The preparation of this report had two purposes. One was to present a catalog of seismic background noise spectra obtained from a worldwide network of seismograph stations. The other purpose was to refine and document models of seismic background noise that have been in use for several years. The second objective was, in fact, the principal reason that this study was initiated and influenced the procedures used in collecting and processing the data.
With a single exception, all of the data used in this study were extracted from the digital data archive at the U.S. Geological Survey's Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory (ASL). This archive dates from 1972 when ASL first began deploying digital seismograph systems and collecting and distributing digital data under the sponsorship of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). There have been many changes and additions to the global seismograph networks during the past twenty years, but perhaps none as significant as the current deployment of very broadband seismographs by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the University of California San Diego (UCSD) under the scientific direction of the IRIS consortium. The new data acquisition systems have extended the bandwidth and resolution of seismic recording, and they utilize high-density recording media that permit the continuous recording of broadband data. The data improvements and continuous recording greatly benefit and simplify surveys of seismic background noise.
Although there are many other sources of digital data, the ASL archive data were used almost exclusively because of accessibility and because the data systems and their calibration are well documented for the most part. Fortunately, the ASL archive contains high-quality data from other stations in addition to those deployed by the USGS. Included are data from UCSD IRIS/IDA stations, the Regional Seismic Test Network (RSTN) deployed by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), and the TERRAscope network deployed by the California Institute of Technology in cooperation with other institutions.
A map showing the approximate locations of the stations used in this study is provided in Figure 1. One might hope for a better distribution of stations in the southern hemisphere, especially Africa and South America, in order to look for regional variations in seismic noise (apart from the major differences between continental, coastal and island sites). Unfortunately, anyone looking for subtle regional variations in seismic noise is probably going to be disappointed by the spectral data presented in this report because much of the station data appear to be dominated by local disturbances caused by instrumental, environmental, cultural, or surf noise. Better instruments and better instrument siting, or a well-funded field program, will be needed before a global isoseismal noise map can be produced. However, by assembling a composite of background noise from a large network of stations, many of the local station variables are masked, and it is possible to create generalized spectral plots of Earth noise for hypothetical quiet and noisy station sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93322","usgsCitation":"Peterson, J.R., 1993, Observations and modeling of seismic background noise: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-322, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93322.","productDescription":"94 p.","costCenters":[{"id":122,"text":"Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0322/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":49988,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0322/ofr93-322.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.15 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1993-0322"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696514","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, Jon R.","contributorId":61062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21072,"text":"ofr92138 - 1993 - A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21072,"text":"ofr92138 - 1993 - A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","indexId":"ofr92138","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4722,"text":"twri06A6 - 1996 - A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model (MODBRANCH) for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","indexId":"twri06A6","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model (MODBRANCH) for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":4722,"text":"twri06A6 - 1996 - A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model (MODBRANCH) for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","indexId":"twri06A6","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model (MODBRANCH) for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-28T14:56:37.800487","indexId":"ofr92138","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-138","title":"A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","docAbstract":"Ground-water and surface-water flow models traditionally have been developed separately, with interaction between subsurface flow and streamflow either not simulated at all or accounted for by simple formulations. In areas with dynamic and hydraulically well-connected ground-water and surface-water systems, stream-aquifer interaction should be simulated using deterministic responses of both systems coupled at the stream-aquifer interface. Accordingly, a new, coupled ground-water and surface-water model was developed by combining the U.S. Geological Survey models MODFLOW and BRANCH; the interfacing code is referred to as MODBRANCH. MODFLOW is the widely used modular three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water model, and BRANCH is a one-dimensional, numerical model commonly used to simulate unsteady flow in open-channel networks.
MODFLOW was originally written with the River package that calculates leakage between the aquifer and stream, assuming that the stream's stage remains constant during one model stress period. A simple streamflow routing model has been added to MODFLOW, but it is limited to steady flow in rectangular, prismatic channels. To overcome these limitations, the BRANCH model, which simulates unsteady, nonuniform flow by solving the entire St. Venant equations, was restructured and incorporated into MODFLOW. Terms that describe leakage between stream and aquifer as a function of streambed conductance and differences in aquifer and stream stage were added to the continuity equation in BRANCH. Thus, leakage between the aquifer and stream can be calculated separately in each model, or leakages calculated in BRANCH can be used in MODFLOW. Total mass in the coupled models is accounted for and conserved.
The BRANCH model calculates new stream stages for each time interval in a transient simulation based on upstream boundary conditions, stream properties, and initial estimates of aquifer heads. Next, aquifer heads are calculated in MODFLOW based on stream stages calculated by BRANCH, aquifer properties, and stresses. This process is repeated until convergence criteria are met for head and stage. Because time steps used in ground-water modeling can be much longer than time intervals used in surface-water simulations, provision has been made for handling multiple BRANCH time intervals within one MODFLOW time step. An ption was also added to BRANCH to allow the simulation of channel drying and rewetting. Testing of the coupled model was verified by using data from previous studies; by comparing results with output from a simpler, four-point implicit, open-channel flow model linked with MODFLOW; and by comparison to field studies of L-31N Canal in southern Florida.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr92138","usgsCitation":"Swain, E., and Wexler, E.J., 1993, A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-138, vii, 162 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92138.","productDescription":"vii, 162 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493001,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0138/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153876,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0138/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af601","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, E.D. 0000-0001-7168-708X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":29007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"E.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wexler, E. J.","contributorId":104931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wexler","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21087,"text":"ofr9382 - 1993 - Ground Water in Kilauea Volcano and Adjacent Areas of Mauna Loa Volcano, Island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"ofr9382","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-82","title":"Ground Water in Kilauea Volcano and Adjacent Areas of Mauna Loa Volcano, Island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"About 1,000 million gallons of water per day moves toward or into ground-water bodies of Kilauea Volcano from the lavas of Mauna Loa Volcano. This movement continues only to the northern boundaries of the east and southwest rift zones of Kilauea, where a substantial quantity of ground water is deflected downslope to other ground-water bodies or to the ocean. In the western part of Kilauea, the kaoiki fault system, which parallels the southwest rift zone, may be the main barrier to ground-water movement. The diversion of the ground water is manifested in the western part of Kilauea by the presence of large springs at the shore end of the Kaoiki fault system, and in the eastern part by the apparently large flow of unheated basal ground water north of the east rift zone. Thus, recharge to ground water in the rift zones of Kilauea and to the areas to the south of the rift zones may be largely by local rainfall. Recharge from rainfall for all of Kilauea is about 1,250 million gallons per day.\r\n\r\nBeneath the upper slopes of the Kilauea rift zones, ground-water levels are 2,000 feet or more above mean sea level, or more than 1,000 feet below land surface. Ground-water levels are at these high altitudes because numerous and closely spaced dikes at depth in the upper slopes impound the ground water. In the lower slopes, because the number of dikes decreases toward the surface, the presence of a sufficient number of dikes capable of impounding ground water at altitudes substantially above sea level is unlikely. In surrounding basal ground-water reservoirs, fresh basal ground water floats on seawater and, through a transition zone of mixed freshwater and seawater, discharges into the sea.\r\n\r\nThe hydraulic conductivity of the dike-free lavas ranges from about 3,000 to about 7,000 feet per day. The conductivity in the upper slopes of the rift ranges from about 5 to 30 feet per day and that of the lower slopes of the east rift zone was calculated at about 7,000 feet per day.\r\n\r\nThe occurrence of heated basal water south of the lower east rift zone of Kilauea indicates the movement of a large quantity of geothermally heated ground water southward from the rift zone. There is little indication of similar movement of water from the upper slopes of the east rift zone, and there is no obvious movement of heated water from the lower east rift to the north because of the absence of heated ground water north of the rift zone.\r\n\r\nA broad range in temperature and chemical composition of geothermally modified ground water indicates several different sources. Four possible sources are (1) cold meteoric water, (2) cold seawater, (3) hydrothermal fluids of meteoric origin, and (4) hydrothermally modified seawater. The chloride-ion to magnesium-ion ratio of ground water indicates whether the water has been geothermally modified. A ratio greater than 15 to 1 generally denotes geothermally modified ground water.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr9382","usgsCitation":"Takasaki, K.J., 1993, Ground Water in Kilauea Volcano and Adjacent Areas of Mauna Loa Volcano, Island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-82, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9382.