{"pageNumber":"1358","pageRowStart":"33925","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40894,"records":[{"id":27744,"text":"wri934030 - 1993 - Application of a hydrochemical model and a multivariate soil-solution mixing model to alpine watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri934030","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4030","title":"Application of a hydrochemical model and a multivariate soil-solution mixing model to alpine watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934030","usgsCitation":"Hooper, R.P., and Peters, N., 1993, Application of a hydrochemical model and a multivariate soil-solution mixing model to alpine watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4030, vi, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934030.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123105,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4030/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56589,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4030/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67ab64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30298,"text":"wri934055 - 1993 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and New Castle County, Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-03T08:58:40","indexId":"wri934055","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4055","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and New Castle County, Delaware","docAbstract":"The 54-square-mile Red Clay Creek Basin, located in the lower Delaware River Basin, is underlain primarily by metamorphic rocks that range from Precambrian to Lower Paleozoic in age. Ground water flows through secondary openings in fractured crystalline rock and through primary openings below the water table in the overlying saprolite. Secondary porosity and permeability vary with hydrogeologic unit, topographic setting, and depth. Thirty-nine percent of the water-bearing zones are encountered within 100 feet of the land surface, and 79 percent are within 200 feet. \r\n\r\n      The fractured crystalline rock and overlying saprolite act as a single aquifer under unconfined conditions. The water table is a subdued replica of the land surface. Local ground-water flow systems predominate in the basin, and natural ground-water discharge is to streams, comprising 62 to 71 percent of streamflow. \r\n\r\n      Water budgets for 1988-90 for the 45-square-mile effective drainage area above the Woodale, Del., streamflow-measurement station show that annual precipitation ranged from 43.59 to 59.14 inches and averaged 49.81 inches, annual streamflow ranged from 15.35 to 26.33 inches and averaged 20.24 inches, and annual evapotranspiration ranged from 27.87 to 30.43 inches and averaged 28.98 inches. \r\n\r\n      The crystalline rocks of the Red Clay Creek Basin were simulated two-dimensionally as a single aquifer under unconfined conditions. The model was calibrated for short-term steady-state conditions on November 2, 1990. Recharge was 8.32 inches per year. Values of aquifer hydraulic conductivity in hillside topographic settings ranged from 0.07 to 2.60 feet per day. Values of streambed hydraulic conductivity ranged from 0.08 to 26.0 feet per day. \r\n\r\n      Prior to simulations where ground-water development was increased, the calibrated steady-state model was modified to approximate long-term average conditions in the basin. Base flow of 11.98 inches per year and a ground-water evapotranspiration rate of 2.17 inches per year were simulated by the model. \r\n\r\n      Different combinations of ground-water supply and wastewater-disposal plans were simulated to assess their effects on the stream-aquifer system. Six of the simulations represent an increase in population of 14,283 and water use of 1.07 million gallons per day. One simulation represents an increase in population of 28,566 and water use of 2.14 million gallons per day. Reduction of average base flow is greatest for development plans with wastewater removed from the basin through sewers and is proportional to the amount of water removed from the basin. The development plan that had the least effect on water levels and base flow included on-lot wells and on-lot septic systems. \r\n\r\n      Five organochlorine insecticides--lindane, DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor, and methoxychlor--were detected in ground water. Four organophosphorus insecticides--malathion, parathion, diazinon, and phorate--were detected in ground water. Four volatile organic compounds--benzene, toluene, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene--were detected in ground water. Phenol was detected at concentrations up to 8 micrograms per liter in water from 50 percent of 14 wells sampled. The concentration of dissolved nitrate in water from 18 percent of wells sampled exceeded 10 milligrams per liter as nitrogen; concentration of nitrate were as high as 19 milligrams per liter. PCB was detected in the bottom material of West Branch Red Clay Creek at Kennet Square at concentrations up to 5,600 micrograms per kilogram.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934055","usgsCitation":"Vogel, K.L., and Reif, A.G., 1993, Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and New Castle County, Delaware: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4055, Report: vii, 111 p.; 2 Plates: 22.53 x 33.08 inches and 22.19 x 33.04 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934055.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 111 p.; 2 Plates: 22.53 x 33.08 inches and 22.19 x 33.04 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348159,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4055/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":348160,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4055/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59087,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4055/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126682,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4055/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County, New Castle County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-75.4144,39.8033],[-75.4053,39.7972],[-75.4101,39.7953],[-75.4196,39.7921],[-75.4248,39.7897],[-75.4256,39.7893],[-75.4308,39.787],[-75.4321,39.786],[-75.4351,39.7838],[-75.4422,39.7788],[-75.4493,39.7728],[-75.4529,39.7701],[-75.4552,39.7673],[-75.4576,39.7664],[-75.46,39.7646],[-75.4617,39.7627],[-75.4629,39.76],[-75.4647,39.7573],[-75.4658,39.7546],[-75.4676,39.7505],[-75.4699,39.7464],[-75.4723,39.7427],[-75.474,39.7395],[-75.4763,39.7359],[-75.4775,39.7332],[-75.4781,39.73],[-75.4786,39.7273],[-75.4798,39.7232],[-75.4797,39.7205],[-75.4803,39.7186],[-75.4809,39.7173],[-75.4821,39.7159],[-75.4838,39.7159],[-75.4851,39.7159],[-75.488,39.7163],[-75.4892,39.7168],[-75.491,39.7163],[-75.4922,39.7145],[-75.4928,39.7126],[-75.4954,39.7086],[-75.4959,39.7077],[-75.498,39.7044],[-75.4993,39.703],[-75.5032,39.7],[-75.5057,39.6985],[-75.5075,39.6962],[-75.5087,39.6935],[-75.5092,39.6898],[-75.5097,39.6862],[-75.5103,39.6821],[-75.5108,39.6799],[-75.5114,39.6758],[-75.5119,39.673],[-75.5137,39.6703],[-75.5161,39.6676],[-75.5184,39.6653],[-75.5208,39.663],[-75.5231,39.6612],[-75.5255,39.6593],[-75.5273,39.6571],[-75.529,39.6552],[-75.5302,39.653],[-75.532,39.6511],[-75.5331,39.6502],[-75.5337,39.6493],[-75.5373,39.6474],[-75.5414,39.646],[-75.5444,39.6442],[-75.5468,39.6424],[-75.5485,39.6406],[-75.5503,39.6392],[-75.5533,39.6373],[-75.5556,39.6351],[-75.5574,39.6323],[-75.5585,39.6296],[-75.5594,39.6274],[-75.5603,39.6255],[-75.5596,39.621],[-75.5577,39.6147],[-75.5558,39.6083],[-75.5552,39.6066],[-75.5546,39.6051],[-75.5528,39.6029],[-75.5491,39.6002],[-75.5443,39.598],[-75.5419,39.5966],[-75.5395,39.5962],[-75.5371,39.5958],[-75.5353,39.5944],[-75.5347,39.5931],[-75.5347,39.5917],[-75.5329,39.5899],[-75.5316,39.5881],[-75.5298,39.5868],[-75.5274,39.5854],[-75.5232,39.5845],[-75.5191,39.5837],[-75.5154,39.5814],[-75.513,39.5792],[-75.5112,39.576],[-75.5105,39.5729],[-75.5111,39.5692],[-75.5123,39.5672],[-75.514,39.5642],[-75.5152,39.561],[-75.5169,39.5583],[-75.5188,39.5559],[-75.5204,39.5537],[-75.5228,39.5515],[-75.5263,39.5487],[-75.5305,39.546],[-75.5322,39.5441],[-75.5328,39.5414],[-75.5322,39.5401],[-75.5309,39.5382],[-75.5289,39.5372],[-75.5273,39.5365],[-75.5267,39.5356],[-75.5267,39.5319],[-75.5272,39.5269],[-75.5284,39.5233],[-75.5283,39.521],[-75.5283,39.5192],[-75.5277,39.5179],[-75.5282,39.5156],[-75.5294,39.5133],[-75.53,39.512],[-75.5305,39.5092],[-75.5299,39.507],[-75.5293,39.5061],[-75.5279,39.5031],[-75.5268,39.5006],[-75.5288,39.4998],[-75.5304,39.4991],[-75.5322,39.4983],[-75.5432,39.4978],[-75.5539,39.4974],[-75.559,39.4974],[-75.5617,39.4974],[-75.5634,39.4942],[-75.5646,39.4919],[-75.5666,39.4861],[-75.5676,39.4833],[-75.5676,39.4797],[-75.5622,39.4706],[-75.5539,39.4613],[-75.5508,39.4583],[-75.5418,39.4507],[-75.5426,39.4503],[-75.5213,39.4306],[-75.5027,39.4051],[-75.4887,39.3907],[-75.4672,39.3722],[-75.4678,39.3717],[-75.4678,39.3714],[-75.4686,39.3714],[-75.4689,39.3711],[-75.4692,39.3711],[-75.4697,39.3706],[-75.4697,39.37],[-75.47,39.3697],[-75.47,39.3694],[-75.4703,39.3692],[-75.4703,39.3689],[-75.4708,39.3683],[-75.4722,39.3683],[-75.4728,39.3678],[-75.4728,39.3675],[-75.4725,39.3672],[-75.4725,39.3669],[-75.4728,39.3669],[-75.4733,39.3664],[-75.4736,39.3667],[-75.4739,39.3664],[-75.4747,39.3664],[-75.475,39.3661],[-75.4753,39.3661],[-75.4756,39.3658],[-75.4767,39.3658],[-75.4778,39.3647],[-75.4778,39.3644],[-75.4781,39.3642],[-75.4781,39.3636],[-75.4778,39.3633],[-75.4778,39.3631],[-75.4775,39.3628],[-75.4775,39.3622],[-75.4781,39.3617],[-75.4783,39.3617],[-75.4786,39.3614],[-75.4786,39.3611],[-75.4789,39.3608],[-75.4792,39.3608],[-75.4797,39.3603],[-75.4806,39.3603],[-75.4811,39.3597],[-75.4811,39.3594],[-75.4819,39.3586],[-75.4828,39.3586],[-75.4831,39.3583],[-75.4833,39.3583],[-75.4836,39.3581],[-75.4847,39.3581],[-75.485,39.3578],[-75.485,39.3575],[-75.4856,39.3569],[-75.4869,39.3569],[-75.4881,39.3558],[-75.4886,39.3553],[-75.4889,39.3553],[-75.4894,39.3547],[-75.4897,39.3536],[-75.4906,39.3536],[-75.4907,39.3534],[-75.4979,39.3571],[-75.5008,39.3605],[-75.5056,39.365],[-75.511,39.3655],[-75.5145,39.3655],[-75.5187,39.3605],[-75.5217,39.3591],[-75.5235,39.36],[-75.5264,39.3591],[-75.5282,39.3568],[-75.5276,39.3555],[-75.5276,39.3528],[-75.5306,39.3532],[-75.5324,39.3537],[-75.5336,39.3528],[-75.5353,39.351],[-75.5365,39.351],[-75.5377,39.3519],[-75.5383,39.3532],[-75.5395,39.3541],[-75.5419,39.355],[-75.5431,39.3532],[-75.5437,39.3523],[-75.5443,39.3505],[-75.5455,39.3505],[-75.5461,39.3514],[-75.5472,39.3523],[-75.5484,39.3532],[-75.5502,39.3537],[-75.5532,39.3528],[-75.5538,39.3518],[-75.5532,39.3496],[-75.5532,39.3487],[-75.5526,39.3478],[-75.5532,39.3473],[-75.5544,39.3473],[-75.555,39.3478],[-75.5562,39.3478],[-75.558,39.3469],[-75.5585,39.3455],[-75.5591,39.3446],[-75.5591,39.3437],[-75.5585,39.3419],[-75.5573,39.3387],[-75.5573,39.336],[-75.5591,39.3342],[-75.5609,39.3337],[-75.5639,39.3333],[-75.5651,39.3315],[-75.568,39.3287],[-75.568,39.3233],[-75.574,39.3179],[-75.5758,39.312],[-75.5841,39.3101],[-75.5871,39.3106],[-75.596,39.3101],[-75.6067,39.3101],[-75.615,39.3101],[-75.6221,39.3083],[-75.6251,39.3056],[-75.6322,39.3028],[-75.6394,39.3024],[-75.6435,39.2988],[-75.6465,39.2978],[-75.65,39.2938],[-75.659,39.2933],[-75.6679,39.2906],[-75.6738,39.2915],[-75.6792,39.2919],[-75.6833,39.2951],[-75.6869,39.2978],[-75.7137,39.2991],[-75.7594,39.2963],[-75.7619,39.3316],[-75.7658,39.3769],[-75.775,39.483],[-75.7881,39.6501],[-75.7875,39.7231],[-76.0148,39.7228],[-76.1392,39.7223],[-76.1373,39.7262],[-76.1337,39.728],[-76.1307,39.728],[-76.1266,39.7265],[-76.1236,39.7242],[-76.1188,39.726],[-76.1187,39.7301],[-76.1205,39.7333],[-76.1198,39.7364],[-76.1144,39.7368],[-76.1115,39.735],[-76.1121,39.7318],[-76.1134,39.7287],[-76.1104,39.7268],[-76.1051,39.7254],[-76.0996,39.7285],[-76.0965,39.7326],[-76.0959,39.7362],[-76.0988,39.738],[-76.1018,39.7399],[-76.1018,39.7421],[-76.1011,39.7449],[-76.0957,39.7448],[-76.0909,39.7452],[-76.0873,39.7474],[-76.0842,39.7537],[-76.0841,39.7592],[-76.0804,39.7609],[-76.0678,39.7626],[-76.066,39.7644],[-76.0654,39.7671],[-76.0659,39.7708],[-76.0628,39.7734],[-76.0616,39.7752],[-76.0615,39.7789],[-76.0567,39.7802],[-76.0537,39.7819],[-76.0506,39.7846],[-76.0481,39.79],[-76.0444,39.7963],[-76.0377,39.8026],[-76.0352,39.808],[-76.0303,39.813],[-76.0308,39.8175],[-76.032,39.8207],[-76.0265,39.8247],[-76.0253,39.826],[-76.0252,39.8301],[-76.0234,39.831],[-76.0191,39.8319],[-76.0191,39.8337],[-76.0202,39.8378],[-76.023,39.8464],[-76.0217,39.8518],[-76.0211,39.8537],[-76.0181,39.8545],[-76.0163,39.854],[-76.0127,39.8531],[-76.0103,39.8531],[-76.0091,39.8544],[-76.007,39.8666],[-76.0051,39.8712],[-76.0039,39.873],[-76.0015,39.8738],[-75.9991,39.8734],[-75.9974,39.8715],[-75.9956,39.8701],[-75.9932,39.8697],[-75.9926,39.8706],[-75.9908,39.8719],[-75.9877,39.8732],[-75.9871,39.8746],[-75.9877,39.8768],[-75.9912,39.8801],[-75.9905,39.8828],[-75.9899,39.8868],[-75.9879,39.8927],[-75.9885,39.895],[-75.9902,39.8977],[-75.9943,39.901],[-75.9961,39.9028],[-75.9957,39.9236],[-75.9962,39.9259],[-75.998,39.9273],[-75.9968,39.9282],[-75.9938,39.9277],[-75.9926,39.9268],[-75.9914,39.9272],[-75.9902,39.9286],[-75.9859,39.9308],[-75.9841,39.9308],[-75.9823,39.9307],[-75.9811,39.9316],[-75.9805,39.9334],[-75.9822,39.9362],[-75.9875,39.9399],[-75.9915,39.9481],[-75.9921,39.9513],[-75.992,39.9544],[-75.9901,39.958],[-75.9889,39.9607],[-75.987,39.9634],[-75.9869,39.9675],[-75.9722,39.9855],[-75.964,40.0008],[-75.9628,40.0026],[-75.956,40.0125],[-75.9504,40.0197],[-75.935,40.0394],[-75.9354,40.0471],[-75.9361,40.0689],[-75.9365,40.0807],[-75.9403,40.0989],[-75.9413,40.1066],[-75.9412,40.1093],[-75.9315,40.1138],[-75.9139,40.1212],[-75.9018,40.1261],[-75.8757,40.1371],[-75.8604,40.1464],[-75.8494,40.154],[-75.7773,40.1997],[-75.7724,40.2028],[-75.7602,40.2085],[-75.7322,40.2231],[-75.6986,40.2408],[-75.6968,40.2417],[-75.6912,40.2388],[-75.6894,40.2378],[-75.6864,40.2387],[-75.6784,40.2436],[-75.6741,40.2458],[-75.6705,40.2466],[-75.6645,40.2461],[-75.6549,40.2428],[-75.6478,40.2404],[-75.6406,40.2371],[-75.6304,40.2347],[-75.6209,40.2305],[-75.6186,40.2277],[-75.6151,40.2245],[-75.6114,40.2244],[-75.6078,40.2258],[-75.6047,40.2275],[-75.6059,40.2294],[-75.6076,40.2326],[-75.6088,40.2348],[-75.6081,40.2366],[-75.605,40.2389],[-75.6014,40.2379],[-75.5997,40.2365],[-75.5973,40.2347],[-75.591,40.2214],[-75.5835,40.21],[-75.5801,40.2045],[-75.5796,40.2004],[-75.5766,40.1981],[-75.5724,40.1967],[-75.5694,40.1966],[-75.5676,40.1975],[-75.5645,40.2006],[-75.5644,40.2029],[-75.5655,40.207],[-75.5661,40.2093],[-75.5636,40.2101],[-75.5606,40.2096],[-75.5589,40.2073],[-75.5554,40.2023],[-75.5503,40.19],[-75.544,40.1794],[-75.5387,40.1739],[-75.527,40.1664],[-75.5275,40.1492],[-75.5239,40.1468],[-75.5184,40.1475],[-75.5127,40.1595],[-75.503,40.1593],[-75.5,40.1563],[-75.5036,40.1506],[-75.5107,40.1422],[-75.5088,40.1347],[-75.4905,40.1253],[-75.4729,40.1287],[-75.4611,40.1241],[-75.4627,40.119],[-75.4691,40.1169],[-75.4719,40.1116],[-75.4693,40.1066],[-75.4618,40.1027],[-75.4633,40.0971],[-75.4563,40.0945],[-75.4558,40.0876],[-75.4401,40.0941],[-75.4369,40.0899],[-75.42,40.0966],[-75.3927,40.0604],[-75.3669,40.0723],[-75.361,40.0668],[-75.3702,40.062],[-75.3732,40.0602],[-75.3811,40.0572],[-75.4012,40.0475],[-75.4025,40.0471],[-75.4086,40.0436],[-75.4128,40.0418],[-75.4106,40.0373],[-75.4076,40.0336],[-75.406,40.0295],[-75.4139,40.0242],[-75.4207,40.0202],[-75.4311,40.0118],[-75.4508,39.9958],[-75.452,39.9949],[-75.4532,39.994],[-75.4521,39.9926],[-75.4455,39.9925],[-75.4437,39.9925],[-75.4412,39.9933],[-75.4401,39.9915],[-75.4372,39.9865],[-75.4385,39.9842],[-75.4398,39.9811],[-75.4399,39.9793],[-75.4423,39.9788],[-75.4446,39.9807],[-75.4726,39.968],[-75.4993,39.9557],[-75.5024,39.9544],[-75.5079,39.9518],[-75.5152,39.9483],[-75.5224,39.9452],[-75.5243,39.9443],[-75.5202,39.9397],[-75.5191,39.9374],[-75.5306,39.9322],[-75.526,39.9239],[-75.5315,39.9218],[-75.5366,39.9305],[-75.5427,39.9274],[-75.5398,39.9242],[-75.5447,39.922],[-75.5424,39.9183],[-75.5502,39.9152],[-75.5468,39.9093],[-75.5553,39.9058],[-75.5576,39.9086],[-75.5601,39.9072],[-75.5583,39.904],[-75.562,39.9023],[-75.5711,39.897],[-75.573,39.8943],[-75.5714,39.8879],[-75.5799,39.8835],[-75.5822,39.8854],[-75.5834,39.8849],[-75.5852,39.8863],[-75.5888,39.8846],[-75.5842,39.8804],[-75.5981,39.8747],[-75.5952,39.8724],[-75.5934,39.8697],[-75.5935,39.8683],[-75.5959,39.8652],[-75.599,39.862],[-75.6003,39.8602],[-75.6015,39.858],[-75.601,39.8562],[-75.5975,39.8539],[-75.5939,39.8515],[-75.5946,39.8488],[-75.5965,39.8457],[-75.5978,39.8416],[-75.5973,39.8379],[-75.5955,39.8382],[-75.5769,39.8399],[-75.5595,39.8406],[-75.5458,39.8405],[-75.5307,39.8401],[-75.5152,39.8381],[-75.5014,39.8351],[-75.4877,39.8314],[-75.4709,39.827],[-75.4547,39.8215],[-75.4415,39.8165],[-75.4248,39.8083],[-75.4225,39.8072],[-75.4144,39.8033]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"New Castle\",\"state\":\"DE\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vogel, Karen L.","contributorId":69628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogel","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reif, Andrew G. 0000-0002-5054-5207 agreif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-5207","contributorId":2632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reif","given":"Andrew","email":"agreif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30037,"text":"wri934011 - 1993 - Documentation of a computer program (Streamlink) to represent direct-flow connections in a coupled ground-water and surface-water model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri934011","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4011","title":"Documentation of a computer program (Streamlink) to represent direct-flow connections in a coupled ground-water and surface-water model","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934011","usgsCitation":"Swain, E., 1993, Documentation of a computer program (Streamlink) to represent direct-flow connections in a coupled ground-water and surface-water model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4011, iv, 62 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934011.","productDescription":"iv, 62 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4011/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58840,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4011/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ae4b07f02db63cd4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, E.D. 0000-0001-7168-708X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":29007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"E.