{"pageNumber":"136","pageRowStart":"3375","pageSize":"25","recordCount":4111,"records":[{"id":70243101,"text":"70243101 - 1991 - Magmatic evolution of the Gulf of California rift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-28T15:08:14.289977","indexId":"70243101","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T09:57:59","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"17","title":"Magmatic evolution of the Gulf of California rift","docAbstract":"Magmatic events in the Baja peninsula-Gulf of California region are closely related to sequential tectonic regimes of: (1) late Tertiary subduction beneath the continental margin until ~16 to 12.5 Ma; and (2) continental to oceanic rifting that began about 13 Ma. Orogenic calcalkaline volcanic rocks formed subparallel belts of rhyolite ignimbrite of Oligocene age (~34 to 27 Ma) east of the Gulf in the Sierra Madre Occidental and andesite of Miocene age (~24 to 11 Ma) along the eastern Baja peninsula. Shutoff of the Miocene andesitic arc broadly corresponds to migration of the Pacific-Farallon (Guadalupe)-North America triple junction along the Baja peninsula. Orogenic andesitic volcanism ended at ~16 Ma in northern Baja, and at ~11 Ma in southern Baja, within ~1 to 2 Ma of cessation of subduction. Waning orogenic magmatism persisted along the southern Baja peninsula during the initial stages of rifting.
Paleogeographic implications of the distribution of circum-Gulf volcanic rocks and their inferred easterly source areas suggest that, from about 13 to 8 Ma, the rift consisted of a narrow seaway along the eastern side of the present Gulf. By about 6 Ma, the Gulf had broadened westward to approximately its present width. The period from 13 to 10 Ma was a time of tectonic transition and magmatic diversity. During this interval, medium-K calcalkaline, high-K calcalkaline, alkalic, and tholeiitic magmas erupted from the central to southern part of the Baja peninsula-Gulf region, and from about 14 to 8 Ma, rhyolite ignimbrite erupted in the northern Gulf region. Since 10 Ma, volcanism on the western Baja peninsula has been dominated by alkalic magmas, the Gulf margins by calcalkaline magmas, and the Gulf by tholeiitic magmas. Postsubduction calcalkaline andesite to rhyolite erupted sporadically and locally along the northern Gulf margins from ~9 Ma through Holocene time.
Alkalic magmas associated with rifting in the Gulf of California are unlike alkalic magmas from intraplate settings. They comprise nepheline- to quartz-normative, basaltic to andesitic rocks characterized by diverse trace element ratios. They are broadly similar to intraplate alkalic rocks in having high K, P, Ba, Sr and the light REE (rare earth elements), but have some trace element characteristics typical of orogenic magmas (low Nb and Ta relative to K, Ba, Sr, and La) that distinguish these alkalic rocks from intraplate or cratonic rift alkalic rocks. Rb abundances (mostly <25 ppm, as low as 5 ppm) are unusually low in these alkalic rocks, both in contrast to the high K (~1.7-4.1 wt% K2O), Ba (~800-2200 ppm), and Sr (~1000-3700 ppm), and in comparison to Rb abundances in mafic lavas in general; many samples have Rb at levels typically found in low-K tholeiites. The high K/Rb ratios, mostly ~1000 to 5000, are among the highest reported for any lavas. Samples ranging in SiO2 from 48 to 61% have Mg’ ≥ 65, indicating that a broad range of compositions may represent primary melts. The generally high Mg’, and the low Rb, Th, Nb, and Ta in some lavas, suggest that depleted refractory mantle equivalent to a mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) source contributed to these melts. The distinctive trace element enrichments are attributed to the stabilization in the source of amphibole and apatite from metasomatic fluids related to prior subduction beneath the peninsula. In discrimination diagrams, these alkalic rocks typically cluster outside previously defined fields for various magma types. The common tectonic setting among these and geochemically similar alkalic suites is the occurrence in a continental margin that is undergoing extension, located along a recently or currently active convergent plate boundary.
