Airborne monitoring of Mount St. Helens by the USGS began inMay 1980 for sulfur dioxide emissions and in July 1980 forcarbon dioxide emissions. A correlation spectrometer, orCOSPEC, was used to measure sulfur dioxide in Mount St.Helens' plume. The upward-looking COSPEC was mounted in afixed-wing aircraft and flown below and at right angles to theplume. Typically, three to six traverses were made underneaththe plume to determine the SO2 burden (concentration xpathlength) within a cross-section of the plume. Knowing theburden along with the plume width and plume velocity (assumedto be the same as ambient wind speed), we could then calculatethe emission rate of SO2. The use of correlation spectroscopyfor determining the sulfur dioxide output of volcanoes is wellestablished and the technique has been discussed in detail bya number of investigators (Malinconico, 1979; Casadevall andothers, 1981; Stoiber and others, 1983).Carbon dioxide in the Mount St. Helens plume was measured byan infrared spectrometer tuned to the 4.26 um CO2 absorptionband. An external sample tube was attached to the fuselage ofa twin-engine aircraft to deliver outside air to the gas cellof the spectrometer. The aircraft was then flown at severaldifferent elevations through the plume at right angles toplume trajectory to define plume area and carbon dioxideconcentration in a vertical cross-section of the plume. Thesetwo parameters along with the density of CO2 for the altitudeof the plume and the plume velocity (assumed as above to beequal to ambient wind speed) were then used to calculate theCO2 emission rate.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr94212","usgsCitation":"McGee, K.A., and Casadevall, T.J., 1994, A compilation of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide emission-rate data from Mount St. Helens during 1980-88 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-212, 23 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94212.","productDescription":"23 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":49611,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0212/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1143,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/of94-212/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":153658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0212/report-thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0db0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, Kenneth A. kenmcgee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"Kenneth","email":"kenmcgee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":181973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casadevall, Thomas J. 0000-0002-9447-6864 tcasadevall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9447-6864","contributorId":2734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"Thomas","email":"tcasadevall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":181974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70135637,"text":"70135637 - 1994 - Historical shoreline mapping (I): improving techniques and reducing positioning errors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T14:09:51","indexId":"70135637","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical shoreline mapping (I): improving techniques and reducing positioning errors","docAbstract":"A critical need exists among coastal researchers and policy-makers for a precise method to obtain shoreline positions from historical maps and aerial photographs. A number of methods that vary widely in approach and accuracy have been developed to meet this need. None of the existing methods, however, address the entire range of cartographic and photogrammetric techniques required for accurate coastal mapping. Thus, their application to many typical shoreline mapping problems is limited. In addition, no shoreline mapping technique provides an adequate basis for quantifying the many errors inherent in shoreline mapping using maps and air photos. As a result, current assessments of errors in air photo mapping techniques generally (and falsely) assume that errors in shoreline positions are represented by the sum of a series of worst-case assumptions about digitizer operator resolution and ground control accuracy. These assessments also ignore altogether other errors that commonly approach ground distances of 10 m. This paper provides a conceptual and analytical framework for improved methods of extracting geographic data from maps and aerial photographs. We also present a new approach to shoreline mapping using air photos that revises and extends a number of photogrammetric techniques. These techniques include (1) developing spatially and temporally overlapping control networks for large groups of photos; (2) digitizing air photos for use in shoreline mapping; (3) preprocessing digitized photos to remove lens distortion and film deformation effects; (4) simultaneous aerotriangulation of large groups of spatially and temporally overlapping photos; and (5) using a single-ray intersection technique to determine geographic shoreline coordinates and express the horizontal and vertical error associated with a given digitized shoreline. As long as historical maps and air photos are used in studies of shoreline change, there will be a considerable amount of error (on the order of several meters) present in shoreline position and rate-of- change calculations. The techniques presented in this paper, however, provide a means to reduce and quantify these errors so that realistic assessments of the technological noise (as opposed to geological noise) in geographic shoreline positions can be made.
","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Thieler, E.R., and Danforth, W.W., 1994, Historical shoreline mapping (I): improving techniques and reducing positioning errors: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 10, no. 3, p. 549-563.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"549","endPage":"563","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296679,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":296678,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4298252"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5490143ce4b058d886db1644","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thieler, E. Robert 0000-0003-4311-9717 rthieler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4311-9717","contributorId":2488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thieler","given":"E.","email":"rthieler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Danforth, William W. 0000-0002-6382-9487 bdanforth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-9487","contributorId":3292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"William","email":"bdanforth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70135340,"text":"70135340 - 1994 - Acoustic mapping as an environmental management tool: I. detection of barrels of low-level radioactive waste, Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-16T08:59:56","indexId":"70135340","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2926,"text":"Ocean and Coastal Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acoustic mapping as an environmental management tool: I. detection of barrels of low-level radioactive waste, Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, California","docAbstract":"The oceans have been and will continue to be disposal sites for a wide variety of waste products. Often these wastes are not dumped at the designated sites or transport occurs during or after dumping, and, subsequent attempts to monitor the effects the waste products have on the environment are inadequate because the actual location of the waste is not known. Acoustic mapping of the seafloor with sidescan sonar is a very effective technique for locating and monitoring dredge-spoil material and other debris. Sidescan sonar provides an acoustic image or sonograph of the sea floor that is similar to a satellite image of the Earth's land surface. In effect sidescan sonar allows the water column to be stripped from the sea floor, thereby providing a clear, unobstructed view of the sea bed.
