification","indexId":"wsp2410","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:41","indexId":"wsp2410","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2410","title":"Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification","docAbstract":"Humification, the process whereby biomass consisting of dead plant and animal remains is converted into soil organic matter (humus), is one of the basic processes of the carbon cycle. The organic compounds that make up plant and animal tissue are thermodynamically unstable in the oxidizing atmosphere at the surface of the Earth. After the organisms in which they are incorporated die, the compounds are converted back to carbon dioxide and water by degradation reactions catalyzed by enzymes secreted by micro-organisms. However, not all the organic compounds in the dead biomass are immediately converted; some of the material is only partially oxidized. The residue left after partial oxidative degradation of the dead biomass is the source of the organic compounds that accumulate in soils and sediments as humus. \r\n\r\nPreviously, humification was thought to involve a conversion of degradation products by a series of polymerization reactions into new types of polymeric species that are different from the precursor molecular species in the original biomass. However, it is proposed here that the depolymerization and oxidation reactions that take place during the enzymatic degradation of biopolymers produce amphiphiles--molecules that have a polar (hydrophilic) part and a nonpolar (hydrophobic) part. These amphiphiles that result from the partial oxidative degradation of dead biomass assemble spontaneously into ordered aggregates in which the hydrophobic parts of the molecules form the interiors and the hydrophilic parts of the molecules make up the exterior surfaces of the aggregates. These ordered aggregates constitute the humus in soils and sediments. Humus ordered aggregates most likely exist as bilayer membranes coating mineral grains and as micelles in solution.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2410","usgsCitation":"Wershaw, R.L., 1994, Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2410, iv, 48 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2410.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2410/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29694,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2410/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613d0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wershaw, Robert L. rwershaw@usgs.gov","contributorId":4856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"Robert","email":"rwershaw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":146058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":96761,"text":"96761 - 1994 - Evaluation of Greater White-fronted Goose Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) Model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:51","indexId":"96761","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Evaluation of Greater White-fronted Goose Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) Model","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Orthmeyer, D., 1994, Evaluation of Greater White-fronted Goose Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) Model.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa143","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orthmeyer, D.L.","contributorId":84684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orthmeyer","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18060,"text":"ofr93159 - 1994 - Particle-tracking analysis of contributing areas of public-supply wells in simple and complex flow systems, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-01T20:04:56.138628","indexId":"ofr93159","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-159","title":"Particle-tracking analysis of contributing areas of public-supply wells in simple and complex flow systems, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Steady-state, two-and three-dimensional, ground-water flow models coupled with a particle- tracking program were evaluated to determine their effectiveness in delineating contributing areas of existing and hypothetical public-supply wells pumping from two contrasting stratified-drift aquifers of Cape Cod, Mass. Several of the contri- buting areas delineated by use of the three- dimensional models do not conform to simple ellipsoidal shapes that are typically delineated by use of a two-dimensional analytical and numerical modeling techniques, include dis- continuous areas of the water table, and do not surround the wells. Because two-dimensional areal models do not account for vertical flow, they cannot adequately represent many of the hydro- geologic and well-design variables that were shown to complicate the delineation of contributing areas in these flow systems, including the presence of discrete lenses of 1ow hydraulic conductivity, large ratios of horizontal to ver- tical hydraulic conductivity, shallow streams, partially penetrating supply wells, and 1ow pumping rates (less than 0.1 million gallons per day). Nevertheless, contributing areas delineated for two wells in the simpler of the two flow systems--a thin (less than 100 feet), single- layer, uniform aquifer with near-ideal boundary conditions--were not significantly different for the two- or three-dimensional models of the natural system, for a pumping rate of 0.5 million gallons per day. Use of particle tracking helped identify the source of water to simulated wells, which included precipitation recharge, wastewater return flow, and pond water. Pond water and wastewater return flow accounted for as much as 73 and 40 percent, respectively, of the water captured by simulated wells.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93159","usgsCitation":"Barlow, P.M., 1994, Particle-tracking analysis of contributing areas of public-supply wells in simple and complex flow systems, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-159, vii, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93159.","productDescription":"vii, 68 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":409011,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12634.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":47413,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0159/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0159/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.39418497653247,\n 41.59971353256725\n ],\n [\n -69.92674075667135,\n 41.59971353256725\n ],\n [\n -69.92674075667135,\n 41.923083402616925\n ],\n [\n -70.39418497653247,\n 41.923083402616925\n ],\n [\n -70.39418497653247,\n 41.59971353256725\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae036","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlow, P. M.","contributorId":63022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70187637,"text":"70187637 - 1994 - An analysis of human-induced land transformations in the San Francisco Bay/Sacramento area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T14:01:03","indexId":"70187637","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5393,"text":"World Resource Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An analysis of human-induced land transformations in the San Francisco Bay/Sacramento area","docAbstract":"

