Operating Criteria and Procedures established in 1988 for delivery of water for irrigation in the Newlands Project area include regulations and methods to increase Project efficiency. Public Law 101-618 of 1990 includes a target of 75-percent Project efficiency and a program of water-rights acquisition for wetlands maintenance. The directives could result in large reductions in water used for irrigation in the Carson Desert, potentially affecting ground-water supplies. Previous studies of the area have been evaluated to determine the current understanding of how aquifers are recharged, what controls the flow and quality of ground water, potential effects of changes in water use, and what additional information would be needed to quantify further changes in water use.
Inflow of surface water to the basin from Lahontan Reservoir averaged about 370,000 acre-ft/yr (acre-feet per year) from 1975 to 1992, supplying water for irrigation of more than 50,000 acres. More than half of the water released from the reservoir is lost to seepage, operational spills, and evaporation before delivery of about 170,000 acre-ft/yr to farm headgates. The volume of water delivered to farms that does not contribute to crop consumptive use (on-farm loss) is poorly known but could be as much as 60,000 acre-ft/yr. Consumptive use on irrigated land may be about 180,000 acre-ft/yr, of which 50,000 acre-ft/yr may be derived from the shallow aquifer. Outflow from irrigated land is a mixture of operational spill, runoff from irrigated fields, and ground-water seepage to drains. Total outflow averages about 170,000 to 190,000 acre-ft/yr. This water flows to wetlands at Carson Lake, Stillwater Wildlife Management Area, and Carson Sink.
Three sedimentary aquifers were previously defined in the basin: a shallow aquifer having highly variable lithology and water quality, an intermediate aquifer containing principally fresh water, and a deep aquifer having water of poor quality. The deep aquifer could possibly be divided into sedimentary and volcanic zones. In addition, a near-surface zone may exist near the top of the shallow aquifer where vertical flow is inhibited by underlying clay beds. A basalt aquifer near the center of the basin is the source of public supply and is recharged by the shallow, intermediate, and deep aquifers. Water levels in the basalt aquifer have declined about 10 feet from pre-pumping levels, and chloride and arsenic concentrations in the water have increased. The average depth to ground water has decreased beneath large areas of the Carson Desert since 1904 as a result of recharge of surface water used for irrigation. Ground water generally flows from west to east, and dissolvedsolids concentrations increase greatly near areas of ground-water discharge, where State of Nevada drinking-water standards commonly are exceeded.
Uncertainties in the rates of recharge to and discharge from the basin cause an imbalance in the calculated water budget. Estimates for total recharge range from 400,000 to 420,000 acreft/yr, whereas estimates for discharge range from 630,000 to 680,000 acre-ft/yr. Estimates of inflow to and outflow from aquifers of the study area are as follows: shallow aquifer, more than 120,000 acre-ft/yr; intermediate aquifer, possibly more than 25,000 acre-ft/yr; deep aquifer, unknown; and basalt aquifer, about 4,000 acre-ft/yr. Estimates for flow volumes to and from the shallow and intermediate aquifers are based on assumed aquifer properties and could be in error by an order of magnitude or more.
Conceptual models of the basin show that ground-water flow is downward from the shallow aquifer to the intermediate aquifer in the western part and near the center of the basin, and is upward in the eastern part of the basin. Little is known about flow in the deep aquifer. Nearsurface clay beds inhibit vertical flow near the center and eastern part of the basin except where breached by relict sand-filled channels of the Carson River.
Conceptual models of the basin show that changes in water use in the western part of the basin probably would affect recharge to the sedimentary and basalt aquifers. Near the center of the basin, water-use changes could affect the shallow and basalt aquifers but might have less effect on the intermediate aquifer. In the eastern part of the basin, changes could affect the shallow aquifer, but would probably not affect the intermediate or basalt aquifers.
If seepage is decreased by lining canals, and land is removed from production, water-level declines in the shallow aquifer could be greater than 10 feet as far as 2 miles from the lined canals. Depending upon the distribution of specific yield, decreasing recharge by 25,000 to 50,000 acre-ft/yr beneath 30,000 acres could cause water levels to decline from 4 to 17 feet. Where ground water supplements crop consumptive use, water levels could temporarily rise when land is removed from production. Where water is pumped from a near-surface zone of the shallow aquifer, water-level declines might not greatly affect pumped wells where the nearsurface zone is thickest, but could cause wells to go dry where the zone is thin.
The understanding of surface-water and ground-water relations, recharge and discharge of ground water, ground-water movement, and the potential effects of changes in water use in the Carson Desert can be refined by studying (1) the extent of potable water in the intermediate and basalt aquifers, (2) lithology and specific yield of aquifer materials, (3) data on ground-water levels and quality, and (4) data on surface-water flow and quality, as well as monitoring the effects of changes in water use as they take place.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93463","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Maurer, D.K., Johnson, A.K., and Welch, A., 1994, Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-463, Report: ix, 101 p.; 3 Plates: 28.70 x 31.65 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93463.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 101 p.; 3 Plates: 28.70 x 31.65 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":351002,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351001,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351000,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":350999,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"150000","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Churchill County","otherGeospatial":"Carson Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 39\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625535","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maurer, Douglas K. dkmaurer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Douglas","email":"dkmaurer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":181895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Ann K.","contributorId":12457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Welch, Alan H.","contributorId":45286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"Alan H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1319,"text":"wsp2389 - 1994 - A heat and water transfer model for seasonally frozen soils with application to a precipitation-runoff model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T16:07:39","indexId":"wsp2389","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2389","title":"A heat and water transfer model for seasonally frozen soils with application to a precipitation-runoff model","docAbstract":"A model that simulates heat and water transfer in soils during freezing and thawing periods was developed and incorporated into the U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System. The model's transfer of heat is based on an equation developed from Fourier's equation for heat flux. The model's transfer of water within the soil profile is based on the concept of capillary forces. Field capacity and infiltration rate can vary throughout the freezing and thawing period, depending on soil conditions and rate and timing of snowmelt. The model can be used to determine the effects of seasonally frozen soils on ground-water recharge and surface-water runoff.
