Simple univariate statistical techniques may not adequately assess the multidimensional nature of habitats used by wildlife. Thus, we developed a multivariate method to model habitat-use potential using a set of female black bear (Ursus americanus) radio locations and habitat data consisting of forest cover type, elevation, slope, aspect, distance to roads, distance to streams, and forest cover type diversity score in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas. The model is based on the Mahalanobis distance statistic coupled with Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. That statistic is a measure of dissimilarity and represents a standardized squared distance between a set of sample variates and an ideal based on the mean of variates associated with animal observations. Calculations were made with the GIS to produce a map containing Mahalanobis distance values within each cell on a 60- × 60-m grid. The model identified areas of high habitat use potential that could not otherwise be identified by independent perusal of any single map layer. This technique avoids many pitfalls that commonly affect typical multivariate analyses of habitat use and is a useful tool for habitat manipulation or mitigation to favor terrestrial vertebrates that use habitats on a landscape scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Soceity","doi":"10.2307/3809276","usgsCitation":"Clark, J.D., Dunn, J.E., and Smith, K.G., 1993, Multivariate model of female black bear habitat use for a Geographic Information System: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 57, no. 3, p. 519-526, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809276.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"519","endPage":"526","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320355,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Ozark National Forest, White Rock Wildlife Management Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.81500244140625,\n 35.95355323233212\n ],\n [\n -93.944091796875,\n 35.97578349847199\n ],\n [\n -94.09790039062499,\n 35.97578349847199\n ],\n [\n -94.1583251953125,\n 35.964669147704086\n ],\n [\n -94.2572021484375,\n 35.922420347285055\n ],\n [\n -94.3341064453125,\n 35.833401703805094\n ],\n [\n -94.30389404296875,\n 35.6907639509368\n ],\n [\n -94.29840087890625,\n 35.58361791939279\n ],\n [\n -94.23797607421874,\n 35.54787066533268\n ],\n [\n -94.1143798828125,\n 35.54116627999813\n ],\n [\n -93.93585205078125,\n 35.561277754384534\n ],\n [\n -93.74359130859375,\n 35.55904339525894\n ],\n [\n -93.603515625,\n 35.561277754384534\n ],\n [\n -93.55957031249999,\n 35.574682600980914\n ],\n [\n -93.515625,\n 35.75765724051559\n ],\n [\n -93.62274169921875,\n 35.92464453144099\n ],\n [\n -93.7298583984375,\n 35.94910642813857\n ],\n [\n -93.81500244140625,\n 35.95355323233212\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5718a847e4b0ef3b7caba5cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Joseph D. 0000-0002-8547-8112 jclark1@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-8112","contributorId":2265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Joseph","email":"jclark1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunn, James E.","contributorId":168788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dunn","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6623,"text":"University of Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Kimberly G.","contributorId":80200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018311,"text":"70018311 - 1993 - The magnitude and rapidity of the climate change marking the end of the Pleistocene in the mid-latitudes of South America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T16:44:39.705341","indexId":"70018311","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The magnitude and rapidity of the climate change marking the end of the Pleistocene in the mid-latitudes of South America","docAbstract":"The chi-squared test of independence and cluster analysis of Otsuka similarity coefficients of fossil beetle assemblages from the Chilean Lake Region in the mid-latitudes of South America support the following conclusions: (1) the mean summer temperature of the glacial climate was 4-5??C lower than today's climate; (2) the climatic change from glacial to interglacial mode was in a single step centered on about 14,000 yr B.P.; (3) the climatic change was rapid, and within 1500 years the biota of a moorland had been completely replaced by a biota of a rain forest; (4) by 12,500 yr B.P., the low elevation beetle fauna of the Chilean Lake Region was similar in composition to that of the present day; and (5) no reversal in the postglacial warming trend, equivalent in age to the Younger Dryas Stade, was detected.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(93)90018-E","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Ashworth, A., and Hoganson, J., 1993, The magnitude and rapidity of the climate change marking the end of the Pleistocene in the mid-latitudes of South America: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 101, no. 3-4, p. 263-270, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(93)90018-E.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"270","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227507,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","otherGeospatial":"Chilean Lake Region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.5696905220094,\n -34.034187277386664\n ],\n [\n -74.29096675825205,\n -33.79189864452927\n ],\n [\n -74.29096675825205,\n -40.741320377357766\n ],\n [\n -72.7278378439459,\n -40.741320377357766\n ],\n [\n -71.59687077766624,\n -36.78748350848831\n ],\n [\n -71.5696905220094,\n -34.034187277386664\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"101","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badb5e4b08c986b323da4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ashworth, A.C.","contributorId":45061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashworth","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoganson, J.W.","contributorId":100127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoganson","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018377,"text":"70018377 - 1993 - Seismicity of the Adriatic microplate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T15:25:24.720898","indexId":"70018377","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity of the Adriatic microplate","docAbstract":"The Adriatic microplate was previously considered to be a unique block, tectonically active only along its margins. The seismic sequences that took place in the basin from 1986 to 1990 give new information about the geodynamics of this area. Three subsets of well recorded events were relocated by the joint hypocentre determination technique. On the whole, this seismic activity was concentrated in a belt crossing the southern Adriatic sea around latitude 42°, in connection with regional E-W fault systems. Some features of this seismicity, similar to those observed in other well known active margins of the Adriatic plate, support a model of a southern Adriatic lithospheric block, detached from the Northern one. Other geophysical information provides evidence of a transitional zone at the same latitude.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(93)90323-C","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Console, R., Di Giovambattista, R., Favali, P., Presgrave, B., and Smriglio, G., 1993, Seismicity of the Adriatic microplate: Tectonophysics, v. 218, no. 4, p. 343-354, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90323-C.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"354","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227201,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Adriatic microplate","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 7.901074646922638,\n 45.36537747665571\n ],\n [\n 7.925319937349542,\n 40.09529757596667\n ],\n [\n 15.659655459453305,\n 36.911856470118124\n ],\n [\n 20.530395376757042,\n 39.790757885787514\n ],\n [\n 19.89113932560724,\n 42.11828271163941\n ],\n [\n 18.052461504968505,\n 44.5684811567877\n ],\n [\n 13.967414468815335,\n 46.00369103273495\n ],\n [\n 7.901074646922638,\n 45.36537747665571\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"218","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8bb8e4b08c986b317a2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Console, R.","contributorId":51476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Console","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Di Giovambattista, R.","contributorId":7021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Di Giovambattista","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Favali, P.","contributorId":47534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Favali","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Presgrave, B.W.","contributorId":103298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presgrave","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smriglio, G.","contributorId":50673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smriglio","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017451,"text":"70017451 - 1993 - Reconciling deep seismic refraction and reflection data from the Grenvillian-Appalachian boundary in western New England","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T15:48:07.513683","indexId":"70017451","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconciling deep seismic refraction and reflection data from the Grenvillian-Appalachian boundary in western New England","docAbstract":"Most continental flood basalts are enriched in incompatible elements and have high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and low ϵNd values. Many are depleted in Nb and Ta. The commonly-held view that these characteristics are inherited directly from a source in metasomatized lithospheric mantle is inconsistent with the following arguments: (1) thermomechanical modelling demonstrates that flood basalt magmas come mainly from an asthenospheric or plume source, with minimal direct melting of the continental lithospheric mantle. The low water contents of most flood basalts argue against proposals that hydrous lithosphere was the source. (2) Lithospheric mantle normally has low concentrations of incompatible elements, and chondrite-normalized Nb and Ta contents similar to those of other incompatible elements. Such material cannot be the unmodified source of Nb-Ta-depleted basalts such as those from the Karoo, Ferrar, or Columbia River provinces.