\n\n
An example of the potential of this technique is summarized herein for the Gulf of the Farallones region. More than 47 800 drums (55 gallon) and other containers of low-level radioactive waste were dumped on the continental margin offshore the San Francisco Bay between 1946 and 1970. These drums now litter a large area (1200 km2) of the sea floor within the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary (GFNMS). The exact location of the drums and the potential hazard the drums pose to the environment are unknown. To evaluate the risk, samples of the sediment, biota and water must be collected near and distant from the concentrations of barrels. To do this the exact location of the barrels must be known prior to sampling. The USGS, through a cooperative research agreement with GFNMS, used sidescan sonar to map two areas within the sanctuary. Total sea-floor coverage was obtained and computer-processed sonographic mosaics were constructed on board ship. Many small nongeologic targets were distributed throughout the survey areas that covered about 70 km2 on the shelf and 120 km2 on the slope. Analysis of the sidescan data suggests that the targets are 55-gallon drums. This interpretation was confirmed at one site with an underwater video and 35-mm camera system. Data were collected with both a 30-kHz and a 120-kHz sidescan system within a 15-km2 area on the shelf. We found that the barrels were more easily detected with the mid-range 30-kHz system than with the higher resolution 120-kHz system. Maps of barrel distribution derived from the sonographs are being used to design sampling schemes to evaluate the risk that the radioactivity may have on the biota and environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0964-5691(94)90032-9","usgsCitation":"Karl, H., Schwab, W.C., Wright, A.S., Drake, D.E., Chin, J., Danforth, W.W., and Ueber, E., 1994, Acoustic mapping as an environmental management tool: I. detection of barrels of low-level radioactive waste, Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, California: Ocean and Coastal Management, v. 22, no. 3, p. 201-227, https://doi.org/10.1016/0964-5691(94)90032-9.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"227","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296640,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of the Farallones","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.904052734375,\n 38.039438891821746\n ],\n [\n -123.32702636718749,\n 37.883524980871336\n ],\n [\n -122.958984375,\n 37.38325280195101\n ],\n [\n -122.40966796874999,\n 37.60117623656667\n ],\n [\n -122.607421875,\n 38.013476231041935\n ],\n [\n -122.904052734375,\n 38.039438891821746\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"548c1fc4e4b0ca8c43c36954","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karl, Herman A.","contributorId":55796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Herman A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":527067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwab, William C. 0000-0001-9274-5154 bschwab@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9274-5154","contributorId":417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"William","email":"bschwab@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":527068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, A. St. C.","contributorId":71784,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"St. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":527069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drake, David E.","contributorId":74752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":527070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chin, John L.","contributorId":98291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chin","given":"John L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":527071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Danforth, William W. 0000-0002-6382-9487 bdanforth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-9487","contributorId":3292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"William","email":"bdanforth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":527072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ueber, Edward","contributorId":102925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ueber","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6637,"text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":527073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":20576,"text":"ofr94366 - 1994 - National Water Quality Laboratory Profile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T18:02:42.706001","indexId":"ofr94366","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-366","title":"National Water Quality Laboratory Profile","docAbstract":"The National Water Quality Laboratory determines organic and inorganic constituents in samples of surface and ground water, river and lake sediment, aquatic plant and animal material, and precipitation collected throughout the United States and its territories by the U.S. Geological Survey. In water year 1994, the Laboratory produced more than 900,000 analytical results for about 65,000 samples. The Laboratory also coordinates an extensive network of contract laboratories for the determination of radiochemical and stable isotopes and work for the U.S. Department of Defense Environmental Contamination Hydrology Program. Heightened concerns about water quality and about the possible effects of toxic chemicals at trace and ultratrace levels have contributed to an increased demand for impartial, objective, and independent data.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr94366","usgsCitation":"Raese, J.W., 1994, National Water Quality Laboratory Profile: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-366, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94366.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11570,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nwql.usgs.gov/Public/OFR-94-366.shtml","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":152933,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6983a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raese, Jon W. jwraese@usgs.gov","contributorId":183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raese","given":"Jon","email":"jwraese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":182876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29170,"text":"wri944169 - 1994 - An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling NET geochemical reactions along a flow PATH, version 2.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-12T14:27:07.34098","indexId":"wri944169","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4169","title":"An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling NET geochemical reactions along a flow PATH, version 2.0","docAbstract":"NETPATH is an interactive Fortran 77 computer program used to interpret net geochemical mass-balance reactions between an initial and final water along a hydrologic flow path. Alternatively, NETPATH computes the mixing proportions of two to five initial waters and net geochemical reactions that can account for the observed composition of a final water. The program utilizes previously defined chemical and isotopic data for waters from a hydrochemical system. For a set of mineral and (or) gas phases hypothesized to be the reactive phases in the system, NETPATH calculates the mass transfers in every possible combination of the selected phases that accounts for the observed changes in the selected chemical and (or) isotopic compositions observed along the flow path. The calculations are of use in interpreting geochemical reactions, mixing proportions, evaporation and (or) dilution of waters, and mineral mass transfer in the chemical and isotopic evolution of natural and environmental waters. Rayleigh distillation calculations are applied to each mass-balance model that satisfies the constraints to predict carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and strontium isotopic compositions at the end point, including radiocarbon dating. DB is an interactive Fortran 77 computer program used to enter analytical data into NETPATH, and calculate the distribution of species in aqueous solution. This report describes the types of problems that can be solved, the methods used to solve problems, and the features available in the program to facilitate these solutions. Examples are presented to demonstrate most of the applications and features of NETPATH. The codes DB and NETPATH can be executed in the UNIX or DOS1 environment. This report replaces U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4078, by Plummer and others, which described the original release of NETPATH, version 1.0 (dated December, 1991), and documents revisions and enhancements that are included in version 2.0. 1 The use of trade, brand or product names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944169","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., Prestemon, E.C., and Parkhurst, D.L., 1994, An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling NET geochemical reactions along a flow PATH, version 2.0 (Version 2.0): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4169, iv, 130 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944169.","productDescription":"iv, 130 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4169/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58044,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4169/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 2.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684566","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prestemon, Eric C.","contributorId":45352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prestemon","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5238,"text":"fs03094 - 1994 - National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, Long Island-New Jersey (LINJ) Coastal Drainages Study Unit : Scope of the Long Island-New Jersey Coastal Drainages Study-Unit investigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-08T10:04:28","indexId":"fs03094","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"030-94","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, Long Island-New Jersey (LINJ) Coastal Drainages Study Unit : Scope of the Long Island-New Jersey Coastal Drainages Study-Unit investigation","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program to document the status of and trends in quality of a large representative part of the Nation's water resources and to provide a sound scientific understanding of the primary natural and human factors that affect the quality of these resources. The program is designed to produce long-term, consistent water-quality information that will be useful to policymakers and managers at national, State, and local levels.