Data collected for two winters, 1985-86 and 1986-87, on three runoff plots were used to calibrate and verify the model. The winter of 1985-86 was colder than normal, and snow cover was continuous throughout the winter. The winter of 1986-87 was warmer than normal, and snow accumulated for only short periods of several days.
as the criteria for determining the degree of agreement between simulated and measured data. The model was calibrated using the 1985-86 data for plot 2. The calibration simulation agreed closely with the measured data. The verification simulations for plots 1 and 3 using the 1985-86 data and for plots 1 and 2 using the 1986-87 data agreed closely with the measured data. The verification simulation for plot 3 using the 1986-87 data did not agree closely. The recalibration simulations for plots 1 and 3 using the 1985-86 data indicated little improvement because the verification simulations for plots 1 and 3 already agreed closely with the measured data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2389","usgsCitation":"Emerson, D.G., 1994, A heat and water transfer model for seasonally frozen soils with application to a precipitation-runoff model: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2389, iv, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2389.","productDescription":"iv, 72 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2389/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26358,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2389/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bffd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emerson, Douglas G.","contributorId":40579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016741,"text":"70016741 - 1994 - Molecular weight, polydispersity, and spectroscopic properties of aquatic humic substances","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T07:15:19","indexId":"70016741","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular weight, polydispersity, and spectroscopic properties of aquatic humic substances","docAbstract":"The number- and weight-averaged molecular weights of a number of aquatic fulvic acids, a commercial humic acid, and unfractionated organic matter from four natural water samples were measured by high-pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). Molecular weights determined in this manner compared favorably with those values reported in the literature. Both recent literature values and our data indicate that these substances are smaller and less polydisperse than previously believed. Moreover, the molecular weights of the organic matter from three of the four natural water samples compared favorably to the fulvic acid samples extracted from similar environments. Bulk spectroscopic properties of the fulvic substances such as molar absorptivity at 280 nm and the E4/E6 ratio were also measured. A strong correlation was observed between molar absorptivity, total aromaticity, and the weight average molecular weights of all the humic substances. This observation suggests that bulk spectroscopic properties can be used to quickly estimate the size of humic substances and their aromatic contents. Both parameters are important with respect to understanding humic substance mobility and their propensity to react with both organic and inorganic pollutants.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00060a015","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Chin, Y., Aiken, G., and O’Loughlin, E., 1994, Molecular weight, polydispersity, and spectroscopic properties of aquatic humic substances: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 11, p. 1853-1858, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00060a015.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1853","endPage":"1858","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d17e4b0c8380cd70159","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chin, Y.-P.","contributorId":84911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chin","given":"Y.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aiken, G.","contributorId":82066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Loughlin, Edward J.","contributorId":70930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Loughlin","given":"Edward","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25099,"text":"fs05294 - 1994 - Land use and land cover digital data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-03T08:52:55","indexId":"fs05294","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"052-94","title":"Land use and land cover digital data","docAbstract":"Computer tapes derived from land use and land cover (LULC) data and associated maps at scales of 1 :250,000 and 1: 100,000 are available from the U.S. Geological Survey.
\nThis data can be used alone or combined with a base map or other supplemental data for a variety of applications, using commercially available software. You can produce area summary statistics, select specific portions of a map to study or display single classifications, such as bodies of water.
\nLULC and associated digital data offer convenient, accurate, flexible, and cost-effective access to users who are involved in environmental studies, land use planning, land management, or resource planning.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs05294","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994, Land use and land cover digital data: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 052-94, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05294.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":225,"text":"Earth Science Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs05294.jpg"},{"id":285370,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0052-94/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae4e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54568,"text":"wdrHI931 - 1994 - Water resources data, Hawaii and other Pacific areas, water year 1993: Volume 1. Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-24T16:27:21.143176","indexId":"wdrHI931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"HI-93-1","title":"Water resources data, Hawaii and other Pacific areas, water year 1993: Volume 1. Hawaii","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1993 water year for Hawaii and other Pacific Areas consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams and springs; and water levels and quality of water in wells. This report, volume 1, contains discharge records for 88 gaging stations; water quality for 16 gaging stations, 19 partial-record flow stations, and 142 wells; and water levels for 63 observation wells. Also included are - 107 crest-stage partial record stations, 4 miscellaneous partial-record stations, 6 low-flow partial-record stations, and 45 rainfall stations. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by theU.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State, Federal, and other agencies in Hawaii.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrHI931","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Water Resource Management and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Matsuoka, I., Kunishige, V., and Lum, M., 1994, Water Resources Data, Hawaii and other Pacific Areas, Water Year 1993. Volume 1. 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fba36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matsuoka, Iwao","contributorId":34966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matsuoka","given":"Iwao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kunishige, V.E.","contributorId":44980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunishige","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lum, M.G.","contributorId":86040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lum","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":49730,"text":"ofr94637 - 1994 - Geophysical database of the East Coast of the United States northern Atlantic margin: Cross sections and gridded database (Georges Bank Basin, Long Island Platform, and Baltimore Canyon Trough)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-05T18:55:24.728257","indexId":"ofr94637","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-637","title":"Geophysical database of the East Coast of the United States northern Atlantic margin: Cross sections and gridded database (Georges Bank Basin, Long Island Platform, and Baltimore Canyon Trough)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94637","usgsCitation":"Klitgord, K.D., Poag, C.W., Schneider, C.M., and North, L., 1994, Geophysical database of the East Coast of the United States northern Atlantic margin: Cross sections and gridded database (Georges Bank Basin, Long Island Platform, and Baltimore Canyon Trough): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-637, 189 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94637.","productDescription":"189 p.","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":86279,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0637/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":404887,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12568.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":175506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0637/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"North Atlantic margin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -66,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -66,\n 43.016\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 43.016\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 34\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a87eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poag, C. W.","contributorId":16402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schneider, C. M.","contributorId":27537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"North, L.","contributorId":20397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"North","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70134534,"text":"70134534 - 1994 - Lake-level history of Lake Michigan for the past 12,000 years: the record from deep lacustrine sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T11:49:21","indexId":"70134534","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lake-level history of Lake Michigan for the past 12,000 years: the record from deep lacustrine sediments","docAbstract":"Collection and analysis of an extensive set of seismic-reflection profiles and cores from southern Lake Michigan have provided new data that document the history of the lake basin for the past 12,000 years. Analyses of the seismic data, together with radiocarbon dating, magnetic, sedimentologic, isotopic, and paleontologic studies of core samples, have allowed us to reconstruct lake-level changes during this recent part of the lake's history.