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0082/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50680,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0082/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db545623","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takasaki, Kiyoshi J.","contributorId":105700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takasaki","given":"Kiyoshi","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25135,"text":"cir930M - 1993 - International strategic minerals inventory summary report; niobium (columbium) and tantalum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:12","indexId":"cir930M","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"930","chapter":"M","title":"International strategic minerals inventory summary report; niobium (columbium) and tantalum","docAbstract":"Major world resources of niobium and tantalum are described in this summary report of information in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory (ISMI). ISMI is a cooperative data-collection effort of earth-science and mineral-resource agencies in Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. Part I of this report presents an overview of the resources and potential supply of niobium and tantalum based on inventory information; Part II contains tables of both geologic and mineral-resource information and includes production data collected by ISMI participants. \r\n\r\nNiobium is used principally as an alloying element in special steels and superalloys, and tantalum is used mainly in electronics. Minerals in the columbite-tantalite series are principal ore minerals of niobium and tantalum. Pyrochlore is a principal source of niobium. These minerals are found in carbonatite, certain rocks in alkaline igneous complexes, pegmatite, and placer deposits. ISMI estimates show that there are over 7 million metric tons of niobium and almost 0.5 million metric tons of tantalum in known deposits, outside of China and the former Soviet Union, for which reliable estimates have been made. \r\n\r\nBrazilian deposits, followed by Canadian deposits, contain by far the largest source of niobium. Tantalum production is spread widely among several countries, and Brazil and Canada are the most significant of these producers. Brazil's position is further strengthened by potential byproduct columbite from tin mining. Present economically exploitable resources of niobium appear to be sufficient for the near future, but Brazil will continue to be the predominant world supplier of ferrocolumbium. Tantalum, a byproduct of tin production, has been captive to the fluctuations of that market, but resources in pegmatite in Canada and Australia make it likely that future increases in the present modest demand will be met.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir930M","usgsCitation":"Crockett, R., and Sutphin, D.M., 1993, International strategic minerals inventory summary report; niobium (columbium) and tantalum: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930, v. :ill. ;26 cm.; 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir930M.","productDescription":"v. :ill. ;26 cm.; 36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1993/0930m/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54115,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1993/0930m/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b1e4b07f02db53052d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crockett, R.N.","contributorId":6890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crockett","given":"R.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutphin, D. M.","contributorId":27424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutphin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25900,"text":"wri924108 - 1993 - Preliminary results of the simulation of Oregon coastal basins using precipitation-runoff modeling system (PRMS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-13T19:06:30.133491","indexId":"wri924108","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4108","title":"Preliminary results of the simulation of Oregon coastal basins using precipitation-runoff modeling system (PRMS)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924108","usgsCitation":"Allen, R.L., and Laenen, A., 1993, Preliminary results of the simulation of Oregon coastal basins using precipitation-runoff modeling system (PRMS): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4108, vi, 97 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924108.","productDescription":"vi, 97 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":408271,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47671.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4108/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54659,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4108/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.8872,\n 44.5083\n ],\n [\n -123.8333,\n 44.5083\n ],\n [\n -123.8333,\n 44.5583\n ],\n [\n -123.8872,\n 44.5583\n ],\n [\n -123.8872,\n 44.5083\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aade4b07f02db66b2c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, R. L.","contributorId":82356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laenen, Antonius","contributorId":107673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"Antonius","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25584,"text":"wri934047 - 1993 - Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri934047","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4047","title":"Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","docAbstract":"Ground water is the primary source of water in the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base area. The aquifer consists of glacial sands and gravels that fill a buried bedrock-valley system. Consolidated rocks in the area consist of poorly permeable Ordovician shale of the Richmondian stage, in the upland areas, the Brassfield Limestone of Silurian age. The valleys are filled with glacial sediments of Wisconsinan age consisting of clay-rich tills and coarse-grained outwash deposits. Estimates of hydraulic conductivity of the shales based on results of displacement/recovery tests range from 0.0016 to 12 feet per day; estimates for the glacial sediments range from less than 1 foot per day to more than 1,000 feet per day.\r\n\r\nGround water flow from the uplands towards the valleys and the major rivers in the region, the Great Miami and the Mad Rivers. Hydraulic-head data indicate that ground water flows between the bedrock and unconsolidated deposits. Data from a gain/loss study of the Mad River System and hydrographs from nearby wells reveal that the reach of the river next to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base is a ground-water discharge area.\r\n\r\nA steady-state, three-dimensional ground-water-flow model was developed to simulate ground-water flow in the region. The model contains three layers and encompasses about 100 square miles centered on Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Ground water enters the modeled area primarily by river leakage and underflow at the model boundary. Ground water exits the modeled area primarily by flow through the valleys at the model boundaries and through production wells. A model sensitivity analysis involving systematic changes in values of hydrologic parameters in the model indicates that the model is most sensitive to decreases in riverbed conductance and vertical conductance between the upper two layers. The analysis also indicates that the contribution of water to the buried-valley aquifer from the bedrock that forms the valley walls is about 2 to 4 percent of the total ground-water flow in the study area.\r\n\r\nGround waters in the vicinity of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base can be classified into two compositional groups on the basis of their chemical composition: calcium magnesium bicarbonate-type and sodium chloride-type waters. Calcium magnesium bicarbonate-type waters are found in the glacial deposits and the Brassfield Limestone, whereas the sodium chloride waters are exclusively associated with the shales. Equilibrium speciation calculations indicate that ground water of the glacial drift aquifer is in equilibrium with calcite, dolomite, and chalcedony, but is undersaturated with respect to gypsum and fluorite. Waters from the shales are slightly supersaturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, and siderite but are undersaturated with respect to chalcedony. Simple-mass balance calculations treating boron as a conservative species indicate that little (< 5 percent) or no recharge from the shales to the glacial drift aquifer takes place.\r\n\r\nData on the stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen indicate a meteoric origin for all ground water beneath Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, but the data were inconclusive with respect to identification of distinct isotopic differences between water collected from the glacial drift and bedrock aquifers. Tritium concentrations used to distinguish waters having a pre-and post-1953 recharge component indicate that most water entered the glacial drift aquifer after 1953. This finding indicates that recharge from shallow to deep parts (greater than 150 feet) of the aquifer takes place over time intervals of a few years or decades. However, the fact that some deep parts of the glacial aquifer did not contain measurable tritium indicates that ground-water flow from recharge zones to these parts of the aquifer takes decades or longer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934047","usgsCitation":"Dumouchelle, D., Schalk, C.W., Rowe, G., and De Roche, J., 1993, Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4047, viii, 152 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934047.","productDescription":"viii, 152 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4047/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54318,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4047/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614a47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumouchelle, D.H.","contributorId":83144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumouchelle","given":"D.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schalk, C. W.","contributorId":64286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowe, G.L.","contributorId":23978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"G.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"De Roche, J.T.","contributorId":66691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Roche","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27086,"text":"wri914107 - 1993 - Hydrology and water quality of Wind Lake in southeastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T14:32:14","indexId":"wri914107","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4107","title":"Hydrology and water quality of Wind Lake in southeastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The hydrology and water quality of Wind Lake-a recreational lake in a densely populated area of southeastern Wisconsin was studied from October 1, 1987 through September 30,1989.
\nA drought in 1988 affected the hydrologic budget of Wind Lake in water years 1988-89. Precipitation was 5.9 inches less than normal in water year 1988 but was 2.3 inches greater than normal in water year 1989. Streamflows were near normal in water year 1988 and 25 percent less than normal in water year 1989 as indicated by data from a nearby streamflow-gaging station. Surface runoff was the dominant source of water to the lake in water year 1988 and 75 percent of the inflow was from Big Muskego Lake.
\nThe water level in Big Muskego Lake was 1.1 feet below the dam crest at the start of the 1989 water year because of the 1988 drought. About 2,510 acre-feet of water had to fill Big Muskego Lake before water could discharge to Wind Lake. In water year 1989, surface runoff was still the dominant source of water to the lake, but Big Muskego Lake only contributed 52 percent of the water inflow.