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":19029,"text":"ofr93174 - 1993 - Streamflow and sediment-transport data, Colorado River and three tributaries in Grand Canyon, Arizona, 1983 and 1985-86","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:33","indexId":"ofr93174","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-174","title":"Streamflow and sediment-transport data, Colorado River and three tributaries in Grand Canyon, Arizona, 1983 and 1985-86","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey collected streamflow and sediment-transport data at 5 streamflow-gaging stations on the Colorado River between Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead as a part of an interagency environmental study. The data were collected for about 6 mo in 1983 and about 4 mo in 1985-86; data also were collected at 3 sites on tributary streams in 1983. The data were used for development of unsteady flow-routing and sediment-transport models, sand-load rating curves, and evaluation of channel changes. For the 1983 sampling period, 1,076 composite cross-section suspended-sediment samples were analyzed; 809 of these samples were collected on the main stem of the Colorado River and 267 samples were from the tributaries. Bed-material samples were obtained at 1,988 verticals; 161 samples of material in transport near the bed (bedload) were collected to define the location of sand, gravel, and bed rock in the channel cross section; and 664 discharge measurements were made. For the 1985-86 sampling period, 765 composite cross-section suspended-sediment samples and 887 individual vertical samples from cross sections were analyzed. Bed-material samples were obtained at 531 verticals, 159 samples of bedload were collected, and 218 discharge measurements were made. All data are presented in tabular form. Some types of data also are presented in graphs to better show trends or variations.  (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93174","usgsCitation":"Garrett, W.B., van de Vanter, E., and Graf, J., 1993, Streamflow and sediment-transport data, Colorado River and three tributaries in Grand Canyon, Arizona, 1983 and 1985-86: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-174, ix, 624 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93174.","productDescription":"ix, 624 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151483,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0174/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48439,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0174/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aea8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garrett, W. B.","contributorId":23963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrett","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van de Vanter, E.K.","contributorId":86782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van de Vanter","given":"E.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graf, J.B.","contributorId":75928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graf","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26594,"text":"wri924145 - 1993 - Method for predicting water demand for crop uses in New Jersey in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020, and for estimating water use for livestock and selected sectors of the food-processing industry in New Jersey in 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:22","indexId":"wri924145","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4145","title":"Method for predicting water demand for crop uses in New Jersey in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020, and for estimating water use for livestock and selected sectors of the food-processing industry in New Jersey in 1987","docAbstract":"A method was developed to predict water demand for crop uses in New Jersey.  A separate method was developed to estimate water use for livestock and selected sectors of the food-processing industry in 1987.  Predictions of water demand for field- grown crops in New Jersey were made for 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 under three climatological scenarios:  (1) wet year, (2) average year, and (3) drought year.  These estimates ranged from 4.10 times 10 to the 9th power to 16.82 times 10 to the 9th power gal (gallons).  Irrigation amounts calculated for the three climatological scenarios by using a daily water-balance model were multiplied by predicted numbers of irrigated acreage.  Irrigated acreage was predicted from historical crop-irrigation data and from predictions of harvested acreage produced by using a statistical model relating population to harvested acreage.  Predictions of water demand for cranberries and container-grown nursery crops also were made for 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. Predictions of water demand under the three climatological scenarios were made for container- grown nursery crops, but not for cranberries, because water demand for cranberries varies little in response to climatological factors.  Water demand for cranberries was predicted to remain constant at 4.43 times 10 to the 9th power gal through the year 2020.  Predictions of water demand for container-grown nursery crops ranged from 1.89 times 10 to the 9th power to 3.63 times 10 to the 9th power gal.  Water-use for livestock in 1987 was estimated to be 0.78 times 10 to the 9th power gal, and water use for selected sectors of the food-processing industry was estimated to be 3.75 times 10 to the 9th power gal.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924145","usgsCitation":"Clawges, R., and Titus, E., 1993, Method for predicting water demand for crop uses in New Jersey in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020, and for estimating water use for livestock and selected sectors of the food-processing industry in New Jersey in 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4145, ix, 211 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924145.","productDescription":"ix, 211 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4145/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55461,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4145/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55462,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4145/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629f09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clawges, R.M.","contributorId":24779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clawges","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Titus, E.O.","contributorId":85984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"E.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":20101,"text":"ofr93275 - 1993 - Grade and tonnage model of Porphyry Cu deposits in British Columbia, Canada, and Alaska, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:37","indexId":"ofr93275","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-275","title":"Grade and tonnage model of Porphyry Cu deposits in British Columbia, Canada, and Alaska, U.S.A.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93275","usgsCitation":"Menzie, W.D., and Singer, D.A., 1993, Grade and tonnage model of Porphyry Cu deposits in British Columbia, Canada, and Alaska, U.S.A.: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-275, 9 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93275.","productDescription":"9 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1110,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/ofr-93-0275/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673f73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Menzie, W. David","contributorId":15645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menzie","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":182067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":182066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":19218,"text":"ofr91532 - 1993 - Modifications to the modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model used for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer-System Analysis, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:31","indexId":"ofr91532","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-532","title":"Modifications to the modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model used for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer-System Analysis, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho","docAbstract":"The report documents modifications to the U.S. Geological Survey's modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model used for a regional aquifer-system analysis of the Columbia Plateau. The report, which describes the concepts and mathematical basis for the modifications, is intended for potential users who are familiar with the original modular model. The modifications permit flow from a layer to any adjacent layer, allow the model to retain a cell of a layer that has been cut completely through by a canyon, and allow placing ground-water flow barriers on only specified branch conductances; a special version of the modified model uses a convergent grid. The report describes the data-input items that this modified model must read.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr91532","usgsCitation":"Hansen, A.J., 1993, Modifications to the modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model used for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer-System Analysis, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-532, iv, 83 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91532.","productDescription":"iv, 83 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151625,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0532/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48678,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0532/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69962a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, A. J. Jr.","contributorId":29840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":64570,"text":"i2050F - 1993 - Maps showing mineral resource assessment for porphyry and stockwork deposits of copper, molybdenum, and tungsten and for stockwork and disseminated deposits of gold and silver in the Butte 1° x 2° quadrangle, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-25T19:56:53.230855","indexId":"i2050F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2050","chapter":"F","title":"Maps showing mineral resource assessment for porphyry and stockwork deposits of copper, molybdenum, and tungsten and for stockwork and disseminated deposits of gold and silver in the Butte 1° x 2° quadrangle, Montana","docAbstract":"<p>This report documents the assessment for potential occurrences of undiscovered porphyry and stockwork deposits of copper, molybdenum, and tungsten (porphyry Cu-Mo-W) and stockwork and disseminated deposits of gold and silver (disseminated Au-Ag) in the Butte 1 °X2° quadrangle. The Butte quadrangle, in west-central Montana, is one of the best known mineral producing regions in the U.S. Mining districts in the quadrangle, including the world famous Butte or Summit Valley district, have produced a variety of metallic and nonmetallic mineral commodities valued at more than $6.4 billion (at the time of production). Because of its importance as a mineral producing region, the Butte quadrangle was selected for study by the U.S. Geological Survey under the Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program (CUSMAP). Under this program, new data on geology, geochemistry, geophysics, geochronology, mineral resources, and remote sensing were collected and synthesized. The field and laboratory studies were supported, in part, by funding from the Geologic Framework and Synthesis Program and the Wilderness Program. The methods used in this resource assessment for porphyry Cu-Mo-W and disseminated Au-Ag deposits in the quadrangle include a compilation of all data, the development of descriptive occurrence models, and the analysis of data using techniques provided by a Geographic Information System (GIS). </p><p>This map is one of several maps on the Butte 1 °X2° quadrangle. Other deposit types have been assessed for the Butte quadrangle, and maps (U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Miscellaneous Investigation Series Maps) for each of the following have been prepared: Vein and replacement deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, manganese, and tungsten (Elliott, Wallace, and others, 1992a) and skarn deposits of gold, silver, copper, tungsten, and iron (Elliott and others, 1992b ). Other publications resulting from this study include linear features map (Rowan and others, 1991 ); limonite and hydrothermal alteration map (Rowan and Segal, 1989); mineral occurrence maps (Elliott and others, 1986; Elliott, Loen, and others, 1992); and geologic maps (Wallace, 1987; Wallace and others, 1987). </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2050F","isbn":"0607792132","usgsCitation":"Elliott, J.E., Moll, S.H., Wallace, C.A., Lee, G.K., Antweiler, J., Lidke, D., Rowan, L.C., Hanna, W.F., Trautwein, C., and Dwyer, J.L., 1993, Maps showing mineral resource assessment for porphyry and stockwork deposits of copper, molybdenum, and tungsten and for stockwork and disseminated deposits of gold and silver in the Butte 1° x 2° quadrangle, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2050, Report: v, 30 p.; 3 Plates: 48.50 x 50.50 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2050F.","productDescription":"Report: v, 30 p.; 3 Plates: 48.50 x 50.50 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":107271,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10105.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186873,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2050f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91396,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2050f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91395,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2050f/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91394,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2050f/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91393,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2050f/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Butte 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114,46 ], [ -114,47 ], [ -112,47 ], [ -112,46 ], [ -114,46 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605c7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, J. E.","contributorId":19914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moll, S. H.","contributorId":19236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moll","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wallace, C. A.","contributorId":15596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, G. K.","contributorId":76722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Antweiler, J.C.","contributorId":35722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lidke, D. J.","contributorId":10857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidke","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rowan, L. C.","contributorId":40584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hanna, W. F.","contributorId":6835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanna","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Trautwein, C. M.","contributorId":86748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trautwein","given":"C. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Dwyer, John L. 0000-0002-8281-0896","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8281-0896","contributorId":6136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":30491,"text":"wri934105 - 1993 - Simulated flow and solute transport, and mitigation of a hypothetical soluble-contaminant spill for the New River in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:01","indexId":"wri934105","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4105","title":"Simulated flow and solute transport, and mitigation of a hypothetical soluble-contaminant spill for the New River in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the National Park Service, to investigate the transport and factors affecting mitigation of a hypothetical spill of a soluble contaminant into the New River in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia. The study reach, 53 miles of the lower New River between Hinton and Fayette, is characterized as a pool-and-riffle stream that becomes narrower, steeper, and deeper in the downstream direction. A USGS unsteady-flow model, DAFLOW (Diffusion Analogy FLOW), and a USGS solute-transport model, BLTM (Branch Lagrangian Transport Model), were applied to the study reach. Increases in discharge caused decreases in peak concentration and traveltime of peak concentration. Decreases in discharge caused increases in peak concentration and traveltime of peak concentration. This study indicated that the effects of an accidental spill could be mitigated by regulating discharge from Bluestone Dam. Knowledge of the chemical characteristics of the spill, location and time of the spill, and discharge of the river can aid in determining a mitigation response.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934105","usgsCitation":"Wiley, J., 1993, Simulated flow and solute transport, and mitigation of a hypothetical soluble-contaminant spill for the New River in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4105, vi, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934105.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160450,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4105/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59272,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4105/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683add","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiley, J.B.","contributorId":76739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28585,"text":"wri924173 - 1993 - Regionalization of harmonic-mean streamflows in Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri924173","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4173","title":"Regionalization of harmonic-mean streamflows in Kentucky","docAbstract":"Harmonic-mean streamflow (Qh), defined as the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocal daily streamflow values, was determined for selected stream sites in Kentucky. Daily mean discharges for the available period of record through the 1989 water year at 230 continuous record streamflow-gaging stations located in and adjacent to Kentucky were used in the analysis. Periods of record affected by regulation were identified and analyzed separately from periods of record unaffected by regulation. Record-extension procedures were applied to short-term stations to reducetime-sampling error and, thus, improve estimates of the long-term Qh. \r\n\r\nTechniques to estimate the Qh at ungaged stream sites in Kentucky were developed. A regression model relating Qh to total drainage area and streamflow-variability index was presented with example applications. The regression model has a standard error of estimate of 76 percent and a standard error of prediction of 78 percent.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924173","usgsCitation":"Martin, G.R., and Ruhl, K.J., 1993, Regionalization of harmonic-mean streamflows in Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4173, v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924173.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2361,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri924173/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57413,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4173/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634e1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Gary R. 0000-0002-3274-5846 grmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3274-5846","contributorId":3413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Gary","email":"grmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruhl, Kevin J.","contributorId":35769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27133,"text":"wri934159 - 1993 - Estimating net drawdown resulting from episodic withdrawals at six well fields in the coastal plain physiographic province of Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:41","indexId":"wri934159","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4159","title":"Estimating net drawdown resulting from episodic withdrawals at six well fields in the coastal plain physiographic province of Virginia","docAbstract":"The groundwater-flow system of the Virginia Coastal Plain consists of areally extensive and interconnected aquifers. Large, regionally coalescing cones of depression that are caused by large withdrawals of water are found in these aquifers. Local groundwater systems are affected by regional pumping, because of the interactions within the system of aquifers. Accordingly, these local systems are affected by regional groundwater flow and by spatial and temporal differences in withdrawals by various users. A geographic- information system was used to refine a regional groundwater-flow model around selected withdrawal centers. A method was developed in which drawdown maps that were simulated by the regional groundwater-flow model and the principle of superposition could be used to estimate drawdown at local sites. The method was applied to create drawdown maps in the Brightseat/Upper Potomac Aquifer for periods of 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for Chesapeake, Newport News, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Suffolk, and Virginia Beach, Virginia. Withdrawal rates were supplied by the individual localities and remained constant for each simulation period. This provides an efficient method by which the individual local groundwater users can determine the amount of drawdown produced by their wells in a groundwater system that is a water source for multiple users and that is affected by regional-flow systems.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934159","usgsCitation":"Focazio, M., and Speiran, G., 1993, Estimating net drawdown resulting from episodic withdrawals at six well fields in the coastal plain physiographic province of Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4159, iv, 21 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934159.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4159/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55993,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4159/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55994,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4159/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55995,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4159/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55996,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4159/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55997,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4159/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55998,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4159/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55999,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4159/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56000,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4159/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc8ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Focazio, M. J.","contributorId":62997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Focazio","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Speiran, G. K.","contributorId":83534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speiran","given":"G. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25710,"text":"wri934137 - 1993 - Potential for ground-water contamination from movement of wastewater through the unsaturated zone, upper Mojave River Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-04T11:46:58.418542","indexId":"wri934137","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4137","title":"Potential for ground-water contamination from movement of wastewater through the unsaturated zone, upper Mojave River Basin, California","docAbstract":"Septic-tank wastewater disposed in 30-foot-deep seepage pits (dry wells) at 46,000 residences is estimated to equal 18 percent of the natural recharge to the sole-source aquifer in the rapidly developing upper Mojave River Basin (Victor Valley) in the high desert northeast of Los Angeles. Vertical rates of movement of the wastewater wetting front through the unsaturated zone at three newly occupied residences ranged from 0.07 to 1.0 foot per day. These rates translate to traveltimes of several months to several years for the wastewater wetting front to reach the water table and imply that wastewater from many disposal systems already has reached the water table, which averages about 150 feet below land surface in the Victor Valley.  As wastewater percolates from seepage pits into the adjacent unsaturated zone, the nitrogen present in reduced form is rapidly converted to nitrate. Analyses on soil-core extracts and soil moisturefrom suction lysimeters installed beneath the seepage pits at eight residences showed that nitrate concentrations and nitrate/ chloride ratios generally become lower with increasing depth. The intervals of greatest decline seemed to coincide with finer soil texture or were near the water table. Nitrate-reducing bacteria were tested for and found to be present in soil cores from two residences. Sparse nitrogen-15 data from suction lysimeters at one of these residences, where thenitrate concentration decreased by about one-half at a depth of 200 feet, indicate that the nitrate decline was accompanied by nitrogen-15 enrichment in the residual nitrate with an isotope-separation factor of about -10 permil.  Despite the potential input of abundant nitrogen with the domestic wastewater recharge, nitrate concentrations in the area's ground water are generally low. The absence of high nitrate concentrations in the ground water is consistent with the existence of denitrification, a microbial nitrogen-removal mechanism, as wastewater moves through the thick unsaturated zone and mixes with the ground water. The observed low nitrate concentrations also could be explained by a dilution by vertical mixing in the saturated zone and retention of the wastewater in the unsaturated zone. Results of a single-cell mixing model that allows nitrate from wastewater to be mixedinstantaneously with the underlying ground water suggest that measurable increases in nitrate concentration should be expected within 5 to 10 years after wastewater reaches the water table if the mixing depth is less than 100 feet.  Although high fecal-coliform densities were measured in wastewater from septic tanks and seepage pits, removal of these enteric bacteria in the unsaturated zone is very effective, as was indicated by their absence in soil only a few feet from the seepage pits. In testing for organic priority pollutants in wastewater, 17 of 85 compounds were detected. Most compounds detected were present in low concentrations, except at one residence where the concentration of three compounds exceeded 100 micrograms per liter. These high concentrations may be a consequence of disposal practices unique to this residence. Extractable organic priority pollutants were not found in any soil cores taken adjacent to seepage pits and, therefore, are not of concern.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934137","usgsCitation":"Umari, A., Martin, P.M., Schroeder, R.A., Duell, L., and Fay, R., 1993, Potential for ground-water contamination from movement of wastewater through the unsaturated zone, upper Mojave River Basin, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4137, vii, 117 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934137.","productDescription":"vii, 117 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":54470,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4137/wri934137.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 93-4137"},{"id":123734,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4137/coverthb2.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68333f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Umari, A.M.","contributorId":96300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Umari","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, P. M.","contributorId":39003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schroeder, R. A.","contributorId":15554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duell, L. F. Jr.","contributorId":39009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duell","given":"L. F.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fay, R.G.","contributorId":11250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fay","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":47741,"text":"wri924024B - 1993 - Detailed study of irrigation drainage in and near wildlife management areas, west-central Nevada, 1987-90; Part B, Effect on biota in Stillwater and Fernley Wildlife Management Areas and other nearby wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T19:59:16","indexId":"wri924024B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4024","chapter":"B","title":"Detailed study of irrigation drainage in and near wildlife management areas, west-central Nevada, 1987-90; Part B, Effect on biota in Stillwater and Fernley Wildlife Management Areas and other nearby wetlands","docAbstract":"A water-quality reconnaissance study during 1986-87 found high concentrations of several potentially toxic elements in water, bottom sediment, and biota in and near Stillwater Wildlife Management Area (WMA). This study prompted the U.S. Department of the Interior to initiate a more detailed study to determine the hydrogeochemical processes that control water quality in the Stillwater WMA, and other nearby wetlands, and the resulting effects on biota, especially migratory birds. Present wetland size is about 10% of historical size; the dissolved- solids load in the water in these now-isolated wetlands has increased only moderately, but the dissolved-solids concentration has increased more than seven-fold. Wetland vegetation has diminished and species composition in flow water has shifted to predominant salt-tolerant species in many areas. Decreased vegetative cover for nesting is implicated in declining waterfowl production. Decreases in numbers or virtual absence of several wildlife species are attributed to degraded water quality. Results of toxicity tests indicate that water in some drains and wetland areas is acutely toxic to some fish and invertebrates. Toxicity is attributed to the combined presence of arsenic, boron, lithium, and molybdenum. Biological pathways are involved in the transport of mercury and selenium from agricultural drains to wetlands. Hatch success of both artificially incubated and field-reared duck eggs was greater than/= 90 percent; no teratogenesis was observed. Mercury in muscle tissue of waterfowl harvested from Carson Lake in October 1987 exceeded the human health criterion six-fold.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924024B","usgsCitation":"Hallock, L.L., 1993, Detailed study of irrigation drainage in and near wildlife management areas, west-central Nevada, 1987-90; Part B, Effect on biota in Stillwater and Fernley Wildlife Management Areas and other nearby wetlands: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4024, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924024B.","productDescription":"84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":84655,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4024b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4024b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667b39","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hallock, Robert J.","contributorId":21621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hallock","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745723,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Hallock, Linda L.","contributorId":20810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hallock","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":38378,"text":"pp1530A - 1993 - Field observations, preliminary model analysis, and aquifer thermal efficiency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-17T08:58:17","indexId":"pp1530A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1530","chapter":"A","title":"Field observations, preliminary model analysis, and aquifer thermal efficiency","docAbstract":"<p>In May 1980, the University of Minnesota began a project to evaluate the feasibility of storing heated (150 degrees Celsius (&deg;C) water in the deep (180 to 240 meters (m)) Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer and later recovering it for space heating. The Aquifer Thermal-Energy Storage (ATES) system was a doublet-well design in which the injection and withdrawal wells were spaced approximately 250 m apart. High-temperature water from the university's steam-generation facilities supplied heat for injection. Water was pumped from one of the wells through a heat exchanger, where heat was added or removed. Water then was injected back into the aquifer through the other well. The experimental plan for testing the ATES system consisted of a series of short-term hot-water injection, storage, and withdrawal cycles. Each cycle was 24 days long, and each injection, storage, and withdrawal step of the cycle was 8 days.