Investigations of 60 hydrologic systems (study units), which include parts of most major river basins and aquifer systems in the United States, are the building blocks of NAWQA. A framework has been established to ensure nationwide consistency in the approach to each study--in field and laboratory methods, in water-quality measurements, and in the supporting data requirements. Twenty studies were started in 1991, 20 more have begun in 1994, and 20 are scheduled to begin in 1997.
A major design feature of the program that will facilitate integration of water-quality information at national, regional, and local scales is coordination between the individual study-unit teams and the national synthesis effort at all stages of the investigations. Thus, results that relate to various topics addressed in the study-unit investigations will be integrated smoothly into NAWQA's national synthesis component. Teams have been developed to address the following topics of national importance: pesticides, nutrients, and volatile organic compounds. These teams are investigating the specific issues by means of comparative studies of a large set of hydrologic systems distributed over a wide range of environmental settings found in the 60 study-units.
The information below summarizes the goals and scope of the NAWQA Program and the Long Island-New Jersey Coastal Drainages study, which began in 1994.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs03094","usgsCitation":"Ayers, M.A., 1994, National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, Long Island-New Jersey (LINJ) Coastal Drainages Study Unit : Scope of the Long Island-New Jersey Coastal Drainages Study-Unit investigation: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 030-94, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs03094.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_030_94.jpg"},{"id":135,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1994/0030","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 39\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
609–771–3900
http://nj.usgs.gov
The bolson-fill aquifer, the major water-yielding unit in the Mimbres Basin, southwestern New Mexico, ranges in thickness from 0 to about 3,700 feet. Recharge to the bolson-fill aquifer occurs by infiltration of ephemeral streams that cross the basin margin, infiltration from precipitation and streamflow, ground-water underflow from adjacent basins, and infiltration of springflow from adjacent bedrock units within the basin. Ground water generally flows southward from the northern highland areas of the basin. Ground-water discharge consists of pumpage from wells, transpiration by plants, outflow to playas and springs in the Los Muertos Basin in Mexico, discharge to the Mimbres River, and ground-water flow to the Mesilla Basin near Mason Draw. Before 1910, ground-water recharge and discharge were approximately equal; by 1975, however, about 75 percent of the 146,000 acre-feet withdrawn annually was ground water, most of it from aquifer storage.
The transmissivity of the bolson-fill aquifer determined from aquifer tests and specific-capacity data ranges from 10 to 50,000 feet squared per day. Hydraulic conductivity, calculated from saturated thickness and transmissivity, ranges from 0.03 to 800 feet per day, with median values of about 18 feet per day in the Deming area and 6 feet per day elsewhere. Reported storage-coefficient values representing confined parts of the aquifer range from 0.00036 to 0.0036, and those representing unconfined parts of the aquifer range from 0.02 to 0.24.
Water quality in the north and central parts of the Mimbres Basin is suitable for most uses. Due to its large salinity and alkalinity, some of the ground water in the south and southeastern areas of the bolson-fill aquifer may not be suitable for irrigation or domestic use.
A preliminary two-dimensional digital model was constructed to evaluate ground-water flow in the bolson-fill aquifer. The model was divided into zones of uniform hydraulic conductivity corresponding to the major structural elements of the basin. For simulation purposes, hydraulic conductivity in the central part of the basin ranged from 2.2 to 4.4 feet per day, whereas locally along the edges of the aquifer less certain values ranged from 0.003 to 62 feet per day Analysis of the results of this predevelopment model indicated that use of the mountain-front recharge method overestimates total recharge and that evapotranspiration is substantial. The simulated total inflow was about 55 percent of that estimated in a water budget for the Mimbres Basin.
Ground-water development between 1930 and 1985 was simulated using storage-coefficient values of 0.01 and 0.02 for the Gila Conglomerate, 0.04 to 0.17 for bolson-fill deposits, and 0.001 for bolson fill capped with lacustrine clay. The simulated transient water budget indicated that most of the water pumped by 1985 came from storage, and lesser but substantial amounts came from reductions in evapotranspiration.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944011","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Mexico State Engineer Office","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., McLean, J., and Miller, R.S., 1994, Hydrogeologic framework and preliminary simulation of ground-water flow in the Mimbres Basin, southwestern New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4011, Report: viii, 118 p.; 2 Plates: 25.71 x 41.06 inches and 24.73 x 32.84 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944011.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 118 p.; 2 Plates: 25.71 x 41.06 inches and 24.73 x 32.84 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393947,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47924.htm"},{"id":56393,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4011/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4011/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":351629,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4011/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351628,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4011/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"datum":"National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Mimbres Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.5,\n 31.75\n ],\n [\n -107,\n 31.75\n ],\n [\n -107,\n 33.25\n ],\n [\n -108.5,\n 33.25\n ],\n [\n -108.5,\n 31.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627b59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, R. T.","contributorId":91148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLean, J. S.","contributorId":48589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLean","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Ryan S.","contributorId":49005,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":17484,"text":"ofr94120 - 1994 - Physical, chemical, and biological data for detailed study of the Sun River Irrigation Project, Freezout Lake Wildlife Management Area, and Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge, west-central Montana, 1990-92, with selected data for 1987-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-27T22:35:38.743262","indexId":"ofr94120","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-120","title":"Physical, chemical, and biological data for detailed study of the Sun River Irrigation Project, Freezout Lake Wildlife Management Area, and Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge, west-central Montana, 1990-92, with selected data for 1987-89","docAbstract":"Physical chemical, and biological data were collected in the lower Sun River area of west-central Montana during 1990-92 as part of a U.S. Department of the Interior detailed study of the extent, magnitude, sources, and potential biological impacts of contaminants associated with irrigation drainage. Physical and chemical data were collected from areas within and near the Sun River Irrigation Project and from wetland areas receiving irrigation drainage. Biological data were collected from areas in and near Freezout Lake Wildlife Management Area and Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge. Additional biological data were collected previously during 1987-89 as part of a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service program. This report presents data for selenium and other potentially toxic constituents in solid-phase, water, and biological media. Data consist of concentrations of major and trace elements in soil and drill cores; concen- trations of major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in ground water and surface water; and trace-element concentrations in bottom sediment and biological tissue. Hydrogeologic data for domestic and test wells and daily streamflow data for selected sites also are included.