\nStreamflow dominated the outflow budget for both years. In water year 1988, 88 percent of the outflow budget left by way of Wind Lake outlet and 12 percent evaporated from the lake surface. In water year 1989, 81 percent of the outflow budget left by way of Wind Lake outlet and 19 percent evaporated from the lake surface. On the basis of outflow from Wind Lake for water year 1988, the hydraulic residence time was 0.46 year; in water year 1989 it was 1.05 years.
\nThe total phosphorus input to Wind Lake from external sources was the same for both years, 3,160 pounds. The largest percentage of the phosphorus load came from Big Muskego Lake-- 70 percent in water year 1988 and 65 percent in water year 1989. Analysis of data by use of Vollenweider's model indicates that the phosphorus loadings for each year would cause eutrophic conditions. Data from a nearby gaging station indicate that phosphorus loading to Wind Lake was less than normal. Phosphorus retention in the lake is small and averages 14 percent of the incoming load for both years.
\nOxygen depletion occurs in the bottom waters during winter and summer months. A maximum anoxic zone was reached on July 18, 1988, when depths greater than 15 feet (about 21 percent of the lake bottom area) were anoxic.
\nTotal phosphorus concentrations at the lake surface for both years ranged from 11 to 78 micrograms per liter. Mean total phosphorus concentrations in June, July, and August that had averaged 49 micrograms per liter in 1985 through 1987 declined to 20 micrograms per liter in water year 1988 and 22 micrograms per liter in water year 1989. This reduction was related to the drought and reduced phosphorus loadings.
\nPhosphorus concentrations 1.5 feet above the lake bottom increase during summer anoxic periods. The phosphorus concentration increased at a rate of 5.2 and 4.8 micrograms per liter per day for total and dissolved orthophosphate phosphorus. A maximum concentration of 760 micrograms per liter of total phosphorus and 650 micrograms per liter of dissolved orthophosphate phosphorus occurred on September 21, 1988, just before autumn turnover. Internal loading of phosphorus for the period October 15, 1987 through October 14, 1988, was estimated to be 2,890 pounds. This represents 48 percent of the combined internal and external total-phosphorus input of 5,960 pounds.
\nAlgal populations in water year 1988 ranged from 28,200 to 1,610,000 cells per milliliter. A total of 143 species were identified. Blue-green algae dominated the algal population and ranged from 56 percent (February 16, 1988) to 99 percent (five other sampling dates). Aphanocapsa delicatissima caused the largest algal bloom, which reached a maximum concentration of 934,000 cells per milliliter (September 7, 1988).
\nZooplankton populations in water year 1988 ranged from 52.5 to 686 organisms per liter. Eighteen species were identified. The cladoceran, Daphnia, dominated 12 of the 18 samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914107","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wind Lake Management District","usgsCitation":"Field, S.J., 1993, Hydrology and water quality of Wind Lake in southeastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4107, vii, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914107.","productDescription":"vii, 61 p.","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55952,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4107/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4107/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Big Muskego Lake, Littel Muskego Lake, Wind Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.21025848388672,\n 42.80018704068213\n ],\n [\n -88.21025848388672,\n 42.95340721665942\n ],\n [\n -88.0502700805664,\n 42.95340721665942\n ],\n [\n -88.0502700805664,\n 42.80018704068213\n ],\n [\n -88.21025848388672,\n 42.80018704068213\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e80f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, S. J.","contributorId":50540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":64570,"text":"i2050F - 1993 - Maps showing mineral resource assessment for porphyry and stockwork deposits of copper, molybdenum, and tungsten and for stockwork and disseminated deposits of gold and silver in the Butte 1° x 2° quadrangle, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-25T19:56:53.230855","indexId":"i2050F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2050","chapter":"F","title":"Maps showing mineral resource assessment for porphyry and stockwork deposits of copper, molybdenum, and tungsten and for stockwork and disseminated deposits of gold and silver in the Butte 1° x 2° quadrangle, Montana","docAbstract":"This report documents the assessment for potential occurrences of undiscovered porphyry and stockwork deposits of copper, molybdenum, and tungsten (porphyry Cu-Mo-W) and stockwork and disseminated deposits of gold and silver (disseminated Au-Ag) in the Butte 1 °X2° quadrangle. The Butte quadrangle, in west-central Montana, is one of the best known mineral producing regions in the U.S. Mining districts in the quadrangle, including the world famous Butte or Summit Valley district, have produced a variety of metallic and nonmetallic mineral commodities valued at more than $6.4 billion (at the time of production). Because of its importance as a mineral producing region, the Butte quadrangle was selected for study by the U.S. Geological Survey under the Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program (CUSMAP). Under this program, new data on geology, geochemistry, geophysics, geochronology, mineral resources, and remote sensing were collected and synthesized. The field and laboratory studies were supported, in part, by funding from the Geologic Framework and Synthesis Program and the Wilderness Program. The methods used in this resource assessment for porphyry Cu-Mo-W and disseminated Au-Ag deposits in the quadrangle include a compilation of all data, the development of descriptive occurrence models, and the analysis of data using techniques provided by a Geographic Information System (GIS).
This map is one of several maps on the Butte 1 °X2° quadrangle. Other deposit types have been assessed for the Butte quadrangle, and maps (U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Miscellaneous Investigation Series Maps) for each of the following have been prepared: Vein and replacement deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, manganese, and tungsten (Elliott, Wallace, and others, 1992a) and skarn deposits of gold, silver, copper, tungsten, and iron (Elliott and others, 1992b ). Other publications resulting from this study include linear features map (Rowan and others, 1991 ); limonite and hydrothermal alteration map (Rowan and Segal, 1989); mineral occurrence maps (Elliott and others, 1986; Elliott, Loen, and others, 1992); and geologic maps (Wallace, 1987; Wallace and others, 1987).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2050F","isbn":"0607792132","usgsCitation":"Elliott, J.E., Moll, S.H., Wallace, C.A., Lee, G.K., Antweiler, J., Lidke, D., Rowan, L.C., Hanna, W.F., Trautwein, C., and Dwyer, J.L., 1993, Maps showing mineral resource assessment for porphyry and stockwork deposits of copper, molybdenum, and tungsten and for stockwork and disseminated deposits of gold and silver in the Butte 1° x 2° quadrangle, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2050, Report: v, 30 p.; 3 Plates: 48.50 x 50.50 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2050F.","productDescription":"Report: v, 30 p.; 3 Plates: 48.50 x 50.50 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":107271,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10105.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186873,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2050f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91396,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2050f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91395,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2050f/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91394,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2050f/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91393,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2050f/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Butte 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114,46 ], [ -114,47 ], [ -112,47 ], [ -112,46 ], [ -114,46 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605c7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, J. E.","contributorId":19914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moll, S. H.","contributorId":19236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moll","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wallace, C. A.","contributorId":15596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, G. K.","contributorId":76722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Antweiler, J.C.","contributorId":35722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lidke, D. J.","contributorId":10857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidke","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rowan, L. C.","contributorId":40584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hanna, W. F.","contributorId":6835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanna","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Trautwein, C. M.","contributorId":86748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trautwein","given":"C. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Dwyer, John L. 0000-0002-8281-0896","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8281-0896","contributorId":6136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70156914,"text":"70156914 - 1993 - Recent developments in three-dimensional numerical estuarine models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T10:47:34","indexId":"70156914","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Recent developments in three-dimensional numerical estuarine models","docAbstract":"For a fixed cost, computing power increases 5 to 10 times every five years. The readily available computing resources have inspired new modal formulations and innovative model applications. Significant progress has been advanced in three-dimensional numerical estuarine modeling within the past three or four years. This paper attempts to review and summarize properties of new 3-D estuarine hydrodynamic models. The emphasis of the review is placed on the formulation, numerical methods. The emphasis of the review is placed on the formulation, numerical methods, spatial and temporal resolution, computational efficiency, and turbulence closure of new models. Recent research has provided guidelines for the proper use of 3-D models involving in the σ-transformation. Other models resort to a fixed level discretization in the vertical. The semi-implicit treatment in time-stepping models appears to have gained momentum. Future research in three-dimensional numerical modeling remains to be on computational efficiency and turbulent closure.