Part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Global Change Research Program involvesstudying the area from the Pacific Ocean to the Sierra foothills to enhance understanding ofthe role that human activities play in global change. The study investigates the ways thathumans transform the land and the effects that changing the landscape may have on regionaland global systems. To accomplish this research, scientists are compiling records ofhistorical transformations in the region's land cover over the last 140 years, developing asimulation model to predict land cover change, and assembling a digital data set to analyzeand describe land transformations. The historical data regarding urban growth focusattention on the significant change the region underwent from 1850 to 1990. Animation isused to visualize a time series of the change in land cover. The historical change is beingused to calibrate a prototype cellular automata model, developed to predict changes in urbanland cover 100 years into the future. Future urban growth scenarios will be developed foranalyzing possible human-induced impacts on land cover at a regional scale. These data aidin documenting and understanding human-induced land transformations from both historical andpredictive perspectives. A descriptive analysis of the region is used to investigate therelationships among data characteristic of the region. These data consist of multilayertopography, climate, vegetation, and population data for a 256-km2 region of centralCalifornia. A variety of multivariate analysis tools are used to integrate the data inraster format from map contours, interpolated climate observations, satellite observations,and population estimates.

","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kirtland, D.A., Gaydos, L., Clarke, K., DeCola, L., Acevedo, W., and Bell, C., 1994, An analysis of human-induced land transformations in the San Francisco Bay/Sacramento area: World Resource Review, v. 6, no. 2, p. 206-217.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"206","endPage":"217","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341138,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59156eaae4b01a342e691412","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirtland, David A. dakirtland@usgs.gov","contributorId":265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirtland","given":"David","email":"dakirtland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":694875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaydos, L.J.","contributorId":97783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaydos","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clarke, Keith","contributorId":13861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeCola, Lee","contributorId":191963,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeCola","given":"Lee","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Acevedo, William wacevedo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acevedo","given":"William","email":"wacevedo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bell, Cindy","contributorId":191964,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bell","given":"Cindy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":44739,"text":"wri934129 - 1994 - Susceptibility of major aquifers to surface contamination -- Holmes, Humphreys, Issaquena, Sharkey, Washington, and Yazoo Counties, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T22:50:29.164298","indexId":"wri934129","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4129","title":"Susceptibility of major aquifers to surface contamination -- Holmes, Humphreys, Issaquena, Sharkey, Washington, and Yazoo Counties, Mississippi","docAbstract":"

A geographic information system was used to integrate digital spatial data sets describing geology, slope of the land surface, depth to water table, soil permeability, and land use/land cover to rate the relative susceptibility of unconfined parts of the Mississippi River alluvial, Cockfield, and Sparta aquifers in west-central Mississippi to contamination from surface sources. Areas were rated as having a very low, low, moderate, high, or very high susceptibility to contamination from surface sources. Less than 1 percent of the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer has a very high susceptibility to surface contamination, 35 percent has a high susceptibility, 62 percent has a moderate susceptibility, and 2 percent has a low susceptibility. About 43 percent of the Cockfield aquifer has a high susceptibility to surface contamination, 57 percent has a moderate susceptibility, and less than 1 percent has a low susceptibility. About 41 percent of the Sparta aquifer has a high susceptibility, and less than 1 percent has a low susceptibility, and 1 percent has a low susceptibility. For all three aquifers, less than 1 percent has a very low susceptibility to surface contamination.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934129","usgsCitation":"Moreland, R.S., and O'Hara, C., 1994, Susceptibility of major aquifers to surface contamination -- Holmes, Humphreys, Issaquena, Sharkey, Washington, and Yazoo Counties, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4129, 2 Plates: 36.00 × 42.25 inches and 36.00 × 43.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934129.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 36.00 × 42.25 inches and 36.00 × 43.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168643,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":392917,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47834.htm"},{"id":82046,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4129/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82047,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4129/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","county":"Holmes County, Humphreys County, Issaquena County, Sharkey County, Washington County, Yazoo County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.2072,\n 32.4208\n ],\n [\n -89.7575,\n 32.4208\n ],\n [\n -89.7575,\n 33.5258\n ],\n [\n -91.2072,\n 33.5258\n ],\n [\n -91.2072,\n 32.4208\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6880c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moreland, Richard S. rsmore@usgs.gov","contributorId":3877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moreland","given":"Richard","email":"rsmore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Hara, Charles G.","contributorId":83911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Hara","given":"Charles G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70182297,"text":"70182297 - 1994 - Satellite tobacco mosaic virus modifies the symptoms of helper tobamoviruses in pepper in a cultivar-specific manner","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-22T13:58:21","indexId":"70182297","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3080,"text":"Phytopathology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Satellite tobacco mosaic virus modifies the symptoms of helper tobamoviruses in pepper in a cultivar-specific manner","docAbstract":"