</p>\n<p>The Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer is a consolidated sandstone, approximately 60 m thick, the top of which is approximately 180 m below the land surface. It is confined above by the St. Lawrence Formation a dolomitic sandstone 8 m thick and below by the Eau Claire Formation a shale 30 m thick. Initial hydraulic testing with inflatable packers indicated that the aquifer has four hydraulic zones with distinctly different values of relative horizontal hydraulic conductivity. The thickness of each zone was determined by correlating data from geophysical logs, core samples, and the inflatable-packer tests.</p>\n<p>A comprehensive network for data collection, storage, and analysis was designed to monitor temperature and pressure changes during the ATES test cycles. A total of 22 pressure transducers and 56 thermocouples monitored pressures and temperatures in the aquifer and in the upper and lower confining units.</p>\n<p>Temperature and pressure measurements were collected in observation well nests at distances of approximately 7 and 14 m from the production wells. All pressure and temperature data were transmitted through buried cables to a central data logger, where the measurements were viewed independently or stored on computer magnetic tape for later analysis. Interactive computer programs were available to display data stored on magnetic tapes as individual measurements or as plots of pressure and temperature versus time.</p>\n<p>Analyses of step-drawdown and constant-discharge aquifer tests indicate that the Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer is anisotropic in the horizontal plane. Major and minor transmissivities are 101.5 and 44.6 m<sup>2</sup>/d (square meters per day), respectively, for the Ironton and Galesville Sandstones and 40.0 and 24.0 m<sup>2</sup>/d, respectively, for the upper part of the Franconia Formation. The average transmissivity of the entire Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer is about 98 m<sup>2</sup>/d. Effective porosity ranges from 0.25 to 0.31, and the average storage coefficient is 4.5x10<sup>-5</sup>.</p>\n<p>Two computer models were constructed to simulate the movement of ground water and heat. The first was a nonisothermal, isotropic, single-phase, radial, ground-water flow and thermal-energy-transport model that was constructed to examine the sensitivity of model results to various hydraulic and thermal properties. The model also was used to study the potential for buoyancy flow within the aquifer and the effect of various cyclic injection and withdrawal schemes on the relative thermal efficiency of the aquifer. The second model was a threedimensional ground-water flow and thermal-energy-transport model that was constructed to incorporate the anisotropy of the aquifer.</p>\n<p>In the first model, the sensitivity analysis assumed 8 days of injection of 150&deg;C water at 18.9 liters per second (L/s), 8 days of storage, and 8 days of withdrawal of hot water at 18.9 L/s. The analysis indicates that, for practical ranges of hydraulic and thermal properties, the ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity is the least important property and thermal dispersivity is the most important property used to compute temperature and aquifer thermal efficiency.</p>\n<p>Buoyancy flow was examined for several values of hydraulic conductivity and ratios of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivities. For the assumed base values of hydraulic and thermal properties, buoyancy flow was negligible. The greatest simulated buoyancy flow resulted from simulations in which horizontal hydraulic conductivity was increased to ten times the base value and in which the vertical hydraulic conductivity was set equal to the horizontal hydraulic conductivity.</p>\n<p>The effects of various injection and withdrawal rates and durations on computed values of aquifer relative-thermal efficiency and final well-bore temperature were studied for five 1-year hypothetical test cycles of injection and withdrawal. The least efficient scheme was 8 months injection of 150&deg;C water at 18.9 L/s and 4 months of withdrawal of hot water at 18.9 L/s. The most efficient scheme was obtained with 6 months of injection of 150&deg;C water at 18.9 L/s and 6 months of withdrawal of hot water at 37.8 L/s. The hypothetical simulations indicate that the calibrated model of the doublet-well system would be a valuable tool for use by the university in selecting a highly efficient system operation.</p>\n<p>In the second model, analytical solutions of anisotropic hydraulic flow around the doublet-well system were obtained to provide fluid-flux boundary conditions around the heat-injection well in three dimensions. This information simplified simulation of the doublet-well system because only the heat injection well needed to be simulated.</p>\n<p>This second model was calibrated with data from an 8-day ambienttemperature injection test at 18.9 L/s. Boundary-flux conditions were examined for nonisothermal conditions by simulating 8 days of injection of 150&deg;C water at 18.9 L/s.</p>\n<p>Results of simulations using both models indicate that the fluxboundary conditions are adequate for simulations of short-term heatinjection testing.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp1530A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Minnesota and the Minnesota Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.T., and Delin, G., 1993, Field observations, preliminary model analysis, and aquifer thermal efficiency: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1530, v, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1530A.","productDescription":"v, 55 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1530a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64727,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1530a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f57a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. T.","contributorId":15209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":38367,"text":"pp1514 - 1993 - Coal mine bumps as related to geologic features in the northern part of the Sunnyside District, Carbon County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:39","indexId":"pp1514","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1514","title":"Coal mine bumps as related to geologic features in the northern part of the Sunnyside District, Carbon County, Utah","docAbstract":"Coal mine bumps, which are violent, spontaneous, and often catastrophic disruptions of coal and rock, were common in the Sunnyside coal mining district, Utah, before the introduction of protective-engineering methods, modern room-and-pillar retreat mining with continuous mining machines, and particularly modern longwall mining. The coal at Sunnyside, when stressed during mining, fails continuously with many popping, snapping, and banging noises. Although most of the bumps are beneficial because they make mining easier, many of the large ones are dangerous and in the past caused injuries and fatalities, particularly with room- and-pillar mining methods used in the early mining operations. \r\n\r\nGeologic mapping of underground mine openings revealed many types of deformational features, some pre-mine and some post-mine in age. Stresses resulting from mining are concentrated near the mine openings; if openings are driven at large angles to small pre-mine deformational features, particularly shatter zones in coal, abnormal stress buildups may occur and violent bumps may result. Other geologic features, such as ripple marks, oriented sand grains, intertongued rock contacts, trace fossils, and load casts, also influence the occurrence of bumps by impeding slip of coal and rocks along bedding planes. The stress field in the coal also varies markedly because of the rough ridge and canyon topography. These features may allow excessively large stress components to accumulate. At many places, the stresses that contribute to deformation and failures of mine openings are oriented horizontally. The stratigraphy of the rocks immediately above and below the mined coal bed strongly influences the deformation of the mine openings in response to stress accumulations. \r\n\r\nTriaxial compressive testing of coal from the Sunnyside No.1 and No.3 Mines indicates that the strength of the coal increases several times as the confining (lateral) stress is increased. Strengths of cores cut from single large blocks of coal vary widely. Although the strengths of coal cores increase slowly at high levels of confining stress, the coal in Sunnyside No. 1 Mine is slightly stronger in laboratory tests than coal in Sunnyside No.3 Mine. The coal in No.1 Mine probably can store larger amounts of stress than coal in the No.3 Mine, which may account for the apparently greater number of violent bumps in No.1 Mine. The strength of coal, and its ability to store stress before failure, may correlate in part with chemical composition, particularly with the amounts of benzene ring compounds in vitrain; coal with relatively large amounts of benzene ring compounds is stronger than coal with lesser amounts of these compounds. Alternatively, the chemical composition of coal may affect its response to stress. Increasing contents of kaolinite in coal appear to reduce its compressive strength at low confining stresses, resulting in easy failures of pillars and ribs in mine openings. \r\n\r\nApplications of the geologic factors outlined in this report, carefully coupled with advanced modern engineering methods, have markedly reduced the hazards from coal mine bumps and related failures of mine openings at Sunnyside. Similar studies probably could aid in reducing bump-related hazards in other coal mining areas.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1514","usgsCitation":"Osterwald, F.W., Dunrud, C., and Collins, D.S., 1993, Coal mine bumps as related to geologic features in the northern part of the Sunnyside District, Carbon County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1514, 76 p.; 5 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1514.","productDescription":"76 p.; 5 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124325,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1514/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247661,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1514/plate-1.pdf","size":"3644","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247662,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1514/plate-2.pdf","size":"2080","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247663,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1514/plate-3.pdf","size":"7441","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247664,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1514/plate-4.pdf","size":"4166","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247665,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1514/plate-5.pdf","size":"3715","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64712,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1514/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ade4b07f02db5c6da2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterwald, Frank W.","contributorId":98301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterwald","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunrud, C. Richard","contributorId":48964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunrud","given":"C. Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Collins, Donley S.","contributorId":93906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Donley","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":20961,"text":"ofr93496 - 1993 - Hydrogeologic data collected from a crude-oil spill site near Bemidji, Minnesota, 1983-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-16T06:59:12","indexId":"ofr93496","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-496","title":"Hydrogeologic data collected from a crude-oil spill site near Bemidji, Minnesota, 1983-91","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey began a research project at the site of a crude oil spill near Bemidji, Minnesota in 1983. The project is part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. The objectives of research at this site are to obtain an understanding of the mobilization, transport, and fate of petroleum derivatives in the shallow subsurface and to use this understanding to develop predictive models of contaminant behavior. This report presents location and altitude data for selected features at the research site, water and oil level records from observation wells collected from 1983 through 1991, geologic logs from 45 observation wells and test holes, particle-size distribution data from 45 observation wells and test holes, and precipitation records from 1948 through 1991.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr93496","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.E., and Hult, M.F., 1993, Hydrogeologic data collected from a crude-oil spill site near Bemidji, Minnesota, 1983-91: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-496, iv, 158 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93496.","productDescription":"iv, 158 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0496/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50544,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0496/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Bemidji","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.109722,\n              47.58\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.109722,\n              47.5625\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.075,\n              47.5625\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.075,\n              47.58\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.109722,\n              47.58\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628aea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, S. E.","contributorId":46120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hult, M. F.","contributorId":29817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hult","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":17749,"text":"ofr93112 - 1993 - Summary of water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Texas– Fiscal years 1989-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-03T19:44:53.943975","indexId":"ofr93112","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-112","title":"Summary of water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Texas– Fiscal years 1989-92","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1879, to provide a permanent Federal agency to conduct the systematic and scientific classification of the public lands and to examine the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of national domain. An integral part of that original mission includes publishing and disseminating the earth science information needed to understand, to plan the use of, and to manage the Nation's energy, land, mineral, and water resources.</p>\n<p>Since 1879, the research and fact-finding role of the USGS has grown and been modified to meet the changing needs of the Nation it serves. As part of that evolution, the USGS has become the Federal Government's largest earth-science research agency, the Nation's largest civilian mapmaking agency, the primary source of data on the Nation's surface- and ground-water resources, and the employer of the largest number of professional earth scientists. Today's (1992) programs serve a diversity of needs and users.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conducting detailed assessments of the energy and mineral potential of the Nation's land and offshore areas.</li>\n<li>Investigating and issuing warnings of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and other geologic and hydrologic hazards.</li>\n<li>Conducting research on the geologic structure of the Nation.</li>\n<li>Studying the geologic features, structure, processes, and history of the other planets of our solar system.</li>\n<li>Conducting topographic surveys of the Nation and preparing topographic and thematic maps and related cartographic products.</li>\n<li>Developing and producing digital cartographic data bases and products.</li>\n<li>Collecting data on a routine basis to determine the quantity, quality, and use of surface and ground water.</li>\n<li>Conducting water-resources appraisals in order to describe the consequences of alternative plans for developing land and water resources.</li>\n<li>Conducting research in hydraulics and hydrology and coordinating all Federal water-data acquisition.</li>\n<li>Using remotely sensed data to develop new cartographic, geologic, and hydrologic research techniques for natural resources planning and management.</li>\n<li>Providing earth-science information through an extensive publications program and a network of public access points.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Along with its continuing commitment to meet the growing and changing earth-science information needs of the Nation, the USGS remains dedicated to its original mission to collect, analyze, interpret, publish, and disseminate information about the natural resources of the Nation-providing \"earth science in the public service.\"</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93112","usgsCitation":"1993, Summary of water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Texas– Fiscal years 1989-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-112, Report: vi, 83 p.; 1 Plate: 18.23 x 17.26 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93112.