Tholeiitic basalts have erupted since the earliest stages of continental rifting through development of oceanic spreading centers. Gulf of California tholeiites exhibit an evolution distinguished particularly by differences in rare-earth-element (REE) abundances. Early-rift magmas are similar in trace element geochemistry to some intraplate tholeiites from ocean islands and continental flood basalts, and have convex-upward REE patterns. The most recent tholeiites from the East Pacific Rise in the mouth of the Gulf are equivalent to N-MORB (normal mid-ocean ridge basalt) from other mid-ocean rifts, and are depleted in the light-REE. The transition in tholeiite geochemistry from intraplate tholeiite to MORB is attributed to progressive fusion of more refractory mantle components. Incipient-rift tholeiites are derived from selective fusion of clinopyroxenite veins, and with continued melting, N-MORB are formed by fusion of peridotite. This tholeiite sequence reflects the evolution of mantle source regions in rifts that sustain an ensialic to oceanic transition.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The gulf and peninsular province of the Californias","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/M47542C17","usgsCitation":"Sawlan, M.G., 1991, Magmatic evolution of the Gulf of California rift, chap. 17 of The gulf and peninsular province of the Californias, v. 47, p. 301-369, https://doi.org/10.1306/M47542C17.","productDescription":"69 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"369","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416499,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","state":"Baja California, Baja California Sur","otherGeospatial":"Baja Peninsula, Gulf of California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.11761402297938,\n 29.66542404561862\n ],\n [\n -113.13588379096325,\n 28.291512833781113\n ],\n [\n -112.93843137863928,\n 27.707433162738027\n ],\n [\n -111.76652147101399,\n 26.37583166098503\n ],\n [\n -110.90035663709921,\n 24.86120843654207\n ],\n [\n -110.94781207235468,\n 24.69915648754764\n ],\n [\n -110.53709692870075,\n 24.06326726571949\n ],\n [\n -109.88008548894408,\n 23.77056686691111\n ],\n [\n -109.42854797301953,\n 22.9076570229779\n ],\n [\n -108.77643128559652,\n 22.118242044095823\n ],\n [\n -106.63476070755956,\n 20.5680459094\n ],\n [\n -105.79728842041806,\n 20.3379651299596\n ],\n [\n -105.33557345228797,\n 21.23910229067502\n ],\n [\n -106.1108120686608,\n 21.74590578481289\n ],\n [\n -106.2346305444367,\n 22.777327556142723\n ],\n [\n -107.37174239542028,\n 23.951294201744858\n ],\n [\n -107.94193696602315,\n 24.251762343390283\n ],\n [\n -107.98068921445869,\n 24.65016113071262\n ],\n [\n -109.14012751789545,\n 25.41926335029882\n ],\n [\n -109.5507160196502,\n 25.99369731040028\n ],\n [\n -109.5888128852607,\n 26.437093521138024\n ],\n [\n -110.0779911737311,\n 26.872924004371214\n ],\n [\n -110.77501145330504,\n 27.787847238840328\n ],\n [\n -112.07434376373047,\n 28.458492088806537\n ],\n [\n -112.50531551906553,\n 29.1534290559634\n ],\n [\n -112.95843616290122,\n 29.75646217632797\n ],\n [\n -113.39527009235943,\n 29.942568100779283\n ],\n [\n -113.70180518480888,\n 30.38741645189097\n ],\n [\n -113.89717168044783,\n 30.64444794423875\n ],\n [\n -114.46304574515301,\n 30.203102936563056\n ],\n [\n -114.11761402297938,\n 29.66542404561862\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Dauphin, J. Paul","contributorId":304590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dauphin","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871051,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simoneit, Bernd R. T.","contributorId":51021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simoneit","given":"Bernd","email":"","middleInitial":"R. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871052,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Sawlan, Michael G. 0000-0003-0637-2051 msawlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0637-2051","contributorId":2291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawlan","given":"Michael","email":"msawlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70242853,"text":"70242853 - 1991 - The Briggs Creek Amphibolite, Klamath Mountains, Oregon: Its origin and dispersal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-20T13:43:58.67023","indexId":"70242853","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T08:29:21","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2869,"text":"New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Briggs Creek Amphibolite, Klamath Mountains, Oregon: Its origin and dispersal","docAbstract":"The Briggs Creek Amphibolite (BCA) in southwestern Oregon is an allochthonous slice of metamorphosed oceanic crust emplaced during the Nevadan orogenic event. Even though the evidence is not clear, the authors prefer to have the protolith for the BCA formed in a back‐arc basin contemporaneously as part of the Josephine Ophiolite during late Callovian to early Oxfordian. Although major rearrangement of some of the chemical elements took place during metamorphism, it is possible, by use of major and rare earth elements, to suggest that the BCA formed in an oceanic spreading centre rather than an island arc setting. Meta‐morphic mineral assemblages and composition of the hornblendes indicate that metamorphism attained amphibolite facies grade.
