Geoprobe bottom tripods were deployed during the winter of 1990–1991 on the northern California inner continental shelf as part of the STRESS field experiment. Transmissometer measurements of light beam attenuation were made at two levels and current velocity was measured at four levels in the bottom 1.2 m of water. Intervals of high measured bottom wave velocity were generally correlated with times of both high attenuation and high attenuation gradient in the bottom meter of the water column. Measured time series of light attenuation and attenuation gradient are compared to values computed using a modified version of the Smith [(1977) The sea, Vol. 6, Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 539–577] steady wave-current bottom-boundary-layer model. Size-dependent transmissometer calibrations, which show significantly enhanced attenuation with decreasing grain size, are used to convert calculated suspended sediment concentration to light attenuation. The finest fractions of the bed, which are the most easily suspended and attenuate the most light, dominate the computed attenuation signal although they comprise only about 5–7% of the bed sediment. The calculations indicate that adjusting the value of the coefficient γ0 in the expression for near-bed sediment concentration cannot in itself give both the correct magnitudes of light attenuation and attenuation gradient. To supply the volumes of fine sediment computed to be in suspension during peak events, even with values of γ0 as low as 5 × 10−5, requires suspension of particles from unreasonably large depths in the bed. A limit on the depth of sediment availability is proposed as a correction to suspended sediment calculations. With such a limit, reasonable attenuation values are computed with γ0 ≈ 0.002. The effects of limiting availability and employing a higher γ0 are to reduce the volume of the finest sediment in suspension and to increase the suspended volumes of the coarser fractions. As a consequence, the average size and settling velocity of suspended sediment increases as bottom shear stress increases, with accompanying increases in near-bed concentration gradients. Higher concentration gradients produce larger stratification effects, particularly near the top of the wave boundary layer at times when wave shear velocities are high and current shear velocities are low. These are the conditions under which maximum attenuation gradients are observed.
An exact estimation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) within the salinity gradient of zinc and copper metals is significant in understanding the limit to which DOC could influence metal speciation. A low-temperature persulfate/oxygen/ultraviolet wet oxidation procedure was utilized for analyzing DOC samples adapted for ionic strength from major freshwater sources of the northern and southern regions of San Francisco Bay. The ionic strength of samples was modified with a chemically defined seawater medium up to 0.7M. Based on the results, a minimum effect of ionic strength on oxidation proficiency for DOC sources to the Bay over an ionic strength gradient of 0.0 to 0.7 M was observed. There was no major impacts of ionic strength on two Suwanee River fulvic acids. In general, the noted effects associated with ionic strength were smaller than the variances seen in the aquatic environment between high- and low-temperature methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00198505","issn":"00074861","usgsCitation":"Hunter, Y., and Kuwabara, J., 1994, Ionic strength and DOC determinations from various freshwater sources to the San Francisco Bay: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 52, no. 2, p. 311-318, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00198505.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"318","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.0084228515625,\n 37.243448378654115\n ],\n [\n -123.0084228515625,\n 38.171273439283084\n ],\n [\n -121.70379638671874,\n 38.171273439283084\n ],\n [\n -121.70379638671874,\n 37.243448378654115\n ],\n [\n -123.0084228515625,\n 37.243448378654115\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ed9e4b0c8380cd640b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunter, Y.R.","contributorId":31542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"Y.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuwabara, J.S.","contributorId":57905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017649,"text":"70017649 - 1994 - Evaluation of sulfur dioxide emissions from explosive volcanism: the 1982-1983 eruptions of Galunggung, Java, Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017649","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of sulfur dioxide emissions from explosive volcanism: the 1982-1983 eruptions of Galunggung, Java, Indonesia","docAbstract":"Galunggung volcano, Java, awoke from a 63-year quiescence in April 1982, and erupted sporadically through January 1983. During its most violent period from April to October, the Cikasasah Volcano Observatory reported 32 large and 56 moderate to small eruptions. From April 5 through September 19 the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), carried on NASA's Nimbus-7 satellite, detected and measured 24 different sulfur dioxide clouds; an estimated 1730 kilotons (kt) of SO2 were outgassed by these explosive eruptions. The trajectories, and rapid dispersion rates, of