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulic Engineers","conferenceTitle":"National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"July 25, 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","isbn":"978-0-87262-920-2","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., Smith, P.E., and Casulli, V., 1993, Recent developments in three-dimensional numerical estuarine models, in Hydraulic Engineers, San Francisco, CA, July 25, 1993, p. 1982-1987.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1982","endPage":"1987","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307806,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307805,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?84150"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560bb6e9e4b058f706e53e14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Peter E.","contributorId":50609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Casulli, Vincenzo","contributorId":42302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casulli","given":"Vincenzo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30298,"text":"wri934055 - 1993 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and New Castle County, Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-03T08:58:40","indexId":"wri934055","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4055","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and New Castle County, Delaware","docAbstract":"The 54-square-mile Red Clay Creek Basin, located in the lower Delaware River Basin, is underlain primarily by metamorphic rocks that range from Precambrian to Lower Paleozoic in age. Ground water flows through secondary openings in fractured crystalline rock and through primary openings below the water table in the overlying saprolite. Secondary porosity and permeability vary with hydrogeologic unit, topographic setting, and depth. Thirty-nine percent of the water-bearing zones are encountered within 100 feet of the land surface, and 79 percent are within 200 feet. \r\n\r\n The fractured crystalline rock and overlying saprolite act as a single aquifer under unconfined conditions. The water table is a subdued replica of the land surface. Local ground-water flow systems predominate in the basin, and natural ground-water discharge is to streams, comprising 62 to 71 percent of streamflow. \r\n\r\n Water budgets for 1988-90 for the 45-square-mile effective drainage area above the Woodale, Del., streamflow-measurement station show that annual precipitation ranged from 43.59 to 59.14 inches and averaged 49.81 inches, annual streamflow ranged from 15.35 to 26.33 inches and averaged 20.24 inches, and annual evapotranspiration ranged from 27.87 to 30.43 inches and averaged 28.98 inches. \r\n\r\n The crystalline rocks of the Red Clay Creek Basin were simulated two-dimensionally as a single aquifer under unconfined conditions. The model was calibrated for short-term steady-state conditions on November 2, 1990. Recharge was 8.32 inches per year. Values of aquifer hydraulic conductivity in hillside topographic settings ranged from 0.07 to 2.60 feet per day. Values of streambed hydraulic conductivity ranged from 0.08 to 26.0 feet per day. \r\n\r\n Prior to simulations where ground-water development was increased, the calibrated steady-state model was modified to approximate long-term average conditions in the basin. Base flow of 11.98 inches per year and a ground-water evapotranspiration rate of 2.17 inches per year were simulated by the model. \r\n\r\n Different combinations of ground-water supply and wastewater-disposal plans were simulated to assess their effects on the stream-aquifer system. Six of the simulations represent an increase in population of 14,283 and water use of 1.07 million gallons per day. One simulation represents an increase in population of 28,566 and water use of 2.14 million gallons per day. Reduction of average base flow is greatest for development plans with wastewater removed from the basin through sewers and is proportional to the amount of water removed from the basin. The development plan that had the least effect on water levels and base flow included on-lot wells and on-lot septic systems. \r\n\r\n Five organochlorine insecticides--lindane, DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor, and methoxychlor--were detected in ground water. Four organophosphorus insecticides--malathion, parathion, diazinon, and phorate--were detected in ground water. Four volatile organic compounds--benzene, toluene, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene--were detected in ground water. Phenol was detected at concentrations up to 8 micrograms per liter in water from 50 percent of 14 wells sampled. The concentration of dissolved nitrate in water from 18 percent of wells sampled exceeded 10 milligrams per liter as nitrogen; concentration of nitrate were as high as 19 milligrams per liter. PCB was detected in the bottom material of West Branch Red Clay Creek at Kennet Square at concentrations up to 5,600 micrograms per kilogram.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934055","usgsCitation":"Vogel, K.L., and Reif, A.G., 1993, Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and New Castle County, Delaware: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4055, Report: vii, 111 p.; 2 Plates: 22.53 x 33.08 inches and 22.19 x 33.04 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934055.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 111 p.; 2 Plates: 22.53 x 33.08 inches and 22.19 x 33.04 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science 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Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-29T21:34:56.574567","indexId":"wri924179","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4179","title":"Water availability, use, and estimated future water demand in the upper Duck River basin, middle Tennessee","docAbstract":"The Duck River in Tennessee supplied about 18.9 Mgal of water/d to Tullahoma, Manchester, Lewisburg, Columbia, and other cities. Municipal water use increased to 20.9 Mgal/d in 1990; projections indicate increases in demand for the next 25 yr. Socioeconomic and water use data from the basin for 1989 were used to calibrate the water use models within the Institute for Water Resources Municipal and Industrial Needs (IWR-MAIN) System. The models were used to estimate future water use demand in the basin for the years 1995, 2000, and 2015. Projections showed demands of about 24.3 Mgal/d in 1995; 28.3 Mgal/d in 2000; and 39.0 Mgal/d in 2015. Increases in withdrawals from the Duck River downstream from Shelbyville could reduce the minimum flow at Columbia from 119 to 83.8 cu feet/s. The study also included an overview of the potential for developing groundwater resources in the area. Statistical analyses of yields to 5,938 wells showed that the highest yields are in Coffee County, but 75 percent of the wells in Coffee County produced less than 30 gal/m. However, measurements of streamflow losses along tributaries to the Duck River suggest that the potential for development of groundwater does exist at specific sites.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924179","usgsCitation":"Hutson, S.S., 1993, Water availability, use, and estimated future water demand in the upper Duck River basin, middle Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4179, iv, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924179.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411198,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47723.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56658,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4179/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158776,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4179/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"upper Duck River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.875,\n 35.875\n ],\n [\n -87.375,\n 35.875\n ],\n [\n -87.375,\n 35.3333\n ],\n [\n -85.875,\n 35.3333\n ],\n [\n -85.875,\n 35.875\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5c3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutson, S. S.","contributorId":47828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28362,"text":"wri914136 - 1993 - Hydrology and water quality of the Forest County Potawatomi Indian Reservation, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T13:58:58","indexId":"wri914136","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4136","title":"Hydrology and water quality of the Forest County Potawatomi Indian Reservation, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"This report presents data from a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Forest County Potawatomi Community of Wisconsin, to document the hydrology and water quality of the Potawatomi Indian Reservation in southern Forest County. Data were collected from October 1981 through September 1987.
\nGlacial sand and gravel forms the primary aquifer on the reservation. This aquifer is unconfined, and its saturated thickness ranges from approximately 200 feet to zero feet in areas where the bedrock crops out. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the glacial deposits is estimated to range from 0.4 to 48 feet per day.
\nThree watersheds encompass the Reservation: The Wolf, the North Branch Oconto, and the Peshtigo. Estimates of base-flow discharge that will occur on the average once every 2 years for a 7- day period for Reservation streams range from 7.5 ft3/s (cubic feet per second) for North Branch Oconto at Wabeno to 32 ft3/s for the Rat River near Wabeno.
\nGround water in the study area is a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type and is suitable for most uses. The ground water sampled during the study was slightly alkaline and moderately hard to very hard; median hardness was 135 mg/L (milligrams per liter) as calcium carbonate. Alkalinity of ground water ranged from 79 to 318 mg/L; median alkalinity was 123 mg/L as calcium carbonate.
\nWith the exception of nitrate in water from one well sampled, constituent concentrations were less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL's) for drinking water. Nitrate plus nitrite concentration was 15 mg/L as N, or 50 percent greater than the MCL, in one well located one-half mile northeast of Lake Lucerne.
\nSecondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCL's) for iron were exceeded in water from two wells. In one of these two well waters, the manganese concentration equaled the SMCL.
\nStreams on the Reservation also contain a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type water. The stream waters are slightly alkaline and are considered soft to moderately hard; median hardness in stream samples was 56 mg/L as calcium carbonate. The alkalinity in stream samples ranged from 46 to 59 mg/L as calcium carbonate; the median value was 51 mg/L. Stream water is intermediate between hard, alkaline ground water and soft, acidic precipitation and surface runoff. Low but detectable concentrations of chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, mercury, and zinc were detected in most bottom-material samples.