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94120","usgsCitation":"Lambing, J., Nimick, D., Knapton, J.R., and Palawski, D.U., 1994, Physical, chemical, and biological data for detailed study of the Sun River Irrigation Project, Freezout Lake Wildlife Management Area, and Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge, west-central Montana, 1990-92, with selected data for 1987-89: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-120, vi, 171 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94120.","productDescription":"vi, 171 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411098,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12458.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":149054,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0120/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46635,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0120/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Freezout Lake Wildlife Management Area, Sun River Irrigation Project","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.18875410084789,\n 47.82606822166588\n ],\n [\n -112.03729739744648,\n 47.82606822166588\n ],\n [\n -112.03729739744648,\n 47.59612633090251\n ],\n [\n -111.18875410084789,\n 47.59612633090251\n ],\n [\n -111.18875410084789,\n 47.82606822166588\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697fb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lambing, J. H.","contributorId":100860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambing","given":"J. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimick, D. A.","contributorId":70399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knapton, J. R.","contributorId":84385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knapton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Palawski, D. U.","contributorId":56240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palawski","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":17861,"text":"ofr93649 - 1994 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Illinois, 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:19","indexId":"ofr93649","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-649","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Illinois, 1992","docAbstract":"This report gives an overview of U.S. Geological Survey, Illinois District, Water Resources Division activities related to the water resources of the State of Illinois. The report includes sections describing District organization, programs, water conditions, data collection activities, and project summaries. Also included is a complete listing of District and Illinois-related USGS publications.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93649","usgsCitation":"Balding, G.O., 1994, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Illinois, 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-649, v, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93649.","productDescription":"v, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0649/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47099,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0649/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634abe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balding, G. O. (compiler)","contributorId":77169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balding","given":"G.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17791,"text":"ofr94177 - 1994 - The U.S. Geological Survey coal quality data base (COALQUAL)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:15","indexId":"ofr94177","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-177","title":"The U.S. Geological Survey coal quality data base (COALQUAL)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94177","usgsCitation":"Finkelman, R.B., Oman, C., Bragg, L.J., and Tewalt, S., 1994, The U.S. Geological Survey coal quality data base (COALQUAL): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-177, 46 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94177.","productDescription":"46 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0177/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47031,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0177/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673177","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oman, C.L.","contributorId":95893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oman","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bragg, L. J.","contributorId":104055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bragg","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tewalt, S.J.","contributorId":55838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tewalt","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017629,"text":"70017629 - 1994 - Specific yield as determined by type-curve analysis of aquifer-test data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T10:53:56","indexId":"70017629","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Specific yield as determined by type-curve analysis of aquifer-test data","docAbstract":"The commonly used analytical solution developed by Neuman for a homogeneous, water-table aquifer assumes that the drainage of pores in the zone above the water table due to lowering of the water table occurs instantaneously. Noninstantaneous drainage of pores in the unsaturated zone accounts for the finding that both type-curve analysis and volume-balance calculations yield values of specific yield that are slightly less than those obtained from laboratory column-drainage experiments. It may also account for a slight underestimation of vertical hydraulic conductivity as obtained by type-curve analysis.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00934.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Moench, A.F., 1994, Specific yield as determined by type-curve analysis of aquifer-test data: Ground Water, v. 32, no. 6, p. 949-957, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00934.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"949","endPage":"957","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228385,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9525e4b08c986b31ad78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moench, Allen F. afmoench@usgs.gov","contributorId":3903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"Allen","email":"afmoench@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":377068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44739,"text":"wri934129 - 1994 - Susceptibility of major aquifers to surface contamination -- Holmes, Humphreys, Issaquena, Sharkey, Washington, and Yazoo Counties, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T22:50:29.164298","indexId":"wri934129","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4129","title":"Susceptibility of major aquifers to surface contamination -- Holmes, Humphreys, Issaquena, Sharkey, Washington, and Yazoo Counties, Mississippi","docAbstract":"A geographic information system was used to integrate digital spatial data sets describing geology, slope of the land surface, depth to water table, soil permeability, and land use/land cover to rate the relative susceptibility of unconfined parts of the Mississippi River alluvial, Cockfield, and Sparta aquifers in west-central Mississippi to contamination from surface sources. Areas were rated as having a very low, low, moderate, high, or very high susceptibility to contamination from surface sources. Less than 1 percent of the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer has a very high susceptibility to surface contamination, 35 percent has a high susceptibility, 62 percent has a moderate susceptibility, and 2 percent has a low susceptibility. About 43 percent of the Cockfield aquifer has a high susceptibility to surface contamination, 57 percent has a moderate susceptibility, and less than 1 percent has a low susceptibility. About 41 percent of the Sparta aquifer has a high susceptibility, and less than 1 percent has a low susceptibility, and 1 percent has a low susceptibility. For all three aquifers, less than 1 percent has a very low susceptibility to surface contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934129","usgsCitation":"Moreland, R.S., and O'Hara, C., 1994, Susceptibility of major aquifers to surface contamination -- Holmes, Humphreys, Issaquena, Sharkey, Washington, and Yazoo Counties, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4129, 2 Plates: 36.00 × 42.25 inches and 36.00 × 43.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934129.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 36.00 × 42.25 inches and 36.00 × 43.