We suggest there are two main controls on the compositions of continental flood basalts. The first is lithospheric thickness, which strongly influences the depth and degree of mantle melting of a plume or asthenospheric source, and thus has an important influence on the composition of primary magmas. All liquids formed by partial melting of peridotite at sub-lithosphere depths are highly magnesian (20–25 wt.% MgO) but have variable trace-element contents. Where the lithosphere is thick, the source melts at high pressure, garnet is present, the degree of melting is low, and trace-element concentrations are high. This type of magma evolves to produce the high-Ti type of continental flood basalt. Where the lithosphere is thinner, the source ascends to shallower levels, the degree of melting is greater, garnet may be exhausted, and the magmas have lower trace-element contents; these magmas yield low-Ti basalts.
The second control is processing of magmas in chambers that were periodically replenished and tapped, while continuously fractionating and assimilating their wall rocks. The uniform compositions of basalts that evolve in such chambers are far removed from those of their picritic parental magmas. Major elements in continental flood basalts reflect control by olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase crystallization, and this assemblage places the magma chambers at crustal depth. We believe that trace-element and isotopic compositions are also buffered, and that the erupted basalts represent steady-state liquids tapped from these magma chambers. These processes impose a crustal signature on the magmas, as expressed most strongly in the concentrations of incompatible elements (e.g., Nb-Ta anomalies) and their isotopic characteristics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(93)90156-E","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Arndt, N.T., Czamanske, G., Wooden, J.L., and Fedorenko, V., 1993, Mantle and crustal contributions to continental flood volcanism: Tectonophysics, v. 223, no. 1-2, p. 39-52, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90156-E.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"52","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228842,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"223","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4cd1e4b0c8380cd69eff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arndt, Nicholas T.","contributorId":50187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arndt","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czamanske, Gerald K.","contributorId":104907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"Gerald K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, Joseph L.","contributorId":193587,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fedorenko, V.A.","contributorId":59961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedorenko","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018008,"text":"70018008 - 1993 - Geochemical and detrital mode evidence for two sources of Early Proterozoic sedimentary rocks from the Tonto Basin Supergroup, central Arizona-reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T16:03:45.043233","indexId":"70018008","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical and detrital mode evidence for two sources of Early Proterozoic sedimentary rocks from the Tonto Basin Supergroup, central Arizona-reply","docAbstract":"No abstract available,
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(93)90007-R","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Conway, C.M., Condie, K., and Noll, P., 1993, Geochemical and detrital mode evidence for two sources of Early Proterozoic sedimentary rocks from the Tonto Basin Supergroup, central Arizona-reply: Sedimentary Geology, v. 87, no. 3-4, p. 241-244, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(93)90007-R.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"244","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"central 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\"}}]}","volume":"87","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15bce4b0c8380cd54f20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conway, C. M.","contributorId":15605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Condie, K.C.","contributorId":90889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Condie","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noll, P.D. Jr.","contributorId":94046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noll","given":"P.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017341,"text":"70017341 - 1993 - Pliocene palaeotemperature reconstruction for the southern North Sea Based on Ostracoda","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T16:19:23.682331","indexId":"70017341","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene palaeotemperature reconstruction for the southern North Sea Based on Ostracoda","docAbstract":"The development of a large northeastern Atlantic shelf ostracod database has confirmed that an intrinsic relationship exists between watermass temperature and the spatial (latitudinal) distribution of benthonic shelf Ostracoda. A second Pliocene ostracod database, using assemblages from four boreholes in The Netherlands and a number of localities from the East Anglian Neogene succession has also been constructed.
A quantitative method of modern analogues and the Squared Chord Distance dissimilarity coefficient has been employed as a means of calculating the level of similarity between Recent and Neogene assemblages and, therefore, to aid in the reconstruction of palaeotemperatures in the southern North Sea Basin during the Pliocene.
The results, in the form of contoured dissimilarity values, indicate the presence of at least seven palaeoceanographical climatic phases between ca. 5.2 and 1.6 Ma BP. An early Pliocene cooling phase (ecozone A), in which the fauna is dominated by the cryophilic species; Palmenella limicola (Norman), Elofsonella concinna (Jones), Robertsonites tuberculatus (Sars), Neomonoceratina tsurugasakensis (Tabuki) and Acanthocythereis dunelmensis (Norman), supervenes a period of stable subtropical conditions in the Miocene.
A ‘mid’ Pliocene warming phase (ecozone B), which has been documented throughout the North Atlantic, can be recognized in the faunal composition of the sublittoral ostracod assemblages of both The Netherlands and East Anglia. A hiatus between the Coralline and Waltonian crags is thought to be associated with a deterioration in climatic conditions. Recent analogues to The Netherlands faunas of ecozone C (first phase late Pliocene cooling, ca. 2.9 Ma BP) indicate a decrease of approximately 5–6°C in mean summer surface temperatures. A return to elevated temperatures, of a Mauritanian aspect, can be seen in the fauna of the FA2 zone and Waltonian Crag. This amelioration of climate occurred prior to the Praetiglian cold phase (second phase late Pliocene cooling, ca. 2.4 Ma BP) which again saw the reintroduction of cryophilic species including Baffinicythere howei Hazel, Fimarchinella logani (Brady, Crosskey and Robertson) and Hemicythere emarginata (Sars), into the southern North Sea during the Newbournian and Butleyan stages.