Widespread occurrence of allochthonous blocks of BCA in Western Oregon indicate that its dispersion following metamorphism can be related to the accretionary history of the continental margin. Westward thrusting of these blocks of BCA over the Chetco Arc during the Nevadan orogenic event provided blocks that slid into the outboard active Early Cretaceous trench. These blocks were then incorporated into the downgoing subduction complex and overprinted by high P/T metamorphic assemblages. Tectonic blocks within the Early Cretaceous Otter Point trench melange (Franciscan Complex equivalent) contain amphibolites correlated with the BCA and overprinted by high P/T mineral assemblages.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00288306.1991.9514465","usgsCitation":"Coleman, R.G., and Lanphere, M.A., 1991, The Briggs Creek Amphibolite, Klamath Mountains, Oregon: Its origin and dispersal: New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, v. 34, no. 3, p. 271-284, https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1991.9514465.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"284","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1991.9514465","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":416059,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Briggs Creek Amphibolite, Klamath Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.98108618947856,\n 42.56605373676612\n ],\n [\n -123.98108618947856,\n 42.23685035345264\n ],\n [\n -123.62344318265656,\n 42.23685035345264\n ],\n [\n -123.62344318265656,\n 42.56605373676612\n ],\n [\n -123.98108618947856,\n 42.56605373676612\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coleman, Robert G.","contributorId":88022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":870011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70184475,"text":"70184475 - 1991 - Birds of the Kilbuck and Ahklun mountain region, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T11:02:21","indexId":"70184475","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":58,"text":"North American Fauna","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"title":"Birds of the Kilbuck and Ahklun mountain region, Alaska","docAbstract":"Between 1952 and 1988, we studied the abundance, distribution, occurrence, and habitats used by birds in the northwest portion of Bristol Bay and the adjacent Kilbuck and Ahklun mountains. In the 809 days we were present, we conducted 53 studies or surveys of birds in the region. We gathered information on 185 species, of which 65% (121) nested, 10% (19) probably nested, and 11% (21) were permanent residents in the region. Most breeding or probably breeding forms were of North American (58%; 81) or Beringian (24%; 33) affinity, while the remainder of the species were of Panboreal (17%; 24) and Old World (1%; 2) affinity. Similarly, most of the 44 migrants and visitants were of North American (41%; 18) affinity, while the remainder were of Beringian (32%; 14) and Panboreal (27%; 12) affinity. Of the 140 species that nested or probably nested, 53% (73) were abundant to fairly common, 29% (40) were uncommon to very rare, and 20% (27) were localized. Shrub thicket, dwarf shrub mat, coniferous forest, deciduous forest, mixed deciduous-coniferous forest, and fluviatile water and shoreline habitats supported the greatest diversity of species breeding and suspected of breeding. The highest concentrations of birds occurred in the estuaries of Nanvak, Chagvan, and Goodnews bays during spring and fall migrations and on the coastal and island cliffs during the breeding season.
The information presented here provides the basis for range extensions of several species. Our records further clarify the known or probable Alaska breeding ranges of 11 species (fork-tailed storm-petrel, Oceanodroma furcata; double-crested cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus; red-faced cormorant, Phatacrocorax utile, brant, Branta bernicla; king eider, Somateria spectabilis; white-tailed ptarmigan, Lagopus leucurus; black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola; Pacific golden-plover, Pluvialis fulva; lesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes; Say's phoebe, Sayomis saya; and Bohemian waxwing, Bombycilla garrulus). We also provide further information on distributions or documentation of unusual occurrences for nine taxa (frigatebird, Fregata spp.; Baikal teal, Anas formosa; American kestrel, Falco sparverius; Terek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus; bristle-thighed curlew, Numenius tahitiensis; slaty-backed gull, Larus schistisagus; rufous hummingbird, Selasphorus rufus; song sparrow, Melospiza melodia; and red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus). We provide quantitative data on the coastal migration of 11 species along Bristol Bay (red-throated loon, Gavia stellata; Pacific loon, Gavia pacifica; pelagic cormorant, Phalacrocorax pelagicus; emperor goose, Chen canagica; brant; Steller's eider, Polysticta stellen; common eider, Somateria mollissima; king eider; black scoter, Melanina nigra; white-winged scoter, Melanina fusca; and surf scoter, Melanina perspicillatd). We document changes in nesting densities, differences in numbers, or habitat variations of 32 species in response to human activities (e.g., semipalmated plover, Charadrius semipalmatus; arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea; tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor, varied thrush, Ixoreus naevius; yellow-rumped warbler, Dendroica coronata; and American tree sparrow, Spizella arborea). We report the changes in a major colony of Aleutian terns (Sterna aleatico) at irregular intervals over 50 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","doi":"10.3996/nafa.76.0001","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M.R., Weir, D.N., and Dick, M.H., 1991, Birds of the Kilbuck and Ahklun mountain region, Alaska: North American Fauna, v. 76, 158 p., https://doi.org/10.3996/nafa.76.0001.","productDescription":"158 p.","numberOfPages":"158","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700997/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":337278,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Ahklun mountains, Bristol Bay, Kilbuck mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -162.98217773437497,\n 58.29217023514878\n ],\n [\n -157.752685546875,\n 58.29217023514878\n ],\n [\n -157.752685546875,\n 61.93378188781818\n ],\n [\n -162.98217773437497,\n 61.93378188781818\n ],\n [\n -162.98217773437497,\n 58.29217023514878\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c951e4b0f37a93ee9b86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weir, Douglas N.","contributorId":187773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weir","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dick, Matthew