\nWater quality of three lakes on the Reservation is variable and depends on the degree of connection with the ground-water system. In general, Bug Lake and Devils Lake are in poor hydraulic connection with the ground-water system, and their waters contain low concentrations of dissolved solids and alkalinity and low pH. King Lake is in good hydraulic connection with the ground-water system, and its waters contain higher concentrations of dissolved solids and alkalinity and higher pH than Bug and Devils Lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914136","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Forest County Potawatomi Community of Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Lidwin, R., and Krohelski, J.T., 1993, Hydrology and water quality of the Forest County Potawatomi Indian Reservation, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4136, Report: v, 24 p.; 4 Plates: 25.06 x 21.81 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914136.","productDescription":"Report: v, 24 p.; 4 Plates: 25.06 x 21.81 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57167,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4136/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57168,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4136/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57169,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4136/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57165,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4136/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57166,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4136/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4136/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Forest County","otherGeospatial":"Potowatomi Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.6833,46.0144],[-88.6844,45.9823],[-88.6746,45.9823],[-88.6757,45.8958],[-88.6761,45.8093],[-88.6758,45.7247],[-88.5519,45.723],[-88.4665,45.7224],[-88.4254,45.7225],[-88.4255,45.6356],[-88.4262,45.5492],[-88.4263,45.5071],[-88.4258,45.4925],[-88.4261,45.4774],[-88.4257,45.4633],[-88.4259,45.4505],[-88.4261,45.4358],[-88.4263,45.4212],[-88.4272,45.4066],[-88.4283,45.3769],[-88.5542,45.3778],[-88.6418,45.3784],[-88.6587,45.3785],[-88.6781,45.3787],[-88.7196,45.3784],[-88.754,45.3782],[-88.802,45.3775],[-88.9259,45.3799],[-88.9265,45.3909],[-88.9251,45.4014],[-88.9233,45.4659],[-89.0467,45.4668],[-89.0468,45.5518],[-89.0475,45.6391],[-89.0469,45.7265],[-89.047,45.8097],[-89.0477,45.8953],[-89.0478,45.9822],[-88.9332,45.9822],[-88.9329,46.0746],[-88.8507,46.0409],[-88.8473,46.0368],[-88.8431,46.0336],[-88.8426,46.0333],[-88.8371,46.0312],[-88.8325,46.0294],[-88.828,46.0294],[-88.8248,46.0294],[-88.8207,46.0289],[-88.819,46.0284],[-88.8169,46.0278],[-88.8143,46.026],[-88.8123,46.0247],[-88.8103,46.0238],[-88.8083,46.0238],[-88.8077,46.0238],[-88.8051,46.0238],[-88.8031,46.0252],[-88.803,46.0275],[-88.8024,46.0302],[-88.8017,46.032],[-88.7991,46.0338],[-88.7974,46.0344],[-88.7968,46.0346],[-88.7948,46.0341],[-88.7928,46.0332],[-88.7914,46.0318],[-88.7895,46.0324],[-88.7873,46.0334],[-88.786,46.0336],[-88.7843,46.0329],[-88.7828,46.0311],[-88.7828,46.0292],[-88.7841,46.0274],[-88.7847,46.026],[-88.7866,46.0232],[-88.7865,46.0209],[-88.7856,46.0196],[-88.7848,46.0186],[-88.7824,46.0178],[-88.7798,46.0178],[-88.7777,46.0179],[-88.7758,46.0181],[-88.7753,46.0197],[-88.7747,46.0203],[-88.7734,46.0216],[-88.7715,46.024],[-88.7691,46.0239],[-88.7669,46.0226],[-88.7662,46.0208],[-88.7637,46.02],[-88.7632,46.02],[-88.7615,46.02],[-88.7565,46.0212],[-88.754,46.0226],[-88.7507,46.0248],[-88.7458,46.0267],[-88.7408,46.028],[-88.7363,46.028],[-88.7334,46.0277],[-88.7317,46.0273],[-88.7284,46.0256],[-88.7251,46.0239],[-88.7232,46.0219],[-88.7221,46.0209],[-88.7216,46.0202],[-88.7241,46.0183],[-88.7254,46.0165],[-88.7253,46.0146],[-88.724,46.0133],[-88.7214,46.0133],[-88.7168,46.0139],[-88.7144,46.015],[-88.7129,46.0157],[-88.7084,46.0167],[-88.7023,46.0177],[-88.6977,46.0177],[-88.6953,46.0173],[-88.6913,46.0166],[-88.6846,46.0149],[-88.6833,46.0144]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Forest\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db604cb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lidwin, R.A.","contributorId":33349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidwin","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krohelski, J. T.","contributorId":59046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":199668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18191,"text":"ofr93200 - 1993 - Modeling sand and gravel deposits; initial strategy and preliminary examples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:19","indexId":"ofr93200","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-200","title":"Modeling sand and gravel deposits; initial strategy and preliminary examples","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93200","usgsCitation":"Bliss, J.D., 1993, Modeling sand and gravel deposits; initial strategy and preliminary examples: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-200, 31 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93200.","productDescription":"31 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0200/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47560,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0200/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6997fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bliss, J. D.","contributorId":25564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27085,"text":"wri904126 - 1993 - Hydrology and water quality of Powers Lake, southeastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T14:15:36","indexId":"wri904126","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4126","title":"Hydrology and water quality of Powers Lake, southeastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"This report describes the hydrology and water quality of Powers Lake, a recreational lake in a densely populated area of southeastern Wisconsin, from October 16, 1986 - October 15, 1987.
\nThe hydrologic budget for the study period showed that direct precipitation on the lake and ground water were dominant sources of water entering the lake (37 and 36 percent, respectively) and that streamflow dominated the outflow. Surface runoff contributed 27 percent of the inflow-23 percent from Powers Lake inlet and 4 percent from shoreline drainage. Streamflow through Powers Lake outlet accounted for 62 percent of the outflow and evaporation accounted for 38 percent. Based on the streamflow from Powers Lake outlet, the lake's hydraulic residence time was 3.8 years.
\nDuring the study period, precipitation was 27.16 inches or 4.08 inches below long-term (1951-80) average. The data were adjusted or normalized to represent an average year of precipitation and runoff to help evaluate the water quality of the lake for an average year. For an average year, precipitation dominated inflow (42 percent), followed by ground water (32 percent), Powers Lake inlet (21 percent), and shoreline drainage (5 percent). Streamflow through Powers Lake outlet accounted for 61 percent of an average year's outflow budget and the remaining 39 percent was evaporation. Based on an average year's streamflow from Powers Lake outlet, the lake's hydraulic residence time was 4.2 years.
\nPhosphorus budgets were prepared for the study period and for an estimated normal year. The phosphorus budget for the study period showed that, of the total inputs (516 pounds), surface runoff contributed the largest amount; shoreline drainage contributed 44 percent, and Powers Lake inlet contributed 36 percent. Direct precipitation contributed 11 percent; ground water, 2 percent; and septic systems, 7 percent. Of the total outputs, 83 pounds (16 percent) was lost from the lake via the outlet; 433 pounds (84 percent) was lost to the sediments as the phosphorus that was attached to particles settled to the lake bottom. An estimated phosphorus budget for a normal year showed that of the total inputs (744 pounds), surface runoff contributed the largest amount; Powers Lake inlet contributed 45 percent and shoreline drainage contributed 35 percent. Precipitation contributed 9 percent; ground water, 1 percent; and septic systems, 10 percent.