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 83 p.; 1 Plate: 18.23 x 17.26 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":46974,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0112/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46973,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0112/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0112/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":392457,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12628.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-97.240849,26.411504],[-97.276425,26.521729],[-97.31073,26.556558],[-97.345822,26.700589],[-97.370438,26.723896],[-97.368343,26.795649],[-97.387459,26.820789],[-97.390078,27.156512],[-97.359963,27.304732],[-97.361796,27.359988],[-97.317277,27.46369],[-97.236882,27.598293],[-97.231383,27.632336],[-97.214099,27.631551],[-97.200743,27.650144],[-97.203474,27.684533],[-97.103326,27.789068],[-97.098874,27.82285],[-97.134489,27.825206],[-97.056713,27.842294],[-96.985745,27.954048],[-96.967807,28.020041],[-96.952618,28.01644],[-96.906004,28.076147],[-96.886233,28.084396],[-96.879424,28.131402],[-96.84538,28.108881],[-96.83003,28.111842],[-96.81042,28.126034],[-96.816443,28.174808],[-96.791958,28.188687],[-96.703838,28.198246],[-96.702659,28.211208],[-96.662462,28.227314],[-96.651856,28.251275],[-96.592934,28.296972],[-96.450998,28.337039],[-96.403206,28.371475],[-96.397846,28.343513],[-96.4137,28.327343],[-96.547774,28.270798],[-96.694666,28.18212],[-96.849624,28.064939],[-96.966996,27.950531],[-97.166682,27.676583],[-97.30447,27.407734],[-97.350398,27.268105],[-97.370941,27.161166],[-97.37913,27.047996],[-97.370731,26.909706],[-97.333028,26.736479],[-97.194644,26.306513],[-97.154271,26.066841],[-97.169842,26.077853],[-97.194458,26.27164],[-97.240849,26.411504]]],[[[-94.886539,29.510724],[-94.894747,29.52697],[-94.87675,29.507922],[-94.886539,29.510724]]],[[[-97.868235,26.056656],[-97.88653,26.066339],[-97.967358,26.051718],[-97.981335,26.067182],[-98.028759,26.06647],[-98.039239,26.041275],[-98.070021,26.047992],[-98.084755,26.070808],[-98.091038,26.059169],[-98.105505,26.067537],[-98.146622,26.049412],[-98.177897,26.074672],[-98.197046,26.056153],[-98.220673,26.076467],[-98.248806,26.073101],[-98.264514,26.085507],[-98.277218,26.098802],[-98.265698,26.12037],[-98.296195,26.120321],[-98.302979,26.11005],[-98.323828,26.121249],[-98.336837,26.166432],[-98.354645,26.15304],[-98.386694,26.157872],[-98.404433,26.182564],[-98.442536,26.199151],[-98.450976,26.219904],[-98.496684,26.212853],[-98.543852,26.234492],[-98.576188,26.235221],[-98.599154,26.257612],[-98.669397,26.23632],[-98.681167,26.26271],[-98.745272,26.303096],[-98.755242,26.3251],[-98.789822,26.331575],[-98.807348,26.369421],[-98.890965,26.357569],[-98.921277,26.381426],[-98.950186,26.380303],[-98.967587,26.398266],[-99.008003,26.395459],[-99.032316,26.412082],[-99.082002,26.39651],[-99.110855,26.426278],[-99.091635,26.476977],[-99.127782,26.525199],[-99.166742,26.536079],[-99.178064,26.620547],[-99.209948,26.693938],[-99.208907,26.724761],[-99.240023,26.745851],[-99.242444,26.788262],[-99.268613,26.843213],[-99.295146,26.86544],[-99.316753,26.865831],[-99.3289,26.879761],[-99.324684,26.915973],[-99.379149,26.93449],[-99.393748,26.96073],[-99.377312,26.973819],[-99.415476,27.01724],[-99.42938,27.010833],[-99.446524,27.023008],[-99.452316,27.062669],[-99.429209,27.090982],[-99.442123,27.106839],[-99.426348,27.176262],[-99.441549,27.24992],[-99.463309,27.268437],[-99.492407,27.264118],[-99.494604,27.303542],[-99.536443,27.312538],[-99.504837,27.338289],[-99.487521,27.412396],[-99.495104,27.451518],[-99.480419,27.481596],[-99.497519,27.500496],[-99.52582,27.496696],[-99.515978,27.572131],[-99.55495,27.614454],[-99.580006,27.602251],[-99.578099,27.619196],[-99.594038,27.638573],[-99.638929,27.626758],[-99.665948,27.635968],[-99.668942,27.659974],[-99.711511,27.658365],[-99.77074,27.732134],[-99.796342,27.735586],[-99.813086,27.773952],[-99.835127,27.762881],[-99.850877,27.793974],[-99.877677,27.799427],[-99.876003,27.837968],[-99.904385,27.875284],[-99.895828,27.904178],[-99.937142,27.940537],[-99.931812,27.980967],[-99.991447,27.99456],[-100.017914,28.064787],[-100.053123,28.08473],[-100.083393,28.144035],[-100.208059,28.190383],[-100.22363,28.235224],[-100.2462,28.234092],[-100.289384,28.273491],[-100.286471,28.312296],[-100.341869,28.384953],[-100.349586,28.402604],[-100.337797,28.44296],[-100.368288,28.477196],[-100.333814,28.499252],[-100.38886,28.515748],[-100.411414,28.551899],[-100.398385,28.584884],[-100.44732,28.609325],[-100.445529,28.637144],[-100.495863,28.658569],[-100.510055,28.690723],[-100.507613,28.740599],[-100.533017,28.76328],[-100.53583,28.805888],[-100.547324,28.825817],[-100.57051,28.826317],[-100.602054,28.901944],[-100.640568,28.914212],[-100.651512,28.943432],[-100.645894,28.986421],[-100.674656,29.099777],[-100.772649,29.168492],[-100.767059,29.195287],[-100.785521,29.228137],[-100.795681,29.22773],[-100.797671,29.246943],[-100.876049,29.279585],[-100.886842,29.307848],[-100.948972,29.347246],[-101.004207,29.364772],[-101.060151,29.458661],[-101.151877,29.477005],[-101.173821,29.514566],[-101.254895,29.520342],[-101.242023,29.592512],[-101.259127,29.607284],[-101.307332,29.587847],[-101.311219,29.648491],[-101.361756,29.657821],[-101.415402,29.756561],[-101.441059,29.753451],[-101.475269,29.780663],[-101.522695,29.759671],[-101.546797,29.796991],[-101.582562,29.771334],[-101.625958,29.771063],[-101.646418,29.754304],[-101.662453,29.77128],[-101.706636,29.762737],[-101.852604,29.801895],[-101.922585,29.790161],[-101.974548,29.810276],[-101.987539,29.801057],[-102.034759,29.804028],[-102.050044,29.78507],[-102.115682,29.79239],[-102.159601,29.814356],[-102.181894,29.846034],[-102.227553,29.843534],[-102.315389,29.87992],[-102.364542,29.845387],[-102.386678,29.76688],[-102.508313,29.783219],[-102.513381,29.76576],[-102.539417,29.751629],[-102.559343,29.760377],[-102.630151,29.734315],[-102.670971,29.741954],[-102.698347,29.695591],[-102.693466,29.676507],[-102.742031,29.632142],[-102.739991,29.599041],[-102.768341,29.594734],[-102.771429,29.548546],[-102.808692,29.522319],[-102.807327,29.494009],[-102.832539,29.433109],[-102.824564,29.399558],[-102.843021,29.357988],[-102.879534,29.353327],[-102.888328,29.291947],[-102.906296,29.260011],[-102.871347,29.241625],[-102.866846,29.225015],[-102.890064,29.208814],[-102.915866,29.215878],[-102.917805,29.190697],[-102.944911,29.18882],[-102.953475,29.176308],[-102.989432,29.183174],[-103.015028,29.12577],[-103.035683,29.103029],[-103.074407,29.088534],[-103.100266,29.0577],[-103.113922,28.988547],[-103.156646,28.972831],[-103.227801,28.991532],[-103.239109,28.981651],[-103.260308,28.989731],[-103.28119,28.982138],[-103.341463,29.041224],[-103.355428,29.021529],[-103.427754,29.042334],[-103.471265,29.073115],[-103.503236,29.11911],[-103.524613,29.120998],[-103.523384,29.133389],[-103.558679,29.154962],[-103.645635,29.159286],[-103.71377,29.185008],[-103.816642,29.270927],[-103.975235,29.296017],[-104.038282,29.320156],[-104.106467,29.373127],[-104.166563,29.399352],[-104.233487,29.492734],[-104.318074,29.527938],[-104.334811,29.519463],[-104.381041,29.543406],[-104.399591,29.572319],[-104.507568,29.639624],[-104.539761,29.676074],[-104.565688,29.770462],[-104.679772,29.924659],[-104.679661,29.975272],[-104.706874,30.050685],[-104.685003,30.085643],[-104.695366,30.13213],[-104.687296,30.179464],[-104.713166,30.237957],[-104.733822,30.261221],[-104.749664,30.26126],[-104.761634,30.301148],[-104.809794,30.334926],[-104.824314,30.370466],[-104.859521,30.390413],[-104.85242,30.418792],[-104.876787,30.511004],[-104.924796,30.604832],[-104.967167,30.608107],[-105.002057,30.680972],[-105.062334,30.686303],[-105.113816,30.746001],[-105.152362,30.751452],[-105.195144,30.792138],[-105.255416,30.797029],[-105.287238,30.822206],[-105.314863,30.816961],[-105.360672,30.847384],[-105.394242,30.852979],[-105.399609,30.888941],[-105.533088,30.984859],[-105.55743,30.990229],[-105.60333,31.082625],[-105.64189,31.098322],[-105.646731,31.113908],[-105.709491,31.136375],[-105.742678,31.164897],[-105.773257,31.166897],[-105.779725,31.191283],[-105.869353,31.288634],[-105.938452,31.318735],[-105.953943,31.364749],[-106.004926,31.392458],[-106.080258,31.398702],[-106.203969,31.465378],[-106.246203,31.541153],[-106.280811,31.562062],[-106.303536,31.620413],[-106.378039,31.72831],[-106.451541,31.764808],[-106.484642,31.747809],[-106.542097,31.802146],[-106.602727,31.825024],[-106.605845,31.846305],[-106.635926,31.866235],[-106.629197,31.883717],[-106.645296,31.894859],[-106.614346,31.918003],[-106.623933,31.925335],[-106.614702,31.956],[-106.622819,31.952891],[-106.618745,31.966955],[-106.638186,31.97682],[-106.618486,32.000495],[-103.064423,32.000518],[-103.064625,32.999899],[-103.043531,34.018014],[-103.041924,36.500439],[-100.003762,36.499699],[-100.000381,34.560509],[-99.929334,34.576714],[-99.825325,34.497596],[-99.754248,34.421289],[-99.696462,34.381036],[-99.665992,34.374185],[-99.600026,34.374688],[-99.569696,34.418418],[-99.499875,34.409608],[-99.430995,34.373414],[-99.399603,34.375079],[-99.394956,34.442099],[-99.381011,34.456936],[-99.358795,34.455863],[-99.318363,34.408296],[-99.289922,34.414731],[-99.264167,34.405149],[-99.25898,34.391243],[-99.273958,34.38756],[-99.242945,34.372668],[-99.233274,34.344101],[-99.210716,34.336304],[-99.211648,34.292232],[-99.19457,34.272424],[-99.189511,34.214312],[-99.159016,34.20888],[-99.130609,34.219408],[-99.126567,34.203004],[-99.079535,34.211518],[-99.048792,34.198209],[-99.013075,34.203222],[-98.990852,34.221633],[-98.974132,34.203566],[-98.952513,34.21265],[-98.909349,34.177499],[-98.872922,34.166584],[-98.868116,34.149635],[-98.8579,34.159627],[-98.812954,34.158444],[-98.749291,34.124238],[-98.735471,34.135208],[-98.696518,34.133521],[-98.648073,34.164441],[-98.603978,34.160249],[-98.577136,34.148962],[-98.486328,34.062598],[-98.414426,34.085074],[-98.384381,34.146317],[-98.367494,34.156191],[-98.16912,34.114171],[-98.114506,34.154727],[-98.09066,34.12198],[-98.120208,34.072127],[-98.099096,34.048639],[-98.104022,34.036233],[-98.088203,34.005481],[-98.027672,33.993357],[-97.978243,34.005387],[-97.947572,33.991053],[-97.974173,33.942832],[-97.955511,33.938186],[-97.957155,33.914454],[-97.983552,33.904002],[-97.967777,33.88243],[-97.877387,33.850236],[-97.834333,33.857671],[-97.784657,33.890632],[-97.783717,33.91056],[-97.76377,33.914241],[-97.762768,33.934396],[-97.725289,33.941045],[-97.69311,33.983699],[-97.671772,33.99137],[-97.589598,33.953554],[-97.589254,33.903922],[-97.551541,33.897947],[-97.50096,33.919643],[-97.460376,33.903948],[-97.451469,33.87093],[-97.462857,33.841772],[-97.426493,33.819398],[-97.365507,33.823763],[-97.33294,33.87444],[-97.315913,33.865838],[-97.299245,33.880175],[-97.256625,33.863286],[-97.24618,33.900344],[-97.210921,33.916064],[-97.179609,33.89225],[-97.166629,33.847311],[-97.203514,33.821825],[-97.205431,33.801488],[-97.172192,33.737545],[-97.126102,33.716941],[-97.086195,33.743933],[-97.087999,33.808747],[-97.058623,33.818752],[-97.052209,33.841737],[-97.023899,33.844213],[-96.985567,33.886522],[-96.996183,33.941728],[-96.979415,33.956178],[-96.973807,33.935697],[-96.9163,33.957798],[-96.875281,33.860505],[-96.85609,33.84749],[-96.837413,33.871349],[-96.794276,33.868886],[-96.761588,33.824406],[-96.704457,33.835021],[-96.667187,33.91694],[-96.630117,33.895422],[-96.592948,33.895616],[-96.590112,33.880665],[-96.625399,33.856542],[-96.623155,33.841483],[-96.572937,33.819098],[-96.523863,33.818114],[-96.502286,33.77346],[-96.422643,33.776041],[-96.348306,33.686379],[-96.309964,33.710489],[-96.294867,33.764771],[-96.277269,33.769735],[-96.220521,33.74739],[-96.178059,33.760518],[-96.162757,33.788769],[-96.178964,33.810553],[-96.150765,33.816987],[-96.15163,33.831946],[-96.138905,33.839159],[-96.09936,33.83047],[-96.101349,33.845721],[-96.005296,33.845505],[-95.991487,33.866869],[-95.951609,33.857017],[-95.936132,33.886826],[-95.831948,33.835161],[-95.821666,33.856633],[-95.805149,33.861304],[-95.776255,33.845145],[-95.75431,33.853992],[-95.761916,33.883402],[-95.747335,33.895756],[-95.696962,33.885218],[-95.669978,33.905844],[-95.636978,33.906613],[-95.599678,33.934247],[-95.556915,33.92702],[-95.545197,33.880294],[-95.515302,33.891142],[-95.492028,33.874822],[-95.461499,33.883686],[-95.464211,33.873372],[-95.44737,33.86885],[-95.339122,33.868873],[-95.334523,33.885788],[-95.283445,33.877746],[-95.280351,33.896751],[-95.255747,33.902939],[-95.252906,33.933648],[-95.219358,33.961567],[-95.121184,33.931307],[-95.093929,33.895963],[-95.061065,33.895292],[-95.049025,33.86409],[-95.008376,33.866089],[-94.983303,33.851354],[-94.976208,33.859847],[-94.948716,33.818023],[-94.91945,33.810176],[-94.919614,33.786305],[-94.879218,33.764912],[-94.8693,33.745871],[-94.830804,33.740068],[-94.817427,33.752172],[-94.798634,33.744527],[-94.775064,33.755038],[-94.762961,33.731787],[-94.742576,33.727009],[-94.732384,33.700254],[-94.714865,33.707261],[-94.710725,33.691654],[-94.684792,33.684353],[-94.659167,33.692138],[-94.646113,33.6693],[-94.57962,33.677623],[-94.520725,33.616567],[-94.491503,33.625115],[-94.485875,33.637867],[-94.448637,33.642766],[-94.468086,33.599436],[-94.430039,33.591124],[-94.413155,33.569368],[-94.378076,33.577019],[-94.397398,33.562314],[-94.389515,33.546778],[-94.355945,33.54318],[-94.345513,33.567313],[-94.309582,33.551673],[-94.289129,33.582144],[-94.280849,33.577187],[-94.290901,33.558872],[-94.27909,33.557026],[-94.245932,33.589114],[-94.237975,33.577757],[-94.250197,33.556765],[-94.226392,33.552912],[-94.205634,33.567229],[-94.193248,33.556154],[-94.192483,33.570425],[-94.217408,33.57926],[-94.183913,33.594682],[-94.152626,33.575923],[-94.146048,33.581975],[-94.14852,33.565678],[-94.136864,33.571],[-94.128658,33.550952],[-94.088943,33.575322],[-94.061283,33.568805],[-94.055663,33.561887],[-94.073744,33.558285],[-94.06548,33.550909],[-94.04604,33.551321],[-94.04272,31.999265],[-94.018664,31.990843],[-93.971712,31.920384],[-93.923929,31.88985],[-93.904766,31.890599],[-93.874761,31.821661],[-93.827451,31.777741],[-93.830647,31.745811],[-93.802694,31.697783],[-93.826462,31.666919],[-93.816838,31.622509],[-93.838057,31.606795],[-93.834924,31.586211],[-93.798087,31.534044],[-93.743376,31.525196],[-93.725925,31.504092],[-93.74987,31.475276],[-93.70093,31.437784],[-93.704879,31.410881],[-93.674117,31.397681],[-93.665052,31.363886],[-93.687851,31.309835],[-93.642516,31.269508],[-93.620343,31.271025],[-93.598828,31.174679],[-93.588503,31.165581],[-93.535097,31.185614],[-93.551693,31.097258],[-93.52301,31.065241],[-93.516943,31.032584],[-93.539526,31.008498],[-93.566017,31.004567],[-93.571906,30.987614],[-93.526245,30.939411],[-93.567788,30.888302],[-93.554057,30.824941],[-93.561666,30.807739],[-93.584265,30.796663],[-93.592828,30.763986],[-93.619129,30.742002],[-93.611192,30.718053],[-93.629904,30.67994],[-93.6831,30.640763],[-93.684329,30.592586],[-93.727844,30.57407],[-93.729195,30.544842],[-93.740253,30.539569],[-93.714322,30.518562],[-93.697828,30.443838],[-93.757654,30.390423],[-93.765822,30.333318],[-93.708645,30.288317],[-93.705083,30.242752],[-93.720946,30.209852],[-93.688212,30.141376],[-93.701252,30.137376],[-93.702436,30.112721],[-93.732485,30.088914],[-93.70082,30.056274],[-93.720805,30.053043],[-93.739734,30.023987],[-93.786935,29.99058],[-93.838374,29.882855],[-93.927992,29.80964],[-93.926504,29.78956],[-93.89847,29.771577],[-93.891637,29.744618],[-93.873941,29.73777],[-93.837971,29.690619],[-93.866981,29.673085],[-94.001406,29.681486],[-94.132577,29.646217],[-94.594853,29.467903],[-94.694158,29.415632],[-94.731047,29.369141],[-94.778691,29.361483],[-94.783131,29.375642],[-94.766848,29.393489],[-94.6724,29.476843],[-94.608557,29.483345],[-94.566674,29.531988],[-94.532348,29.5178],[-94.495025,29.525031],[-94.503429,29.54325],[-94.522421,29.545672],[-94.553988,29.573882],[-94.740699,29.525858],[-94.783296,29.535314],[-94.78954,29.546494],[-94.755237,29.562782],[-94.708741,29.625226],[-94.693154,29.694453],[-94.695317,29.723052],[-94.735271,29.785433],[-94.816085,29.75671],[-94.851108,29.721373],[-94.872551,29.67125],[-94.893107,29.661336],[-94.915413,29.656614],[-94.936089,29.692704],[-94.965963,29.70033],[-95.015636,29.639457],[-94.982936,29.60167],[-95.016889,29.548303],[-94.981916,29.511141],[-94.909898,29.49691],[-94.930861,29.450504],[-94.8908,29.433432],[-94.893994,29.30817],[-94.921593,29.281556],[-94.952526,29.290122],[-95.099101,29.173529],[-95.151925,29.151162],[-95.16525,29.113566],[-95.136221,29.084537],[-94.879239,29.285839],[-94.824953,29.306005],[-94.822307,29.344254],[-94.810696,29.353435],[-94.784895,29.335535],[-94.72253,29.331446],[-95.081773,29.111222],[-95.38239,28.866348],[-95.439594,28.859022],[-95.812504,28.664942],[-96.220376,28.491966],[-96.378616,28.383909],[-96.37596,28.401682],[-96.335119,28.437795],[-96.223825,28.495067],[-96.21505,28.509679],[-95.98616,28.606319],[-95.978526,28.650594],[-95.996338,28.658736],[-96.006516,28.648049],[-96.047737,28.649067],[-96.221784,28.580364],[-96.233998,28.596649],[-96.212624,28.622604],[-96.230944,28.641433],[-96.192267,28.687744],[-96.19583,28.69894],[-96.222802,28.698431],[-96.287942,28.683164],[-96.304227,28.671459],[-96.303718,28.644996],[-96.373439,28.626675],[-96.487943,28.569677],[-96.485907,28.607845],[-96.510844,28.61497],[-96.499648,28.635835],[-96.563262,28.644487],[-96.572931,28.667897],[-96.561226,28.696395],[-96.584091,28.722798],[-96.664534,28.696904],[-96.61059,28.638889],[-96.61975,28.627693],[-96.611099,28.585962],[-96.565297,28.5824],[-96.561226,28.570695],[-96.526111,28.557972],[-96.505755,28.525911],[-96.402446,28.449066],[-96.59176,28.357462],[-96.672677,28.335579],[-96.705247,28.348811],[-96.710336,28.406827],[-96.772209,28.408074],[-96.794554,