H.","contributorId":187774,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dick","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016851,"text":"70016851 - 1991 - Geology of the Bayan Obo iron-rare-earth-niobium deposits, Inner Mongolia, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70016851","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geology of the Bayan Obo iron-rare-earth-niobium deposits, Inner Mongolia, China","docAbstract":"The plate tectonic setting, regional geology, and certain aspects of the economic geology of the iron-rare-earth-niobium ore bodies at Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, China, were studied by a team of geologists from the Tianjin Geologic Research Academy and the U.S. Geological Survey between 1987 and 1989. These ore bodies were formed by hydrothermal replacement of Middle Proterozoic dolomite in an intracontinental rift setting. A variety of veins and/or dikes that have a carbonatite-like mineralogy cut the footwall clastic rocks and migmatites. The hanging wall is a shale that has been converted to a K-metasomatite and has microcrystalline potassium feldspar as its principal constituent. This shale served as a scaling caprock that contained the chemical solutions that reacted with the dolomite and created the enormous concentration of mineralized rock in an 18-kilometer-long syncline. The rocks that host these ore bodies and the associated mineralized areas occur today as roof pendants in granitoid rocks of Permian age.","largerWorkTitle":"Preprint - Society of Mining Engineers of AIME","conferenceTitle":"1991 SME Annual Meeting","conferenceDate":"25 February 1991 through 28 February 1991","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Soc of Mining Engineers of AIME","publisherLocation":"Littleton, CO, United States","usgsCitation":"Drew, L., Qingrun, M., and Weijun, S., 1991, Geology of the Bayan Obo iron-rare-earth-niobium deposits, Inner Mongolia, China, in Preprint - Society of Mining Engineers of AIME, Denver, CO, USA, 25 February 1991 through 28 February 1991.","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2508e4b0c8380cd585b0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536352,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Qingrun, M.","contributorId":46228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qingrun","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weijun, S.","contributorId":35472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weijun","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016410,"text":"70016410 - 1991 - Intrusion of horizontal dikes: tectonic significance of Middle Proterozoic diabase sheets widespread in the upper crust of the southwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T23:18:03.505743","indexId":"70016410","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intrusion of horizontal dikes: tectonic significance of Middle Proterozoic diabase sheets widespread in the upper crust of the southwestern United States","docAbstract":"Initially horizontal sheet intrusions of Middle Proterozoic diabase are abundant in a region 650 by 300 km across in Arizona and California. The diabase forms discordant sheets in basement granite and gneiss and sills in overlying shelf sedimentary sequences. Massive granite is the most common basement host for the sheets, probably because it fractured more easily than foliated hosts during sheet emplacement. Steep feeder dikes are rare compared to the sheets. The diabase in many places is exposed in fault blocks that were tilted during Tertiary tectonic extension. Structure sections restored from the map patterns of upended blocks show that the sheets were intruded at levels throughout the upper crust, to depths of at least 13 km. Sheet intrusion implies a vertical orientation of the least compressive stress, so I conclude that the crust was under tectonic compression or in an isotropic state of stress at the time of diabase intrusion about 1.1 Ga. Magma overpressures, water encountered by rising magma, vertical changes in the crustal stress regime, and flotation of low-density granite all may be important factors for sheet intrusion. The stress conditions suggested by the presence of the sheets argue against an extensional tectonic regime earlier proposed for the diabase event. The diabase province contrasts structurally with similar-age provinces of basaltic magmatism elsewhere in North America that show evidence of tectonic extension, such as the midcontinent rift. The consistent orientations of the sheets commonly allow them to be used as structural markers for postdiabase deformation of basement blocks. Sheet intrusions in the geologic record may be seriously underreported. Their recognition is important for the interpretation of seismic reflection profiles of continental crust. Sheets in Arizona may be responsible for the Bagdad reflection sequence, which extends to depths of at least 15 km.
Sera collected from cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss surviving outbreaks of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) or viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) were examined for the presence of antibodies to both of the causative viruses, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and Egtved virus (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus: VHSV). Sera were screened with three serological tests: 50% plaque neutralization test (PNT), immunofluorescence (IF), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In sera from 20 rainbow trout surviving IHN, antibodies to IHNV were detected in 9 fish by PNT, in 12 fish by IF, and in 9 fish by ELISA. In these sera, antibodies cross-reacting with VHSV were rare (detected in 0 fish by PNT, in 1 by IF, and in 1 by ELISA). In sera from 20 rainbow trout surviving VHS, antibodies to VHSV were detected in 9 fish by PNT, in 16 fish by IF, and in 18 fish by ELISA. A considerable percentage of the VHS-survivor sera contained antibodies that cross-reacted with IHNV, as detected by ELISA (16 fish) and 1F (7 fish) but not by PNT (0 fish). The three serological tests appear to be useful tools for IHNV and VHSV epidemiology; however, the presence of cross-reacting antibodies in some sera suggests caution when farms require specific pathogen-free certification for one of the viruses in the presence of the other.