The final phase of the latest Pliocene (third phase late Pliocene cooling) is only documented in the ostracod fauna of the Norwich Crag. Evidence in the covariance of Loxoconchidae and Norwegian provincial cryophilic species, indicates that the Polar Front may have been as much as 2000 km further south during the deposition of the Chillesford Sand Member (Norwich Crag Fm., ca. 2.0-1.6 Ma BP).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(93)90015-E","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Wood, A., Whatley, R., Cronin, T.M., and Holtz, T., 1993, Pliocene palaeotemperature reconstruction for the southern North Sea Based on Ostracoda: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 12, no. 9, p. 747-767, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(93)90015-E.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"747","endPage":"767","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224882,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -3.6815435312724674,\n 58.92454350185787\n ],\n [\n -3.6815435312724674,\n 52.571046421533\n ],\n [\n 9.938967201508575,\n 52.571046421533\n ],\n [\n 9.938967201508575,\n 58.92454350185787\n ],\n [\n -3.6815435312724674,\n 58.92454350185787\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c70e4b0c8380cd799ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, A.M.","contributorId":34271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whatley, R.C.","contributorId":85211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whatley","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holtz, T.","contributorId":96839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtz","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27370,"text":"wri934145 - 1993 - Hydrogeology of, and simulated ground-water flow in, the valley-fill aquifers of the upper Rockaway River basin, Morris County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri934145","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4145","title":"Hydrogeology of, and simulated ground-water flow in, the valley-fill aquifers of the upper Rockaway River basin, Morris County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Public water supply in the Rockaway River valley depends almost entirely on ground water from wells in the valley-fill deposits. Ground-water withdrawals from these deposits in 1986 were about 9.1 million gallons per day. A steady-state ground-water flow model was developed to quantify the effects of ground-water withdrawals on water levels in the valley-fill aquifers and on ground-water discharge to the Rockaway River. The ground-water-flow model, which represents an aquifer system consisting of an unconfined and a confined aquifer separated by a discontinuous confining unit, was implemented to examine aquifer resonse to current and predicted ground-water withdrawals in areas of proposed well sites and the effect of increased ground-water withdrawals on ground-water discharge to the river. Ground-water flow to wells in the valley-fill aquifers is sustained by increased vertical flow between the two aquifers, the diversion of ground water that had discharged to the Rockaway River, and induced seepage resulting from pumping near the Rickaway River. If the rate of ground-water recharge decreases or if the rate of ground-water withdrawals from the valley-fill aquifers increases, ground-water discharge to the Rockaway River above the Boonton Reservoir will decrease by an equivalent amount. The average annual base flow of the Rockaway River above the Boonton Reservoir will meet the minimum passing flow requirement of 7 million gallons per day under conditions of average annual ground-water recharge, and increased ground-water withdrawals anticipated by the years 2000 and 2040. For anticipated increases in withdrawals to 11.5 million gallons per day by the the year 2000, and 14.6 million gallons per day by the year 2040, base flow to the Rockaway River above the Boonton Reservoir may not be sufficient to meet the minimum required reservoir outflow during extended periods of decreased recharge, such as drought, as much as 5 and 11 percent of the time, respectively.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934145","usgsCitation":"Gordon, A.D., 1993, Hydrogeology of, and simulated ground-water flow in, the valley-fill aquifers of the upper Rockaway River basin, Morris County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4145, vi, 74 :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934145.","productDescription":"vi, 74 :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4145/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56231,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4145/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2be4b07f02db613081","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gordon, Alison D. 0000-0002-9502-8633 agordon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9502-8633","contributorId":890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Alison","email":"agordon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32912,"text":"ofr93269 - 1993 - Characterizing fractured rock for fluid-flow, geomechanical, and paleostress modeling: Methods and preliminary results from Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-31T18:37:31.017136","indexId":"ofr93269","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-269","title":"Characterizing fractured rock for fluid-flow, geomechanical, and paleostress modeling: Methods and preliminary results from Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93269","usgsCitation":"Barton, C.C., Larsen, E., Page, W.R., and Howard, T.M., 1993, Characterizing fractured rock for fluid-flow, geomechanical, and paleostress modeling: Methods and preliminary results from Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-269, Report: iv, 62 p.; 1 Plate: 41.97 × 20.75 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93269.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 62 p.; 1 Plate: 41.97 × 20.75 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406012,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12663.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":60815,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0269/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60816,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0269/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":161405,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0269/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.354,\n 36.865\n ],\n [\n -116.3210,\n 36.865\n ],\n [\n -116.3210,\n 36.872\n ],\n [\n -116.354,\n 36.872\n ],\n [\n -116.354,\n 36.865\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4cda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, Christopher Cramer","contributorId":98754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"Cramer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larsen, Eric","contributorId":101293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Page, W. R.","contributorId":73619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howard, T. M.","contributorId":68360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27450,"text":"wri934200 - 1993 - Simulated effects of the proposed Garrison Diversion Unit on streamflow and dissolved solids in the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North, North Dakota and Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-08T19:23:14.649595","indexId":"wri934200","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4200","title":"Simulated effects of the proposed Garrison Diversion Unit on streamflow and dissolved solids in the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North, North Dakota and Minnesota","docAbstract":"Future development of the Garrison Diversion Unit in North Dakota could deliver 100 cubic feet per second of water for the cities of Fargo, Grand Forks, and surrounding communities. Missouri River water from the Garrison Diversion Unit Sheyenne River water supply would be delivered to the upper reaches of the Sheyenne River, which would convey the water to the Red River of the North. Potential effects of releasing Missouri River water to the Sheyenne River on the quantity and quality of streamflow in the Sheyenne River and in the Red River of the North are evaluated for two proposed operating plans year-round operation (12 months each year) and nonwinter operation (April through October each year). The Project Canals, Reservoirs, and River Systems (PROCRRS) and Canals, Rivers, and Reservoirs Salinity Accounting Procedures (CRRSAP) monthly accounting models are used to predict streamflow and dissolved-solids changes that could result from the proposed release of treated Missouri River water into the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North. For year-round operation of the Garrison Diversion Unit Sheyenne River water supply for the period 1931-84, the maximum quantity of water that must be delivered to the upper reaches of the Sheyenne River so that 100 cubic feet per second of Missouri River water can be delivered to Fargo, N.Dak., and Grand Forks, N.Dak., was estimated to be about 151 cubic feet per second for August 1976. For nonwinter operation the maximum quantity of water was estimated to be about 210 cubic feet per second.
Model simulations were used to assess the effects that operation of the Garrison Diversion Unit Sheyenne River water supply could have on streamflow and water quality of the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North. Effects were assessed by comparing simulated streamflows that include Missouri River water to baseline conditions, which represent hydrologic conditions before addition of Missouri River water.
Simulated mean monthly dissolved-solids concentrations for Sheyenne River nodes for year-round and nonwinter operation of the Garrison Diversion Unit Sheyenne River water supply generally were less than those for baseline conditions. Simulated mean monthly dissolved-solids concentrations for Red River of the North nodes for year-round and nonwinter operation generally were greater than those for baseline conditions.
Streamflow for 1933-42 was about 25 percent of the mean annual streamflow for 1931-84. Simulated monthly mean dissolved-solids concentrations for year-round and nonwinter operation for node 125, Sheyenne River near Cooperstown, N.Dak., for the low-flow conditions of 1933-42 were less than those for baseline conditions. Annual variability of simulated dissolved-solids concentrations for year-round operation was less than annual variability for nonwinter operation and for baseline conditions. Simulated monthly mean dissolved-solids concentrations for year-round and nonwinter operation for node 250, Sheyenne River near Kindred, N.Dak., for the low-flow conditions of 1933-42 ranged from 500 to 600 milligrams per liter. Simulated monthly mean dissolved-solids concentrations for baseline conditions ranged from 300 milligrams per liter to greater than 1,000 milligrams per liter. Simulated monthly mean dissolved-solids concentrations for nonwinter operation were less than those for year-round operation. For node 700, Red River of the North at Grand Forks, N.Dak., the magnitude of simulated monthly mean dissolved-solids concentrations for year-round and nonwinter operation for the low-flow conditions of 1933-42 were about the same as those for baseline conditions.