The post-glacial history of lake-level changes in the Lake Michigan basin begins about 11.2 ka with the fall from the high Calumet level, caused by the retreat of the Two Rivers glacier, which had blocked the northern outlet of the lake. This lake-level fall was temporarily reversed by a major influx of water from glacial Lake Agassiz (about 10.6 ka), during which deposition of the distinctive gray Wilmette Bed of the Lake Michigan Formation interrupted deposition of red glaciolacustrine sediment. Lake level then continued to fall, culminating in the opening of the North Bay outlet at about 10.3 ka. During the resulting Chippewa low phase, lake level was about 80 m lower than it is today in the southern basin of Lake Michigan.
The rise of the early Holocene lake level, controlled primarily by isostatic rebound of the North Bay outlet, resulted in a prominent, planar, transgressive unconformity that eroded most of the shoreline features below present lake level. Superimposed on this overall rise in lake level, a second influx of water from Lake Agassiz temporarily raised lake levels an unknown amount about 9.1 ka. At about 7 ka, lake level may have fallen below the level of the outlet because of sharply drier climate. Sometime between 6 and 5 ka, the character of the lake changed dramatically, probably due mostly to climatic causes, becoming highly undersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate and returning primary control of lake level to the isostatically rising North Bay outlet. Post-Nipissing (about 5 ka) lake level has fallen about 6 m due to erosion of the Port Huron outlet, a trend around which occurred relatively small (± ∼2 m), short-term fluctuations controlled mainly by climatic changes. These cyclic fluctuations are reflected in the sed-imentological and sediment-magnetic properties of the sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(94)71133-3","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Forester, R.M., Reynolds, R.L., Sweetkind, D., King, J.W., Gangemi, P., Jones, G.A., Keigwin, L.D., and Foster, D.S., 1994, Lake-level history of Lake Michigan for the past 12,000 years: the record from deep lacustrine sediments: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 20, no. 1, p. 73-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(94)71133-3.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"92","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488301,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/gsofacpubs/1762","text":"External Repository"},{"id":296392,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.98974609375,\n 46.15700496290803\n ],\n [\n -84.55078125,\n 46.01985337287634\n ],\n [\n -86.59423828125,\n 41.46742831254425\n ],\n [\n -87.9345703125,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -88.72558593749999,\n 43.98491011404692\n ],\n [\n -86.98974609375,\n 46.15700496290803\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"547ee2c9e4b09357f05f8a5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":526134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forester, Richard M.","contributorId":71961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":271,"text":"Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":526135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reynolds, Richard L. 0000-0002-4572-2942 rreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":271,"text":"Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S. dsweetkind@usgs.gov","contributorId":735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald S.","email":"dsweetkind@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":271,"text":"Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":526137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"King, John W.","contributorId":99601,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"King","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":6922,"text":"University of Rhode Island","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":526138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gangemi, Paul","contributorId":127651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gangemi","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6922,"text":"University of Rhode Island","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":526139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jones, Glenn A.","contributorId":17779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":526140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Keigwin, Loyd D.","contributorId":46790,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keigwin","given":"Loyd","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":526141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Foster, David S. 0000-0003-1205-0884 dfoster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-0884","contributorId":1320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"David","email":"dfoster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70135637,"text":"70135637 - 1994 - Historical shoreline mapping (I): improving techniques and reducing positioning errors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T14:09:51","indexId":"70135637","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical shoreline mapping (I): improving techniques and reducing positioning errors","docAbstract":"A critical need exists among coastal researchers and policy-makers for a precise method to obtain shoreline positions from historical maps and aerial photographs. A number of methods that vary widely in approach and accuracy have been developed to meet this need. None of the existing methods, however, address the entire range of cartographic and photogrammetric techniques required for accurate coastal mapping. Thus, their application to many typical shoreline mapping problems is limited. In addition, no shoreline mapping technique provides an adequate basis for quantifying the many errors inherent in shoreline mapping using maps and air photos. As a result, current assessments of errors in air photo mapping techniques generally (and falsely) assume that errors in shoreline positions are represented by the sum of a series of worst-case assumptions about digitizer operator resolution and ground control accuracy. These assessments also ignore altogether other errors that commonly approach ground distances of 10 m. This paper provides a conceptual and analytical framework for improved methods of extracting geographic data from maps and aerial photographs. We also present a new approach to shoreline mapping using air photos that revises and extends a number of photogrammetric techniques. These techniques include (1) developing spatially and temporally overlapping control networks for large groups of photos; (2) digitizing air photos for use in shoreline mapping; (3) preprocessing digitized photos to remove lens distortion and film deformation effects; (4) simultaneous aerotriangulation of large groups of spatially and temporally overlapping photos; and (5) using a single-ray intersection technique to determine geographic shoreline coordinates and express the horizontal and vertical error associated with a given digitized shoreline. As long as historical maps and air photos are used in studies of shoreline change, there will be a considerable amount of error (on the order of several meters) present in shoreline position and rate-of- change calculations. The techniques presented in this paper, however, provide a means to reduce and quantify these errors so that realistic assessments of the technological noise (as opposed to geological noise) in geographic shoreline positions can be made.