the SO2 clouds were consistent with injection altitudes below the tropopause. An additional 300 kt of SO2 were estimated to have come from 64 smaller explosive eruptions, based on the detection limit of the TOMS instrument. For the first time, an extended period of volcanic activity was monitored by remote sensing techniques which enabled observations of both the entire SO2 clouds produced by large explosive eruptions (using TOMS), and the relatively lower levels of SO2 emissions during non-explosive outgassing (using the Correlation Spectrometer, or COSPEC). Based on COSPEC measurements from August 1982 to January 1983, and on the relationship between explosive and non-explosive degassing, approximately 400 kt of SO2 were emitted during non-explosive activity. The total sulfur dioxide outgassed from Galunggung volcano from April 1982 to January 1983 is calculated to be 2500 kt (?? 30%) from both explosive and non-explosive activity. While Galunggung added large quantities of sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere, its sporadic emissions occurred in relatively small events distributed over several months, and reached relatively low altitudes, and are unlikely to have significantly affected aerosol loading of the stratosphere in 1982 by volcanic activity. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Bluth, G., Casadevall, T.J., Schnetzler, C., Doiron, S., Walter, L.S., Krueger, A., and Badruddin, M., 1994, Evaluation of sulfur dioxide emissions from explosive volcanism: the 1982-1983 eruptions of Galunggung, Java, Indonesia: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 63, no. 3-4, p. 243-256.","startPage":"243","endPage":"256","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ccce4b0c8380cd52cd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bluth, G.J.S.","contributorId":79258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bluth","given":"G.J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casadevall, T. J.","contributorId":96680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schnetzler, C.C.","contributorId":93649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnetzler","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doiron, S.D.","contributorId":79259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doiron","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Walter, Louis S.","contributorId":97927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Krueger, A.J.","contributorId":73764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Badruddin, M.","contributorId":51932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Badruddin","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":17981,"text":"ofr92358 - 1994 - HYDRO a BASIC program and user's guide to model a recorded hydrograph of a debris flow using two different solutions for kinematic wave theory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:22","indexId":"ofr92358","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-358","title":"HYDRO a BASIC program and user's guide to model a recorded hydrograph of a debris flow using two different solutions for kinematic wave theory","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr92358","usgsCitation":"Arattano, M., Cannon, S., and Powers, P.S., 1994, HYDRO a BASIC program and user's guide to model a recorded hydrograph of a debris flow using two different solutions for kinematic wave theory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-358, i, 24 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92358.","productDescription":"i, 24 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0358/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47223,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0358/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db6914a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arattano, M.","contributorId":84394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arattano","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cannon, S.H.","contributorId":38154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powers, P. S.","contributorId":37754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017593,"text":"70017593 - 1994 - Build your own low-cost seismic/bathymetric recorder annotator","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-18T11:09:37.179251","indexId":"70017593","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Build your own low-cost seismic/bathymetric recorder annotator","docAbstract":"An inexpensive programmable annotator, completely compatible with at least three models of widely used graphic recorders (Raytheon LSR-1811, Raytheon LSR-1807 M, and EDO 550) has been developed to automatically write event marks and print up to sixteen numbers on the paper record. Event mark and character printout intervals, character height and character position are all selectable with front panel switches. Operation is completely compatible with recorders running in either continuous or start-stop mode.