No abstract available 

","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez-Alvarado, G., Kurath, G., and Dodds, J., 1994, Satellite tobacco mosaic virus modifies the symptoms of helper tobamoviruses in pepper in a cultivar-specific manner: Phytopathology, v. 84, p. 617-621.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"617","endPage":"621","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335976,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58aeb144e4b01ccd54f9ee68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez-Alvarado, G.","contributorId":178840,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez-Alvarado","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kurath, G.","contributorId":152437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":670419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dodds, J.A.","contributorId":178835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodds","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2002282,"text":"2002282 - 1994 - Potential impacts of the Black Canyon Bridge on bighorn sheep: A reevaluation using a GIS habitat evaluation model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:58","indexId":"2002282","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":91,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"CPSU/UNLV 045/06","title":"Potential impacts of the Black Canyon Bridge on bighorn sheep: A reevaluation using a GIS habitat evaluation model","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Ebert, D., and Douglas, C.L., 1994, Potential impacts of the Black Canyon Bridge on bighorn sheep: A reevaluation using a GIS habitat evaluation model: Technical Report CPSU/UNLV 045/06, 31 p.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68360d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ebert, D.W.","contributorId":92609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebert","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Douglas, C. L.","contributorId":64586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016977,"text":"70016977 - 1994 - Geochemistry of tectonically expelled fluids from the northern Coast ranges, Rumsey Hills, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T11:36:37.024484","indexId":"70016977","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of tectonically expelled fluids from the northern Coast ranges, Rumsey Hills, California, USA","docAbstract":"

Tectonic compression has created abnormally high pressure on deep basinal fluids causing their expulsion from areally exposed Upper Cretaceous rock along the eastern margin of the California Coast ranges. The fluids emerge as near-neutral, perennial sodium chloride springs at high elevations with flow rates as high as 10 L per min. Higher spring discharges are more common around the exposure of a west-vergent fault propagation fold axis. Spring waters range from ~1000 to 27,000 mg/L TDS. The least saline water (δ18O = −7.5‰\">δ18O = −7.5‰) closely represents local meteoric water that mixes with saline fluid (δ18O = +5.3‰\">δ18O = +5.3‰) and forms a slope of ~3.5 on a δD vs. δ18O plot. A Na (125 to 8000 mg/L) vs. Cl (150 to 17,000 mg/L) plot shows a linear dilution trend that extends close to, but below, the values for modern seawater. Calcium (75–3000 mg/L) is considerably enriched relative to seawater and forms a nonlinear trend with chloride. In detail, the “Na deficit,” defined by the difference between the measured Na content and the Na concentration on a hypothetical seawater dilution line, is approximately balanced by the Ca excess, similarly defined by the seawater dilution line. This relationship strongly suggests that the fluid is diluted seawater that is being modified by active albitization of plagioclase at different depths. Simultaneous B and 18O enrichment of the fluids, accompanied by deuterium depletion, further suggest that the seawater modification is influenced by clay diagenesis.

Bicarbonate and SiO2 concentrations show an inverse correlation with Cl, with most waters being saturated or slightly oversaturated with calcite and quartz at the discharge temperatures. Some freshwater springs with near-meteoric stable isotope values may represent mixing of young groundwater from perched aquifers, but in many cases, the freshwater springs emerge along the same structures and have the same perennial nature as the saline fluids, and expulsion of an older fresh groundwater component that is under abnormal fluid pressures cannot be ruled out. Basinal fluids elsewhere commonly show dilution trends with local meteoric water, and in the case of the Rumsey Hills, some of the dilute saline waters may indicate deep penetration of meteoric water (> 1 km) in the Pleistocene before the latest tectonic uplift.