\nThe health of the lake was evaluated using Carlson's Trophic State Index and Vollenweider's model. Carlson's Trophic State Index showed that Powers Lake was moderately enriched and in the mesotrophic range. Comparison of guidelines from Vollenweider's model showed that the total phosphorus input for the study period and for an estimated average year would not cause eutrophic conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri904126","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Powers Lake Management District","usgsCitation":"Field, S.J., 1993, Hydrology and water quality of Powers Lake, southeastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4126, v, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904126.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55951,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4126/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119846,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4126/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Kenosha County, Walworth County","otherGeospatial":"Powers Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.35994720458983,\n 42.49108680341104\n ],\n [\n -88.35994720458983,\n 42.585570646210684\n ],\n [\n -88.24665069580078,\n 42.585570646210684\n ],\n [\n -88.24665069580078,\n 42.49108680341104\n ],\n [\n -88.35994720458983,\n 42.49108680341104\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e831","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, S. J.","contributorId":50540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47571,"text":"b1842D - 1993 - Steady movement of landslides in fine-grained soils; a model for sliding over an irregular slip surface","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47571,"text":"b1842D - 1993 - Steady movement of landslides in fine-grained soils; a model for sliding over an irregular slip surface","indexId":"b1842D","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Steady movement of landslides in fine-grained soils; a model for sliding over an irregular slip surface"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33282,"text":"b1842 - 1988 - Landslide processes in Utah: observation and theory","indexId":"b1842","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Landslide processes in Utah: observation and theory"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33282,"text":"b1842 - 1988 - Landslide processes in Utah: observation and theory","indexId":"b1842","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Landslide processes in Utah: observation and theory"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-09T09:50:04","indexId":"b1842D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1842","chapter":"D","title":"Steady movement of landslides in fine-grained soils; a model for sliding over an irregular slip surface","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b1842D","usgsCitation":"Baum, R.L., and Johnson, A.M., 1993, Steady movement of landslides in fine-grained soils; a model for sliding over an irregular slip surface: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1842, p. D1-D28, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1842D.","productDescription":"p. D1-D28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1842d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":84525,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1842d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b466c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baum, Rex L. 0000-0001-5337-1970 baum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1970","contributorId":1288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"Rex","email":"baum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":235752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Arvid M.","contributorId":99547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Arvid","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19619,"text":"ofr93149 - 1993 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Idaho, fiscal years 1989-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:43","indexId":"ofr93149","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-149","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Idaho, fiscal years 1989-90","docAbstract":"Twenty-five funded projects were conducted by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, Idaho District, during fiscal years 1989-90. These projects were done in cooperation with 13 State and local agencies, 11 other Federal agencies, and 1 International Commission. State and local cooperative funding amounted to about $1.1 million in fiscal year 1989 and $1 million in fiscal year 1990; Federal funding amounted to about $3.6 million in fiscal year 1989 and about $4.4 million in fiscal year 1990. In conducting its fiscal year 1989-90 activities, the Idaho District employed a total of 83 employees. Projects other than continuing programs for collection of hydrologic data included establishment of statewide surface-water and groundwater-quality monitoring networks; study of effects of irrigation drainage; development of a hydraulic model to determine water-surface elevations for decreased discharges of the Snake River at Swan Falls Dam; evaluation of subsurface waste disposal; delineation of agricultural areas of the State with high concentrations of dissolved nitrogen; evaluation of water use and its effect on groundwater levels and thermal waters in specific areas of the State; and determination of the cause or causes of rapidly decreasing hot-spring discharges along Hot Creek. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCopies of this report can be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports [Section],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93149","usgsCitation":"Kemp, B.N., 1993, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Idaho, fiscal years 1989-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-149, iv, 52 p. :maps ;29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93149.","productDescription":"iv, 52 p. :maps ;29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0149/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49094,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0149/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68344d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kemp, B. N. (compiler)","contributorId":32192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemp","given":"B.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19429,"text":"ofr93168 - 1993 - Estimation of unit hydrographs for large floods at ungaged sites in Montana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19429,"text":"ofr93168 - 1993 - Estimation of unit hydrographs for large floods at ungaged sites in Montana","indexId":"ofr93168","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Estimation of unit hydrographs for large floods at ungaged sites in Montana"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1904,"text":"wsp2420 - 1996 - Procedures for estimating unit hydrographs for large floods at ungaged sites in Montana","indexId":"wsp2420","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Procedures for estimating unit hydrographs for large floods at ungaged sites in Montana"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":1904,"text":"wsp2420 - 1996 - Procedures for estimating unit hydrographs for large floods at ungaged sites in Montana","indexId":"wsp2420","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Procedures for estimating unit hydrographs for large floods at ungaged sites in Montana"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-04T17:32:42.51828","indexId":"ofr93168","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-168","title":"Estimation of unit hydrographs for large floods at ungaged sites in Montana","docAbstract":"Methods were developed for estimating unit hydro- graphs at ungaged sites in Montana using either the Clark or dimensionless unit-hydrograph method. Flood hydrograph data for 26 U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations and rainfall data were used together with a rainfall-runoff simulation model (HEC-1) to derive unit hydrographs and important unit-hydrograph variables. A multiple- regression analysis relating four unit-hydrograph variables (time of concentration, basin-storage coefficient, Snyder standard lag, and dimensionless peak discharge) to basin characteristics showed a significant (95 percent confidence level) relation only with drainage area for time of concentration, basin-storage coefficient, and Snyder standard lag. In the regression relation for dimensionless peak discharge, the only significant basin characteristic was basin factor, a function of channel length, distance from the basin centroid to mouth, and channel slope. An alternative equation based only on drainage area was almost as reliable. Regression equations for estimating basin-storage coefficient and dimensionless peak discharge had coefficients of determination (r sq) ranging from 0.19 to 0.47. An average dimensionless unit hydrograph was determined for the 26 sites, and a method was developed for adjusting its magnitude and shape to account for site-specific information. The 26 derived unit hydrographs were compared with those calculated by the described estimation methods. The two methods performed about equally well in matching derived unit-hydrograph peaks and shapes. 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eef46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holnbeck, S.R.","contributorId":11640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holnbeck","given":"S.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parrett, Charles","contributorId":9635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27775,"text":"wri924029 - 1993 - Simulation of the effects of hypothetical residential development on water levels in Graber Pond, Middleton, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T13:45:16","indexId":"wri924029","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4029","title":"Simulation of the effects of hypothetical residential development on water levels in Graber Pond, Middleton, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"An investigation of the effects of hypothetical residential development in the Graber Pond watershed was done by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the city of Middleton. The investigation entailed evaluation of the existing (1989) water budget and water-level conditions for the pond and the water-level conditions expected to result from the hypothetical development that may occur by the year 2000. A water-budget model was calibrated to closely match water levels observed from July 18-August 31, 1989. Water input to the pond during this period was computed to be about 2.58 feet. Of this, about 25 percent (0.65 foot) was from direct rainfall on the pond surface, about 19 percent (0.50 foot) was from storm runoff, and about 55 percent (1.43 feet) was discharge from a nearby manufacturing plant. Simulation of the hypothetical development conditions in the watershed predicts that the average late-summer pond level may rise about 0.7 foot.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924029","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Middleton, Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"House, L.B., 1993, Simulation of the effects of hypothetical residential development on water levels in Graber Pond, Middleton, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4029, iv, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924029.