A two‐dimensional, depth‐averaged, finite‐difference, numerical model was used to simulate tidal circulation and mass transport in the Port Royal Sound, South Carolina, estuarine system. The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the utility of the Surface‐Water, Integrated, Flow and Transport model (SWIFT2D) for evaluating changes in circulation patterns and mass transport caused by highway‐crossing embankments. A model of a subregion of Port Royal Sound including the highway crossings and having a grid size of 61 m (200 ft) was derived from a 183‐m (600‐ft) model of the entire Port Royal Sound estuarine system. The 183‐m model was used to compute boundary‐value data for the 61‐m submodel, which was then used to simulate flow conditions with and without the highway embankments in place. The numerical simulations show that, with the highway embankments in place, mass transport between the Broad River and Battery Creek is reduced and mass transport between the Beaufort River and Battery Creek is increased. The net result is that mass transport into and out of upper Battery Creek is reduced. The presence of the embankments also alters circulation patterns within Battery Creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1994)120:2(199)","issn":"0733950X","usgsCitation":"Lee, J.K., Schaffranek, R.W., and Baltzer, R.A., 1994, Simulating effects of highway embankments on estuarine circulation: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, v. 120, no. 2, p. 199-218, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1994)120:2(199).","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8fd0e4b08c986b319153","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Jonathan K.","contributorId":60186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaffranek, Raymond W.","contributorId":86314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baltzer, Robert A.","contributorId":34269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baltzer","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017616,"text":"70017616 - 1994 - Modes of occurrence of potentially hazardous elements in coal: Levels of confidence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-14T16:55:54.524191","indexId":"70017616","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1710,"text":"Fuel Processing Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modes of occurrence of potentially hazardous elements in coal: Levels of confidence","docAbstract":"The modes of occurrence of the potentially hazardous elements in coal will be of significance in any attempt to reduce their mobilization due to coal combustion. Antimony and selenium may be present in solid solution in pyrite, as minute accessory sulfides dispersed throughout the organic matrix, or in organic association. Because of these modes of occurrence it is anticipated that less than 50% of these elements will be routinely removed by conventional coal cleaning procedures. Arsenic and mercury occur primarily in late-stage coarse-grained pyrite therefore physical coal cleaning procedures should be successful in removing substantial proportions of these elements. Cadmium occurs in sphalerite and lead in galena. Both of these minerals exhibit a wide range of particle sizes and textural relations. Depending on the particle size and textural relations, physical coal cleaning may remove as little as 25% of these elements or as much as 75%. Manganese in bituminous coal occurs in carbonates, especially siderite. Physical coal cleaning should remove a substantial proportion of this element. More information is needed to elucidate the modes of occurrence of beryllium, chromium, cobalt, and nickel.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0378-3820(94)90169-4","usgsCitation":"Finkelman, R.B., 1994, Modes of occurrence of potentially hazardous elements in coal: Levels of confidence: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 39, no. 1-3, p. 21-34, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3820(94)90169-4.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228895,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ca9e4b0c8380cd6fe6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finkelman, Robert B.","contributorId":85951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017487,"text":"70017487 - 1994 - Modeling and analysis of the 1949 Narrows landslide, Tacoma, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-03T00:21:16.527567","indexId":"70017487","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1115,"text":"Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling and analysis of the 1949 Narrows landslide, Tacoma, Washington","docAbstract":"A large landslide failed catastrophically along steep, 90-m (300-ft) high bluffs overlooking the waters of Puget Sound at Tacoma, Washington, in April of 1949, three days after the region was struck by a magnitude 7.1 earthquake. The area of failure was investigated to estimate the static and seismic stability of the pre-earthquake slope and to identify factors that contributed to the failure. Results of static analyses suggest that the slope was marginally stable and that high ground-water conditions would have significantly reduced slope stability. The Newmark analysis of dynamic (seismic) slope stability was used to calculate predicted inertial displacements for the landslide for a range of possible material property and ground-water conditions. Comparison of predicted displacements with a reported displacement suggests that the ground motion could have initiated the large-scale failure. Results of the study provide a basis for discussion and comparison of similar bluffs in the Puget Sound region that may be susceptible to catastrophic, earthquake-induced slope failure.