Geothermometry of the spring waters (maximum ~90°C) suggest an origin from as deep as 4.0 km. This depth is consistent with the depth of the core of a fault propagation anticline below the surface of the Rumsey Hills developed by active internal deformation of an east-tapering wedge beneath the southwestern Sacramento Valley. Active tectonic compression causes near-lithostatic fluid pressures in the shallow subsurface below the Rumsey Hills and volume strain within the core of the anticline that results in upward expulsion of the saline fluids from the indicated depths.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90530-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Davisson, M., Presser, T.S., and Criss, R., 1994, Geochemistry of tectonically expelled fluids from the northern Coast ranges, Rumsey Hills, California, USA: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 7, p. 1687-1699, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90530-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1687","endPage":"1699","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224812,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Capay Valley, Rumsey Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.83116906852135,\n 40.11316663404756\n ],\n [\n -122.83116906852135,\n 39.22739587633049\n ],\n [\n -122.1748189799561,\n 39.22739587633049\n ],\n [\n -122.1748189799561,\n 40.11316663404756\n ],\n [\n -122.83116906852135,\n 40.11316663404756\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1718e4b0c8380cd5539d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davisson, M.L.","contributorId":62277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davisson","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Presser, T. S.","contributorId":93875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Criss, R.E.","contributorId":10075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criss","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016976,"text":"70016976 - 1994 - Raman spectroscopy of garnet-group minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T10:02:25","indexId":"70016976","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1233,"text":"Chinese Journal of Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Raman spectroscopy of garnet-group minerals","docAbstract":"

The Raman spectra of the natural end members of the garnet-group minerals, which include pyrope, almandine and spessarite of Fe-Al garnet series and grossularite, andradite and uvarovite of Ca-Fe garnet series, have been studied. Measured Raman spectra of these minerals are reasonably and qualitatively assigned to the internal modes, translational and rotatory modes of SiO4 tetrahedra, as well as the translational motion of bivalent cations in the X site. The stretch and rotatory Alg modes for the Fe-Al garnet series show obvious Raman shifts as compared with those for the Ca-Fe garnet series, owing to the cations residing in the X site connected with SiO4 tetrahedra by sharing the two edges. The Raman shifts of all members within either of the series are attributed mainly to the properties of cations in the X site for the Fe-Al garnet series and in the Y site for the Ca-Fe garnet series.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02838517","issn":"10009426","usgsCitation":"Mingsheng, P., Mao, H., Dien, L., and Chao, E.C., 1994, Raman spectroscopy of garnet-group minerals: Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, v. 13, no. 2, p. 176-183, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02838517.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"176","endPage":"183","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205542,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02838517"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9486e4b0c8380cd81471","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mingsheng, P.","contributorId":55159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mingsheng","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mao, Ho-kwang","contributorId":24927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mao","given":"Ho-kwang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dien, L.","contributorId":90474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dien","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chao, E. C. T.","contributorId":96713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":17285,"text":"ofr94335 - 1994 - Irrigation water supply and demand data for 1976, 1980, and 1984 for the western San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-18T07:37:22","indexId":"ofr94335","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-335","title":"Irrigation water supply and demand data for 1976, 1980, and 1984 for the western San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"This report presents the irrigation water supply and demand data for 1976, 1980, and 1984 for 32 water districts in the western San Joaquin Valley, California. Data are provided for each water district or each of the three years if the data were available. The complete data base is given by water district or each township, range, and section in the rectangular system for the subdivision of public lands. These data were complied for use in a ground- water-flow model, compilation of a water-budget, and use by the San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program in a study of water management in the western San Joaquin Valley, California. The data are presented in a computer-readable format to improve data utilization and to condense the information so that it can be more readily distributed to users.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;Earth Science Information Center Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94335","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Templin, W., and Haltom, T., 1994, Irrigation water supply and demand data for 1976, 1980, and 1984 for the western San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-335, 11 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94335.","productDescription":"11 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0335/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46424,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0335/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277765,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0335/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66724f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Templin, W. E.","contributorId":56243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Templin","given":"W. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haltom, T.C.","contributorId":43372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haltom","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186674,"text":"70186674 - 1994 - Environmental conditions affecting concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 in soil gases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T09:36:19","indexId":"70186674","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental conditions affecting concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 in soil gases","docAbstract":"

The measurement of concentrations of volatile species in soil gases has potential for use in geochemical exploration for concealed ore deposits and for monitoring of subsurface contaminants. However, the interpretation of anomalies in surficial gases can be difficult because soil-gas concentrations are dependent on both meteorological and environmental conditions.