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(1991)003<0100:IHNIAV>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Vestergard Jorgensen, P.E., Olesen, N., Lorenzen, N., Winton, J., and Ristow, S., 1991, Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS): Detection of the trout antibodies to the causative viruses by means of plaque neutralization, immunofluorescence, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 3, no. 2, p. 100-108, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1991)003<0100:IHNIAV>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"100","endPage":"108","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334581,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58945336e4b0fa1e59b8680d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vestergard Jorgensen, P. E.","contributorId":66806,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vestergard Jorgensen","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olesen, N.J.","contributorId":179023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olesen","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lorenzen, N.","contributorId":92461,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lorenzen","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ristow, S.S.","contributorId":13781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ristow","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70016478,"text":"70016478 - 1991 - Geochemistry of a Tertiary sedimentary phosphate deposit: Baja California Sur, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:38:05","indexId":"70016478","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of a Tertiary sedimentary phosphate deposit: Baja California Sur, Mexico","docAbstract":"The San Gregorio Formation in Baja California Sur, a phosphate-enriched sedimentary unit of late Oligocene to early Miocene age, has been analyzed in two areas (La Purisima and San Hilario) for its chemical composition (major oxides, Cu, Cd, Cr, Co, V, and rare-earth elements - REE) and isotopic composition (??18O and ??13C). A detrital and a marine component were determined from major oxides. The detrital component consists of an unaltered volcanic-ash fraction and a terrigenous clay-silt fraction. The marine component, which accumulated initially as biogenic and hydrogenous material, is now present as opal-A, opal-CT, CaCO3, organic matter, and an authigenic phosphate fraction, mostly pelletal and composed of the carbonate-fluorapatite mineral francolite. The minor elements have been partitioned into these components by assuming a constant composition for the two detrital fractions. The composition of the marine component of minor elements can then be interpreted by assuming that the stoichiometry of the original accumulating organic matter was equal to that of modern plankton. The Cu and Cd contents in the marine component of all rocks require that the seawater-derived fractions of these two metals were supplied to the seafloor solely by organic matter. Enrichments of Cr and V at both sites required an additional marine input. On the basis of their geochemistry in the modern ocean, Cr and V could have precipitated, or been adsorbed, onto settling particles from an O2 minimum zone in which the O2 content was low enough to promote denitrification rather than oxygen respiration. An enrichment of the REE, now within the apatite fraction, resulted from their adsorption onto particulates also in the O2 minimum zone and to the dissolution and alteration of biogenic phases (predominantly silica) within the sediment. Co and Fe2O3 show no enrichment above a detrital contribution. The ??18O-values of apatites from the La Purisima site are heavier than those of apatites from the San Hilario site, whereas the ??13C-values show the opposite trend. One possible interpretation of these variations is that ??18O reflects seawater values and ??13C sediment pore water values. This interpretation suggests that upwelling rates and primary productivity within the water column were greater at La Purisima, an interpretation that is corroborated by a greater abundance of apatite measured in outcrop at La Purisima. The Ce anomalies of the phosphate-enriched samples also differ between the two sites, indicating that they also recorded water masses, similar to the ??18O-values. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(91)90075-3","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Piper, D., 1991, Geochemistry of a Tertiary sedimentary phosphate deposit: Baja California Sur, Mexico: Chemical Geology, v. 92, no. 4, p. 283-316, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90075-3.","startPage":"283","endPage":"316","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266077,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90075-3"},{"id":223224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16eae4b0c8380cd552ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016788,"text":"70016788 - 1991 - Major element, REE, and Pb, Nd and Sr isotopic geochemistry of Cenozoic volcanic rocks of eastern China: Implications for their origin from suboceanic-type mantle reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-09T01:09:35.74672","indexId":"70016788","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Major element, REE, and Pb, Nd and Sr isotopic geochemistry of Cenozoic volcanic rocks of eastern China: Implications for their origin from suboceanic-type mantle reservoirs","docAbstract":"Major- and rare-earth-element (REE) concentrations and U![\"single](\"https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/55/entities/sbnd.gif\")
ThPb, SmNd, and RbSr isotope systematics are reported for Cenozoic volcanic rocks from northeastern and eastern China. These volcanic rocks, characteristically lacking the calc-alkaline suite of orogenic belts, were emplaced in a rift system which formed in response to the subduction of the western Pacific plate beneath the eastern Asiatic continental margin. The rocks sampled range from basanite and alkali olivine basalt, through olivine tholeiite and quartz tholeiite, to potassic basalts, alkali trachytes, pantellerite, and limburgite. These rock suites represent the volcanic centers of Datong, Hanobar, Kuandian, Changbaishan and Wudalianchi in northeastern China, and Mingxi in the Fujian Province of eastern China.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(91)90127-4","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Basu, A.R., Wang, J., Huang, W., Xie, G., and Tatsumoto, M., 1991, Major element, REE, and Pb, Nd and Sr isotopic geochemistry of Cenozoic volcanic rocks of eastern China: Implications for their origin from suboceanic-type mantle reservoirs: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 105, no. 1-3, p. 149-169, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90127-4.