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168643,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":392917,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47834.htm"},{"id":82046,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4129/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82047,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4129/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","county":"Holmes County, Humphreys County, Issaquena County, Sharkey County, Washington County, Yazoo County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.2072,\n 32.4208\n ],\n [\n -89.7575,\n 32.4208\n ],\n [\n -89.7575,\n 33.5258\n ],\n [\n -91.2072,\n 33.5258\n ],\n [\n -91.2072,\n 32.4208\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6880c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moreland, Richard S. rsmore@usgs.gov","contributorId":3877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moreland","given":"Richard","email":"rsmore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Hara, Charles G.","contributorId":83911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Hara","given":"Charles G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223020,"text":"5223020 - 1994 - Late winter survival of female mallards in Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-06T16:35:53.870175","indexId":"5223020","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late winter survival of female mallards in Arkansas","docAbstract":"Determining factors that limit winter survival of waterfowl is necessary to develop effective management plans. We radiomarked immature and adult female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) after the 1988 and 1989 hunting seasons in eastcentral Arkansas to test whether natural mortality sources and habitat conditions during late winter limit seasonal survival. We used data from 92 females to calculate survival estimates. We observed no mortalities during 2,510 exposure days, despite differences in habitat conditions between years. We used the binomial distribution to calculate daily and 30-day survival estimates plus 95% confidence intervals of 0.9988 ≤ 0.9997 ≤ 1.00 and 0.9648 ≤ 0.9925 ≤ 1.00, respectively. Our data indirectly support the hypothesis that hunting mortality and habitat conditions during the hunting season are the major determinants of winter survival for female mallards in Arkansas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809554","usgsCitation":"Dugger, B., Reinecke, K.J., and Fredrickson, L.H., 1994, Late winter survival of female mallards in Arkansas: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 58, no. 1, p. 94-99, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809554.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"99","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489876,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3809554","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":193981,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"White River National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.18171481207008,\n 34.37323485085338\n ],\n [\n -91.18171481207008,\n 34.012709674636895\n ],\n [\n -91.0179255009495,\n 34.012709674636895\n ],\n [\n -91.0179255009495,\n 34.37323485085338\n ],\n [\n -91.18171481207008,\n 34.37323485085338\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dugger, Bruce D.","contributorId":81236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugger","given":"Bruce D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reinecke, Kenneth J.","contributorId":87275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reinecke","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fredrickson, Leigh H.","contributorId":55874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredrickson","given":"Leigh","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":19085,"text":"ofr94325 - 1994 - U. S. Geological Survey Federal-State Cooperative Water-Resources Program Fiscal Year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:24","indexId":"ofr94325","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-325","title":"U. S. Geological Survey Federal-State Cooperative Water-Resources Program Fiscal Year 1993","docAbstract":"The Federal-State Cooperative Program is a part- nership between the U.S. Geological Survey and State and local agencies. It provides a balanced approach to the study and resolution of water- related problems and to acquiring hydrologic data. The principal program objectives are to: (1) collect, on a systematic basis, data needed for the continuing determination and evaluation of the quantity, quality, and use of the Nation's water resources, and (2) appraise the availa- bility and the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of surface and ground water through analytical and interpretive investi- gations. During fiscal year 1993, hydrologic data collection, interpretive investigations, and research were conducted by Geological Survey personnel in offices in every State, Puerto Rico, and in several territories in cooperation with about 1,100 local, State, and regional agencies. In fiscal year 1993, Federal funding of $63.5 million was matched by cooperating agencies, which also provided almost $23 million unmatched for a total program of about $150 million. This amounted to nearly 40 percent of the total funds for Geological Survey water- resources activities. This report presents examples of current (1993) investigations. It also provides updated information on Cooperative Program investigations related to agricultural activities.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94325","usgsCitation":"Gilbert, B., 1994, U. S. Geological Survey Federal-State Cooperative Water-Resources Program Fiscal Year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-325, 45 p. ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94325.","productDescription":"45 p. ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0325/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48524,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0325/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698b0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilbert, B.K.","contributorId":32167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17700,"text":"ofr94255 - 1994 - Southern Lake Michigan coastal erosion study: Graphical display and digital data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-18T20:55:19.232242","indexId":"ofr94255","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-255","title":"Southern Lake Michigan coastal erosion study: Graphical display and digital data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94255","usgsCitation":"Polloni, C.F., Brown, C.L., Folger, D.W., Foster, D., and Brill, A.L., 1994, Southern Lake Michigan coastal erosion study: Graphical display and digital data (Online Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-255, HTML Document; CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94255.","productDescription":"HTML Document; CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395655,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13248.htm"},{"id":149876,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1046,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/of94-255/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"southern Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -86,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -86,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -88,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -88,\n 41.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Online Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e72a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Polloni, C. F.","contributorId":13618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Polloni","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, C. L.","contributorId":35678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Folger, D. W.","contributorId":97126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folger","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foster, D.S.","contributorId":30641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brill, A. L.","contributorId":54218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brill","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":18249,"text":"ofr9435 - 1994 - Water resources on and near Indian lands in northeastern Kansas and southeastern Nebraska; hydrologic data through 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:26","indexId":"ofr9435","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-35","title":"Water resources on and near Indian lands in northeastern Kansas and southeastern Nebraska; hydrologic data through 1990","docAbstract":"Four Kansas Indian Tribes, the Iowa, Kickapoo, Potawatomi, and Sac & Fox are interested in developing the water resources on and near their respective tribe lands. This report presents climatic and geohydrologic data that are useful in describing the available water resources in the 4,005-square-mile area in northeastern Kansas and southeastern Nebraska. Climatological data for 1961- 90 include monthly summaries of average temperature, heating degree days, precipitation for the climato- logical stations in Horton and Topeka, Kansas, and average temperature and precipitation for the north- east Climatological Region in Kansas. Geohydrologic data include site descriptions for 18 continuous- record streamflow-gaging stations with 10 or more years of daily discharge records, site descriptions for about 1,900 wells, and water-quality data for surface- and ground-water sampling sites in the study area. Water-quality data for surface- and ground-water sites include specific conductance, pH, bacteria concentrations, hardness, dissolved solids, nutrients, dissolved and total metals, and concen- trations for selected pesticides and other organic substances.