For this study, concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 and meteorological conditions were monitored for 10–14 months at eight nonmineralized sites in both humid and dry environments. Gases were collected at 0.6–0.7-m depth at seven sites. At one site, gases were collected from 0.3-, 0.6-, 1.2-, and 2.0-m depths; diurnal monitoring studies were conducted at this site also. Rain and snowfall, soil and air temperatures, barometric pressure, and relative humidity were monitored at all the sites. The sand, silt and clay content, and the organic carbon content of surficial soil were measured at each site.

Meteorological conditions generally affected He and CO2 concentrations in the same way at all the sites; however, these effects were modified by local environmental conditions. Both seasonal and diurnal concentration changes occurred. The most important seasonal concentration changes were related to rain and snowfall and soil and air temperatures. Seasonal changes tended to be larger then the diurnal changes, but both could be related to the same processes. Local conditions of soil type and organic content affected the amount of pore space and moisture present in the soil and therefore the soil-gas concentrations.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(94)90052-3","usgsCitation":"Hinkle, M., 1994, Environmental conditions affecting concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 in soil gases: Applied Geochemistry, v. 9, no. 1, p. 53-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(94)90052-3.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"53","endPage":"63","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339383,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54ae4b09da6799d63e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkle, Margaret","contributorId":36918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"Margaret","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26974,"text":"wri944018 - 1994 - Development of historic and synthesized unregulated streamflow for the James River in North Dakota and South Dakota, 1983-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-07T16:24:05","indexId":"wri944018","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4018","title":"Development of historic and synthesized unregulated streamflow for the James River in North Dakota and South Dakota, 1983-91","docAbstract":"

Operation of the Garrison Diversion Unit may have some affect on the hydrology of the James River in North Dakota and South Dakota. The Garrison Diversion Unit Monthly Operations Model was developed to analyze a wide range of streamflow conditions that could occur in the James River Basin. The purpose of this study was to compute monthly streamflows that are required as input to the model.

Historic streamflow data were complied and record extension methods were used, when necessary, to compute monthly streamflow for 1983-91 for 15 gaging stations on the James River in North Dakota and South Dakota. The record extension methods used include Maintenance of Variance Extension Type 1, Ordinary Least Squares, and drainage-area ratio.

In addition to the historic streamflow, synthesized unregulated streamflow was computed for the 15 gaging stations on the James River for 1983-91 by eliminating the effects of Jamestown Reservoir, Pipestem Reservoir, Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge, consumptive surface-water withdrawals, and wastewater withdrawals. Maintenance of Variance Extension Type 1, Ordinary Least Squares regression, water-balance procedures, and drainage-area ratio method were used to compute the unregulated streamflows.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944018","usgsCitation":"Emerson, D.G., and Niehus, C.A., 1994, Development of historic and synthesized unregulated streamflow for the James River in North Dakota and South Dakota, 1983-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4018, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944018.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4018/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55862,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4018/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"James River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100,\n 42.84777884235988\n ],\n [\n -97.2344970703125,\n 42.84777884235988\n ],\n [\n -97.2344970703125,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -100,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -100,\n 42.84777884235988\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dec8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emerson, Douglas G.","contributorId":40579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niehus, Colin A.","contributorId":86815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niehus","given":"Colin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014571,"text":"1014571 - 1994 - Effect of subatmospheric pressure on the performance of an automated packed-column nitrogen desorption system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-09T15:32:24.417056","indexId":"1014571","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":852,"text":"Aquacultural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of subatmospheric pressure on the performance of an automated packed-column nitrogen desorption system","docAbstract":"