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"169","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479770,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(91)90127-4","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":225184,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c0fe4b0c8380cd6999f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Basu, A. R.","contributorId":99697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basu","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Junwen","contributorId":17768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Junwen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huang, Wankang","contributorId":11771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"Wankang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Xie, Guanghong","contributorId":83677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xie","given":"Guanghong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70016736,"text":"70016736 - 1991 - Some Nd and Sr isotopic systematics for the REE-enriched deposit at Bayan Obo, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:40:09","indexId":"70016736","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some Nd and Sr isotopic systematics for the REE-enriched deposit at Bayan Obo, China","docAbstract":"Sm/1bNd and Rb/1bSr isotopic systematics have been determined for rare-earth element (REE) rich samples of carbonate, iron ore, and silicate types from the world's largest known REE deposit at Bayan Obo, China. The results yielded neither Rb/1bSr nor Sm/1bNd isochrons within analytical error. Isochronous relationships may have been disturbed in part by younger events. Modes in isotopic composition suggest two Sr reservoirs; the low 87Sr 86Sr ratios of 0.703 and 0.704 measured for two carbonates may be of mantle origin. The Sm/1bNd data delineate a trend at ??? 1 Ga; this trend might represent a disturbed fractionation event or mixing of Nd reservoirs. The REE ores could not have formed in a single fractionation event during the igneous activity at 260 Ma. Model ages suggest that the ore REE were isolated from mantle sources between ??? 1.7 and ??? 1.3 Ga. This time period hosts major anorogenic igneous activity, including anorthosites, and a number of other unusual REE iron ores. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(91)90098-C","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Philpotts, J., Tatsumoto, M., Li, X., and Wang, K., 1991, Some Nd and Sr isotopic systematics for the REE-enriched deposit at Bayan Obo, China: Chemical Geology, v. 90, no. 3-4, p. 177-188, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90098-C.","startPage":"177","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266079,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90098-C"},{"id":224458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9269e4b08c986b319eda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Philpotts, J.","contributorId":75016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Philpotts","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Li, X.","contributorId":67635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wang, K.","contributorId":55975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70016701,"text":"70016701 - 1991 - Capture zones for simple aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T22:33:11.851893","indexId":"70016701","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Capture zones for simple aquifers","docAbstract":"Abstract. The protection and cleanup of aquifers is a matter of high priority for all states and the federal government. One concept that is receiving increased attention is that of wellhead protection. Capture zones showing the area influenced by a well within a certain time are useful for both aquifer protection and cleanup. If hydrodynamic dispersion is neglected, a deterministic curve defines the capture zone. Analytical expressions for the capture zones can be derived for simple aquifers. However, the capture zone equations are transcendental and cannot be explicitly solved for the coordinates of the capture zone boundary. Fortunately, an iterative scheme allows the solution to proceed quickly and efficiently even on a modest personal computer. Three forms of the analytical solution must be used in an iterative scheme to cover the entire region of interest, after the extreme values of the x coordinate are determined by an iterative solution. The resulting solution is a discrete one, and usually 100-1000 intervals along the x-axis are necessary for a smooth definition of the capture zone. The presented program is written in FORTRAN and has been used in a variety of computing environments. No graphics capability is included with the program; it is assumed the user has access to a commercial package. The superposition of capture zones for multiple wells is expected to be satisfactory if the spacing is not too close. Because this program deals with simple aquifers, the results rarely will be the final word in a real application. However, the program is useful as a first phase in developing wellhead protection or aquifer cleanup schemes.
A newly recognized suite of trondhjemite–tonalite and dacitic gneiss forms a 10 km wide belt of rocks within the Mount Holly Complex in the central part of the Green Mountain massif of Vermont. Field relationships and chemistry indicate that these gneisses are calc-alkaline, volcanic, and hypabyssal plutonic rocks older than the Middle Proterozoic regional deformation that affected the Mount Holly Complex. U–Pb zircon dates indicate ages as great as 1.35 Ga for crystallization of the volcanic protoliths and for intrusion of crosscutting trondhjemite. Tonalitic plutonism continued until 1.31 Ga.Map-scale contacts between the trondhjemitic–tonalitic–dacitic gneisses and the paragneiss sequence of the Mount Holly Complex are sharp, suggesting that the volcanic rocks of the trondhjemite–tonalite suite underlie the paragneiss units and do not intrude them. These relationships suggest that the trondhjemite–tonalite suite is either considerably older than, and unconformable beneath, the paragneiss cover rocks or represents a volcanic edifice slightly older than the deposition of the sedimentary precursor to the paragneiss units. The paragneiss and tonalite–trondhjemite gneisses are both intruded by younger granitoids that were intruded at about 1.25 Ga during strong dynamothermal metamorphism.The trondhjemitic gneisses of the Mount Holly Complex of Vermont have high Al2O3 and low Yb contents and light rare-earth element enrichment patterns that are more characteristic of continental than oceanic volcanic arcs. The Mount Holly intrusives and volcanics may have formed during 1.35–1.31 Ga ensialic volcanic-arc activity, contemporaneous with ensimatic arc activity during the early part of the Elzevirian phase of the Grenville orogeny. In Vermont, later deformation and granite intrusion at about 1.25 Ga coincide with the major pulse of the Elzevirian orogeny and associated trondhjemitic plutonism in the Central Metasedimentary Belt of eastern Canada.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e91-007","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Ratcliffe, N.M., Aleinikoff, J.N., Burton, W., and Karabinos, P., 1991, Trondhjemitic, 1.35-1.31 Ga gneisses of the Mount Holly Complex of Vermont: evidence for an Elzevirian event in the Grenville Basement of the United States Appalachians: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 28, no. 1, p. 77-93, https://doi.org/10.1139/e91-007.