","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Thieler, E.R., and Danforth, W.W., 1994, Historical shoreline mapping (I): improving techniques and reducing positioning errors: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 10, no. 3, p. 549-563.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"549","endPage":"563","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296679,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":296678,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4298252"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5490143ce4b058d886db1644","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thieler, E. Robert 0000-0003-4311-9717 rthieler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4311-9717","contributorId":2488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thieler","given":"E.","email":"rthieler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Danforth, William W. 0000-0002-6382-9487 bdanforth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-9487","contributorId":3292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"William","email":"bdanforth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27704,"text":"wri934172 - 1994 - Hydrogeology, herbicides and nutrients in ground water and springs, and relation of water quality to land use and agricultural practices near Carlisle, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T11:15:43","indexId":"wri934172","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4172","title":"Hydrogeology, herbicides and nutrients in ground water and springs, and relation of water quality to land use and agricultural practices near Carlisle, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Discharge and water-quality data collected in two adjacent karst-spring basins in Cumberland County, Pa., from May 1990 through April 1991 were used to (1) describe the hydrogeology of the area; (2) determine the concentrations of selected herbicides, herbicide-soil metabolites, and nutrients in water from wells and discharges from springs, (3) determine herbicide and nutrient discharges from springs; and (4) determine the relation of ground-water quality to land use and agricultural practices in the spring basins. The study area is underlain by a regolith-mantled carbonate-rock aquifer system. Agricultural land, forest, and residential land are the principal land uses. Herbicides are applied primarily to cornfields. Cyanazine, atrazine, metolachlor, and alachlor account for about 90 percent of the documented herbicide use on cropland. Daily mean discharge of Alexanders and Mount Rock Springs was 3.8 and 3.7 cubic feet per second, and total discharge was 1,390 and 1,370 cubic feet per second-days. Increases in discharge were related to individual periods of precipitation, but maximum flow rates lagged precipitation periods by 2 to 5 days. The recharge area to each spring is estimated to be 2.8 square miles. Atrazine was the only herbicide in common use that was detected in discharges from springs. Atrazine and the atrazine soil-metabolite deethylatrazine (DEA) were detected in spring discharges for the duration of the study. Changes in atrazine and DEA concentrations in the discharges from springs were minimal, and no flush of herbicides from the springs followed application. Temporal variation in constituent discharges was related mostly to changes in spring flow; the largest daily constituent discharges coincided with periods of increased spring flow during the winter and early spring. Atrazine and DEA discharged from Alexanders Spring and Mount Rock Spring were about 0.5 and 0.6 percent of the estimated annual atrazine use on row crops in their respective recharge areas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934172","usgsCitation":"Hippe, D., Witt, E., and Giovannitti, R., 1994, Hydrogeology, herbicides and nutrients in ground water and springs, and relation of water quality to land use and agricultural practices near Carlisle, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4172, vi, 66 p. :ill, maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934172.","productDescription":"vi, 66 p. :ill, maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56551,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4172/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4172/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db61486f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hippe, D. J.","contributorId":83951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hippe","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Witt, E. C. III","contributorId":105746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witt","given":"E. C.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Giovannitti, R.M.","contributorId":7728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giovannitti","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26525,"text":"wri934182 - 1994 - Development and documentation of spatial data bases for the Lake Tahoe Basin, California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-12T12:17:59","indexId":"wri934182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4182","title":"Development and documentation of spatial data bases for the Lake Tahoe Basin, California and Nevada","docAbstract":"A set of spatial data bases consisting of natural- resources and planimetric-base layers has been developed and documented for the Lake Tahoe Basin, California and Nevada. The data bases, in the form of geographic information system coverages, include surface geology, soils, timber type, riparian vegetation, land capability, stream channels, water bodies, roads, political boundaries, the Lake Tahoe Basin boundary, slope, aspect, drainage-basin boundaries, and hydrologic-monitoring sites. The data bases were developed from existing thematic maps, digital data, and hydrographic records. Data were compiled from maps and records of Federal, State, and local agencies. The scale of source materials ranged from 1:24,000 to 1:125,000 and their release dates. from 1964 to 1989. Documen- tation and summary information are included for each spatial data base.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934182","collaboration":"Planning in cooperation with the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency","usgsCitation":"Cartier, K.D., Peltz, L.A., and Smith, J.L., 1994, Development and documentation of spatial data bases for the Lake Tahoe Basin, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4182, v, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934182.","productDescription":"v, 65 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":55388,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4182/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Lake Tahoe Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.3,\n 38.7\n ],\n [\n -119.25,\n 38.7\n ],\n [\n -119.25,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -120.3,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -120.3,\n 38.7\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d530","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cartier, Kenn D.","contributorId":39766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartier","given":"Kenn","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peltz, Lorri A.","contributorId":29401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peltz","given":"Lorri","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12701,"text":"US Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":196552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, J. LaRue jlsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.","email":"jlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"LaRue","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":196553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27519,"text":"wri934115 - 1994 - Yields of bedrock wells in Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri934115","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4115","title":"Yields of bedrock wells in Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Six to seven percent of the population of Massachusetts obtains its water from domestic bedrock wells. Additional public, commercial, industrial, and domestic supplies from bedrock will be needed in the future. Information about the factors that are related to large well yields is needed. The factors associated with well yields were identified by use of statistical analysis of reported data from 4,218 bedrock wells. The median reported yield of all bedrock wells was 7 gallons per minute, and the median depth was 170 feet. Wells in valleys and lowlands had the largest median yield--I0 gallons per minute. The median well yield on hilltops and slopes was 6 gallons per minute. In valleys and lowlands, significant increases in well yields corresponded to increasing thickness of overburden. On hilltops and slopes, only small increases in well yield corresponded to increases in overburden thickness. Increases in well diameter corresponded to significant increases in well yields for all well locations, depths, and use categories. The common assumptions that fractured crystalline rocks generally yield only small quantities of water to wells and that the fractures that yield water to wells pinch out or are closed because of lithostatic pressure at depths greater than 300 to 400 feet may be in error. Analysis of well data indicates that the median yield of all bedrock wells decreased as well depth increased to 400 feet and increased slightly with well depths greater than 600 feet. The median yield of bedrock wells located in valleys and lowlands reached 50 gallons per minute at depths of 600 to 700 feet. The median yield of wells located on hilltops and slopes reached 15 gallons per minute