A portable vacuum degasser was developed to satisfy seasonal hatchery pretreatment needs. Dissolved-gas pressures in water exiting a packed column were regulated automatically with a unique feedback control loop incorporating a gasometer, pressure transducer, electronic (PID) controller and an electrically actuated pump discharge valve. The flow capacity of the system was 160 l/min with a total power requirement of 0·81 kW. Following controller tuning, field tests demonstrated the ability of the feedback loop to set appropriate column vacuum levels quickly in response to varying inlet dissolved-gas pressures or changes in selected controller set points. The degasser's ability to reduce dissolved nitrogen (DN) and increase dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations was also assessed at four or five pure-oxygen feed rates under each of four column vacuum levels (−4·5, −9·0, −14·6 and −20·0 cm Hg). Performance was then compared with that predicted with a multicomponent gas transfer model. Relative error of model projections averaged just 7·7% for DO and 2·3% for DN (n = 19). Effluent DN ranged between 60·6 and 96·4% of saturation concentrations at 8·8°C with the influent DN at 135% of saturation. The high DN desorption rates achieved allow side-stream pretreatment with blending.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0144-8609(94)90024-8","usgsCitation":"Watten, B.J., Ridge, W.J., and Mudrak, V.A., 1994, Effect of subatmospheric pressure on the performance of an automated packed-column nitrogen desorption system: Aquacultural Engineering, v. 13, no. 1, p. 41-58, https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8609(94)90024-8.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129808,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62551d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watten, Barnaby J. 0000-0002-2227-8623 bwatten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2227-8623","contributorId":2002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watten","given":"Barnaby","email":"bwatten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":320634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ridge, W. J.","contributorId":24724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridge","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mudrak, Vincent A.","contributorId":192707,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mudrak","given":"Vincent","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":59122,"text":"mf2269 - 1994 - Bathymetry of the west-central slope of the island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-10T20:22:12.259026","indexId":"mf2269","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2269","title":"Bathymetry of the west-central slope of the island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"This map shows the topography of a small part of the subaerial western part of the Island of Hawaii as well as modern multibeam bathymetry of the west submarine flank, which covers a total area of about 8,500 km2 ( see index map). The map area includes part of the submerged flanks of the active Mauna Loa and Hualalai Volcanoes, which last erupted in 1984 and 1801 respectively. The steep and irregular submarine slope is shaped by several giant submarine landslides. They were first identified during surveys from the U.S. Geological Survey research vessel S.P. Lee in 1976 and 1978 (Normark and others, 1979) and later mapped in more detail during a swath-sonar survey (GLORIA) of the United States Hawaiian Exclusive Economic Zone in 1986 to 1991 (Lipman and others, 1988; Moore and others, 1989) as part of a cooperative venture of the U.S. Geological Survey and the British Institute of Oceanographic Sciences.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2269","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey--National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Joint Office for Mapping and Research","usgsCitation":"Chadwick, W.W., Moore, J.G., and Fox, C.G., 1994, Bathymetry of the west-central slope of the island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2269, 1 Plate: 29.95 x 40.82 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2269.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 29.95 x 40.82 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490327,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5890.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":183762,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2269.jpg"},{"id":284468,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2269/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"150000","projection":"Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156.8,19.2 ], [ -156.8,20.0 ], [ -155.9,20.0 ], [ -155.9,19.2 ], [ -156.8,19.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4ef6e4b0b290850f269b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chadwick, William W.","contributorId":77042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chadwick","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":261464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fox, Christopher G.","contributorId":86257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017065,"text":"70017065 - 1994 - Seismic character of gas hydrates on the Southeastern U.S. continental margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T13:03:29","indexId":"70017065","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2668,"text":"Marine Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic character of gas hydrates on the Southeastern U.S. continental margin","docAbstract":"

Gas hydrates are stable at relatively low temperature and high pressure conditions; thus large amounts of hydrates can exist in sediments within the upper several hundred meters below the sea floor. The existence of gas hydrates has been recognized and mapped mostly on the basis of high amplitude Bottom Simulating Reflections (BSRs) which indicate only that an acoustic contrast exists at the lower boundary of the region of gas hydrate stability. Other factors such as amplitude blanking and change in reflection characteristics in sediments where a BSR would be expected, which have not been investigated in detail, are also associated with hydrated sediments and potentially disclose more information about the nature of hydratecemented sediments and the amount of hydrate present. Our research effort has focused on a detailed analysis of multichannel seismic profiles in terms of reflection character, inferred distribution of free gas underneath the BSR, estimation of elastic parameters, and spatial variation of blanking. This study indicates that continuous-looking BSRs in seismic profiles are highly segmented in detail and that the free gas underneath the hydrated sediment probably occurs as patches of gas-filled sediment having variable thickness. We also present an elastic model for various types of sediments based on seismic inversion results. The BSR from sediments of high ratio of shear to compressional velocity, estimated as about 0.52, encased in sediments whose ratios are less than 0.35 is consistent with the interpretation of gasfilled sediments underneath hydrated sediments. This model contrasts with recent results in which the BSR is explained by increased concentrations of hydrate near the base of the hydrate stability field and no underlying free gas is required. 