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9435","usgsCitation":"Brewer, L., Trombley, T.J., and Pomes, M., 1994, Water resources on and near Indian lands in northeastern Kansas and southeastern Nebraska; hydrologic data through 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-35, vi, 424 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9435.","productDescription":"vi, 424 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0035/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47605,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa560","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brewer, L.D.","contributorId":97513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trombley, T. J.","contributorId":75161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trombley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pomes, M.L.","contributorId":84393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pomes","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187651,"text":"70187651 - 1994 - Evapotranspiration estimation using a normalized difference vegetation index transformation of satellite data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T10:23:58","indexId":"70187651","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1927,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evapotranspiration estimation using a normalized difference vegetation index transformation of satellite data","docAbstract":"Evapotranspiration of irrigated crops on two irrigation service areas along the lower Colorado River was estimated using a normalized difference vegetation index of satellite data. A procedure was developed which equated the index to crop coefficients. Evapotranspiration estimates for fields for three dates of thematic mapper data were highly correlated with ground estimates. Service area estimates using thematic mapper and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data agreed well with estimates based on US Geological Survey gauging station data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626669409492754","usgsCitation":"Seevers, P., and Ottmann, R.W., 1994, Evapotranspiration estimation using a normalized difference vegetation index transformation of satellite data: Hydrological Sciences Journal, v. 39, no. 4, p. 333-345, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626669409492754.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"333","endPage":"345","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341192,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9bfe4b044b359e486d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seevers, P. M.","contributorId":94325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seevers","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ottmann, R. W.","contributorId":191980,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ottmann","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18180,"text":"ofr94188 - 1994 - Soil carbon and nitrogen data set for a soil sequence disturbed by timber harvest, Blodgett Experimental Forest, Georgetown, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:19","indexId":"ofr94188","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-188","title":"Soil carbon and nitrogen data set for a soil sequence disturbed by timber harvest, Blodgett Experimental Forest, Georgetown, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94188","usgsCitation":"Black, T., and Harden, J., 1994, Soil carbon and nitrogen data set for a soil sequence disturbed by timber harvest, Blodgett Experimental Forest, Georgetown, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-188, 20 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94188.","productDescription":"20 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0188/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47544,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0188/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68644c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Black, T.A.","contributorId":101684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30359,"text":"wri934092 - 1994 - Effects of surficial geology, lakes and swamps, and annual water availability on low flows of streams in central New England, and their use in low-flow estimation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-21T22:27:43.937293","indexId":"wri934092","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4092","title":"Effects of surficial geology, lakes and swamps, and annual water availability on low flows of streams in central New England, and their use in low-flow estimation","docAbstract":"Equations developed by multiple-regression analysis of data from 49 drainage basins in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, and southwestern Maine indicate that low flow of streams in this region is largely a function of the amount of water available to the basin and the extent of surficial sand and gravel relative to the extent of till and fine-grained stratified drift. Low flow per square mile from areas of surficial sand and gravel is consistently much greater than that from areas of till and bedrock, but flood plains and alluvial fans seem to contribute less low flow per square mile than do other types of surficial sand and gravel. The areal extent of lakes and swamps also correlates negatively with low flow in multiple-regression equations, presumably because intense evapotranspiration from these localities consumes water that would otherwise become streamflow.\r\n\r\nThe annual minimum 7-day mean low flows that occur during summer and fall at 2-year and 10-year recurrence intervals (7Q2 and 7QIO) were selected as indices of low flow and were adjusted to a common base period, 1942-71. Central New England was divided into a region of high relief that com- prises much of New Hampshire, Vermont, and western Massachusetts, and a region of low relief that generally lies to the east and south but also includes the Lake Champlain lowland of Vermont. In the high-relief region, mean basin elevation proved to be the most significant index of the amount of water available. In the low-relief region, mean annual runoff per square mile was more significant than elevation, particularly when multiplied by the areal extent of sand and gravel and that of till. Dividing the areal extent of sand and gravel by stream length improved the fit of regression equations for the low-relief region.\r\n\r\nRegression equations were developed that explained at least 95 percent of the variation in 7QIO within both the high-relief and the low-relief data sets. Equations proposed for practical application were reasonably consistent with the statistical assumptions of least-squares analysis and yielded 7Q2 and 7QIO values with standard errors of 1.9 and 1.4 cubic feet per second, respectively, for the high-relief region and 2.2 and 1.6 cubic feet per second for the low-relief region. When error was expressed as a percentage of each observed value, median errors were about 25 percent for 7Q2 in both regions, and about 25 and 55 percent for 7QIO in the high-and low-relief regions, respectively. The equations do not apply to basin segments that are substantially affected by urbanization, stream regulation, or ground-water withdrawals, and may not be appropriate where basin characteristics fall outside their range in the data set or where the geologic and topographic maps needed for measurement of basin characteristics are unavailable, or are of small scale or mutually inconsistent.