During the 1969-1974 Mauna Ulu eruption on Kilauea's upper east rift zone, lava tubes were observed to develop by four principal processes: (1) flat, rooted crusts grew across streams within confined channels; (2) overflows and spatter accreted to levees to build arched roofs across streams; (3) plates of solidified crust floating downstream coalesced to form a roof; and (4) pahoehoe lobes progressively extended, fed by networks of distributaries beneath a solidified crust. Still another tube-forming process operated when pahoehoe entered the ocean; large waves would abruptly chill a crust across the entire surface of a molten stream crossing through the surf zone. These littoral lava tubes formed abruptly, in contrast to subaerial tubes, which formed gradually. All tube-forming processes were favored by low to moderate volume-rates of flow for sustained periods of time. Tubes thereby became ubiquitous within the pahoehoe flows and distributed a very large proportionof the lava that was produced during this prolonged eruption. Tubes transport lava efficiently. Once formed, the roofs of tubes insulate the active streams within, allowing the lava to retain its fluidity for a longer time than if exposed directly to ambient air temperature. Thus the flows can travel greater distances and spread over wider areas. Even though supply rates during most of 1970-1974 were moderate, ranging from 1 to 5 m3/s, large tube systems conducted lava as far as the coast, 12-13 km distant, where they fed extensive pahoehoe fields on the coastal flats. Some flows entered the sea to build lava deltas and add new land to the island. The largest and most efficient tubes developed during periods of sustained extrusion, when new lava was being supplied at nearly constant rates. Tubes can play a major role in building volcanic edifices with gentle slopes because they can deliver a substantial fraction of lava erupted at low to moderate rates to sites far down the flank of a volcano. We conclude, therefore, that the tendency of active pahoehoe flows to form lava tubes is a significant factor in producing the common shield morphology of basaltic volcanoes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00326461","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.W., Holcomb, R.T., Tilling, R., and Christiansen, R., 1994, Development of lava tubes in the light of observations at Mauna Ulu, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 56, no. 5, p. 343-360, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00326461.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"360","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a005ae4b0c8380cd4f6fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, D. W.","contributorId":84326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holcomb, R. T.","contributorId":99146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tilling, R.I. 0000-0003-4263-7221","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":98311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"R.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christiansen, R.L. 0000-0002-8017-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-3918","contributorId":25565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017098,"text":"70017098 - 1994 - Hydrothermal alteration in oceanic ridge volcanics: A detailed study at the Galapagos Fossil Hydrothermal Field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T00:26:50.011743","indexId":"70017098","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrothermal alteration in oceanic ridge volcanics: A detailed study at the Galapagos Fossil Hydrothermal Field","docAbstract":"The Galapagos Fossil Hydrothermal Field is composed of altered oceanic crust and extinct hydrothermal vents within the eastern Galapagos Rift between 85°49′W and 85°55′W. The discharge zone of the hydrothermal system is revealed along scarps, thus providing an opportunity to examine the uppermost mineralized, and highly altered interior parts of the crust. Altered rocks collected in situ by the submersible ALVIN show complex concentric alteration zones. Microsamples of individual zones have been analysed for major/minor, trace elements, and strontium isotopes in order to describe the complex compositional details of the hydrothermal alteration. Interlayered chlorite-smectite and chlorite with disequilibrium compositions dominate the secondary mineralogy as replacement phases of primary glass and acicular pyroxene. Phenocrysts and matrix grains of plagioclase are unaffected during alteration. Using a modification of the Gresens' equation we demonstrate that the trivalent rare earth elements (REEs) are relatively immobile, and calculate degrees of enrichment and depletion in other elements. Strontium isotopic ratios increase as Sr concentrations decrease from least-altered cores to most-altered rims and cross-cutting veins in individual samples, and can be modeled by open system behaviour under low fluid-rock ratio (< 10) conditions following a period of lower-temperature weathering of volcanics within the rift zone. The complex patterns of element enrichment and depletion and strontium isotope variations indicate mixing between pristine seawater and ascending hot fluids to produce a compositional spectrum of fluids. The precipitation of base-metal sulfides beneath the seafloor is probably a result of fluid mixing and cooling. If, as suggested here, the discharge zone alteration occurred under relatively low fluid-rock ratios, then this shallow region must play an important role in determining the exit composition of vent fluids in marine hydrothermal systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90025-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Ridley, W., Perfit, M., Josnasson, I., and Smith, M., 1994, Hydrothermal alteration in oceanic ridge volcanics: A detailed study at the Galapagos Fossil Hydrothermal Field: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 11, p. 2477-2494, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90025-6.