at depths of 600 to 700 feet. Carbonate bedrock, with a median well yield of 25 gallons per minute, seemed to be the most productive bedrock type. A reported yield of 1,700 gallons per minute from an industrial well completed in carbonate bedrock is the largest reported yield from a bedrock well in Massachusetts. Yield of wells in sedimentary rocks of the Connecticut Valley increased significantly at depths greater than 400 feet, indicating that this bedrock type may have some primary permeability. Commercial or industrial wells had a median yield of 30 gallons per minute. These wells appear to be preferentially sited, large in diameter, and deeper than average to maximize potential well yields. The median reported bedrock well yield and depth have changed over time. The median yield of about 20 gallons per minute for 1920-40 decreased to 6 gallons per minute for 1970-80. Well depth increased from 128 feet for 1950- 60 to 250 feet for 1980-90. The period during which well depths began to increase coincides with a change in bedrock-well drilling methods from cable tool to air rotary with percussion. Four methods of testing the yield of domestic bedrock wells were evaluated: air injection, evacuation and recovery, constant-discharge, and instantaneous discharge or recharge. A constant-discharge test best satisfied the criteria established to evaluate the testing methods. Further data collection and evaluation are needed for the systematic characterization and appraisal of the bedrock aquifers of Massachusetts. Specific elements include (1) improved and expanded collection and storage of well data, (2) detailed hydrogeologic evaluations of apparent high yield bedrock areas, (3) an evaluation of the relation between the vertical distribution of hydraulic properties measured during well drilling to actual hydraulic properties, (4) an evaluation of the effect of well diameter on well yield, and (5) areal evaluations to characterize the quality of water in bedrock.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934115","usgsCitation":"Hansen, B.P., and Simcox, A., 1994, Yields of bedrock wells in Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4115, v, 43 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934115.","productDescription":"v, 43 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4115/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56378,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4115/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4783e4b07f02db483604","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, B. P.","contributorId":45332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simcox, A.C.","contributorId":46134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simcox","given":"A.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4854,"text":"ds13 - 1994 - International phase of ocean drilling: Seismic Line 1 demultiplexed data, Cape Hatteras to Mid-Atlantic Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T14:56:34.297583","indexId":"ds13","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"13","title":"International phase of ocean drilling: Seismic Line 1 demultiplexed data, Cape Hatteras to Mid-Atlantic Ridge","docAbstract":"This CD-ROM is part of a 39 disc collection containing the demultiplexed seismic data from a 3400 km-long multichannel seismic-reflection profile extending from Cape Hatteras, N.C., to the rift valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The data were collected in 1974 as part of the International Phase of Ocean Drilling (IPOD) which was jointly funded by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Science Foundation's Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds13","isbn":"0607624302","usgsCitation":"Zihlman, F.N., Abston, C., Taylor, D.J., Agena, W., and Oliver, H.L., 1994, International phase of ocean drilling: Seismic Line 1 demultiplexed data, Cape Hatteras to Mid-Atlantic Ridge: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 13, Document: 165 p.; Raw Data: CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds13.","productDescription":"Document: 165 p.; Raw Data: CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":363274,"rank":3,"type":{"id":19,"text":"Raw Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds13/index.html","text":"International Phase of Ocean Drilling Seismic Line 1 Demultiplexed Data Cape Hatteras to Mid-Atlantic Ridge","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":354482,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds13/ds13.pdf","text":"Report","size":"215 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 13"},{"id":139942,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76,24.318055555555556 ], [ -76,35 ], [ -64,35 ], [ -64,24.318055555555556 ], [ -76,24.318055555555556 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole, MA 02543
The oceans have been and will continue to be disposal sites for a wide variety of waste products. Often these wastes are not dumped at the designated sites or transport occurs during or after dumping, and, subsequent attempts to monitor the effects the waste products have on the environment are inadequate because the actual location of the waste is not known. Acoustic mapping of the seafloor with sidescan sonar is a very effective technique for locating and monitoring dredge-spoil material and other debris. Sidescan sonar provides an acoustic image or sonograph of the sea floor that is similar to a satellite image of the Earth's land surface. In effect sidescan sonar allows the water column to be stripped from the sea floor, thereby providing a clear, unobstructed view of the sea bed.
\n\n
An example of the potential of this technique is summarized herein for the Gulf of the Farallones region. More than 47 800 drums (55 gallon) and other containers of low-level radioactive waste were dumped on the continental margin offshore the San Francisco Bay between 1946 and 1970. These drums now litter a large area (1200 km2) of the sea floor within the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary (GFNMS). The exact location of the drums and the potential hazard the drums pose to the environment are unknown. To evaluate the risk, samples of the sediment, biota and water must be collected near and distant from the concentrations of barrels. To do this the exact location of the barrels must be known prior to sampling. The USGS, through a cooperative research agreement with GFNMS, used sidescan sonar to map two areas within the sanctuary. Total sea-floor coverage was obtained and computer-processed sonographic mosaics were constructed on board ship. Many small nongeologic targets were distributed throughout the survey areas that covered about 70 km2 on the shelf and 120 km2 on the slope. Analysis of the sidescan data suggests that the targets are 55-gallon drums. This interpretation was confirmed at one site with an underwater video and 35-mm camera system. Data were collected with both a 30-kHz and a 120-kHz sidescan system within a 15-km2 area on the shelf. We found that the barrels were more easily detected with the mid-range 30-kHz system than with the higher resolution 120-kHz system. Maps of barrel distribution derived from the sonographs are being used to design sampling schemes to evaluate the risk that the radioactivity may have on the biota and environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0964-5691(94)90032-9","usgsCitation":"Karl, H., Schwab, W.C., Wright, A.S., Drake, D.E., Chin, J., Danforth, W.W., and Ueber, E., 1994, Acoustic mapping as an environmental management tool: I. detection of barrels of low-level radioactive waste, Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, California: Ocean and Coastal Management, v. 22, no. 3, p. 201-227, https://doi.org/10.1016/0964-5691(94)90032-9.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"227","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296640,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of the Farallones","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.904052734375,\n 38.039438891821746\n ],\n [\n -123.32702636718749,\n 37.883524980871336\n ],\n [\n -122.958984375,\n 37.38325280195101\n ],\n [\n -122.40966796874999,\n 37.60117623656667\n ],\n [\n -122.607421875,\n 38.013476231041935\n ],\n [\n -122.904052734375,\n 38.039438891821746\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"548c1fc4e4b0ca8c43c36954","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karl, Herman A.","contributorId":55796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Herman A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":527067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwab, William C. 0000-0001-9274-5154 bschwab@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9274-5154","contributorId":417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"William","email":"bschwab@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":527068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, A. St. C.","contributorId":71784,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"St. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":527069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drake, David E.","contributorId":74752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":527070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chin, John L.","contributorId":98291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chin","given":"John L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":527071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Danforth, William W. 0000-0002-6382-9487 bdanforth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-9487","contributorId":3292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"William","email":"bdanforth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":527072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ueber, Edward","contributorId":102925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ueber","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6637,"text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":527073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":27670,"text":"wri944004 - 1994 - Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges in Gwinnett County, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T10:34:47","indexId":"wri944004","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4004","title":"Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges in Gwinnett County, Georgia","docAbstract":"The effects of flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges along downstream reaches in six urban drainage basins in Gwinnett County, Georgia, were studied during 1986-93 using the U.S. Geological Survey's Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model (DR3M). Short-term rainfall-runoff data were collected at selected stations in six urban drainage basins in Gwinnett County. The basins range in size from 0.10 to 0.37 square miles and contain from 15- to 35- percent impervious areas. Each basin contains from two to six flood-detention reservoirs. The DR3M was calibrated using short-term rainfall-runoff data collected (1986-92) at each station. The model then was used to simulate long-term (1898-1980) peak discharges for these stations for conditions representing various amounts of detention ranging from the existing condition with all flood-detention reservoirs in place to the natural condition with no reservoirs. Flood-frequency relations were developed from the simulated annual peak discharges for each of these conditions by fitting the logarithms of the annual peak discharge data to a Pearson type III distribution curve. The effect of each flood-detention reservoir on peak discharges downstream was determined by comparison of peak discharges simulated with and without the flood-detention reservoirs. The cumulative effect of all flood-detention reservoirs in a basin on peak discharges downstream was determined by comparison of peak discharges for a flood with a given recurrence interval simulated with and without the reservoirs. Results of these comparisons indicate that removal of an individual flood-detention reservoir during simulations changes peak discharges from - 1 to 24 percent for the 2-year recurrence interval, from - 1 to 27 percent for the 10-year recurrence interval, and from -2 to 31 percent for the 100-year recurrence interval. The cumulative effect of removing all of the reservoirs from each of the six basins during simulation increases peak discharges from 1 to 38 percent for the 2-year recurrence interval, from 1 to 37 percent for the l O-year recurrence interval, and from 3 to 31 percent for the 100-year recurrence interval. In this study of six basins, several factors influenced the effect of flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges downstream. The contributing drainage area, the maximum storage capacity, the outflow-structure capacity, and the elevation-to-storage relation of the flood-detention reservoir affected peak discharges in several basins. The location in the drainage basin and number of flood-detention reservoirs affected peak discharges in some basins.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri944004","usgsCitation":"Hess, G.W., and Inman, E.J., 1994, Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges in Gwinnett County, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4004, v, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944004.","productDescription":"v, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56521,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4004/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4004/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Gwinnett 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J.","contributorId":44193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70135099,"text":"70135099 - 1994 - Large-scale deformation related to the collision of the Aleutian Arc with Kamchatka","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-15T21:49:55.594288","indexId":"70135099","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale deformation related to the collision of the Aleutian Arc with Kamchatka","docAbstract":"The far western Aleutian Island Arc is actively colliding with Kamchatka. Westward motion of the Aleutian Arc is brought about by the tangential relative motion of the Pacific plate transferred to major, right-lateral shear zones north and south of the arc. Early geologic mapping of Cape Kamchatka (a promontory of Kamchatka along strike with the Aleutian Arc) revealed many similarities to the geology of the Aleutian Islands. Later studies support the notion that Cape Kamchatka is the farthest west Aleutian “island” and that it has been accreted to Kamchatka by the process of arc-continent collision. Deformation associated with the collision onshore Kamchatka includes gravimetrically determined crustal thickening and formation of a narrow thrust belt of intensely deformed rocks directly west of Cape Kamchatka. The trend of the thrust faults is concave toward the collision zone, indicating a radial distribution of maximum horizontal compressive stress. Offshore, major crustal faults trend either oblique to the Kamchatka margin or parallel to major Aleutian shear zones. These offshore faults are complex, accommodating both strike-slip and thrust displacements as documented by focal mechanisms and seismic reflection data. Earthquake activity is much higher in the offshore region within a zone bounded to the north by the northernmost Aleutian shear zone and to the west by an apparent aseismic front. Analysis of focal mechanisms in the region indicate that the present-day arc-continent “contact zone” is located directly east of Cape Kamchatka. In modeling the dynamics of the collision zone using thin viscous sheet theory, the rheological parameters are only partially constrained to values of n (the effective power law exponent) ≥ 3 and Ar(the Argand number) ≤ 30. These values are consistent with a forearc thermal profile of Kamchatka, previously determined from heat flow modeling. The thin viscous sheet modeling also indicates that onshore thrust faulting is a consequence, not only of compressive stresses resulting from the west directed collision, but also of sediment-induced coupling of the subducting Pacific plate.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94TC00428","usgsCitation":"Geist, E.L., and Scholl, D.W., 1994, Large-scale deformation related to the collision of the Aleutian Arc with Kamchatka: Tectonics, v. 13, no. 3, p. 538-560, https://doi.org/10.1029/94TC00428.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"538","endPage":"560","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296534,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"Kamchatka Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 164.3115234375,\n 62.2679226294176\n ],\n [\n 154.8193359375,\n 56.80087831233043\n ],\n [\n 154.3359375,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n 164.3994140625,\n 55.7765730186677\n ],\n [\n 164.3115234375,\n 62.2679226294176\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54882b57e4b02acb4f0c8c3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, Eric L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":15543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27731,"text":"wri944019 - 1994 - Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-28T21:49:14.650832","indexId":"wri944019","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4019","title":"Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area","docAbstract":"Important rainfall-runoff characteristics for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area were determined to be overland flow, interception storage, interception losses, evaporation, and infiltration. Using these characteristics, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) was configured for basins in the study area. The data network for the model calibration consisted of four continuous rainfall gages and three continuous streamflow gages. The model was calibrated, using observed data from three runoff events, by minimizing objective functions representing peak discharge, volume of runoff, and time to peak discharge from the beginning of simulation. The absolute mean percentage difference between the simulated and observed data for peak discharge, volume of runoff, and time to peak discharge are 9.47, 10.8, and 19.6 percent. A sensitivity analysis of SWMM parameters was performed on a simplified drainage basin. The output of runoff (volume, peak, and timing) in SWMM was determined to be most sensitive to subarea width, percentage impervious area, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and initial moisture deficit. The volume of runoff was affected by percentage impervious area, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and initial moisture deficit. The peak flow rate was affected by subcatchment width and percentage impervious area, whereas the time to peak was affected by subcatchment width. The model also was determined to be sensitive to the time step in the streamflow routing part.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944019","usgsCitation":"Holmes, R., and East, J.W., 1994, Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4019, vii, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944019.","productDescription":"vii, 24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411149,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47930.