28.365688],[-96.791761,28.31217],[-96.809573,28.290287],[-96.787181,28.255681],[-96.800413,28.224128],[-96.934765,28.123873],[-96.962755,28.123365],[-97.027014,28.148408],[-97.021303,28.1841],[-97.037008,28.185528],[-97.153601,28.13318],[-97.214039,28.087494],[-97.21535,28.076575],[-97.176444,28.059892],[-97.137421,28.057037],[-97.025693,28.11216],[-97.035528,28.084688],[-97.025859,28.041939],[-97.129168,27.919801],[-97.186709,27.825453],[-97.219738,27.823939],[-97.250797,27.876035],[-97.272253,27.881427],[-97.379042,27.837867],[-97.393291,27.782905],[-97.368355,27.741683],[-97.316446,27.712676],[-97.253955,27.696696],[-97.296598,27.613947],[-97.294054,27.5941],[-97.321535,27.571199],[-97.401942,27.335574],[-97.508304,27.275014],[-97.532223,27.278577],[-97.544437,27.284175],[-97.498126,27.308602],[-97.502706,27.322343],[-97.483877,27.338628],[-97.48693,27.358984],[-97.501688,27.366618],[-97.609068,27.285193],[-97.63146,27.28621],[-97.640111,27.270943],[-97.628916,27.242953],[-97.54291,27.229213],[-97.42408,27.264073],[-97.443673,27.116235],[-97.45665,27.099695],[-97.495836,27.094098],[-97.477515,27.066108],[-97.48693,27.057711],[-97.486676,27.03481],[-97.473444,27.02285],[-97.478533,26.999186],[-97.555378,26.99028],[-97.555378,26.93888],[-97.540874,26.90631],[-97.563266,26.842188],[-97.509831,26.803511],[-97.468609,26.740915],[-97.445708,26.609362],[-97.416955,26.553637],[-97.441383,26.455418],[-97.41721,26.44982],[-97.42179,26.417249],[-97.382485,26.411326],[-97.369627,26.394603],[-97.388965,26.36585],[-97.387947,26.330481],[-97.358176,26.356435],[-97.335275,26.355672],[-97.336802,26.331753],[-97.352833,26.318521],[-97.343927,26.267376],[-97.311866,26.273737],[-97.307031,26.253126],[-97.32128,26.236078],[-97.296598,26.200709],[-97.306776,26.159487],[-97.282094,26.120301],[-97.294054,26.11394],[-97.270898,26.086459],[-97.199651,26.077044],[-97.195071,26.04193],[-97.224842,26.027426],[-97.219244,25.996128],[-97.208557,25.991802],[-97.167208,26.007069],[-97.162628,26.023482],[-97.18273,26.053126],[-97.152009,26.062108],[-97.146294,25.955606],[-97.276707,25.952147],[-97.277163,25.935438],[-97.350398,25.925241],[-97.37443,25.907444],[-97.360082,25.868874],[-97.372864,25.840117],[-97.422636,25.840378],[-97.445113,25.850026],[-97.454727,25.879337],[-97.521762,25.886458],[-97.546421,25.934077],[-97.582565,25.937857],[-97.583044,25.955443],[-97.598043,25.957556],[-97.643708,26.016943],[-97.758838,26.032131],[-97.789823,26.04246],[-97.801344,26.060017],[-97.868235,26.056656]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Texas\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698011","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Uzcategui, Kristy E.","contributorId":104919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uzcategui","given":"Kristy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645452,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":18257,"text":"ofr9374 - 1993 - Documentation of a multiple-technique computer program for plotting major-ion composition of natural waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:28","indexId":"ofr9374","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-74","title":"Documentation of a multiple-technique computer program for plotting major-ion composition of natural waters","docAbstract":"A computer program was written to produce 6 different types of water-quality diagrams--Piper, Stiff, pie, X-Y, boxplot, and Piper 3-D--from the same file of input data. The Piper 3-D diagram is a new method that projects values from the surface of a Piper plot into a triangular prism to show how variations in chemical composition can be related to variations in other water-quality variables. This program is an analytical tool to aid in the interpretation of data. This program is interactive, and the user can select from a menu the type of diagram to be produced and a large number of individual features. Alternatively, these choices can be specified in the data file, which provides a batch mode for running the program. The program does not display water-quality diagrams directly; plots are written to a file. Four different plot- file formats are available: device-independent metafiles, Adobe PostScript graphics files, and two Hewlett-Packard graphics language formats (7475 and 7586). An ASCII data-table file is also produced to document the computed values. This program is written in Fortran '77 and uses graphics subroutines from either the PRIOR AGTK or the DISSPLA graphics library. The program has been implemented on Prime series 50 and Data General Aviion computers within the USGS; portability to other computing systems depends on the availability of the graphics library.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9374","usgsCitation":"Briel, L.I., 1993, Documentation of a multiple-technique computer program for plotting major-ion composition of natural waters: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-74, vi, 88 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9374.","productDescription":"vi, 88 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0074/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47614,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0074/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db636259","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briel, L. I.","contributorId":7265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briel","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":67167,"text":"i2005 - 1993 - Geologic map of upper Eocene to Holocene volcanic and related rocks in the Cascade Range, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T16:04:41","indexId":"i2005","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005","title":"Geologic map of upper Eocene to Holocene volcanic and related rocks in the Cascade Range, Washington","docAbstract":"<p>Since 1979 the Geothermal Research Program of the U.S. Geological Survey has carried out a multidisciplinary research effort in the Cascade Range. The goal of this research is to understand the geology, tectonics, and hydrology of the Cascades in order to characterize and quantify geothermal resource potential. A major goal of the program is compilation of a comprehensive geologic map of the entire Cascade Range that incorporates modern field studies and that has a unified and internally consistent explanation.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>This map is one of a series presently being compiled that shows Cascade Range geology by fitting published and unpublished mapping into a province-wide scheme of lithostratigraphic units; map sheets of the Cascade Range in California and in Oregon complete the series. The complete series forms a guide to exploration and evaluation of the geothermal resources of the Cascade Range and will be useful for studies of volcanic hazards, volcanology, and tectonics.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>For geothermal reasons, the maps emphasize Quaternary volcanic rocks. Large igneous-related geothermal systems that have high temperatures are associated with Quaternary volcanic fields, and geothermal potential declines rapidly as age increases (Smith and Shaw, 1975). Most high-grade recoverable geothermal energy is likely to be associated with silicic volcanism less than 1 Ma. Lower grade (= lower temperature) geothermal resources may be associated with somewhat older rocks; however, volcanic rocks older than about 2 Ma are unlikely geothermal targets (Smith and Shaw, 1975).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2005","collaboration":"The digital database for this map is available as <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0842/\">USGS Data Series 842</a>","usgsCitation":"Smith, J., 1993, Geologic map of upper Eocene to Holocene volcanic and related rocks in the Cascade Range, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2005, Report: 19 p.; 2 Sheets: 173.33 x 150.68 inches and 27.25 x 40.04 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2005.","productDescription":"Report: 19 p.; 2 Sheets: 173.33 x 150.68 inches and 27.25 x 40.04 inches","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296285,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2005/"},{"id":296286,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2005/pdf/i2005_geomap_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","size":"18.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296287,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2005/pdf/i2005_refmap_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","size":"8.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":107246,"rank":6,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10076.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"10076"},{"id":256514,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2005/pdf/i2005_report.pdf","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":256515,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2005/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"500000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","datum":"National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1928","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Range","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123,45.5 ], [ -123,49 ], [ -120,49 ], [ -120,45.5 ], [ -123,45.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68878f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, James G.","contributorId":44534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":275697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":18601,"text":"ofr93407 - 1993 - Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18601,"text":"ofr93407 - 1993 - Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","indexId":"ofr93407","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":21946,"text":"ofr00212 - 2000 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples","indexId":"ofr00212","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":21946,"text":"ofr00212 - 2000 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples","indexId":"ofr00212","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-26T10:08:37","indexId":"ofr93407","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-407","title":"Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","docAbstract":"<p>Benthic invertebrate samples are collected as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. This is a perennial, multidisciplinary program that integrates biological, physical, and chemical indicators of water quality to evaluate status and trends and to develop an understanding of the factors controlling observed water quality. The Program examines water quality in 60 study units (coupled ground- and surface-water systems) that encompass most of the conterminous United States and parts of Alaska and Hawaii. Study-unit teams collect and process qualitative and semi-quantitative invertebrate samples according to standardized procedures. These samples are processed (elutriated and subsampled) in the field to produce as many as four sample components: large-rare, main-body, elutriate, and split. Each sample component is preserved in 10-percent formalin, and two components, large-rare and main-body, are sent to contract laboratories for further processing. The large-rare component is composed of large invertebrates that are removed from the sample matrix during field processing and placed in one or more containers. The main-body sample component consists of the remaining sample materials (sediment, detritus, and invertebrates) and is subsampled in the field to achieve a volume of 750 milliliters or less. The remaining two sample components, elutriate and split, are used for quality-assurance and quality-control purposes. Contract laboratories are used to identify and quantify invertebrates from the large-rare and main-body sample components according to the procedures and guidelines specified within this document. These guidelines allow the use of subsampling techniques to reduce the volume of sample material processed and to facilitate identifications. These processing procedures and techniques may be modified if the modifications provide equal or greater levels of accuracy and precision. The intent of sample processing is to determine the quantity of each taxon present in the semi-quantitative samples or to list the taxa present in qualitative samples. The processing guidelines provide standardized laboratory forms, sample labels, detailed sample processing flow charts, standardized format for electronic data, quality-assurance procedures and checks, sample tracking standards, and target levels for taxonomic determinations. The contract laboratory (1) is responsible for identifications and quantifications, (2) constructs reference collections, (3) provides data in hard copy and electronic forms, (4) follows specified quality-assurance and quality-control procedures, and (5) returns all processed and unprocessed portions of the samples. The U.S. Geological Survey's Quality Management Group maintains a Biological Quality-Assurance Unit, located at the National Water-Quality Laboratory, Arvada, Colorado, to oversee the use of contract laboratories and ensure the quality of data obtained from these laboratories according to the guidelines established in this document. This unit establishes contract specifications, reviews contractor performance (timeliness, accuracy, and consistency), enters data into the National Water Information System-II data base, maintains in-house reference collections, deposits voucher specimens in outside museums, and interacts with taxonomic experts within and outside the U.S. Geological Survey. This unit also modifies the existing sample processing and quality-assurance guidelines, establishes criteria and testing procedures for qualifying potential contract laboratories, identifies qualified taxonomic experts, and establishes voucher collections.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/ofr93407","usgsCitation":"Cuffney, T., Gurtz, M., and Meador, M.R., 1993, Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-407, vi, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93407.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":363256,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0407/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1087,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr93407","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":150810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0407/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a301","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cuffney, T. F.","contributorId":108134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuffney","given":"T. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gurtz, M. E.","contributorId":29841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurtz","given":"M. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":19763,"text":"ofr9380 - 1993 - Ground-water quality at the Management Systems Evaluation Area near Princeton, Minnesota, 1991-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T07:55:20","indexId":"ofr9380","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-80","title":"Ground-water quality at the Management Systems Evaluation Area near Princeton, Minnesota, 1991-92","docAbstract":"<p>The northern cornbelt sand-plains Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) program is a multiagency, multistate initiative to evaluate the effects of modified and prevailing farming systems on water quality in a sand-plain area in Minnesota and at satellite areas in North and South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The primary objective of Minnesota MSEA is to evaluate the effects of ridge-tillage practices in a corn and soybean farming system on ground-water quality. The Minnesota MSEA program is a cooperative study primarily between the U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, the University of Minnesota Soil Science Department, and the U.S. Geological Survey. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and the Department of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Minnesota are also cooperating in the evaluation of groundwater quality at the MSEA.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr9380","usgsCitation":"Landon, M.K., Delin, G.N., Lamb, J., and Guo, L., 1993, Ground-water quality at the Management Systems Evaluation Area near Princeton, Minnesota, 1991-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-80, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9380.