Streamflow for 1973-82 was about 30 percent greater than the mean annual streamflow for 1931-84. For the high-flow conditions of 1973-82, simulated monthly mean dissolved-solids concentrations for node 125 for year-round operation ranged from about 325 to 650 milligrams per liter, and simulated monthly mean dissolved-solids concentrations for baseline conditions and for nonwinter operation generally ranged from 325 to 800 milligrams per liter. Simulated monthly mean dissolved-solids concentrations for node 250 for year-round and nonwinter operation were about the same as those for baseline conditions. Simulated monthly mean dissolved-solids concentrations for node 700 for year-round and nonwinter operation also were about the same as those for baseline conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934200","usgsCitation":"Guenthner, R.S., 1993, Simulated effects of the proposed Garrison Diversion Unit on streamflow and dissolved solids in the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North, North Dakota and Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4200, Report: viii, 121 p.; Plate: 21.38 x 15.78 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934200.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 121 p.; Plate: 21.38 x 15.78 inches","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403298,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47892.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56311,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4200/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56310,"rank":399,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4200/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4200/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.4167,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -94.2833,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -94.2833,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -100.4167,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -100.4167,\n 45.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699ee5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guenthner, R. Scott","contributorId":95918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guenthner","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58335,"text":"mf2233 - 1993 - Bathymetry of southern Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-04T09:41:46","indexId":"mf2233","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2233","title":"Bathymetry of southern Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Manua Loa, the largest volcano on Earth, lies largely beneath the sea, and until recently only generalized bathymetry of this giant volcano was available. However, within the last two decades, the development of multibeam sonar and the improvement of satellite systems (Global Positioning System) have increased the availability of precise bathymetric mapping. This map combines topography of the subaerial southern part of the volcano with modern multibeam bathymetric data from the south submarine flank. The map includes the summit caldera of Mauna Loa Volcano and the entire length of the 100-km-long southwest rift zone that is marked by a much more pronounced ridge below sea level than above. The 60-km-long segment of the rift zone abruptly changes trend from southwest to south 30 km from the summit. It extends from this bend out to sea at the south cape of the island (Kalae) to 4 to 4.5 km depth where it impinges on the elongate west ridge of Apuupuu Seamount. The west submarine flank of the rift-zone ridge connects with the Kahuku fault on land and both are part of the ampitheater head of a major submarine landslide (Lipman and others, 1990; Moore and Clague, 1992). Two pre-Hawaiian volcanic seamounts in the map area, Apuupuu and Dana Seamounts, are apparently Cretaceous in age and are somewhat younger than the Cretaceous oceanic crust on which they are built.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2233","isbn":"0607821965","usgsCitation":"Chadwick, W.W., Moore, J.G., Garcia, M.O., and Fox, C.G., 1993, Bathymetry of southern Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2233, Map: 25.18 x 43.40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2233.","productDescription":"Map: 25.18 x 43.40 inches","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":181014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2233.png"},{"id":284451,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2233/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"50000","country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -16.0,18.3 ], [ -16.0,19.3 ], [ -15.5,19.3 ], [ -15.5,18.3 ], [ -16.0,18.3 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4ef6e4b0b290850f2693","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chadwick, William W.","contributorId":77042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chadwick","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garcia, Michael O.","contributorId":51636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fox, Christopher G.","contributorId":86257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":17671,"text":"ofr9252 - 1993 - Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17671,"text":"ofr9252 - 1993 - Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change","indexId":"ofr9252","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":238,"text":"wsp2422 - 1994 - Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change","indexId":"wsp2422","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":238,"text":"wsp2422 - 1994 - Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change","indexId":"wsp2422","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change"},"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-21T14:09:50","indexId":"ofr9252","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-52","title":"Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change","docAbstract":"Because of the \"greenhouse effect,\" projected increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels might cause global warming, which in turn could result in changes in precipitation patterns and evapotranspiration and in increases in sea level. This report describes the greenhouse effect; discusses the problems and uncertainties associated with the detection, prediction, and effects of climatic change, and presents the results of sensitivity-analysis studies of the potential effects of climate change on water resources in the Delaware River basin.
\nOn the basis of sensitivity analyses, potentially serious shortfalls of certain water resources in the basin could result if some climatic-change scenarios become true. The results of basin streamflow-model simulations in this study demonstrate the difficulty in distinguishing effects of climatic change on streamflow and water supply from effects of natural variability in current climate. The future direction of basin changes in most water resources, furthermore, cannot be determined precisely because of uncertainty in current projections of regional temperature and precipitation. This large uncertainty indicates that, for resource planning, information defining the sensitivities of water resources to a range of climate change is most relevant. The sensitivity analyses could be useful in developing contingency plans on how to evaluate and respond to changes, should they occur.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9252","usgsCitation":"Ayers, M.A., Wolock, D.M., McCabe, G., Hay, L.E., and Tasker, G.D., 1993, Sensitivity of water resources in the Delaware River basin to climate variability and change: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-52, vii, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9252.","productDescription":"vii, 68 p.","numberOfPages":"75","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287515,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287514,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0052/report.pdf"}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Delaware;New Jersey;Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Delaware River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.5,39.0 ], [ -75.5,40.0 ], [ -74.5,40.0 ], [ -74.5,39.0 ], [ -75.5,39.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f6ee7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayers, Mark A.","contributorId":84730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":177369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. 0000-0002-9258-2997 gmccabe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":1453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory J.","email":"gmccabe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":177371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hay, Lauren E. 0000-0003-3763-4595 lhay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-4595","contributorId":1287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"Lauren","email":"lhay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":177370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":95035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":136,"text":"wsp2400 - 1993 - National water summary 1990-91: Hydrologic events and stream water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-04T22:33:24.152547","indexId":"wsp2400","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2400","title":"National water summary 1990-91: Hydrologic events and stream water quality","docAbstract":"National Water Summary 1990-91 Hydrologic Events and Stream Water Quality was planned to complement existing Federal-State water-quality reporting to the U.S. Congress that is required by the Clean Water Act of 1972. This act, formally known as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (Public Law 92-500), and its amendments in 1977,1979,1980,1981,1983, and 1987, is the principal basis for Federal-State cooperation on maintaining and reporting on water quality in the United States. Under section 305(b) of the Clean Water Act, the States must designate uses for waterbodies, biennially assess whether the waterbodies meet designated uses, and report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which in turn summarizes the findings of the State assessments in a biennial National Water Quality Inventory report to the Congress.
\nThis volume of the National Water Summary uses a nationally consistent data base and methods of statistical analysis to document stream water quality in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Western Pacific Islands. As a basis for preparation of this report, the U.S. Geological Survey (uses) created a data base of waterquality data from about 2,900 stream water-quality monitoring stations in the United States (Lanfear, 1993). These data, which were extracted primarily from the uses National Water Information System (NWIS) and supplemented with data from the EPA national data base known as STORET, consisted mostly of water-chemistry and physical-sediment data. About 1,400 of these stations met a criterion, used in this volume for trends analysis of data, of having a period of record that began before water year 1980. (A water year is the period from October 1 through September 30 and is identified by the calendar year at the end of the period.) Inasmuch as the determination of trends requires about 10 years of data, few biological data were suitable for trends analysis because biological indicators of water quality were not being collected extensively by water year 1980. Also, because of the lack of long-term data, an assessment of the water quality of lakes and reservoirs is not included in this National Water Summary. Constituent and waterproperty data were selected from this data base and analyzed with statistical techniques that have been used extensively by the uses to summarize conditions and trends in water quality. (Throughout the remainder of this article, the term \"constituent\" is used also to represent water properties, such as pH and alkalinity.) Selected results from this analysis are presented graphically, both by State and nationally, in this volume.