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934092","usgsCitation":"Wandle, S.W., and Randall, A.D., 1994, Effects of surficial geology, lakes and swamps, and annual water availability on low flows of streams in central New England, and their use in low-flow estimation (Revised May 2007): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4092, vi, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934092.","productDescription":"vi, 57 p.","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_93_4092.jpg"},{"id":394734,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47810.htm"},{"id":9821,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri93-4092/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"New England","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.5083,\n 41.3\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 41.3\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 45.3181\n ],\n [\n -73.5083,\n 45.3181\n ],\n [\n -73.5083,\n 41.3\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Revised May 2007","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624e5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wandle, S. William Jr.","contributorId":99562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandle","given":"S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Randall, Allan D. arandall@usgs.gov","contributorId":1168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randall","given":"Allan","email":"arandall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18168,"text":"ofr95144 - 1994 - Directory of assistance centers of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:21","indexId":"ofr95144","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-144","title":"Directory of assistance centers of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)","docAbstract":"The National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX) is a nationwide program managed by the U.S. Geological Survey to assist users of water data or water- related data in identifying, locating, and acquiring needed data. NAWDEX is a confederation of water- oriented organizations working together to make their data more readily accessible and to facilitate a more efficient exchange of water data. NAWDEX services are available through a Program Office located at the U.S. Geological Survey's National Center in Reston, Virginia. A nationwide network of Assistance Centers has been established in 45 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico to provide local and convenient access to NAWDEX facilities. This Directory provides the names of organizations and persons to contact, addresses, telephone numbers, and the various types of data and services available at each location.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95144","usgsCitation":"Blackwell, C.D., 1994, Directory of assistance centers of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-144, iv, 36 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95144.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0144/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47535,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0144/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aea10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blackwell, Cassandra D.","contributorId":25562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwell","given":"Cassandra","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47742,"text":"wri924024C - 1994 - Detailed study of irrigation drainage in and near wildlife management areas, west-central Nevada, 1987-90. Part C. Summary of irrigation-drainage effects on water quality, bottom sediment, and biota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-14T19:58:51.29342","indexId":"wri924024C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4024","chapter":"C","title":"Detailed study of irrigation drainage in and near wildlife management areas, west-central Nevada, 1987-90. Part C. Summary of irrigation-drainage effects on water quality, bottom sediment, and biota","docAbstract":"This report presents a summary of the detailed scientific study of Stillwater Wildlife Management Area and other nearby wetlands in west-central Nevada during 1987-90. The work was funded by the National Irrigation Water Quality Program of the U.S. Department of the Interior with the overall objectives of determining (1) the extent, magnitude, and effects of selected water-quality constituents associated with irrigation drainage on fish, wildlife, and human health, and (2) the sources and exposure pathways that cause contamination where adverse effects are documented. Much of the information in this report was summarized from two previously published interpretive reports that were completed to fulfill study objectives. Where applicable, data for the study area from other published sources also were utilized. The results of these studies indicate that the aquatic biota in natural wetlands of the Carson Desert are adversely affected by hydrological and geochemical sources and processes in the Newlands Irrigation Project area. Reactions between water and naturally occurring minerals in the shallow alluvial aquifer increase concentrations of potentially toxic constituents in ground water that eventually enters the wetlands. Once in the wetlands, these constituents are furhter concentrated by evaporation and transpiration. Water from some agricultural drains that enter Stillwater WMA was acutely toxic to aquatic organisms. The drains in the agricultural areas, which eventually discharge to the wetlands, were also implicated as sites of uptake of selenium and mercury by aquatic organisms.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924024C","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, R., 1994, Detailed study of irrigation drainage in and near wildlife management areas, west-central Nevada, 1987-90. Part C. Summary of irrigation-drainage effects on water quality, bottom sediment, and biota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4024, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924024C.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":430234,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47607.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":84656,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4024c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123849,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4024c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.90862184456864,\n 40.52796637642797\n ],\n [\n -119.90862184456864,\n 38.86030851876592\n ],\n [\n -117.4702096866109,\n 38.86030851876592\n ],\n [\n -117.4702096866109,\n 40.52796637642797\n ],\n [\n -119.90862184456864,\n 40.52796637642797\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667b5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, Ray J.","contributorId":53770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Ray J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17464,"text":"ofr9450 - 1994 - Pesticide-sampling equipment, sample-collection and processing procedures, and water-quality data at Chicod Creek, North Carolina, 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T11:40:32","indexId":"ofr9450","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-50","title":"Pesticide-sampling equipment, sample-collection and processing procedures, and water-quality data at Chicod Creek, North Carolina, 1992","docAbstract":"Water-quality samples were collected from Chicod Creek in the Coastal Plain Province of North Carolina during the summer of 1992 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Chicod Creek is in the Albemarle-Pamlico drainage area, one of four study units designated to test equipment and procedures for collecting and processing samples for the solid-phase extraction of selected pesticides, The equipment and procedures were used to isolate 47 pesticides, including organonitrogen, carbamate, organochlorine, organophosphate, and other compounds, targeted to be analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.\r\n\r\nSample-collection and processing equipment equipment cleaning and set-up procedures, methods pertaining to collecting, splitting, and solid-phase extraction of samples, and water-quality data resulting from the field test are presented in this report Most problems encountered during this intensive sampling exercise were operational difficulties relating to equipment used to process samples.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS ESIC, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9450","usgsCitation":"Manning, T., Smith, K., Wood, C., and Williams, J.B., 1994, Pesticide-sampling equipment, sample-collection and processing procedures, and water-quality data at Chicod Creek, North Carolina, 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-50, iv, 35 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9450.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":150902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0050/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46618,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0050/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Chicod Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.37808227539062,\n 35.39184881758124\n ],\n [\n -77.37808227539062,\n 35.607068386828864\n ],\n [\n -77.08213806152344,\n 35.607068386828864\n ],\n [\n -77.08213806152344,\n 35.39184881758124\n ],\n [\n -77.37808227539062,\n 35.39184881758124\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manning, T.K.","contributorId":61844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, K.E.","contributorId":11636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, C.D.","contributorId":85977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, J. B.","contributorId":94328,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":30474,"text":"wri934203 - 1994 - Determination of traveltime in the Delaware River, Hancock, New York, to the Delaware Water Gap by use of a conservative dye tracer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T12:23:09","indexId":"wri934203","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4203","title":"Determination of traveltime in the Delaware River, Hancock, New York, to the Delaware Water Gap by use of a conservative dye tracer","docAbstract":"Traveltime of a soluble substance was determined for a 120-mile reach of the Delaware River from the confluence of the East Branch Delaware River and the West Branch Delaware River at Hancock, N.Y. to the Delaware Water Gap. Dye studies were conducted at the 85-95 percent and the 25-30 percent flow durations. Discharges ranged from 500-1,740 cubic feet per second during the 85-95 percent flow duration and 3,070-7,500 cubic feet per second for the 25-30 percent flow duration. The data were used to develop a set of time-concentration curves that would enable estimation of the traveltime of a spill at any point in the river within the study reach for 10 flow durations. The leading edge of a contaminant spill at Buckingham Access would take about 70 hours to reach the Delaware Water Gap when flows are at the 30-percent flow duration. The trailing edge (location of the dye cloud when concentrations would decrease to 10 percent of the peak concentration) would take about 50 hours after the arrival of the leading edge.