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geophysical Researches","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01237512","issn":"00253235","usgsCitation":"Lee, M.W., Hutchinson, D.R., Agena, W., Dillon, W.P., Miller, J.J., and Swift, B., 1994, Seismic character of gas hydrates on the Southeastern U.S. continental margin: Marine Geophysical Research, v. 16, no. 3, p. 163-184, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01237512.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"184","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8af7e4b08c986b3174db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hutchinson, D. R.","contributorId":31770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Agena, Warren F.","contributorId":67079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agena","given":"Warren F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, J. J.","contributorId":54588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Swift, B.A.","contributorId":32937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swift","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":17954,"text":"ofr94214B - 1994 - The Northridge, California earthquake of January 1994 a computer animation and paper model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:28","indexId":"ofr94214B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-214","chapter":"B","title":"The Northridge, California earthquake of January 1994 a computer animation and paper model","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94214B","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., and Stein, R., 1994, The Northridge, California earthquake of January 1994 a computer animation and paper model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-214, 1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94214B.","productDescription":"1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151828,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67aef8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, T. R.","contributorId":20715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222738,"text":"5222738 - 1994 - Flock sizes and sex ratios of canvasbacks in Chesapeake Bay and North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-06T16:43:20.632391","indexId":"5222738","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flock sizes and sex ratios of canvasbacks in Chesapeake Bay and North Carolina","docAbstract":"

Knowledge of the distribution, size, and sex ratios of flocks of wintering canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) is fundamental to understanding the species' winter ecology and providing guidelines for management. Consequently, in winter 1986-87, we conducted 4 monthly aerial photographic surveys to investigate temporal changes in distribution, size, and sex ratios of canvasback flocks in traditional wintering areas of Chesapeake Bay and coastal North Carolina. Surveys yielded 35mm imagery of 194,664 canvasbacks in 842 flocks. Models revealed monthly patterns of flock size in North Carolina and Virginia, but no pattern of change in Maryland. A stepwise analysis of flock size and sex ratio fit a common positive slope (increasing proportion male) for all state-month datasets, except for North Carolina in February where the slope was larger (P < 0.001). State and month effects on intercepts were significant (P < 0.001) and confirmed a previously identified latitudinal gradient in sex ratio in the survey region. There was no relationship between flock purity (% canvasbacks vs. other species) and flock size except in North Carolina in January, February, and March when flock purity was related to flock size. Contrasting characteristics in North Carolina with regard to flock size (larger flocks) and flock purity suggested that proximate factors were reinforcing flocking behavior and possibly species fidelity there. Of possible factors, the need to locate foraging sites within this large, open-water environment was hypothesized to be of primary importance. Comparison of January 1981 and 1987 sex ratios indicated no change in Maryland, but lower (P < 0.05) canvasback sex ratios (proportion male) in Virginia and North Carolina.

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\"}}]}","volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c7f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haramis, G. Michael mharamis@usgs.gov","contributorId":4001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haramis","given":"G. Michael","email":"mharamis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Derleth, Eric L.","contributorId":220145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Derleth","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":337012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Link, William A. wlink@usgs.gov","contributorId":3465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William A.","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016974,"text":"70016974 - 1994 - Relationships between atmospheric circulation and snowpack in the Gunnison River basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-23T11:13:56.599054","indexId":"70016974","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between atmospheric circulation and snowpack in the Gunnison River basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"
In this study, winter mean 700 mbar height anomalies over the eastern North Pacific Ocean and the western USA are related to variability in snowpack accumulations measured on or about 1 April at 21 snowcourse stations within and near the Gunnison River basin in Colorado. Results indicate that lower than normal snowpack accumulations are primarily associated with positive 700 mbar height anomalies (anomalous anticyclonic circulation) over the western USA. Moist air from the Pacific Ocean is moved to the north of the western USA along the western margin of the anomalous anticyclonic circulation. In contrast, higher than normal snowpack accumulations are associated with negative 700 mbar height anomalies (anomalous cyclonic circulation) over the western USA and over most of the eastern North Pacific Ocean. The anomalous cyclonic circulation over the western USA enhances the movement of moisture from the Pacific Ocean into the southern and central parts of the West.

Results also indicate that variability in winter mean 700 mbar height anomalies can explain over 50% of the variability in snowpack accumulations in the Gunnison River basin. The significant linear relationships between 700 mbar height anomalies and snowpack accumulations in the Gunnison River basin can be used in conjunction with general circulation model simulations of 700 mbar height anomalies for future climatic conditions to estimate future snowpack accumulations in the Gunnison River basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)90103-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G.J., 1994, Relationships between atmospheric circulation and snowpack in the Gunnison River basin, Colorado: Journal of Hydrology, v. 157, no. 1-4, p. 157-175, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90103-1.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224715,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"157","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a793e4b0e8fec6cdc4ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, G. J. Jr.","contributorId":77551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29914,"text":"wri944009 - 1994 - Stream-aquifer interactions in the Straight River area, Becker and Hubbard counties, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:14:42","indexId":"wri944009","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4009","title":"Stream-aquifer interactions in the Straight River area, Becker and Hubbard counties, Minnesota","docAbstract":"