\nThe data base created for preparation of this volume and the resulting nationally consistent statistical analysis of these data provide a unique opportunity to compare and contrast stream water-quality conditions and trends nationally and State by State. Because of the complexity of water quality and the natural seasonal and diurnal variations in the concentrations of waterquality constituents, the determination of trends in water quality requires a relatively long period of record. Trends in constituent concentrations in the State summaries in this volume were calculated for one or more of four periods water years 1970-89,1975-89,1980- 89, and 1982-89. Unfortunately, few water-quality monitoring stations have periods of record of more than 10 or 15 years, and therefore most analyses in the State summaries were done for 8- or 10-year periods. Although interest in water quality has continued to heighten since passage of the Clean Water Act, funds for support of data-collection programs are limited and data records of many of the constituents now of current concern, especially organic constituents, do not exist or are less than 10-years long; consequently only a modest number of organic constituents are presented in this volume. Discussion of conditions and trends in water quality in this National Water Summary also draw upon information about land use, population, water use, application of agricultural chemicals in rural areas, the siting of industrial facilities, and other ancillary information. Because the results of analysis of a restricted number of constituents are presented in this volume, State 305(b) reports also are cited in the discussion of water quality in each State.
\nThe following discussion is an overview of the three parts of this 1990-91 National Water Summary - \"Hydrologic Conditions and Water-Related Events, Water Years 1990-91,\" \"Hydrologic Perspectives on Water Issues,\" and \"State Summaries of Stream Water Quality.\"
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W.","contributorId":84729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573731,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":20783,"text":"ofr93420 - 1993 - Documentation of model input and output values for simulation of regional ground-water flow, carbonate-rock province, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-01T09:17:55","indexId":"ofr93420","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-420","title":"Documentation of model input and output values for simulation of regional ground-water flow, carbonate-rock province, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states","docAbstract":"Documentation of model input values and sample output used during a conceptual evaluation of the regional ground-water flow in the carbonate-rock province of the Great Basin, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states, was revised from previously published Open-File Report 91-479. The documentation, consisting of a listing of input values and sample output, is contained on a 5-1/4-inch diskette in files presented in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) format. These files require approximately 740,000 bytes of disk space on an IBM-compatible microcomputer using the MS-DOS operating system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Carson City, NV","doi":"10.3133/ofr93420","usgsCitation":"Schaefer, D.H., 1993, Documentation of model input and output values for simulation of regional ground-water flow, carbonate-rock province, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-420, Report: iii, 4 p.; 1 disk, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93420.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 4 p.; 1 disk","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0420/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50334,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0420/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":345404,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0420/ofr93420.zip","text":"Disk","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":345393,"rank":2,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr93170","text":"Open File Report 93-170","linkHelpText":"Conceptual evaluation of regional ground-water flow in the carbonate-rock province of the Great Basin, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","publicComments":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db6361cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaefer, Donald H.","contributorId":77507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20554,"text":"ofr93170 - 1993 - Conceptual evaluation of regional ground-water flow in the carbonate-rock province of the Great Basin, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T19:21:22","indexId":"ofr93170","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-170","title":"Conceptual evaluation of regional ground-water flow in the carbonate-rock province of the Great Basin, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states","docAbstract":"The regional groundwater flow system in the carbonate rocks of Nevada and Utah is conceptualized as shallow systems superimposed on deeper systems, which transmit water primarily through carbonate rocks. A computer model was used to simulate the two systems. The regional model includes simplifying assumptions that are probably valid for parts of the province; however, the validity of each assumption is unknown for the province as a whole. Therefore, simulation results do not perfectly replicate actual groundwater flow; instead they provide a conceptual evaluation of regional groundwater flow. The model was calibrated by adjusting transmissivity and vertical leakance until simulated water levels and simulated discharge generally agreed with known water levels, mapped areas of discharge, and estimates of discharge. Simulated flow is about 1.5 million acre-ft/yr. Most groundwater flow is simulated in the upper model layer where about 45 shallow flow regions were identified. In the lower layer, 17 deep-flow subregions were identified and grouped into 5 large regions on the basis of water-flow patterns. Simulated flow in this layer is about 28 percent of the total inflow and about half is discharged as springflow. Interbasin flow to several large springs is through thick, continuous, permeable carbonate rocks; elsewhere deep consolidated rocks are not highly transmissive, suggesting that carbonate rocks are not highly permeable everywhere or are not present everywhere. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93170","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., Harrill, J., and Burbey, T., 1993, Conceptual evaluation of regional ground-water flow in the carbonate-rock province of the Great Basin, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-170, vi, 103 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93170.","productDescription":"vi, 103 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":345394,"rank":2,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr93420","text":"Open-File Report 93-420","linkHelpText":"Documentation of model input and output values for simulation of regional ground-water flow, carbonate-rock province, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states"},{"id":152718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698182","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrill, J. R.","contributorId":10417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrill","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burbey, T. J.","contributorId":97131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burbey","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":18513,"text":"ofr93123 - 1993 - An optimization model for selecting training course locations, U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:29","indexId":"ofr93123","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-123","title":"An optimization model for selecting training course locations, U.S. Geological Survey","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93123","usgsCitation":"Cohn, T., and Baier, W.G., 1993, An optimization model for selecting training course locations, U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-123, 15 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93123.","productDescription":"15 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0123/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47860,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0123/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684207","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cohn, Timothy A. tacohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohn","given":"Timothy A.","email":"tacohn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":179261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baier, William G.","contributorId":57477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baier","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3023,"text":"wsp2387 - 1993 - Estimation of hydraulic conductivity of a riverbed and aquifer system on the Susquehanna River in Broome County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-06T20:47:25.853386","indexId":"wsp2387","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2387","title":"Estimation of hydraulic conductivity of a riverbed and aquifer system on the Susquehanna River in Broome County, New York","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional finite-difference model of groundwater flow was used to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of riverbed and aquifer material in a 1-square-mile valley-fill aquifer system near a large river in which induced infiltration due to pumping cannot be measured directly. The aquifer consists of a 30- to 70-foot thickness of sand and gravel containing discontinuous layers of compact and silty sand and gravel. \r\n\r\nHorizontal hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer material, estimated through trial-and-error calibration of simulated water levels to drawdowns measured during an aquifer test, ranged from 500 to 10,000 feet per day; anisotropy (ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity) ranged from 125:1 to 250:1. The vertical hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed was estimated to be 0.1 to 0.5 foot per day, whereas permeameter tests on samples of silty sand and gravel layers from the riverbed yielded vertical hydraulic conductivity of 10 -3 foot per day. \r\n\r\nA sensitivity analysis indicated that a narrow range of anisotropy values gave the smallest residual error in simulated drawdowns. Residual error increased sharply when the maximum hydraulic conductivity value for the aquifer was lowered to less than 5,000 feet per day. Residual error also was large for large values of vertical hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed, but decreased to a constant amount for values less than 0.1 foot per day. Residual error was relatively insensitive to changes in the storage coefficient and specific yield. A nonlinear regression method that approximated the sensitivity matrix with a perturbation technique was applied to refine the estimates of these parameters and compute standard error of the estimates. The nonlinear regression indicated that the model was sensitive to hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer and anisotropy of the upper part of the aquifer but not to anisotropy of the lower part, and that vertical hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed was less than 0.5 foot per day. The regression method yielded aquifer hydraulic-conductivity values of 210 to 13,000 feet per day and an anisotropy ratio of 350:1 for the upper part of the aquifer; the standard error of these estimates was relatively small. In contrast, the standard errors of estimates of anisotropy in the lower part of the aquifer and the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed were extremely large.