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"2477","endPage":"2494","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224722,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"East Galapagos Rift System, Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.22507378681544,\n -0.41069607894273474\n ],\n [\n -80.53572534966513,\n -0.41069607894273474\n ],\n [\n -80.53572534966513,\n 4.027757580793278\n ],\n [\n -86.22507378681544,\n 4.027757580793278\n ],\n [\n -86.22507378681544,\n -0.41069607894273474\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3794e4b0c8380cd60fb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ridley, W.I.","contributorId":72122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridley","given":"W.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perfit, M.R.","contributorId":45467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perfit","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Josnasson, I.R.","contributorId":25712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josnasson","given":"I.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, M.F.","contributorId":73343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":21130,"text":"ofr93419 - 1994 - Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21130,"text":"ofr93419 - 1994 - Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States","indexId":"ofr93419","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2810,"text":"wsp2433 - 1997 - Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States","indexId":"wsp2433","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2810,"text":"wsp2433 - 1997 - Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States","indexId":"wsp2433","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:46","indexId":"ofr93419","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-419","title":"Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States","docAbstract":"Methods have been developed for estimating magni- tude and frequency of floods at gaged and ungaged sites on streams in the southwestern United States. Estimating equations for ungaged sites that apply to small drainage basins were developed by transferring information from ungaged sites using techniques such as multiple regression and a hybrid method developed during this study. Drainage area, mean basin elevation, mean annual precipitation, mean annual evaporation, latitude, and longitude are the basin and climatic charac- teristics needed to use the equations. Flood- frequency relations and selected basin and climatic characteristics, updated through 1986 water year, are tabulated for more than 1,300 gaging stations in the southwestern United States. The study area was divided into 16 flood regions. Generalized least-squares regression was used to define the regression models in 12 regions with a sufficient number of defined flood-frequency relations at gaged sites. Four regions had more than 30 percent of the gaged sites with no defined relations, thus the regression method was not used because of the large amount of missing infor- mation. The hybrid analysis was used in those 4 regions, because it does not require individual flood-frequency relations and thus can use data for all gaging stations in a region. Average standard error of prediction for the 12 regions with generalized least-squares models ranged from 39 to 95 percent for the 100-year peak discharge. The estimated average standard error of the four hybrid models ranged from 0.44 to 1.8 log units for the 100-year peak discharge.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93419","usgsCitation":"Thomas, B.E., Hjalmarson, H., and Waltemeyer, S., 1994, Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-419, viii, 211 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93419.","productDescription":"viii, 211 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0419/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50722,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0419/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a2d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, B. E.","contributorId":90767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hjalmarson, H. W.","contributorId":95872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hjalmarson","given":"H. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waltemeyer, S. D.","contributorId":65857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waltemeyer","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017899,"text":"70017899 - 1994 - A sediment budget for southern Lake Michigan: source and sink models for different time intervals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T22:26:59.272871","indexId":"70017899","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A sediment budget for southern Lake Michigan: source and sink models for different time intervals","docAbstract":"We have constructed a sediment budget for the southern Lake Michigan basin for sand and for mud during three time periods: the past 100, 5,000, and 10,000 years. For the modern (100-year) sediment budget, accountable sediment sources add up to 93 percent of the calculated sinks. The mud budget has a source deficit of about 40%, probably due to errors in mud:sand ratios and (or) to other sources not included in our model, especially erosion of the lake floor, which accompanies bluff recession. Two terms dominate the modern sediment-budget equation: (1) bluff erosion, which is an order of magnitude larger than either rivers or aerosols as a source, and (2) deposition in the deep basin, which is more than two orders of magnitude greater as a sink than suspended sediment transport out of the basin. About half of the sand derived from bluff erosion is deposited in the deep lake; the other half must be deposited in nearshore sand bodies, beaches, and dunes. Despite the uncertainties in our estimates of sediment sources and sinks, the attempt to reconstruct sediment budgets for time intervals of 100, 5,000, and 10,000 years leads to important insights about erosion and sedimentation processes. Bluff erosion is the dominant source of both sand and mud in the basin. The deep lake floor is the primary sink for mud, whereas both the deep lake and nearshore areas are important sinks for sand. On a long-term basis, rates of bluff erosion have progressively decreased and are apparently independent of anthropogenic effects. Rates of sediment accumulation in the lake basin mirror the decrease in rates of bluff erosion for prehistoric time, but have increased markedly since human settlement, probably because of anthropogenic effects on river and aerosolic inputs.
Venusian canali, outflow channels, and associated volcanic deposits resemble fluvial landforms more than they resemble volcanic features on Earth and Mars. Some canali have meandering habits and features indicative of channel migration that are very similar to meandering river channels and flood plains on Earth, venusian outflow channels closely resemble water-carved outflow channels on Mars and the Channeled Scabland in Washington, collapsed terrains at the sources of some venusian channels resemble chaotic terrains at the sources of martian outflow channels, venusian lava deltas are similar to bird's-foot deltas such as the Mississippi delta, and venusian valley networks indicate sapping. The depositional fluvial-type features (deltas, braided bars, and channeled plains) are generally among the smoothest terrains at the Magellan radar wavelength (12.6 cm) on Venus. These features suggest the involvement of an unusual lava, unexpected processes, and/or extraordinary eruption conditions. Possibly the lava was an ordinary silicate lava such as basalt or a less common type of silicate lava, and conditions unique to Venus or to those particular eruptions may have caused an unusual volcanological behavior. We have developed the alternative possibility that the lava had a water-like rheology and a melting point slightly greater than Venus' surface temperature, thus accounting for the unusual behavior of the lava. Unlike silicate lavas, some carbonatites (including carbonate-sulfate-rich liquids) have these properties; thus they can flow great distances while retaining a high fluidity, significant mechanical erosiveness, and substantial capacity to transport and deposit sediment. Venusian geochemistry and petrology are consistent with extensive eruptions of carbonatite lavas, which could have crustal and/or mantle origins. Venus' atmosphere (especially CO2, HCl, and HF abundances) and rocks may be in local chemical equilibrium, which suggests that the upper crust contains large amounts of calcite, anhydrite, and other salts. Chemical analyses indicate, according to some models, that Venusian rocks may contain 4-19% calcite and anhydrite. Mixtures of crustal salts could melt at temperatures a few tens to a few hundred Kelvins higher than Venus' surface temperature; hence, melting may be induced by modest endogenetic or impact heating. Salts may have many of the same geologic roles on Venus as water and ice have on Mars. A molten salt (carbonatite) \"aquifer\" may exist beneath a few hundred meters to several kilometers of solidified salt-rich \"permafrost.\" Many geologic features can be explained by carbonatite magmatism: (1) impact melting of crustal salts can explain crater outflows, (2) small, sustained eruptions from molten salt aquifers can explain sapping valleys, (3) large, sustained eruptions may explain canali and their flood plans, and (4) catastrophic outbursts may have formed outflow channels and chaotic terrain. Landforms created by carbonate-rich lavas would be thermally stable on Venus' surface, though some minerals may weather to other solid substances.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","doi":"10.1006/icar.1994.1179","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Kargel, J.S., Kirk, R.L., Fegley, B., and Treiman, A.H., 1994, Carbonate-Sulfate Volcanism on Venus?: Icarus, v. 112, no. 1, p. 219-252, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1994.1179.