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"93","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223014,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Mountains, Green Mountain Massif, Mount Holly Complex","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.18804873081775,\n 42.982419440295075\n ],\n [\n -72.84188603089605,\n 42.97826782801144\n ],\n [\n -72.79365024484139,\n 43.28886064626457\n ],\n [\n -73.00361778413804,\n 43.29505641101093\n ],\n [\n -73.18804873081775,\n 42.982419440295075\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb881e4b08c986b3278c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ratcliffe, N. M.","contributorId":80691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliffe","given":"N.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. N. 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":75132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, W.C.","contributorId":41439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Karabinos, P.","contributorId":72153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karabinos","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70016491,"text":"70016491 - 1991 - Origins of acid fluids in geothermal reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:42","indexId":"70016491","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Origins of acid fluids in geothermal reservoirs","docAbstract":"Acid fluids in geothermal reservoirs are rare. Their occurrence in geothermal systems associated with recent volcanism (Tatun, Sumikawa, Miravalles) probably indicates that the geothermal reservoir fluid was derived from volcanic fluid incompletely neutralized by reaction with feldspars and micas. Superheated steam containing HCl (Larderello, The Geysers) forms acid where it condenses or mixes with liquid at moderate temperatures (<300??C). The origin of steam with HCl is reaction of NaCl solid with rock minerals at high temperatures (>325??C). Cryptoacidity occurs at Los Humeros where HCl acidity is formed and neutralized without reaching the surface.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"1991 Annual Meeting of the Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceDate":"6 October 1991 through 9 October 1991","conferenceLocation":"Sparks, NV, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, United States","issn":"01935933","isbn":"0934412693","usgsCitation":"Truesdell, A., 1991, Origins of acid fluids in geothermal reservoirs, in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 15, Sparks, NV, USA, 6 October 1991 through 9 October 1991, p. 289-296.","startPage":"289","endPage":"296","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7116e4b0c8380cd7644b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Truesdell, Alfred","contributorId":100540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truesdell","given":"Alfred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016475,"text":"70016475 - 1991 - Modelling the petrogenesis of high Rb/Sr silicic magmas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:37:08","indexId":"70016475","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling the petrogenesis of high Rb/Sr silicic magmas","docAbstract":"Rhyolites can be highly evolved with Sr contents as low as 0.1 ppm and Rb Sr > 2,000. In contrast, granite batholiths are commonly comprised of rocks with Rb Sr < 10 and only rarely > 100. Mass-balance modelling of source compositions, differentiation and contamination using the trace-element geochemistry of granites are therefore commonly in error because of the failure to account for evolved differentiates that may have been erupted from the system. Rhyolitic magmas with very low Sr concentrations (???1 ppm) cannot be explained by any partial melting models involving typical crustal source compositions. The only plausible mechanism for the production of such rhyolites is Rayleigh fractional crystallization involving substantial volumes of cumulates. A variety of methods for modelling the differentiation of magmas with extremely high Rb/Sr is discussed. In each case it is concluded that the bulk partition coefficients for Sr have to be large. In the simplest models, the bulk DSr of the most evolved types is modelled as > 50. Evidence from phenocryst/glass/whole-rock concentrations supports high Sr partition coefficients in feldspars from high silica rhyolites. However, the low modal abundance of plagioclase commonly observed in such rocks is difficult to reconcile with such simple fractionation models of the observed trace-element trends. In certain cases, this may be because the apparent trace-element trend defined by the suite of cognetic rhyolites is the product of different batches of magma with separate differentiation histories accumulating in the magma chamber roof zone. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(91)90051-R","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Halliday, A.N., Davidson, J., Hildreth, W., and Holden, P., 1991, Modelling the petrogenesis of high Rb/Sr silicic magmas: Chemical Geology, v. 92, no. 1-3, p. 107-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90051-R.","startPage":"107","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479714,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90051-r","text":"External Repository"},{"id":266076,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90051-R"},{"id":223271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c78e4b0c8380cd6fd0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halliday, A. N.","contributorId":87663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halliday","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davidson, J.P.","contributorId":16123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidson","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holden, P.","contributorId":26075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holden","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70016436,"text":"70016436 - 1991 - An AEM-TEM study of weathering and diagenesis, Abert Lake, Oregon: II. Diagenetic modification of the sedimentary assemblage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T14:59:40.538409","indexId":"70016436","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An AEM-TEM study of weathering and diagenesis, Abert Lake, Oregon: II. Diagenetic modification of the sedimentary assemblage","docAbstract":"This paper compares the mineralogy and chemistry of clay minerals in sediments from various depths and positions in Abert Lake and surrounding playa with those of the weathered materials entering the lake in order to reveal the nature and extent of post-depositional mineralogical modification.