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2387","usgsCitation":"Yager, R.M., 1993, Estimation of hydraulic conductivity of a riverbed and aquifer system on the Susquehanna River in Broome County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2387, Report: vi, 49 p.; 1 Plate: 24.50 x 21.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2387.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 49 p.; 1 Plate: 24.50 x 21.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411522,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25530.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":29854,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2387/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29853,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2387/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139469,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2387/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Broome County","otherGeospatial":"Susquehanna River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.83453671420425,\n 42.100820862709355\n ],\n [\n -75.83453671420425,\n 42.073147428507525\n ],\n [\n -75.80759862776691,\n 42.073147428507525\n ],\n [\n -75.80759862776691,\n 42.100820862709355\n ],\n [\n -75.83453671420425,\n 42.100820862709355\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db68457a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yager, Richard M. 0000-0001-7725-1148 ryager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7725-1148","contributorId":950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"Richard","email":"ryager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":146163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21433,"text":"ofr93113 - 1993 - U.S. Geological Survey; North Carolina's water resources; a partnership with State, Federal and local agencies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-04T21:05:36.953055","indexId":"ofr93113","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-113","title":"U.S. Geological Survey; North Carolina's water resources; a partnership with State, Federal and local agencies","docAbstract":"For more than 80 years, the Federal-State Cooperative Program in North Carolina has been an effective partnership that provides timely water information for all levels of government. The cooperative program has raised awareness of State and local water problems and issues and has enhanced transfer and exchange of scientific information. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducts statewide water-resources investigations in North Carolina that include hydrologic data collection, applied research studies, and other interpretive studies. These programs are funded through cooperative agreements with the North Carolina Departments of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources; Human Resources; and Transportation, as well as more than a dozen city and county governmental agencies. The USGS also conducts special studies and data-collection programs for Federal agencies, including the Department of Defense, the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency that contribute to North Carolina's water information data base. Highlights of selected programs are presented to show the scope of USGS activities in North Carolina and their usefulness in addressing water-resource problems. The reviewed programs include the statewide data-collection program, estuarine studies, the National Water-Quality Assessment program, military installation restoration program, and groundwater flow model-development program in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont provinces.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr93113","usgsCitation":"Winner, M.D., 1993, U.S. Geological Survey; North Carolina's water resources; a partnership with State, Federal and local agencies: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-113, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93113.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Jr.","contributorId":51766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winner","given":"M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21194,"text":"ofr93483 - 1993 - Data-collection methods and data summary for verification of a one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model of the Fox River in northeastern Illinois, October-November 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T15:37:17","indexId":"ofr93483","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-483","title":"Data-collection methods and data summary for verification of a one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model of the Fox River in northeastern Illinois, October-November 1990","docAbstract":"Synoptic-study measurements of unsteady streamflow and dye concentrations were collected on a 49.4-mile reach of the Fox River in south-eastern Wisconsin and northeastern Illinois in October and November 1990. The study area included the Fox River and its major tributaries from Wilmot, Wis., downstream to South Elgin, Ill. The measurements were obtained to verify a one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model of the river system.\nUnsteady-flow conditions were created through operation of flow-control structures at Stratton Dam near McHenry, Ill. On November 1, 1990, dam gate openings were decreased to 0.1 foot. Openings remained at 0.1 foot until low flow was established throughout the reach. On November 5, the gate openings were increased to 2.5 feet. The change in gate openings created unsteady-flow conditions by allowing flow through the gates to increase from about 60-80 cubic feet per second to about 1,600 cubic feet per second.\n\nDuring the study period, discharge was computed continuously from stage records with stage-discharge relations at 7 stations on the Fox River and its tributaries; discharge was measured at 15 additional stations in the basin. Stage was recorded continuously at 15 stations in the basin (11 stations on the Fox River and 4 stations on the Fox River tributaries); stage was measured periodically at 8 additional stations on the Fox River.\n\nFluorescent dye was injected continuously at Stratton Dam from November 2-8, 1990, during the unsteady flow to measure time- and space-integrated characteristics of the velocity flow field. Water samples were collected for fluorometric analysis at 18 sites downstream from the injection.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;U.S. Geological Survey--ESIC, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93483","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Turner, M., 1993, Data-collection methods and data summary for verification of a one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model of the Fox River in northeastern Illinois, October-November 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-483, iv, 44 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93483.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0483/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50781,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0483/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277735,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0483/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db674318","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, M.J.","contributorId":91562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25791,"text":"wri934024 - 1993 - Surface-water hydrology and quality, and macroinvertebrate and smallmouth bass populations in four stream basins in southwestern Wisconsin, 1987-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-06T20:39:13.004537","indexId":"wri934024","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4024","title":"Surface-water hydrology and quality, and macroinvertebrate and smallmouth bass populations in four stream basins in southwestern Wisconsin, 1987-90","docAbstract":"Data on streamflow, water quality, and macroinvertebrate and smallmouth bass (microptercus dolomieni) populations were collected from July 1987 through September 1990, in four streams in southwestern Wisconsin to determine the effect of surface-water hydrology and quality on populations of macroinvertebrates and smallmouth bass. The study was a joint project of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
\nDrought conditions greatly affected streamflows in southwestern Wisconsin throughout much of the period of study. Precipitation in all four basins in 1988 and 1989 was 9.91 to12.41 inches less than 1951-80 normal precipitation of 32.88 inches.
\nThe lowest annual mean discharge was recorded in water year 1988 at all of the streamflow- gaging stations except at Rattlesnake Creek, where annual mean discharge was lowest in water year 1990. Overland-flow runoff during the reproductive period of smallmouth bass (mid-May to mid-July) was 0.02 inch in 1988 at the Sinsinawa River and Rattlesnake Creek. Overland-flow runoff in the Little Platte River and the Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River also was low in 1988 (0.03 inch and 0.04 inch, respectively) during the reproductive period of smallmouth bass. The trend of low overland-flow runoff continued in 1989; in water year 1990, however, overland-flow runoff during the reproductive period of smallmouth bass was 1.38 inches at Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River and 0.22 inch at Rattlesnake Creek.