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"252","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Venus","volume":"112","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f371e4b0c8380cd4b801","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kargel, Jeffrey S.","contributorId":76601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kargel","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fegley, Bruce Jr.","contributorId":210367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fegley","given":"Bruce","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Treiman, Allan H.","contributorId":172307,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Treiman","given":"Allan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":12445,"text":"Lunar and Planetary Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":377164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017622,"text":"70017622 - 1994 - Gravitational stresses in long symmetric ridges and valleys in anisotropic rock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-18T11:56:02","indexId":"70017622","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2071,"text":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gravitational stresses in long symmetric ridges and valleys in anisotropic rock","docAbstract":"The effect of topography and rock mass anisotropy on gravitational stresses in long isolated symmetric ridges and valleys is modeled using an analytical method proposed earlier by the first two authors. The rock mass deforms under a condition of plane strain. A parametric study is presented on the effect of (1) topography, (2) orientation of anisotropy and (3) degree of anisotropy on the magnitude and distribution of gravitational stresses in transversely isotropic rock masses with planes of anisotropy striking parallel to the ridge or valley axis. It is found that compressive stresses develop near ridge crests and that tensile stresses develop in valley bottoms and valley walls. The magnitude of the gravitational stresses is of the order of the characteristics stress ??{variant}g??b?? where ??{variant} is the rock density, g is the gravitational acceleration and ??b?? is the height of the ridge or depth of the valley. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0148-9062(94)90899-0","issn":"01489062","usgsCitation":"Pan, E., Amadei, B., and Savage, W.Z., 1994, Gravitational stresses in long symmetric ridges and valleys in anisotropic rock: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, v. 31, no. 4, p. 293-312, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(94)90899-0.","startPage":"293","endPage":"312","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265932,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(94)90899-0"}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29f5e4b0c8380cd5ada6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pan, E.","contributorId":13107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pan","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amadei, B.","contributorId":86902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amadei","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Savage, W. Z.","contributorId":106481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017502,"text":"70017502 - 1994 - Rare earth element contents and multiple mantle sources of the transform-related Mount Edgecumbe basalts, southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-22T19:55:17.120806","indexId":"70017502","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare earth element contents and multiple mantle sources of the transform-related Mount Edgecumbe basalts, southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"Pleistocene basalt of the Mount Edgecumbe volcanic field (MEF) is subdivided into a plagioclase type and an olivine type. Olivine basalt crops out farther inboard from the nearby Fairweather transform than plagioclase basalt. Th/La ratios of plagioclase basalt are similar to those of mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB), whereas those of olivine basalt are of continental affinity. The olivine basalt has higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios than the plagioclase basalt.We model rare earth element (REE) contents of the olivine basalt, which resemble those of transitional MORB, by 10–15% partial melting of fertile spinel–plagioclase lherzolite followed by removal of 8–13% olivine. Normative mineralogy indicates melting in the spinel stability field. REE contents of an undersaturated basalt (sample 5L005) resemble those of Mauna Loa tholeiite and are modelled by 5–10% partial melting of fertile garnet lherzolite followed by 10% olivine removal. Plagioclase basalt resembles sample 5L005 in REE contents but is lower in other incompatible-element contents and 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Plagioclase basalt either originated in depleted garnet lherzolite or is a mixture of sample 5L005 and normal MORB; complex zoning of plagioclase and colinear Sc and Th contents are consistent with magma mixing.We conclude that olivine basalt originated in subcontinental spinel lherzolite and that plagioclase basalt may have originated in suboceanic lithosphere of the Pacific plate. Lithospheric melting seemingly requires vertical flow of mantle material, although there is no direct evidence at the MEF for crustal extension that might provide a mechanism for mantle advection. In any case, most MEF magmas are subalkaline because of moderately high degrees of partial melting at shallow depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e94-078","usgsCitation":"Riehle, J., Budahn, J., Lanphere, M.A., and Brew, D.A., 1994, Rare earth element contents and multiple mantle sources of the transform-related Mount Edgecumbe basalts, southeastern Alaska: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 31, no. 5, p. 852-864, https://doi.org/10.1139/e94-078.