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934203","usgsCitation":"White, K.E., and Kratzer, T., 1994, Determination of traveltime in the Delaware River, Hancock, New York, to the Delaware Water Gap by use of a conservative dye tracer: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4203, vi, 54 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934203.","productDescription":"vi, 54 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4203/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59258,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4203/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6674b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, K. E.","contributorId":65873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kratzer, T.W.","contributorId":74042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzer","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19873,"text":"ofr9442 - 1994 - Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in October 1993 : T-127 (trace constituents), M-128 (major constituents), N-40 (nutrients), N-41 (nutrients), P-21 (low ionic strength), Hg-17 (mercury), AMW-3 (acid mine water), and WW-1 (whole water)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:42","indexId":"ofr9442","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-42","title":"Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in October 1993 : T-127 (trace constituents), M-128 (major constituents), N-40 (nutrients), N-41 (nutrients), P-21 (low ionic strength), Hg-17 (mercury), AMW-3 (acid mine water), and WW-1 (whole water)","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of the U.S. Geological Survey's analytical evaluation program for eight standard reference samples--T-127 (trace constituents), M-128 (major constituents), N-40 (nutrients), N-41 (nutrients), P-21 (low ionic strength), Hg-17 (mercury), AMW-3 (acid mine water), and WW-1 (whole water)--that were distributed in October 1993 to 158 laboratories registered in the U.S. Geological Survey sponsored interlaboratory testing program. Analytical data that were received from 145 of the laboratories were evaluated with respect to: overall laboratory performance and relative laboratory performance for each analyte in the eight reference samples. Results of these evaluations are presented in tabular form. Also presented are tables and graphs summarizing the analytical data provided by each laboratory for each analyte in the eight standard reference samples. The most probable value for each analyte was determined using nonparametric statistics.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9442","usgsCitation":"Long, H., and Farrar, J., 1994, Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in October 1993 : T-127 (trace constituents), M-128 (major constituents), N-40 (nutrients), N-41 (nutrients), P-21 (low ionic strength), Hg-17 (mercury), AMW-3 (acid mine water), and WW-1 (whole water): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-42, iii, 177 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9442.","productDescription":"iii, 177 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0042/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49383,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0042/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db610ef6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, H.K.","contributorId":50547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"H.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farrar, J.W.","contributorId":26715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19584,"text":"ofr93627 - 1994 - Selected data on characteristics of glacial-deposit and carbonate-rock aquifers, Midwestern Basin and Arches region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-18T19:03:36.403317","indexId":"ofr93627","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-627","title":"Selected data on characteristics of glacial-deposit and carbonate-rock aquifers, Midwestern Basin and Arches region","docAbstract":"In 1988, the Geological Survey (USGS) began study to examine the hydrogeologic framework, ground-water-flow systems, water chemistry, and withdrawal response of aquifers in glacial deposits and carbonate rock in the Midwestern Basins and Arches Region in western Ohio and eastern Indiana. As part of this study, data from pumped-well tests and instantaneous-rechange tests (slug tests) of wells completed in the glacial-deposit and carbonate-rock aquifers were compiled from reports and information on file with State agencies, environmental consulting firms, drilling firms, municipalities, universities, and the USGS. The data, from 73 counties in Ohio and Indiana, were entered into a computerized data base in a spreadsheet format and subsequently into a geographic information system (GIS).\r\n\r\nAquifer-characteristics data from this compilation include the results of 105 pumped-well tests and 39 slug tests in wells completed in glacial deposits, 174 pumped-well tests in wells completed in the carbonate-rock aquifer, and 4 slug tests in wells completed in limestones and shales of Ordovician age. Transmissivities from the pumped-well tests in wells completed in glacial till and glacial-deposit aquifers (sands and gravels) range from 1.54 to 69,700 feet squared per day. Storage coefficients or specific yields range from 0.00002 to 0.38 at these wells. Horizontal-hydraulic conductivities from the slug tests in wells completed in glacial-deposit aquifers range from 0.33 to 1,000 feet per day. Transmissivities from the pumped-well tests in wells completed in the carbonate-rock aquifer range from 70 to 52,000 feet squared per day. Storage coefficient or specific yields at these wells range from 0.00001 to 0.05. Horizontal hydraulic conductivities from the slug tests in wells completed in limestones and shales of Ordovician age range from 0.0016 to 12 feet per day. These data are summarized in tables and figures within this report.\r\n\r\nThe collection and compilation of selected aquifer-characteristic data for the glacial-deposit and carbonate-rock aquifers within the Midwestern Basin and Arches Region of Shaver (1985) are an essential part of the Midwestern Basins and Arches Regional Aquifer-Systems Analysis (Midwestern Basins and Arches RASA) project of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Specifically, the data are needed to help describe ground-water flow in the regional aquifer system, which isone of the objectives of the Midwestern Basins and Arches RASA project (Bugliosi, 1990). To meet this objective, the Midwestern Basins and Arches RASA began subprojects in the Ohio and Indiana offices of the USGS to collect and compile available aquifer-characteristics data from aquifer tests of the glacial-deposit and carbonate-rock aquifers. The data were not reanalyzed to verify accuracy because of time constraints and insufficient data in many cases.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93627","usgsCitation":"Joseph, R.L., and Eberts, S.M., 1994, Selected data on characteristics of glacial-deposit and carbonate-rock aquifers, Midwestern Basin and Arches region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-627, vi, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93627.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403940,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12784.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":49054,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0627/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0627/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Midwestern Basin and Arches Region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.092,\n 37.771\n ],\n [\n -80.517,\n 37.771\n ],\n [\n -80.517,\n 41.983\n ],\n [\n -88.092,\n 41.983\n ],\n [\n -88.092,\n 37.771\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa539","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joseph, R. L.","contributorId":63265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joseph","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberts, S. M.","contributorId":28276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}