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56571,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4019/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158794,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4019/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Rolla","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.87591911661391,\n 38.03597634320698\n ],\n [\n -91.87591911661391,\n 37.80120519183451\n ],\n [\n -91.61055977166683,\n 37.80120519183451\n ],\n [\n -91.61055977166683,\n 38.03597634320698\n ],\n [\n -91.87591911661391,\n 38.03597634320698\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605d5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":70429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"East, J. W.","contributorId":99186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2002,"text":"wsp2417 - 1994 - Petrophysical analysis of geophysical logs of the National Drilling Company-U.S. Geological Survey ground-water research project for Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19583,"text":"ofr9385 - 1993 - Petrophysical analysis of geophysical logs, National Drilling Company - U.S. Geological Survey Ground-water Research Project for Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates","indexId":"ofr9385","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Petrophysical analysis of geophysical logs, National Drilling Company - U.S. Geological Survey Ground-water Research Project for Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2002,"text":"wsp2417 - 1994 - Petrophysical analysis of geophysical logs of the National Drilling Company-U.S. Geological Survey ground-water research project for Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates","indexId":"wsp2417","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Petrophysical analysis of geophysical logs of the National Drilling Company-U.S. Geological Survey ground-water research project for Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:22","indexId":"wsp2417","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2417","title":"Petrophysical analysis of geophysical logs of the National Drilling Company-U.S. Geological Survey ground-water research project for Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates","docAbstract":"A program of borehole-geophysical logging was implemented to supply geologic and geohydrologic information for a regional ground-water investigation of Abu Dhabi Emirate. Analysis of geophysical logs was essential to provide information on geohydrologic properties because drill cuttings were not always adequate to define lithologic boundaries. The standard suite of logs obtained at most project test holes consisted of caliper, spontaneous potential, gamma ray, dual induction, microresistivity, compensated neutron, compensated density, and compensated sonic. Ophiolitic detritus from the nearby Oman Mountains has unusual petrophysical properties that complicated the interpretation of geophysical logs. The density of coarse ophiolitic detritus is typically greater than 3.0 grams per cubic centimeter, porosity values are large, often exceeding 45 percent, and the clay fraction included unusual clays, such as lizardite. Neither the spontaneous-potential log nor the natural gamma-ray log were useable clay indicators. Because intrinsic permeability is a function of clay content, additional research in determining clay content was critical. \r\n\r\nA research program of geophysical logging was conducted to determine the petrophysical properties of the shallow subsurface formations. The logging included spectral-gamma and thermal-decay-time logs. These logs, along with the standard geophysical logs, were correlated to mineralogy and whole-rock chemistry as determined from sidewall cores. Thus, interpretation of lithology and fluids was accomplished. Permeability and specific yield were calculated from geophysical-log data and correlated to results from an aquifer test. \r\n\r\nOn the basis of results from the research logging, a method of lithologic and water-resistivity interpretation was developed for the test holes at which the standard suite of logs were obtained. In addition, a computer program was developed to assist in the analysis of log data. Geohydrologic properties were estimated, including volume of clay matrix, volume of matrix other than clay, density of matrix other than clay, density of matrix, intrinsic permeability, specific yield, and specific storage. \r\n\r\nGeophysical logs were used to (1) determine lithology, (2) correlate lithologic and permeable zones, (3) calibrate seismic reprocessing, (4) calibrate transient-electromagnetic surveys, and (5) calibrate uphole-survey interpretations. Logs were used at the drill site to (1) determine permeability zones, (2) determine dissolved-solids content, which is a function of water resistivity, and (3) design wells accordingly. Data and properties derived from logs were used to determine transmissivity and specific yield of aquifer materials.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2417","usgsCitation":"Jorgensen, D.G., and Petricola, M., 1994, Petrophysical analysis of geophysical logs of the National Drilling Company-U.S. Geological Survey ground-water research project for Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2417, iv, 35 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2417.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2417/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27446,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2417/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db686e11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgensen, Donald G.","contributorId":19537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petricola, Mario","contributorId":17212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petricola","given":"Mario","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70177039,"text":"70177039 - 1994 - Acute and chronic effects of four commercial herbicide formulations on Ceriodaphnia dubia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-17T10:34:05","indexId":"70177039","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute and chronic effects of four commercial herbicide formulations on Ceriodaphnia dubia","docAbstract":"Toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia were conducted to determine acute (48 h) and chronic (7-day survival and reproduction) effects of four commonly used herbicide formulations. The 48-h LC50s in decreasing order of toxicity were 14.36 mg/L (Micro-Tech®), 15.93 mg/L (Bicep®), 32.99 mg/L (Extrazine®), and 35.36 mg/L (Lexone®). Reduced reproduction was detected at concentrations below 48-h LC50s for three of the formulations. The 7-day chronic values (ChV) based on reproduction were 17.68 mg/L (Micro-Tech®), 8.84 mg/L (Bicep®), 17.68 mg/L (Extrazine®), and 8.84 mg/L (Lexone®). The acute-to-chronic ratios (ACRs) for Micro-Tech® (0.81), Bicep® (1.80), Extrazine® (1.86), and Lexone® (4.00) indicate a relatively narrow range between acute and chronic sensitivity in daphnids. A comparison of these response data to environmental concentrations suggests these herbicides are not likely to directly impact invertebrates. Potential impacts on plants and human health should be of primary ecological and regulatory concern.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00203894","usgsCitation":"Ort, M.P., Fairchild, J., and Finger, S., 1994, Acute and chronic effects of four commercial herbicide formulations on Ceriodaphnia dubia: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 27, no. 1, p. 103-106, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00203894.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"106","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329627,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5805e34fe4b0824b2d1c24d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ort, M. P.","contributorId":175436,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ort","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fairchild, J.F.","contributorId":88891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finger, S.E.","contributorId":29769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017818,"text":"70017818 - 1994 - Paleoclimatic Inferences from a 120,000-Yr Calcite Record of Water-Table Fluctuation in Browns Room of Devils Hole, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017818","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoclimatic Inferences from a 120,000-Yr Calcite Record of Water-Table Fluctuation in Browns Room of Devils Hole, Nevada","docAbstract":"The petrographic and morphologic differences between calcite precipitated below, at, or above the present water table and uranium-series dating were used to reconstruct a chronology of water-table fluctuation for the past 120,000 yr in Browns Room, a subterranean air-filled chamber of Devils Hole fissure adjacent to the discharge area of the large Ash Meadows groundwater flow system in southern Nevada. The water table was more than 5 m above present level between about 116,000 and 53,000 yr ago, fluctuated between about +5 and +9 m during the period between about 44,000 and 20,000 yr ago, and declined rapidly from +9 to its present level during the past 20,000 yr. Because the Ash Meadows groundwater basin is greater than 12,000 km2 in extent, these documented water-table fluctuations are likely to be of regional significance. Although different in detail, water-level fluctuation recorded by Browns Room calcites generally correlate with other Great Basin proxy palcoclimatic data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1994.1007","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Szabo, B.J., Kolesar, P.T., Riggs, A., Winograd, I., and Ludwig, K., 1994, Paleoclimatic Inferences from a 120,000-Yr Calcite Record of Water-Table Fluctuation in Browns Room of Devils Hole, Nevada: Quaternary Research, v. 41, no. 1, p. 59-69, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1007.","startPage":"59","endPage":"69","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206129,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1007"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73c6e4b0c8380cd7722e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolesar, Peter T.","contributorId":32296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolesar","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riggs, A.C.","contributorId":41462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winograd, I.J.","contributorId":10408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winograd","given":"I.