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":49235,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0080/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0080/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Princeton","otherGeospatial":"Management Systems Evaluation Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93.62385749816895, 45.52312701460922 ], [ -93.62385749816895, 45.530222474607434 ], [ -93.6140513420105, 45.530222474607434 ], [ -93.6140513420105, 45.52312701460922 ], [ -93.62385749816895, 45.52312701460922 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66737a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delin, Geoffrey N. 0000-0001-7991-6158 delin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7991-6158","contributorId":2610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"Geoffrey","email":"delin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":5063,"text":"Central Water Science Field Team","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lamb, J.A.","contributorId":95898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guo, Lei","contributorId":23384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"Lei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":19429,"text":"ofr93168 - 1993 - Estimation of unit hydrographs for large floods at ungaged sites in Montana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19429,"text":"ofr93168 - 1993 - Estimation of unit hydrographs for large floods at ungaged sites in Montana","indexId":"ofr93168","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Estimation of unit hydrographs for large floods at ungaged sites in Montana"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1904,"text":"wsp2420 - 1996 - Procedures for estimating unit hydrographs for large floods at ungaged sites in Montana","indexId":"wsp2420","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Procedures for estimating unit hydrographs for large floods at ungaged sites in Montana"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":1904,"text":"wsp2420 - 1996 - Procedures for estimating unit hydrographs for large floods at ungaged sites in Montana","indexId":"wsp2420","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Procedures for estimating unit hydrographs for large floods at ungaged sites in Montana"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-04T17:32:42.51828","indexId":"ofr93168","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-168","title":"Estimation of unit hydrographs for large floods at ungaged sites in Montana","docAbstract":"Methods were developed for estimating unit hydro- graphs at ungaged sites in Montana using either the Clark or dimensionless unit-hydrograph method. Flood hydrograph data for 26 U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations and rainfall data were used together with a rainfall-runoff simulation model (HEC-1) to derive unit hydrographs and important unit-hydrograph variables.  A multiple- regression analysis relating four unit-hydrograph variables (time of concentration, basin-storage coefficient, Snyder standard lag, and dimensionless peak discharge) to basin characteristics showed a significant (95 percent confidence level) relation only with drainage area for time of concentration, basin-storage coefficient, and Snyder standard lag. In the regression relation for dimensionless peak discharge, the only significant basin characteristic was basin factor, a function of channel length, distance from the basin centroid to mouth, and channel slope. An alternative equation based only on drainage area was almost as reliable. Regression equations for estimating basin-storage coefficient and dimensionless peak discharge had coefficients of determination (r sq) ranging from 0.19 to 0.47. An average dimensionless unit hydrograph was determined for the 26 sites, and a method was developed for adjusting its magnitude and shape to account for site-specific information. The 26 derived unit hydrographs were compared with those calculated by the described estimation methods. The two methods performed about equally well in matching derived unit-hydrograph peaks and shapes. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr93168","usgsCitation":"Holnbeck, S., and Parrett, C., 1993, Estimation of unit hydrographs for large floods at ungaged sites in Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-168, vi, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93168.","productDescription":"vi, 69 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382992,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0168/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0168/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-105.038405,45.000345],[-105.848065,45.000396],[-105.913382,45.000941],[-105.914258,44.999986],[-105.928184,44.993647],[-106.263586,44.993788],[-107.050801,44.996424],[-107.074996,44.997004],[-107.084939,44.996599],[-107.105685,44.998734],[-107.125633,44.999388],[-107.13418,45.000109],[-107.351441,45.001407],[-107.49205,45.00148],[-107.608854,45.00086],[-107.750654,45.000778],[-107.997353,45.001565],[-108.000663,45.001223],[-108.14939,45.001062],[-108.218479,45.000541],[-108.238139,45.000206],[-108.249345,44.999458],[-108.271201,45.000251],[-108.500679,44.999691],[-108.565921,45.000578],[-109.08301,44.99961],[-109.103445,45.005904],[-109.375713,45.00461],[-109.386432,45.004887],[-109.574321,45.002631],[-109.663673,45.002536],[-109.75073,45.001605],[-109.875735,45.003275],[-109.99505,45.003174],[-110.026347,45.003665],[-110.110103,45.003905],[-110.199503,44.996188],[-110.28677,44.99685],[-110.324441,44.999156],[-110.342131,44.999053],[-110.362698,45.000593],[-110.402927,44.99381],[-110.48807,44.992361],[-110.552433,44.992237],[-110.705272,44.992324],[-110.750767,44.997948],[-110.761554,44.999934],[-110.785008,45.002952],[-111.055199,45.001321],[-111.056207,44.935901],[-111.055629,44.933578],[-111.056888,44.866658],[-111.056416,44.749928],[-111.055511,44.725343],[-111.055208,44.624927],[-111.048974,44.474072],[-111.062729,44.476073],[-111.122654,44.493659],[-111.131379,44.499925],[-111.139455,44.517112],[-111.143557,44.535732],[-111.15959,44.546376],[-111.166892,44.54722],[-111.175747,44.552219],[-111.182551,44.566874],[-111.189617,44.571062],[-111.201459,44.575696],[-111.225208,44.581006],[-111.23018,44.587025],[-111.231227,44.606915],[-111.224161,44.623402],[-111.25268,44.651092],[-111.262839,44.649658],[-111.276956,44.655626],[-111.26875,44.668279],[-111.29626,44.702271],[-111.323669,44.724474],[-111.341351,44.7293],[-111.348184,44.725459],[-111.355768,44.727602],[-111.366723,44.738361],[-111.36627,44.742234],[-111.37476,44.750295],[-111.385005,44.755128],[-111.393854,44.752549],[-111.397805,44.746738],[-111.394459,44.744578],[-111.398575,44.723343],[-111.414271,44.710741],[-111.424214,44.714024],[-111.429604,44.720149],[-111.438793,44.720546],[-111.486019,44.707654],[-111.489339,44.704946],[-111.490228,44.700221],[-111.484898,44.687578],[-111.47798,44.682393],[-111.468833,44.679335],[-111.473178,44.665479],[-111.50494,44.635746],[-111.521688,44.613371],[-111.525764,44.604883],[-111.524213,44.595585],[-111.519126,44.582916],[-111.492024,44.56081],[-111.469185,44.552044],[-111.467736,44.544521],[-111.471682,44.540824],[-111.500792,44.540062],[-111.518095,44.544177],[-111.524006,44.548385],[-111.546637,44.557099],[-111.556577,44.554495],[-111.562814,44.555209],[-111.585763,44.562843],[-111.591768,44.561502],[-111.601249,44.55421],[-111.614405,44.548991],[-111.681571,44.559864],[-111.704218,44.560205],[-111.709553,44.550206],[-111.715474,44.543543],[-111.737191,44.54306],[-111.746401,44.540766],[-111.758966,44.533766],[-111.761904,44.529841],[-111.806512,44.516264],[-111.807914,44.511716],[-111.821488,44.509286],[-111.842542,44.526069],[-111.849293,44.539837],[-111.870504,44.564033],[-111.887852,44.563413],[-111.903566,44.55723],[-111.947941,44.556776],[-111.951522,44.550062],[-111.980833,44.536682],[-111.995231,44.535444],[-112.01385,44.542348],[-112.032707,44.546642],[-112.035025,44.542691],[-112.034133,44.537716],[-112.036943,44.530323],[-112.053434,44.535089],[-112.069011,44.537104],[-112.093304,44.530002],[-112.096299,44.523212],[-112.101564,44.520847],[-112.106755,44.520829],[-112.125101,44.528527],[-112.129078,44.5363],[-112.136454,44.539911],[-112.164597,44.541666],[-112.179703,44.533021],[-112.183937,44.533067],[-112.221698,44.543519],[-112.229477,44.549494],[-112.226841,44.555239],[-112.230117,44.562759],[-112.242785,44.568091],[-112.258665,44.569516],[-112.286187,44.568472],[-112.307642,44.557651],[-112.312899,44.553536],[-112.315047,44.550049],[-112.315008,44.5419],[-112.319198,44.53911],[-112.348794,44.538691],[-112.35421,44.535638],[-112.358917,44.528847],[-112.3566,44.493127],[-112.358926,44.48628],[-112.368764,44.467153],[-112.387389,44.448058],[-112.435342,44.462216],[-112.460347,44.47571],[-112.473207,44.480027],[-112.50031,44.463051],[-112.511713,44.466445],[-112.512036,44.47042],[-112.518871,44.475784],[-112.541989,44.483971],[-112.550557,44.484928],[-112.573513,44.480983],[-112.584197,44.481368],[-112.601863,44.491015],[-112.660696,44.485756],[-112.664485,44.48645],[-112.671169,44.491265],[-112.707815,44.503023],[-112.71911,44.504344],[-112.735084,44.499159],[-112.749011,44.491233],[-112.781294,44.484888],[-112.797863,44.466112],[-112.828191,44.442472],[-112.836034,44.422653],[-112.821896,44.407436],[-112.812608,44.392275],[-112.81324,44.378103],[-112.820489,44.370946],[-112.844859,44.358221],[-112.855395,44.359975],[-112.881769,44.380315],[-112.886041,44.395874],[-112.915602,44.402699],[-112.951146,44.416699],[-112.981682,44.434279],[-113.003544,44.450814],[-113.020917,44.493827],[-113.018636,44.520064],[-113.019777,44.528505],[-113.032722,44.537137],[-113.04282,44.546757],[-113.042363,44.565237],[-113.061071,44.577329],[-113.083819,44.60222],[-113.07376,44.613928],[-113.065593,44.617391],[-113.05677,44.618657],[-113.053529,44.621187],[-113.049349,44.62938],[-113.051504,44.63695],[-113.065589,44.649371],[-113.068306,44.656374],[-113.07042,44.667844],[-113.067756,44.672807],[-113.06776,44.679474],[-113.081906,44.691392],[-113.098064,44.697477],[-113.101154,44.708578],[-113.102138,44.729027],[-113.116874,44.738104],[-113.134824,44.752763],[-113.137704,44.760109],[-113.131387,44.764738],[-113.131453,44.772837],[-113.140618,44.776698],[-113.158206,44.780847],[-113.163806,44.778921],[-113.179366,44.787142],[-113.183395,44.793565],[-113.19436,44.802151],[-113.209624,44.80907],[-113.238729,44.814144],[-113.247166,44.82295],[-113.278382,44.812706],[-113.29683,44.803358],[-113.301508,44.798985],[-113.341704,44.784853],[-113.354034,44.791745],[-113.354763,44.795468],[-113.346692,44.798898],[-113.3461,44.800611],[-113.356062,44.819798],[-113.377153,44.834858],[-113.383984,44.8374],[-113.422376,44.842595],[-113.455071,44.865424],[-113.474573,44.910846],[-113.491121,44.927548],[-113.498745,44.942314],[-113.494446,44.948597],[-113.480836,44.95031],[-113.474781,44.948795],[-113.467467,44.948061],[-113.448958,44.953544],[-113.443782,44.95989],[-113.444862,44.976141],[-113.447013,44.984637],[-113.446884,44.998545],[-113.437726,45.006967],[-113.449909,45.035167],[-113.44912,45.046098],[-113.45197,45.059247],[-113.460578,45.064879],[-113.465073,45.062755],[-113.47377,45.0617],[-113.485278,45.063519],[-113.520134,45.093033],[-113.510819,45.099902],[-113.506638,45.107288],[-113.513342,45.115225],[-113.538037,45.11503],[-113.546488,45.112285],[-113.554744,45.112901],[-113.57467,45.128411],[-113.594632,45.166034],[-113.589891,45.176986],[-113.599506,45.191114],[-113.636889,45.212983],[-113.647399,45.228282],[-113.650064,45.23471],[-113.657027,45.241436],[-113.665633,45.246265],[-113.674409,45.249411],[-113.678749,45.24927],[-113.684946,45.253706],[-113.692039,45.265191],[-113.691557,45.270912],[-113.688077,45.276407],[-113.689359,45.28355],[-113.735601,45.325265],[-113.738729,45.329741],[-113.7402,45.34559],[-113.73553,45.364738],[-113.73239,45.385058],[-113.733092,45.390173],[-113.734402,45.392353],[-113.750546,45.40272],[-113.760924,45.406501],[-113.765203,45.410601],[-113.768058,45.418147],[-113.763368,45.427732],[-113.764591,45.431403],[-113.783272,45.451839],[-113.78416,45.454946],[-113.759986,45.480735],[-113.766022,45.520621],[-113.778361,45.523415],[-113.796579,45.523462],[-113.802849,45.523159],[-113.809144,45.519908],[-113.834555,45.520729],[-113.819868,45.566326],[-113.804796,45.580358],[-113.803261,45.584193],[-113.802955,45.592631],[-113.806729,45.602146],[-113.823068,45.612486],[-113.861404,45.62366],[-113.886006,45.61702],[-113.904691,45.622007],[-113.902539,45.636945],[-113.898883,45.644167],[-113.900588,45.648259],[-113.903582,45.651165],[-113.919752,45.658536],[-113.930403,45.671878],[-113.93422,45.682232],[-113.971565,45.700636],[-113.986656,45.704564],[-114.015633,45.696127],[-114.019315,45.692937],[-114.020533,45.681223],[-114.02007,45.670332],[-114.013786,45.658238],[-114.014973,45.654008],[-114.018731,45.648616],[-114.033456,45.648629],[-114.067619,45.627706],[-114.08179,45.611329],[-114.083149,45.603996],[-114.0821,45.596958],[-114.086584,45.59118],[-114.100308,45.586354],[-114.122322,45.58426],[-114.131469,45.574444],[-114.132359,45.572531],[-114.128601,45.568996],[-114.129099,45.565491],[-114.135249,45.557465],[-114.154837,45.552916],[-114.180043,45.551432],[-114.18647,45.545539],[-114.192802,45.536596],[-114.203665,45.53557],[-114.227942,45.546423],[-114.248121,45.545877],[-114.251836,45.537812],[-114.248183,45.533226],[-114.247824,45.524283],[-114.261616,45.495816],[-114.270717,45.486116],[-114.279217,45.480616],[-114.333218,45.459316],[-114.345019,45.459916],[-114.360719,45.474116],[-114.36562,45.490416],[-114.36852,45.492716],[-114.388618,45.502903],[-114.415804,45.509753],[-114.438991,45.536076],[-114.450863,45.54253],[-114.456764,45.543983],[-114.460542,45.561283],[-114.473759,45.563278],[-114.498176,45.555473],[-114.506341,45.559216],[-114.517761,45.568129],[-114.526075,45.570771],[-114.549508,45.56059],[-114.559038,45.565706],[-114.558253,45.585104],[-114.553999,45.591279],[-114.538132,45.606834],[-114.544905,45.616673],[-114.553937,45.619299],[-114.563305,45.631612],[-114.563652,45.637412],[-114.561046,45.639906],[-114.53577,45.650613],[-114.529678,45.65232],[-114.522142,45.64934],[-114.507645,45.658949],[-114.499637,45.669035],[-114.495421,45.703321],[-114.497553,45.710677],[-114.504869,45.722176],[-114.535634,45.739095],[-114.566172,45.773864],[-114.562509,45.779927],[-114.555487,45.786249],[-114.544692,45.791447],[-114.512973,45.828825],[-114.51704,45.833148],[-114.517143,45.835993],[-114.514596,45.840785],[-114.509303,45.845531],[-114.498809,45.850676],[-114.470296,45.851343],[-114.455532,45.855012],[-114.44868,45.858891],[-114.422963,45.855381],[-114.409477,45.85164],[-114.388243,45.88234],[-114.387166,45.889164],[-114.395059,45.901458],[-114.404314,45.903497],[-114.413168,45.911479],[-114.431159,45.935737],[-114.431328,45.938023],[-114.427717,45.939625],[-114.423681,45.9441],[-114.415977,45.947891],[-114.411933,45.952358],[-114.404708,45.9559],[-114.402261,45.961489],[-114.403712,45.967049],[-114.409353,45.97141],[-114.411892,45.977883],[-114.419899,45.981106],[-114.425843,45.984984],[-114.470965,45.995742],[-114.47729,46.000802],[-114.477922,46.009025],[-114.473811,46.016614],[-114.480241,46.030325],[-114.485793,46.030022],[-114.490572,46.032427],[-114.493418,46.03717],[-114.494683,46.042546],[-114.492153,46.04729],[-114.468529,46.062484],[-114.461864,46.078571],[-114.460049,46.097104],[-114.474415,46.112515],[-114.488303,46.113106],[-114.5213,46.125287],[-114.527096,46.146218],[-114.514706,46.167726],[-114.489254,46.167684],[-114.478333,46.160876],[-114.472643,46.162202],[-114.457549,46.170231],[-114.445928,46.173933],[-114.443215,46.202943],[-114.445497,46.220227],[-114.449819,46.237119],[-114.451912,46.241253],[-114.468254,46.248796],[-114.470479,46.26732],[-114.465024,46.273127],[-114.453257,46.270939],[-114.441326,46.2738],[-114.43544,46.27661],[-114.427309,46.283624],[-114.425587,46.287899],[-114.433478,46.305502],[-114.431708,46.310744],[-114.413758,46.335945],[-114.410682,46.360673],[-114.411592,46.366688],[-114.422458,46.387097],[-114.408974,46.400438],[-114.384756,46.411784],[-114.376413,46.442983],[-114.379338,46.460166],[-114.383051,46.466402],[-114.394447,46.469549],[-114.400068,46.47718],[-114.403019,46.498675],[-114.400257,46.502143],[-114.395204,46.503148],[-114.385871,46.50437],[-114.375348,46.501855],[-114.35874,46.505306],[-114.351655,46.508119],[-114.342072,46.519679],[-114.349208,46.529514],[-114.348733,46.533792],[-114.34534,46.548444],[-114.339533,46.564039],[-114.33175,46.571914],[-114.331338,46.577781],[-114.333931,46.582732],[-114.334992,46.588154],[-114.333931,46.592162],[-114.322519,46.611066],[-114.322912,46.642938],[-114.320665,46.646963],[-114.32456,46.653579],[-114.332887,46.660756],[-114.360709,46.669059],[-114.394514,46.664846],[-114.403383,46.659633],[-114.410907,46.657466],[-114.424424,46.660648],[-114.453239,46.649266],[-114.45425,46.640974],[-114.466902,46.631695],[-114.486218,46.632829],[-114.498007,46.637655],[-114.547321,46.644485],[-114.561582,46.642043],[-114.583385,46.633227],[-114.593292,46.632848],[-114.615036,46.639733],[-114.616354,46.643646],[-114.611676,46.647704],[-114.614716,46.655256],[-114.621483,46.658143],[-114.635713,46.659375],[-114.642713,46.673145],[-114.641745,46.679286],[-114.631898,46.68397],[-114.623198,46.691511],[-114.620859,46.707415],[-114.626695,46.712889],[-114.632954,46.715495],[-114.649388,46.73289],[-114.696656,46.740572],[-114.699008,46.740223],[-114.710425,46.717704],[-114.713516,46.715138],[-114.727445,46.714604],[-114.740115,46.711771],[-114.747758,46.702649],[-114.749257,46.699688],[-114.751921,46.697207],[-114.76689,46.696901],[-114.787065,46.711255],[-114.788656,46.714033],[-114.779668,46.730411],[-114.773765,46.731805],[-114.76718,46.738828],[-114.765127,46.745383],[-114.765106,46.758153],[-114.79004,46.778729],[-114.808587,46.78235],[-114.818161,46.781139],[-114.829117,46.782503],[-114.835917,46.791111],[-114.844794,46.794305],[-114.856874,46.801633],[-114.860067,46.804988],[-114.861376,46.81196],[-114.864342,46.813858],[-114.880588,46.811791],[-114.888146,46.808573],[-114.897857,46.813184],[-114.904505,46.822851],[-114.920459,46.827697],[-114.927837,46.83599],[-114.92845,46.843242],[-114.92349,46.847594],[-114.928615,46.854815],[-114.940398,46.85605],[-114.947413,46.859324],[-114.943281,46.867971],[-114.938713,46.869021],[-114.931608,46.876799],[-114.931058,46.882108],[-114.936805,46.897378],[-114.935035,46.901749],[-114.927948,46.909948],[-114.927432,46.914185],[-114.929997,46.919625],[-114.960597,46.93001],[-114.986