\nTurbidity ranged from 1.5 nephelometric turbidity units at Rattlesnake Creek to 3,700 nephelometric turbidity units at the Sinsinawa River. Suspended-solid concentrations ranged from 2 milligrams per liter at Rattlesnake Creek to a maximum 24,300 milligrams per liter at the Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River. The high turbidities and suspended-solid concentrations, which occurred during storms, did not last for long periods of time and are not thought to have been harmful to the biota of the rivers.
\nUn-ionized ammonia concentrations exceeded the State of Wisconsin, Department of Natural Resources' standard of 0.04 milligram per liter for warmwater streams at all four of the streams. The maximum concentration of un-ionized ammonia measured was 0.10 milligram per liter at Rattlesnake Creek and there was no discernible effects on smallmouth bass or macroinvertebrates.
\nDissolved-oxygen concentrations at all four study streams occasionally decreased to below or near the concentration of 1 milligram per liter considered necessary to sustain life of smallmouth bass. Two fish kills were documented as the result of low dissolved-oxygen concentrations. All of these episodes of low dissolved-oxygen concentrations occurred during or just after rainstorms and subsequent increasing streamflows.
\nSamples of water-sediment mixture and bottom material were analyzed for pesticides commonly used in the basins. Samples from all of the stations had concentrations of herbicides that exceeded the analytical reporting limit. Water-sediment samples at the Sinsinawa River had the highest herbicide concentration. The concentration of metolachlor was the highest of the herbicides-- 110 micrograms per liter; concentrations of atrazine and cyanazine were next highest at 97 and 84 micrograms per liter, respectively.
\nAll of the water-sediment mixture samples had insecticide concentrations below the analytical reporting limit, with the exception of carbofuran. One water-sediment mixture sample collected at the Little Platte River had a carbofuran concentration of 0.44 microgram per liter. No pesticides were detected in the bottom-material samples collected at the four study streams.
\nRichness of macroinvertebrate taxa did not differ substantially among the four streams during the study, but the abundances of several taxa differed significantly among streams. Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River had comparatively few midges but many caddisflies, whereas Rattlesnake Creek had many non-insect taxa and relatively few caddisflies. The Little Platte River had consistently high numbers of caddisflies, mayflies, and riffle beetles.
\nMacroinvertebrate-community composition, as measured by Bray-Curtis dissimilarity coefficients, varied considerably over time within and among the streams. The macroinvertebrate community composition of the Little Platte River changed very little during the winter of 1987-88 as compared to the other streams, but the community composition of the Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River changed substantially. The communities of Rattlesnake Creek and Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River became more similar to the community of the Little Platte River from fall 1987 through fall 1988, whereas the community in the Sinsinawa River remained distinct.
\nWater quality, as estimated by biotic-index values, generally was better in the Little Platte River than in the other streams from fall 1987 through fall 1988. However, water quality appeared to have deteriorated (biotic-index values increased) in the Little Platte River during the winter of 1988-89. Water quality in the Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River also deteriorated during the same period.
\nThe drought of 1988-89 and accompanying decrease in frequency of storms contributed to an uncharacteristically stable environment for macroinvertebrate development in most streams. Total taxa richness increased in three of the four streams. Total taxa richness did not increase in the Little Platte River, possibly because of moderate flooding that occurred prior to the spring 1989 sampling period or, more likely, because of changes in dissolved-oxygen concentrations. Although dissolved-oxygen concentrations were fairly similar in all streams, dissolved-oxygen concentrations were lower in 1989 in the Little Platte River than in other streams. The observed increase in biotic-index values in the Little Platte River during the spring of 1989 supports a decline in water quality.
\nSmallmouth bass reproduction was related to precipitation and streamflow during the critical mid-May to mid-July reproductive period. Reproductive success was good (38-297 Age 0 smallmouth bass per acre) in 1988 and 1989 and poor (0-3 Age 0 smallmouth bass per acre) in 1987 and 1990. This pattern corresponded with total precipitation of less than 7 inches in May and June in 1988 and 1989 and greater than 7 inches in 1989 and 1990.
\nIn years when runoff exceeded 0.10 inch, only three or fewer Age 0 (smallmouth bass less than 1 year old) smallmouth bass per acre were caught in late summer to fall sampling surveys. In contrast, when overland runoff was less than 0.10 inch, 32 to 297 Age 0 smallmouth bass per acre were found in late summer or fall. The numbers of Age 0 smallmouth bass per acre were significantly different from each other at the 1 -percent probability level (p=0.0001). Smallmouth bass reproductive success indicated that smallmouth bass in these streams were extremely vulnerable to the amount of runoff during the early stage of their life.
\nLow concentrations of dissolved oxygen constituted the most detrimental water-quality problem affecting smallmouth bass populations. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations were occasionally less than 3 milligrams per liter, a dissolved-oxygen concentration that may be detrimental to early-life stages of smallmouth bass in the streams; however, smallmouth bass were apparently able to withstand these low dissolved-oxygen concentrations and seem to have survived in some situations when dissolved-oxygen concentration decreased to1 milligram per liter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934024","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Graczyk, D., Lillie, R.A., Schlesser, R.A., Mason, J.W., Lyons, J.D., and Kerr, R.A., 1993, Surface-water hydrology and quality, and macroinvertebrate and smallmouth bass populations in four stream basins in southwestern Wisconsin, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4024, viii, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934024.","productDescription":"viii, 70 p.","numberOfPages":"78","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406269,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47757.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54538,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4024/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4024/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County, Grant County, Green County, Iowa County Lafayette County, Rock County","otherGeospatial":"Galena River, Little Platte River, Pecatonica River, Rattlesnake Creek, Sinsinawa River, Sugar 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,{"id":20745,"text":"ofr93287 - 1993 - HYPERMAG; an interactive, 2- and 2 1/2-dimensional gravity and magnetic modeling program; version 3.5","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:40","indexId":"ofr93287","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-287","title":"HYPERMAG; an interactive, 2- and 2 1/2-dimensional gravity and magnetic modeling program; version 3.5","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93287","usgsCitation":"Saltus, R.W., and Blakely, R., 1993, HYPERMAG; an interactive, 2- and 2 1/2-dimensional gravity and magnetic modeling program; version 3.5: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-287, 39 p. 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W.","contributorId":85588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17078,"text":"ofr93309 - 1993 - Earthquake locations determined by the Southern Alaska seismograph network for October 1971 through May 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-07T16:09:19","indexId":"ofr93309","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-309","title":"Earthquake locations determined by the Southern Alaska seismograph network for October 1971 through May 1989","docAbstract":"This report describes the instrumentation and evolution of the U.S. Geological Survey’s regional seismograph network in southern Alaska, provides phase and hypocenter data for seismic events from October 1971 through May 1989, reviews the location methods used, and discusses the completeness of the catalog and the accuracy of the computed hypocenters. Included are arrival time data for explosions detonated under the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) in 1984 and 1985.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) operated a regional network of seismographs in southern Alaska from 1971 to the mid 1990s. The principal purpose of this network was to record seismic data to be used to precisely locate earthquakes in the seismic zones of southern Alaska, delineate seismically active faults, assess seismic risks, document potential premonitory earthquake phenomena, investigate current tectonic deformation, and study the structure and physical properties of the crust and upper mantle. A task fundamental to all of these goals was the routine cataloging of parameters for earthquakes located within and adjacent to the seismograph network.