The Straight River, in north-central Minnesota, is a trout stream having cold, clear water. The 75-square-mile Straight River watershed contributes flow to the stream. The watershed is underlain by highly transmissive surficial and confined-drift aquifers. Ground-water discharge from these aquifers sustains flow in the Straight River, and the cold water supports a population of trout. Water withdrawals from these aquifers are increasing in response to changes in land use from dry-land to irrigated fanning. Degradation of the stream's habitat for trout could result from the following: a decrease in ground-water discharge to the stream caused by ground-water withdrawals for irrigation, an increase in ground-water temperature resulting from percolation of irrigated water to the ground-water system, and introduction of agricultural chemicals to the stream through ground-water flow or runoff.

\n

Physical data indicate a hydraulic connection between the stream and the surficial aquifer. Discharge of the Straight River increases from about 25 cubic feet per second at the outfall from a reservoir near the headwaters to about 51 cubic feet per second near the mouth. The rate of streamflow gain during summer decreases downstream, possibly as a result of ground-water withdrawal for irrigation. The water table and potentiometric surface of the uppermost confined-drift aquifer generally slope to the southeast and locally toward rivers and lakes; gradients decline to about 5 feet per mile from spring to summer.

\n

Daily fluctuations of stream temperature are as great as 15 degrees Celsius during the summer, primarily in response to changes in air temperature. Ground-water discharge to the Straight River decreases stream temperature during the summer. Results of simulations from a stream-temperature model indicate that daily changes in stream temperature are strongly influenced by solar radiation, wind speed, stream depth, and ground-water inflow. Results of simulations from ground-water-flow and stream-temperature models developed for the investigation indicate a significant decrease in ground-water flow could result from ground-water withdrawal at rates similar to those measured during 1988. This reduction in discharge to the stream could result in an increase in stream temperature of 0.5 to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Nitrate concentrations in shallow wells screened at the water table, in some areas, are locally greater than the limit set by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. Nitrate concentrations in water from deeper wells and in the stream are low, generally less than 1.0 milligram per liter.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri944009","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources","usgsCitation":"Stark, J., Armstrong, D.S., and Zwilling, D.R., 1994, Stream-aquifer interactions in the Straight River area, Becker and Hubbard counties, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4009, ix, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944009.","productDescription":"ix, 83 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4009/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58732,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4009/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Straight River area","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a506e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stark, J. R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armstrong, David S. 0000-0003-1695-1233 darmstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-1233","contributorId":1390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"David","email":"darmstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zwilling, Daniel R.","contributorId":100434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zwilling","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70044636,"text":"70044636 - 1994 - Soda Lake-Painted Rock(!) Petroleum System in the Cuyama Basin, California, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-18T12:04:49","indexId":"70044636","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Soda Lake-Painted Rock(!) Petroleum System in the Cuyama Basin, California, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The Cuyama basin, located in the central California Coast Ranges, was formed by extension during early Miocene time and was filled with a variety of nonmarine, marginal marine, and neritic to bathyal marine sediments. Low sulfur oil is produced primarily from the lower Miocene Painted Rock Sandstone Member of the Vaqueros Formation along a structural trend parallel to the Russell fault, which was active from 23 to 5 Ma. A major fold and thrust belt beginning about 3 Ma formed the Caliente and Sierra Madre ranges and partially obscures the Miocene extensional basin. Stable carbon isotope and biomarker data indicate that the lower Miocene Soda Lake Shale Member of the Vaqueros Formation is the predominant source rock for the oil in the Cuyama area. Burial and thermal history modeling shows that oil generation began in middle-late Miocene time and that oil migrated into existing traps. Younger traps that formed in the overthrust are barren of oil because migration occurred prior to the development of the fold and thrust belt or because subthrust oil was unable to migrate into the overthrust.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Petroleum system : from source to trap","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","usgsCitation":"Lillis, P.G., 1994, Soda Lake-Painted Rock(!) Petroleum System in the Cuyama Basin, California, U.S.A., chap. of The Petroleum system : from source to trap, p. 437-451.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"451","numberOfPages":"15","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269659,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269658,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/methodo2/images/a077/a0770001/0400/04370.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"514837a2e4b022dd171afee3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lillis, Paul G. 0000-0002-7508-1699 plillis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7508-1699","contributorId":1817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lillis","given":"Paul","email":"plillis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}