539,46.952099],[-115.00091,46.967703],[-115.001274,46.971901],[-115.028386,46.975659],[-115.028994,46.973159],[-115.031651,46.971548],[-115.047857,46.969533],[-115.049538,46.970774],[-115.057098,46.986758],[-115.066223,46.996375],[-115.071254,47.022083],[-115.087806,47.045519],[-115.098136,47.048897],[-115.102681,47.047239],[-115.107132,47.049041],[-115.120917,47.061237],[-115.136671,47.078276],[-115.139515,47.08456],[-115.140375,47.093013],[-115.170436,47.106265],[-115.172938,47.112881],[-115.189451,47.131032],[-115.200547,47.139154],[-115.223246,47.148974],[-115.243707,47.150347],[-115.255146,47.162876],[-115.255786,47.174725],[-115.261885,47.181742],[-115.286353,47.18327],[-115.300504,47.188139],[-115.300805,47.19393],[-115.295986,47.205658],[-115.29211,47.209861],[-115.294785,47.220914],[-115.298794,47.225245],[-115.307239,47.229892],[-115.311875,47.229673],[-115.317124,47.233305],[-115.324832,47.244841],[-115.326903,47.255912],[-115.339201,47.261623],[-115.3593,47.259461],[-115.36628,47.261485],[-115.371825,47.265213],[-115.410685,47.264228],[-115.421645,47.271736],[-115.423173,47.276222],[-115.428359,47.278722],[-115.443566,47.277309],[-115.457077,47.277794],[-115.470959,47.284873],[-115.487314,47.286518],[-115.51186,47.295219],[-115.526751,47.303219],[-115.531971,47.314121],[-115.548658,47.332213],[-115.551079,47.349856],[-115.556318,47.353076],[-115.564766,47.353476],[-115.570887,47.356375],[-115.578619,47.367007],[-115.609492,47.380799],[-115.617247,47.382521],[-115.639186,47.378605],[-115.644341,47.381826],[-115.648479,47.390293],[-115.657681,47.400651],[-115.69057,47.415059],[-115.71034,47.417784],[-115.718934,47.420967],[-115.72148,47.424469],[-115.728801,47.428925],[-115.731348,47.433381],[-115.728801,47.445159],[-115.718247,47.45316],[-115.69293,47.457237],[-115.671188,47.45439],[-115.663867,47.456936],[-115.654318,47.468077],[-115.653044,47.476035],[-115.655272,47.477944],[-115.686704,47.485596],[-115.694106,47.498634],[-115.708748,47.51264],[-115.71034,47.52951],[-115.717024,47.532693],[-115.741371,47.538645],[-115.747263,47.543197],[-115.748536,47.549245],[-115.746945,47.555293],[-115.734674,47.567401],[-115.721207,47.576323],[-115.706473,47.577299],[-115.689404,47.595402],[-115.694284,47.62346],[-115.708537,47.635356],[-115.715193,47.63634],[-115.72993,47.642442],[-115.73627,47.654762],[-115.726613,47.672093],[-115.72377,47.696671],[-115.730764,47.704426],[-115.752349,47.716743],[-115.758623,47.719041],[-115.763424,47.717313],[-115.77177,47.717412],[-115.776219,47.719818],[-115.783504,47.729305],[-115.780441,47.743447],[-115.797299,47.75752],[-115.803917,47.75848],[-115.824597,47.752154],[-115.831755,47.755785],[-115.835365,47.760957],[-115.835069,47.77006],[-115.837438,47.774846],[-115.84044,47.780172],[-115.847487,47.785227],[-115.848509,47.809331],[-115.845474,47.814967],[-115.852291,47.827991],[-115.870861,47.834939],[-115.875262,47.843272],[-115.881522,47.849672],[-115.900934,47.843064],[-115.906409,47.846261],[-115.919291,47.857406],[-115.939993,47.883153],[-115.959946,47.898142],[-115.965153,47.910131],[-115.969076,47.914256],[-115.982791,47.915994],[-115.993678,47.926183],[-115.995121,47.933827],[-115.998236,47.938779],[-116.007246,47.950087],[-116.030751,47.973349],[-116.03834,47.971318],[-116.04882,47.97716],[-116.049153,47.999923],[-116.048739,48.060093],[-116.04932,48.066644],[-116.049415,48.07722],[-116.048911,48.12493],[-116.049977,48.237604],[-116.049353,48.249936],[-116.049735,48.274668],[-116.048948,48.309847],[-116.050003,48.413492],[-116.049155,48.481247],[-116.049193,49.000912],[-116.00103,49.00127],[-115.990685,49.000909],[-115.501016,49.000694],[-115.207912,48.999228],[-114.375977,49.00139],[-114.250971,49.000905],[-114.224912,48.999687],[-114.201107,48.999249],[-114.180211,48.999703],[-114.059188,48.998856],[-113.907487,48.998858],[-113.864127,48.998276],[-113.692982,48.997632],[-113.576118,48.998478],[-113.375925,48.998562],[-113.356874,48.998224],[-113.19474,48.998909],[-113.116356,48.998462],[-112.143769,48.998917],[-112.003866,48.99857],[-112.000878,48.998921],[-111.761679,48.997614],[-111.500812,48.996963],[-111.003916,48.997537],[-110.592465,48.999012],[-110.531615,48.99839],[-110.438151,48.999188],[-109.500737,49.00044],[-109.454023,49.001132],[-109.437397,49.000631],[-109.384068,49.000374],[-109.285975,49.000479],[-109.250722,49.000011],[-109.000708,48.999234],[-107.704696,48.999872],[-107.441017,48.999363],[-107.363582,49.000019],[-106.050543,48.999207],[-105.612577,48.999703],[-104.875527,48.998991],[-104.048736,48.999877],[-104.0489,48.847387],[-104.047582,48.633984],[-104.048212,48.599055],[-104.047876,48.530798],[-104.047513,48.525913],[-104.048054,48.500025],[-104.047555,48.49414],[-104.046969,48.390675],[-104.046371,48.374154],[-104.046039,48.256761],[-104.045645,48.246179],[-104.044162,47.992836],[-104.041662,47.862282],[-104.043242,47.747106],[-104.043742,47.625016],[-104.044241,47.612288],[-104.043912,47.603229],[-104.044109,47.523595],[-104.045333,47.343452],[-104.045057,47.266868],[-104.045517,47.215666],[-104.044788,47.12743],[-104.045018,47.081202],[-104.045354,47.078574],[-104.045052,47.040863],[-104.045901,46.83079],[-104.045045,46.509788],[-104.046103,46.383916],[-104.045481,46.366871],[-104.045237,46.125002],[-104.045759,46.123946],[-104.046822,46.000199],[-104.04403,45.881975],[-104.042597,45.749998],[-104.041937,45.557915],[-104.041145,45.503367],[-104.041764,45.490789],[-104.040816,45.462708],[-104.040114,45.374214],[-104.039977,45.124988],[-104.039563,45.124039],[-104.040128,44.999987],[-104.039681,44.998041],[-104.057698,44.997431],[-104.250145,44.99822],[-104.665171,44.998618],[-104.72637,44.999518],[-104.759855,44.999066],[-105.038405,45.000345]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Montana\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eef46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holnbeck, S.R.","contributorId":11640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holnbeck","given":"S.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parrett, Charles","contributorId":9635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26491,"text":"wri934067 - 1993 - Sediment-transport characteristics of Cane Creek, Lauderdale County, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:32","indexId":"wri934067","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4067","title":"Sediment-transport characteristics of Cane Creek, Lauderdale County, Tennessee","docAbstract":"An investigation of the sediment-transport characteristics of Cane Creek in Lauderdale County, Tennessee, was conducted from 1985-88 to evaluate the potential for channel erosion induced by modifications (realignment and enlargement) and the potential ability of different flows to move bed and bank stabilizing material. Frequently occurring flows in Cane Creek are capable of moving sand-size material (0.0625 - 4.0 millimeters). During floods that equal or exceed the 2-year flood, Cane Creek is capable of moving very coarse gravel (32 - 64 millimeters). Boundary-shear values at bridges, where flow contractions occur, correspond to critical diameters in excess of 100 millimeters. Thus, the areas near bridges, where channel stability is most critical, are the areas where erosive power is greatest. Deepening and widening of Cane Creek has exposed large areas of channel boundary that are a significant source of raindrop-detached sediment during the early stages of a storm before stream flow increases signifi- cantly. This causes suspended-sediment concentration to peak while the flow hydrograph is just beginning to rise. For basins like Cane Creek, where runoff events commonly last less than a day and where variation in discharge and sediment concentrations are large, an estimate of sediment yield based on periodic observations of instantaneous values is subject to considerable uncertainty.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934067","usgsCitation":"Carey, W.P., 1993, Sediment-transport characteristics of Cane Creek, Lauderdale County, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4067, iv, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934067.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4067/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55316,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4067/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4234","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carey, W. P.","contributorId":105749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carey","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27683,"text":"wri924092 - 1993 - Geochemistry of and radioactivity in ground water of the Highland Rim and Central Basin aquifer systems, Hickman and Maury counties, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri924092","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4092","title":"Geochemistry of and radioactivity in ground water of the Highland Rim and Central Basin aquifer systems, Hickman and Maury counties, Tennessee","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance of the geochemistry of and radioactivity in ground water from the Highland Rim and Central Basin aquifer systems in Hickman and Maury Counties, Tennessee, was conducted in 1989. Water in both aquifer systems typically is of the calcium or calcium magnesium bicarbonate type, but concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfate are greater in water of the Central Basin system; differences in the concentrations are statistically significant. Dissolution of calcite, magnesium-calcite, dolomite, and gypsum are the primary geochemical processes controlling ground-water chemistry in both aquifer systems. Saturation-state calculations using the computer code WATEQF indicated that ground water from the Central Basin system is more saturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, and gypsum than water from the Highland Rim system. Geochemical environments within each aquifer system are somewhat different with respect to dissolution of magnesium-bearing minerals. Water samples from the Highland Rim system had a fairly constant calcium to magnesium molar ratio, implying congruent dissolution of magnesium-bearing minerals, whereas water samples from the Central Basin system had highly variable ratios, implying either incongruent dissolution or heterogeneity in soluble constituents of the aquifer matrix.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of radionuclides in water were low and not greatly different between aquifer systems. Median gross alpha activities were 0.54 picocuries per liter in water from each system; median gross beta activities were 1.1 and 2.3 picocuries per liter in water from the Highland Rim and Central Basin systems, respectively. Radon-222 concentrations were 559 and 422 picocuries per liter, respectively. Concentrations of gross alpha and radium in all samples were substantially less than Tennessee?s maximum permissible levels for community water-supply systems. The data indicated no relations between concentrations of dissolved radionuclides (uranium, radium-226, radium-228, radon-222, gross alpha, and gross beta) and any key indicators of water chemistry, except in water from the Highland Rim system, in which radon-222 was moderately related to pH and weakly related to dissolved magnesium. The only relation among radiochemical constituents indicated by the data was between radium-226 and gross alpha activity; this relation was indicated for water from both aquifer systems.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924092","usgsCitation":"Hileman, G.E., and Lee, R.W., 1993, Geochemistry of and radioactivity in ground water of the Highland Rim and Central Basin aquifer systems, Hickman and Maury counties, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4092, v, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924092.","productDescription":"v, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2210,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri924092/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_92_4092.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa6de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hileman, G. E.","contributorId":11639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hileman","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, R. W.","contributorId":86757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26167,"text":"wri934001 - 1993 - Effects of well discharges on hydraulic heads in and spring discharges from the geothermal aquifer system in the Bruneau area, Owyhee County, southwestern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T20:53:42.580582","indexId":"wri934001","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4001","title":"Effects of well discharges on hydraulic heads in and spring discharges from the geothermal aquifer system in the Bruneau area, Owyhee County, southwestern Idaho","docAbstract":"Demand for ground water in the 600- \nsquare-mile Bruneau study area has increased \nsince 1954 because of agricultural development. Declining flow at Indian Bathtub Spring \nis adversely affecting a unique species of snail \nthat inhabits the spring.\nThe Bruneau study area is underlain by \nsedimentary and volcanic rocks that form a \nregional geothermal aquifer. Sedimentary \nrocks range in thickness from zero in the \nsouthern part of the study area to more than \n3,000 feet in the northeastern corner. Volcanic \nrocks underlie the entire study area and extend \nsouthward to the Jarbidge Mountains. In the \ncentral part of the study area, the volcanic \nrocks are probably 2,000 to 3,000 feet thick. \nFor purposes of study, the regional geothermal \naquifer system was divided into sedimentary- \nand volcanic-rock aquifers.\nGround water flows northward through \nthe volcanic-rock aquifer to the sedimentary- \nrock aquifer, from areas of recharge along the \nJarbidge and Owyhee Mountains into the study \narea, where it is discharged as spring flow or \nleaves the study area as underflow. Prior to \nextensive ground-water development, about \n10,100 acre-feet was discharged by springs.\nGround-water discharge from wells \nbegan in the late 1890's. From the 1890's \nthrough 1951, annual discharge was less than \n10,000 acre-feet. From 1952 to 1978, annual \ndischarge increased to about 40,600 acre-feet. \nDuring 1978-91, well discharge declined from \nthe maximum of 49,900 acre-feet in 1981 to\n34,700 acre-feet in 1991. Through 1991, \nnearly 1,400,000 acre-feet of ground water \ndischarged from wells; about 546,000 acre-feet \ndischarged from 1978 through 1991. Most \npumped water is from the volcanic-rock \naquifer.\nGround-water development since the \nmid-1890's locally has modified the direction \nof water movement in both the sedimentary- \nand volcanic-rock aquifers. In 1989, ground \nwater moved toward four cones of depression \ncreated by pumping two in the northern part \nof the study area are in the sedimentary-rock \naquifer, two in the southern part are in the volcanic-rock aquifer. Pumping has caused \nhydraulic heads in the volcanic-rock aquifer to \ndecline more than 30 feet in much of the area \nand at least 70 feet in one well. About 1 mile \nfrom Indian Bathtub Spring, the water level \nin one well declined about 10 feet during \n1979-92, or about 0.7 feet per year.\nWithin the past 25 years, discharge from \nmonitored springs along Hot Creek and the \nBruneau River has declined, most notably \nfrom Indian Bathtub Spring. Discharge from \nIndian Bathtub Spring in 1964 was about \n2,400 gallons per minute, and by the summer \nof 1989, discharge was zero. Discharge began \nto decline in the mid-1960's when the rate of \nincrease in pumpage accelerated. In contrast, \ndischarge from Pence Hot Spring has ranged \nfrom about 700 gallons per minute to about \n1,100 gallons per minute.\nChanges in discharge from monitored \nsprings corresponded with changes in hydraulic head, which fluctuates seasonally, and are\nsubstantially less in late summer than in the \nspring. A hydraulic head/spring discharge \nrelation was developed for two sites at Indian \nBathtub Spring and a nearby test hole. The \nrelation for Indian Bathtub Spring indicated \nthat a spring discharge of 2,400 gallons per \nminute would relate to a hydraulic head of \nabout 2,708 feet at the spring, which is about \n34 feet higher than the head at zero spring \ndischarge.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934001","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Berenbrock, C., 1993, Effects of well discharges on hydraulic heads in and spring discharges from the geothermal aquifer system in the Bruneau area, Owyhee County, southwestern Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4001, v, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934001.","productDescription":"v, 58 p.","numberOfPages":"63","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423716,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47739.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54955,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4001/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118695,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4001/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Owyhee County","otherGeospatial":"Bruneau Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.25,41.5 ], [ -116.25,43.0 ], [ -115.0,43.0 ], [ -115.0,41.5 ], [ -116.25,41.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fb63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles","contributorId":30598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}