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":17847,"text":"ofr94339 - 1994 - Water-resources activities in New England, fiscal year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:21","indexId":"ofr94339","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-339","title":"Water-resources activities in New England, fiscal year 1993","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has 82 active or complete-except-report projects of hydrologic investigations ongoing within the New England Program Area. Of this total, 23 are data projects. Data projects contain statistics and data on the conditions of surface water, ground water, water quality and (or) water use for the study area. There currently are six data projects in Connecticut, five in Maine, four in Massachusetts, four in Rhode Island, and four in New Hampshire and Vermont. The remaining 59 of these projects are interpretive projects. Interpretive projects include research, aerial appraisal, and other hydrologic studies and include projects as diverse as (1) determining the direction of ground-water flow at a toxic site, (2) predicting the effect of acid rain on water quality of a reservoir, and (3) estimating yields of aquifers on Cape Cod. Of the interpretive projects, 26 are in Massachusetts, 17 in Connecticut, 17 are in New Hampshire and Vermont, 6 are in Maine, and 3 in Rhode Island. The report is compiled from project descriptions for fiscal year 1993. It briefly describes the water-resources activities and projects that were active in each District of the USGS, Water Resources Division, New England Program Area of September 30, 1993. Cooperator or funding source, problem statements, objectives, approaches, progress, and plans for next year are described for each project. The project area is located on a map of the appropriate State(s). The report contains a bibliography, by District and by author, of reports completed since 1977.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94339","usgsCitation":"Orlando, M., 1994, Water-resources activities in New England, fiscal year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-339, v, 134 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94339.","productDescription":"v, 134 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0339/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47085,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0339/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orlando, M.F.","contributorId":57475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orlando","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4888,"text":"ds12 - 1994 - Photographs of historical mining operations in Colorado and Utah from the U.S. Geological Survey Library","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-13T07:49:38","indexId":"ds12","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"12","title":"Photographs of historical mining operations in Colorado and Utah from the U.S. Geological Survey Library","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds12","issn":"1088-1018","usgsCitation":"McGregor, J.K., and Abston, C., 1994, Photographs of historical mining operations in Colorado and Utah from the U.S. Geological Survey Library: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 12, 1 CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds12.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":354991,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0012/ds12.zip","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685e35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGregor, Joseph K.","contributorId":100377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGregor","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abston, C. C.","contributorId":30617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abston","given":"C. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21475,"text":"ofr94401 - 1994 - Creating urban data using AVHRR thermal-infrared data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:47","indexId":"ofr94401","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-401","title":"Creating urban data using AVHRR thermal-infrared data","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94401","usgsCitation":"Wright, B.E., 1994, Creating urban data using AVHRR thermal-infrared data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-401, 13 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94401.","productDescription":"13 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0401/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51038,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0401/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6836b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, B. E.","contributorId":41845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17876,"text":"ofr93661 - 1994 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in New Mexico, fiscal year 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-08T16:04:24","indexId":"ofr93661","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-661","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in New Mexico, fiscal year 1992","docAbstract":"Awareness of our environment in general, and water resources in particular, has brought increased interest in and support of hydrologic data collection and research. The quantity, quality, and distribution of water are extremely important to the future well-being of New Mexico. The State's surface-water resources are minimal and highly variable due to climate and to regulation and diversion; ground-water resources are subject to development that exceeds natural recharge and to potential contamination by land use. Issues related to global climate change, disposal of hazardous wastes, toxic substances in water, water rights, and ground-water contamination are evolving areas of greater public concern. At the same time there is a continuing need for a better understanding of various hydrologic systems and processes in order to manage these limited water resources for maximum benefit to present and future generations.
The U.S. Geological Survey has collected and disseminated information on the water resources of New Mexico for more than a century. The Survey began to collect records of streamflow in New Mexico in December 1888 when the first discharge measurements were made on the Rio Grande near the present gaging station at Embudo. This site, called the \"birthplace of systematic stream gaging,\" was chosen to be the training center for the first hydrographers of the Irrigation Survey, a bureau within the original Geological Survey. Since that time, in cooperation with Federal, State, local, and tribal agencies, we have monitored streams at hundreds of sites throughout the State and have a current network of more than 200 streamflow-gaging stations. Through the Cooperative Program, we also have established sites where ground-water levels are monitored to document changes in ground-water storage or where surface-water and groundwater samples are collected to determine water chemistry, and we have undertaken investigative studies to define the availability, quality, and distribution of water resources. Information from the data program and results of investigative studies are made available to water-resources managers, regulators, and the public to be used for the effective management of the State's water resources.
This report provides a brief summary of the activities of the New Mexico District for FY (fiscal year) 1992, including our mission, organization, sources of funding, and descriptions of current projects. This report serves to document not only the content of the program, but also the diversity and complexity of that program. Cooperation among water-resources agencies will be essential in effectively dealing with water-related issues facing New Mexico. We look forward to the challenge of addressing these issues by continuing to provide factual hydrologic data and technically sound areal appraisals and interpretive studies.
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Through the Water Resources Division District Office in Kentucky, the USGS investigates the occurrence, distribution, quantity, movement, and chemical and biological quality of surface and ground water in the State. The mission of this program is to collect, interpret, and publish information on water resources. Almost all research and data collection is a cooperative effort in which planning and financial support are shared by State and local agencies and governments. Other activities are funded by other Federal agencies or by direct Congressional appropriation. This report is intended to inform the public and cooperating agencies, vitally interested in the water resources of Kentucky, as to the current status of the Distfict's data collection and investigation program. Included in the report are summaries of water-resources activities in Kentucky conducted by the USGS. 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