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"852","endPage":"864","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kruzof Island, Mount Edgecumbe Volcanic Field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -136.153564453125,\n 56.772293472653445\n ],\n [\n -134.98489379882812,\n 56.772293472653445\n ],\n [\n -134.98489379882812,\n 57.36579294673093\n ],\n [\n -136.153564453125,\n 57.36579294673093\n ],\n [\n -136.153564453125,\n 56.772293472653445\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9519e4b0c8380cd817df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riehle, J.R.","contributorId":73573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riehle","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brew, D. A.","contributorId":88344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017987,"text":"70017987 - 1994 - Issues related to modeling the transport of suspended sediments in Northern San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T12:32:33","indexId":"70017987","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Issues related to modeling the transport of suspended sediments in Northern San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"Measurements of suspended sediment concentrations at several deep-channel stations in San Francisco Bay are reviewed. Sediment concentrations are found to be strongly correlated with delta outflow, tidal, and spring/neap variations. However, little to no correlation is observed between wind speed and sediment concentration in the deep channel. A two-dimensional depth-averaged sediment transport model has been developed which includes the effects of tidal and spring-neap variations and wind-generated resuspension. During a period of low delta outflow, the model successfully reproduces field measurements of suspended sediment concentration at a station in San Pablo Bay. The model is found to be most sensitive to critical shear stresses, settling velocity, and the erosion rate constant.
","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling III","conferenceDate":"8 September 1993 through 10 September 1993","conferenceLocation":"Oak Brook, IL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629759","usgsCitation":"McDonald, E.T., and Cheng, R.T., 1994, Issues related to modeling the transport of suspended sediments in Northern San Francisco Bay, California, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling III, Oak Brook, IL, USA, 8 September 1993 through 10 September 1993, p. 551-564.","startPage":"551","endPage":"564","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fc7e4b0c8380cd647fd","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spaulding Malcolm L.Bedford KeithBlumberg AlanCheng RalphSwanson Craig","contributorId":128444,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Spaulding Malcolm L.Bedford KeithBlumberg AlanCheng RalphSwanson Craig","id":536408,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"McDonald, Ellen Thomas","contributorId":100557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018025,"text":"70018025 - 1994 - Wave climate and nearshore lakebed response, Illinois Beach State Park, Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T12:20:42.014978","indexId":"70018025","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wave climate and nearshore lakebed response, Illinois Beach State Park, Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"The Lake Michigan outer nearshore zone (water depths ≈5 to 25 m) off Illinois Beach State Park is subjected to a spectrum of wave conditions, including those generated by major storms. Only under these major storm conditions is there a realistic potential for wave-lakebed interaction (and associated wind-driven currents) to cause a significant net modification to the outer nearshore lakebed, which, in turn, may promulgate change in the inner nearshore (surf) zone. Analysis of bathymetric and sediment grain-size data, used in conjunction with published wave hindcast data, wave propagation modeling, and previous studies in the area, indicates that this potential occurs, most likely, on a scale of years. Although such storms can generate bottom currents well in excess of what is required to mobilize the fine to very fine sands that are present, little compelling evidence was found, on the basis of gross comparisons with previous studies (1946, 1973, 1978), that there have been rapid or pronounced changes in the outer nearshore lakebed. Nonetheless, grain-size data suggest that sands are episodically transported in a net southerly direction. At least over the time period represented by this and previous studies, any modification of the outer nearshore zone lakebed would seem to be modest and gradual. If so, whereas the outer nearshore zone may be a factor in the long-term adjustment of the shoreline, any rapid change in shoreline position, or any conspicuous change in the rate of shoreline adjustment, is more likely controlled by factors other than those linked to the outer nearshore zone.