The initial network of 10 stations, 7 around Cook Inlet and 3 near Valdez, was installed in 1971. In subsequent summers additions or modifications to the network were made. By the fall of 1973, 26 stations extended from western Cook Inlet to eastern Prince William Sound, and 4 stations were located to the east between Cordova and Yakutat. A year later 20 additional stations were installed. Thirteen of these were placed along the eastern Gulf of Alaska with support from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under the Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program to investigate the seismicity of the outer continental shelf, a region of interest for oil exploration. Since then the region covered by the network remained relatively fixed while efforts were made to make the stations more reliable through improved electronic instrumentation and strengthened antenna systems. The majority of the stations installed since 1980 were operated only temporarily (from one to several years) for special studies in various areas within the network. Due to reduced funding, the network was trimmed substantially in the summer of 1985 with the closure of 15 stations, 13 of which were located in and around the Yakataga seismic gap. To further reduce costs, two telephone circuits were dropped and multiple radio relays were installed in their place. This economy reduced the reliability of these telemetry links. In addition, data collection from the areas around Cordova and Yakutat was compromised by the necessity of relying on triggered event recording using PC-based systems (Rogers, 1993) that were not fully developed and which proved to be less reliable than anticipated.
The principal means of recording throughout the time period of this catalog was 20-channel oscillographs on 16-mm film (Teledyne Geotech Develocorder, Model RF400 and 4000D). Initially one Develocorder was operated at the USGS Alaskan headquarters in Anchorage, but in 1972 recording was shifted to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Palmer Observatory (currently the West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center). The Develocorders were turned off at the end of May 1989, and after that time recording was done in digital format at the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska in Fairbanks (GIUA). Thus, this catalog covers the entire period of film recording.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr93309","usgsCitation":"Fogleman, K.A., Lahr, J.C., Stephens, C.D., and Page, R.A., 1993, Earthquake locations determined by the Southern Alaska seismograph network for October 1971 through May 1989 (Version 1.1, Revised 2012): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-309, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93309.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1971-10-01","temporalEnd":"1989-05-31","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":379,"text":"Menlo Park Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_93_309.gif"},{"id":257476,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0309/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Augustine Volcano, Chugach-st. Elias Fault, Copper River Delta, Icy Bay, Iliamna Volcano, Iditarod-nixon Fault, Knight Island, Kayak Island Zone, Pamplona Zone, Prince William Sound, Queen Charlotte Fault, Redoubt Volcano, Waxell Ridge, Yakutat Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156.75,57 ], [ -156.75,65 ], [ -133.5,65 ], [ -133.5,57 ], [ -156.75,57 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.1, Revised 2012","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62980e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fogleman, Kent A.","contributorId":71427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogleman","given":"Kent","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lahr, John C.","contributorId":20328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephens, Christopher D. 0000-0003-0858-3709 cdstephens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-3709","contributorId":2788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"Christopher","email":"cdstephens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":174847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Page, Robert A.","contributorId":17207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":18601,"text":"ofr93407 - 1993 - Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18601,"text":"ofr93407 - 1993 - Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","indexId":"ofr93407","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":21946,"text":"ofr00212 - 2000 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples","indexId":"ofr00212","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":21946,"text":"ofr00212 - 2000 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples","indexId":"ofr00212","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-26T10:08:37","indexId":"ofr93407","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-407","title":"Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","docAbstract":"Benthic invertebrate samples are collected as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. This is a perennial, multidisciplinary program that integrates biological, physical, and chemical indicators of water quality to evaluate status and trends and to develop an understanding of the factors controlling observed water quality. The Program examines water quality in 60 study units (coupled ground- and surface-water systems) that encompass most of the conterminous United States and parts of Alaska and Hawaii. Study-unit teams collect and process qualitative and semi-quantitative invertebrate samples according to standardized procedures. These samples are processed (elutriated and subsampled) in the field to produce as many as four sample components: large-rare, main-body, elutriate, and split. Each sample component is preserved in 10-percent formalin, and two components, large-rare and main-body, are sent to contract laboratories for further processing. The large-rare component is composed of large invertebrates that are removed from the sample matrix during field processing and placed in one or more containers. The main-body sample component consists of the remaining sample materials (sediment, detritus, and invertebrates) and is subsampled in the field to achieve a volume of 750 milliliters or less. The remaining two sample components, elutriate and split, are used for quality-assurance and quality-control purposes. Contract laboratories are used to identify and quantify invertebrates from the large-rare and main-body sample components according to the procedures and guidelines specified within this document. These guidelines allow the use of subsampling techniques to reduce the volume of sample material processed and to facilitate identifications. These processing procedures and techniques may be modified if the modifications provide equal or greater levels of accuracy and precision. The intent of sample processing is to determine the quantity of each taxon present in the semi-quantitative samples or to list the taxa present in qualitative samples. The processing guidelines provide standardized laboratory forms, sample labels, detailed sample processing flow charts, standardized format for electronic data, quality-assurance procedures and checks, sample tracking standards, and target levels for taxonomic determinations. The contract laboratory (1) is responsible for identifications and quantifications, (2) constructs reference collections, (3) provides data in hard copy and electronic forms, (4) follows specified quality-assurance and quality-control procedures, and (5) returns all processed and unprocessed portions of the samples. The U.S. Geological Survey's Quality Management Group maintains a Biological Quality-Assurance Unit, located at the National Water-Quality Laboratory, Arvada, Colorado, to oversee the use of contract laboratories and ensure the quality of data obtained from these laboratories according to the guidelines established in this document. This unit establishes contract specifications, reviews contractor performance (timeliness, accuracy, and consistency), enters data into the National Water Information System-II data base, maintains in-house reference collections, deposits voucher specimens in outside museums, and interacts with taxonomic experts within and outside the U.S. Geological Survey. This unit also modifies the existing sample processing and quality-assurance guidelines, establishes criteria and testing procedures for qualifying potential contract laboratories, identifies qualified taxonomic experts, and establishes voucher collections.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/ofr93407","usgsCitation":"Cuffney, T., Gurtz, M., and Meador, M.R., 1993, Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-407, vi, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93407.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":363256,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0407/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1087,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr93407","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":150810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0407/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a301","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cuffney, T. F.","contributorId":108134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuffney","given":"T. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gurtz, M. E.","contributorId":29841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurtz","given":"M. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":19217,"text":"ofr90364 - 1993 - Archiving of source code for the finite-difference flow model and the post-processors and input and output files for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:26","indexId":"ofr90364","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-364","title":"Archiving of source code for the finite-difference flow model and the post-processors and input and output files for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr90364","usgsCitation":"Hansen, A.J., 1993, Archiving of source code for the finite-difference flow model and the post-processors and input and output files for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-364, iii, 9 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90364.","productDescription":"iii, 9 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0364/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48677,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0364/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674e35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, A. J. Jr.","contributorId":29840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}