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p.","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4029/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56617,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4029/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","city":"Middleton","otherGeospatial":"Graber Pond","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.54132080078125,\n 43.09264728863636\n ],\n [\n -89.54132080078125,\n 43.13381279555054\n ],\n [\n -89.49093818664551,\n 43.13381279555054\n ],\n [\n -89.49093818664551,\n 43.09264728863636\n ],\n [\n -89.54132080078125,\n 43.09264728863636\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1e31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"House, L. B.","contributorId":49386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"House","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":49129,"text":"ofr89620 - 1993 - Water resources and the hydrologic effects of coal mining in Washington County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T11:40:58","indexId":"ofr89620","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-620","title":"Water resources and the hydrologic effects of coal mining in Washington County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Washington County occupies an area of 864 square miles in southwestern Pennsylvania and lies within the Pittsburgh Plateaus Section of the Appalachian Plateaus physiographic province. About 69 percent of the county population is served by public water-supply systems, and the Monongahela River is the source for 78 percent of the public-supply systems. The remaining 31 percent of the population depends on wells, springs, and cisterns for its domestic water supply. The sedimentary rocks of Pennsylvanian and Permian age that underlie the county include sandstone, siltstone, limestone, shale, and coal. The mean reported yield of bedrock wells ranges from 8.8 gallons per minute in the Pittsburgh .Formation to 46 gallons per minute in the Casselman Formation. Annual water-level fluctuations usually range from less than 3 ft (feet) beneath a valley to about 16 ft beneath a hilltop. Average hydraulic conductivity ranges from 0.01 to 18 ft per day. Water-level fluctuations and aquifer-test results suggest that most ground water circulates within 150 ft of land surface. A three-dimensional computer flow-model analysis indicates 96 percent of the total ground-water recharge remains in the upper 80 to 110 ft of bedrock (shallow aquifer system). The regional flow system (more than 250ft deep in the main valley) receives less than 0.1 percent of the total ground-water recharge from the Brush Run basin. The predominance of the shallow aquifer system is substantiated by driller's reports, which show almost all water bearing zones are less than 150ft below land surface. The modeling of an unmined basin showed that the hydrologic factors that govern regional groundwater flow can differ widely spatially but have little effect on the shallow aquifers that supply water to most domestic wells. However, the shallow aquifers are sensitive to hydrologic factors within this shallow aquifer system (such as ground-water recharge, hydraulic conductivity of the streamaquifer interface, and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer). A vertical fracture zone would probably increase ground-water availability within the zone and would probably result in a lower head in the shallow aquifers in an upland draw area and an increased head in a valley. l Streams in the northern and western parts of the county drain to the Ohio River and streams in the eastern and southern parts of the county drain to the Monongahela River. The computed 7-day, 10-year low-flow frequencies for the surface-water sites ranged from 0.0 to 55 x 10-3 cubic feet per second per square mile. The lowest low-flow discharges per square mile were in the south-central and southwestern parts of the county. The highest low-flow discharges per square mile were in the eastern and northern parts of the county. The annual water loss at five gaged streams ranged from 52 to 75 percent of the total precipitation. The loss resulted from evaporation, transpiration, diversion, mines, ground-water outflow from the system, and plant and animal consumption. The major ground-water-quality problems are elevated concentrations of iron, manganese, and dissolved solids, and very hard water. Minor groundwater-quality problems include elevated concentrations of fluoride, chloride, and sulfate. Downgradient along the ground-water flow path, principal ions change from mostly calcium, magnesium, sulfate, and bicarbonate to sodium and chloride. Dissolyed-solids concentrations generally increase with residence time .. Elevated concentrations of sulfate and total dissolved solids were common at the surface-water sites in the northern and eastern parts of the county where most of the active and abandohed coal mines are located and where acid mine drainage is most prevalent. However, measured alkalinity at most of the surface-water sites ranged from 86 to 345 milligrams per liter, indicating that these streams would have a neutralizing effect on most inflows of acid mine drainage. The model of the hypothetically mined Brush Run basin shows that the vertical hydraulic conductivity (either existing or induced by mine subsidence) between the shallow ground-water system and the mine, and the depth to the mine are critical controls on the amount of ground water entering the mine. When the vertical hydraulic conductivity was increased by a factor of four for a mine about 250 ft deep in the main valley, inflow to the mine increased almost by the same factor. The model also shows that increasing the depth to a mine by 200 ft (mine about 450 ft deep in main valley) would cause mine inflow to decrease one order of magnitude. Comparisons between stream discharges during low base-flow conditions in a mined basin (Daniels Run) and an unrnined basin (Brush Run) indicated that the deep mining did not substantially lower streamflow. Although streamflow decreased and, at times, completely disappeared in the middle and lower parts of Daniels Run basin, it reappeared again downstream as ground-water discharge and was part of the flow at the mouth of Daniels Run. Comparison of the water-quality characteristics of the two basins showed that concentrations of dissolved solids, sulfate, sodium, chloride, fluoride, and manganese were greater in the mined basin than in the unmined basin. The pH and iron concentrations were similar in both basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr89620","usgsCitation":"Williams, D.R., Felbinger, J.K., and Squillace, P.J., 1993, Water resources and the hydrologic effects of coal mining in Washington County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-620, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89620.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266822,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0620/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania 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Donald R.","contributorId":72825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Felbinger, John K.","contributorId":60285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felbinger","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Squillace, Paul J.","contributorId":59415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squillace","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008,"text":"wsp2396 - 1993 - Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18103,"text":"ofr91535 - 1992 - Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","indexId":"ofr91535","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1008,"text":"wsp2396 - 1993 - Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","indexId":"wsp2396","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp2396","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2396","title":"Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"The occurrence of selenium in agricultural drain water in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California, has focused concern on strategies for managing shallow, saline ground water. To assess alternatives to agricultural drains, a three-dimensional, finite-difference numerical model of the regional groundwater flow system was developed. This report documents the mathematical approach used to model the flow system, the data base on which the model is based, and the methods used to calibrate the model. \r\n\r\nThe 550-square-mile study area includes parts of the Panoche Creek alluvial fan and parts of the Little Panoche Creek and Cantua Creek alluvial fans. The model simulates transient flow in the semiconfined and confined zones above and below the Corcoran Clay Member of the Tulare Formation of Pleistocene age. The model incorporates areally distributed ground-water recharge, areally and vertically distributed pumping, regional-collector drains in the Wesdands Water District (operative from 1980 to 1985), on-farm drains in parts of the Panoche, Broadview, and Firebaugh Water Districts, and bare-soil evaporation (which occurs if the water table is within 7 feet of land surface). \r\n\r\nThe model also incorporates texture-based estimates of hydraulic conductivity, where texture is defined as the fraction of coarse-grained deposits present in a given subsurface interval. The numerical model was developed using hydrologic data from 1972 to 1988. Most of the parameters incorporated into the model were evaluated independently of the model, including system geometry, the distribution of texture, the altitudes of the water table and potentiometric surface of the confined zone in 1972 (initial condition), the hydraulic conductivity of coarse-grained deposits derived from the Coast Ranges, the hydraulic conductivity of coarse-grained deposits derived from the Sierra Nevada, specific storage, recharge, pumping, and parameters needed to incorporate drains and bare-soil evaporation. Four parameters were calibration variables: the hydraulic conductivity of fine-grained deposits in the semiconfined zone, the hydraulic conductivity of the Corcoran Clay Member, specific yield, and the transmissivity of the confined zone. \r\n\r\nThe model was calibrated in two phases. In the first phase, a steady-state model of the ground-water flow system in 1984 was used to constrain the relation between the hydraulic conductivity of fine-grained deposits in the semiconfined zone and the hydraulic conductivity of the Corcoran Clay Member, thus reducing the number of independent variables from four to three. In the second phase of calibration, the change in altitude of the water table from 1972 to 1984, the change in altitude of the potentiometric surface of the confined zone from 1972 to 1984, and the number of model cells subject to bare-soil evaporation from 1972 to 1988 were used to evaluate the remaining three variables. \r\n\r\nThe calibrated model reproduces the average change in water-table altitude (1972-84) to within 0.4 foot (average measured change 11.5 feet) and the average change in confined zone head (1972- 84) to within 19 feet (average measured change 120 feet). The simulated time-series record of the total number of model cells subject to bare-soil evaporation (each cell is 1 mile square) is within the range of the measured data. The measured values are at a minimum in October and a maximum in July. The October values ranged from 103 in 1972 to 132 in 1984 (the drains were closed in 1985) to 151 in 1988. The July values ranged from 144 in 1973 to 198 in 1984, to 204 in 1988. The simulated values ranged from 103 in 1972 to 161 in 1984, to 208 in 1988.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2396","usgsCitation":"Belitz, K., Phillips, S.P., and Gronberg, J., 1993, Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2396, vi, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2396.","productDescription":"vi, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2396/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25588,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2396/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db69680d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":143013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Steven P. 0000-0002-5107-868X sphillip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5107-868X","contributorId":1506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Steven","email":"sphillip@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":143014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gronberg, Jo Ann M.","contributorId":18342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gronberg","given":"Jo Ann M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":20783,"text":"ofr93420 - 1993 - Documentation of model input and output values for simulation of regional ground-water flow, carbonate-rock province, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-01T09:17:55","indexId":"ofr93420","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-420","title":"Documentation of model input and output values for simulation of regional ground-water flow, carbonate-rock province, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states","docAbstract":"Documentation of model input values and sample output used during a conceptual evaluation of the regional ground-water flow in the carbonate-rock province of the Great Basin, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states, was revised from previously published Open-File Report 91-479. The documentation, consisting of a listing of input values and sample output, is contained on a 5-1/4-inch diskette in files presented in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) format. These files require approximately 740,000 bytes of disk space on an IBM-compatible microcomputer using the MS-DOS operating system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Carson City, NV","doi":"10.3133/ofr93420","usgsCitation":"Schaefer, D.H., 1993, Documentation of model input and output values for simulation of regional ground-water flow, carbonate-rock province, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-420, Report: iii, 4 p.; 1 disk, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93420.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 4 p.; 1 disk","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0420/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50334,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0420/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":345404,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0420/ofr93420.zip","text":"Disk","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":345393,"rank":2,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr93170","text":"Open File Report 93-170","linkHelpText":"Conceptual evaluation of regional ground-water flow in the carbonate-rock province of the Great Basin, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","publicComments":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db6361cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaefer, Donald H.","contributorId":77507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29805,"text":"wri934032 - 1993 - Geomorphic and hydraulic assessment of the Bear River in and near Evanston, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri934032","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4032","title":"Geomorphic and hydraulic assessment of the Bear River in and near Evanston, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Geomorphic and hydraulic characteristics of the Bear River in and near Evanston, Wyoming, were assessed to assist planners in stabilizing the river channel. Present-day channel instability is the result of both human-made and natural factors. The primary factor is channelization of the river in Evanston, where several meander loops were cut off artificially during early development of the city. Other contributing factors include channel-width constrictions, bank stabilization, isolated bend cutoffs upstream from the city, and flooding in 1983 and 1984. A geomorphic analysis of bankfull-channel pattern, based on four aerial photographs taken during 1946-86, quantified geomorphic properties (reach sinuosity, bend sinuosity, bend radius of curvature, and bed length) that are characteristic of the study reach. The reach sinuosity of reach 2 (the channelized reach in Evanston) was 1.18 in 1986 and remained about the same throughout the period (1946-86). The reach sinuosity of reach 2 prior to channelization was substantially larger, about 2.3 as determined from maps prepared before 1946. Hydraulic analysis of the present-day channel (surveyed 1981-87) using a one-dimensional water-surface-profile computer model identified a bankfull discharge for the study reach of 3,600 cu ft/sec. A comparison of bankfull hydraulic properties for reaches 1, 2, and 3 indicated that the effects in reach 2 of channelization and channel-width constriction--increased slope, faster velocities, and greater hydraulic radii. The present-day channel slope in reach 2 is 0.00518 ft/ft, whereas a more stable slope would be between 0.00431 ft/ft (present-day slope in reach 1) and 0.00486 ft/ft (present-day slope in reach 3).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934032","usgsCitation":"Smith, M., and Maderak, M., 1993, Geomorphic and hydraulic assessment of the Bear River in and near Evanston, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4032, v, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934032.","productDescription":"v, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123726,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4032/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58605,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4032/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8d07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, M.E.","contributorId":104525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maderak, M.L.","contributorId":41452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maderak","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18513,"text":"ofr93123 - 1993 - An optimization model for selecting training course locations, U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:29","indexId":"ofr93123","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-123","title":"An optimization model for selecting training course locations, U.S. Geological Survey","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93123","usgsCitation":"Cohn, T., and Baier, W.G., 1993, An optimization model for selecting training course locations, U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-123, 15 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93123.","productDescription":"15 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0123/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47860,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0123/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684207","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cohn, Timothy A. tacohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohn","given":"Timothy A.","email":"tacohn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":179261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baier, William G.","contributorId":57477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baier","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26809,"text":"wri924119 - 1993 - Hydrogeology, water quality, and ground-water-development alternatives in the upper Wood River ground-water reservoir, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri924119","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4119","title":"Hydrogeology, water quality, and ground-water-development alternatives in the upper Wood River ground-water reservoir, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"The 72.4-square-mile Upper Wood River study area is in the Pawcatuck River basin in southern Rhode Island. Stratified drift is the only principal geologic unit capable of producing yields greater than 0.5 Mgal/d. Transmissivity of the aquifer ranges from 7,600 to 49,200 sq ft/d. Water-table conditions prevail and the aquifer is in good hydraulic connection with perennial streams and ponds. Groundwater and surface water in the study area are generally suitable for most uses. Water is soft, slightly acidic, and contains less than 150 mg/L dissolved solids. Locally, however, groundwater has been contaminated with nitrate, chloride, and volatile organic compounds. A model of the groundwater-flow system was used to evaluate the effect of alternative schemes of groundwater development on water levels, pond levels, and streamflow. Till contacts were simulated as specified-flux boundaries, drainage divides as no-flow boundaries, and streams as leaky boundaries. The areas most favorable for development of 1 Mgal/d are along the Flat and Wood Rivers. From 50 to 65 percent of the water withdrawn from wells would be derived from induced recharge. Results of simulation of development alternatives indicate that the groundwater reservoir could sustain withdrawals of 6 to 12 Mgal/d from 11 wells under long-term average annual (1942-89) and simulated drought (1963-66) conditions without causing water-level declines of greater than 25 percent of the unstressed saturated thickness of the aquifer. Pumping 12 Mgal/d, however, would reduce flow of the Wood River at the basin outlet by an amount almost equal to the 7-day, 10-yr low flow of 20.4 cu ft/s.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924119","usgsCitation":"Dickerman, D., and Bell, R., 1993, Hydrogeology, water quality, and ground-water-development alternatives in the upper Wood River ground-water reservoir, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4119, vii, 87 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 86 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924119.","productDescription":"vii, 87 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 86 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4119/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55697,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4119/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db69612a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickerman, D.C.","contributorId":48601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bell, R.W.","contributorId":77563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27683,"text":"wri924092 - 1993 - Geochemistry of and radioactivity in ground water of the Highland Rim and Central Basin aquifer systems, Hickman and Maury counties, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri924092","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4092","title":"Geochemistry of and radioactivity in ground water of the Highland Rim and Central Basin aquifer systems, Hickman and Maury counties, Tennessee","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance of the geochemistry of and radioactivity in ground water from the Highland Rim and Central Basin aquifer systems in Hickman and Maury Counties, Tennessee, was conducted in 1989. Water in both aquifer systems typically is of the calcium or calcium magnesium bicarbonate type, but concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfate are greater in water of the Central Basin system; differences in the concentrations are statistically significant. Dissolution of calcite, magnesium-calcite, dolomite, and gypsum are the primary geochemical processes controlling ground-water chemistry in both aquifer systems. Saturation-state calculations using the computer code WATEQF indicated that ground water from the Central Basin system is more saturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, and gypsum than water from the Highland Rim system. Geochemical environments within each aquifer system are somewhat different with respect to dissolution of magnesium-bearing minerals. Water samples from the Highland Rim system had a fairly constant calcium to magnesium molar ratio, implying congruent dissolution of magnesium-bearing minerals, whereas water samples from the Central Basin system had highly variable ratios, implying either incongruent dissolution or heterogeneity in soluble constituents of the aquifer matrix.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of radionuclides in water were low and not greatly different between aquifer systems. Median gross alpha activities were 0.54 picocuries per liter in water from each system; median gross beta activities were 1.1 and 2.3 picocuries per liter in water from the Highland Rim and Central Basin systems, respectively. Radon-222 concentrations were 559 and 422 picocuries per liter, respectively. Concentrations of gross alpha and radium in all samples were substantially less than Tennessee?s maximum permissible levels for community water-supply systems. The data indicated no relations between concentrations of dissolved radionuclides (uranium, radium-226, radium-228, radon-222, gross alpha, and gross beta) and any key indicators of water chemistry, except in water from the Highland Rim system, in which radon-222 was moderately related to pH and weakly related to dissolved magnesium. The only relation among radiochemical constituents indicated by the data was between radium-226 and gross alpha activity; this relation was indicated for water from both aquifer systems.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924092","usgsCitation":"Hileman, G.E., and Lee, R.W., 1993, Geochemistry of and radioactivity in ground water of the Highland Rim and Central Basin aquifer systems, Hickman and Maury counties, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4092, v, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924092.","productDescription":"v, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2210,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri924092/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_92_4092.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa6de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hileman, G. E.","contributorId":11639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hileman","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, R. W.","contributorId":86757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}