Analytical electron microscope (AEM) data from individual clay particles reveal that each sample is comprised of a highly inhomogeneous smectite assemblage. The thin clay flakes (commonly less than 10 nm wide) display a complete range in octahedral sheet compositions from nearly dioctahedral to nearly trioctahedral. The very abundant Mg-rich lake smectites with an estimated composition K0.29(Al0.23-Mg2.16Fe0.30)Si3.80Al0.20O10(OH)2 are not formed by weathering. This confirms the importance of diagenetic Mg uptake. Lattice-fringe imaging failed to reveal distinct brucite-like or vermiculite-like layers, suggesting that interstratifications of this type are rare or absent. Siliceous coatings on clay particles (identified by silica excess in smectite analyses) seem to favor topotactic overgrowth of stevensite rather than addition of brucite-like layers to the dioctahedral nuclei. The growth of K-stevensite dilutes the Al content of the crystal, and thus the increasing diagenetic modification reduces rather than supplements its illite component.
Smectite compositions within individual samples were highly variable, yet source-related characteristics such as the abundance of Fe-rich smectite were apparent. Little evidence for systematic K or Mg enrichment with depth was identified in samples from depths of down to 16 feet below the sediment-water interface. The most magnesian assemblages are associated both with weathering sources of Mg-rich smectite and playa environments subjected to repeated wetting and drying cycles. Thus, the observations suggest that clay compositions primarily reflect changes in lake levels, brine composition, and source characteristics, rather than time and depth/compaction effects. Other diagenetic reactions in the sediment include recrystallization of Na-rich silica gel and diatom fragments. Abundant, submicron-sized, untwinned, euhedral crystals of K-feldspar are interpreted to be authigenic in origin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90445-B","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Banfield, J., Jones, B., and Veblen, D., 1991, An AEM-TEM study of weathering and diagenesis, Abert Lake, Oregon: II. Diagenetic modification of the sedimentary assemblage: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 10, p. 2795-2810, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90445-B.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2795","endPage":"2810","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479778,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90445-b","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":223068,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9cde4b0c8380cd48480","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banfield, J.F.","contributorId":48710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banfield","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, B.F.","contributorId":52156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Veblen, D.R.","contributorId":25300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veblen","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016435,"text":"70016435 - 1991 - Origin of xenoliths in the trachyte at Puu Waawaa, Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-26T20:52:22.017441","indexId":"70016435","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of xenoliths in the trachyte at Puu Waawaa, Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Rare dunite and 2-pyroxene gabbro xenoliths occur in banded trachyte at Puu Waawaa on Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii. Mineral compositions suggest that these xenoliths formed as cumulates of tholeiitic basalt at shallow depth in a subcaldera magma reservoir. Subsequently, the minerals in the xenoliths underwent subsolidus reequilibration that particularly affected chromite compositions by decreasing their Mg numbers. In addition, olivine lost CaO and plagioclase lost MgO and Fe2O3 during subsolidus reequilibration. The xenoliths also reacted with the host trachyte to form secondary mica, amphibole, and orthopyroxene, and to further modify the compositions of some olivine, clinopyroxene, and spinel grains. The reaction products indicate that the host trachyte melt was hydrous. Clinopyroxene in one dunite sample and olivine in most dunite samples have undergone partial melting, apparently in response to addition of water to the xenolith. These xenoliths do not contain CO2 fluid inclusions, so common in xenoliths from other localities on Hualalai, which suggests that CO2 was introduced from alkalic basalt magma between the time CO2-inclusion-free xenoliths erupted at 106??6 ka and the time CO2-inclusion-rich xenoliths erupted within the last 15 ka.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00303448","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Clague, D.A., and Bohrson, W.A., 1991, Origin of xenoliths in the trachyte at Puu Waawaa, Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 108, no. 4, p. 439-452, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00303448.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"452","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hualalai Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.258544921875,\n 19.528730138897643\n ],\n [\n -155.775146484375,\n 19.528730138897643\n ],\n [\n -155.775146484375,\n 20.076570104545173\n ],\n [\n -156.258544921875,\n 20.076570104545173\n ],\n [\n -156.258544921875,\n 19.528730138897643\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a710fe4b0c8380cd7641a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, David A.","contributorId":77105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohrson, Wendy A.","contributorId":55024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohrson","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016412,"text":"70016412 - 1991 - Oligocene basaltic volcanism of the northern Rio Grande Rift: San Luis Hills, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T23:13:47.593991","indexId":"70016412","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oligocene basaltic volcanism of the northern Rio Grande Rift: San Luis Hills, Colorado","docAbstract":"The inception of the Rio Grande rift in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado was accompanied by voluminous mafic volcanism preserved in part as erosional remnants on an intrarift horst within the current axial rift graben of the San Luis Valley. Oligocene (∼26 Ma) volcanic rocks of the Hinsdale Formation at San Luis Hills range from 49 to 57 wt % SiO2 and include nepheline and hypersthene normative lavas. A mildly alkalic series consisting of trachybasalt, basaltic trachyandesite, and trachyandesite is volumetrically dominant, olivine tholeiites are subordinate, and xenocrystic trachyandesites containing abundant quartz and plagioclase xenocrysts occur only locally. Relative to the San Luis Hills olivine tholeiites which have La/Smn ∼ 2, the more alkaline series are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE) and have La/Sm ratios that increase in the trachybasalt-basaltic trachyandesite suite (La/Smn ∼ 3) to xenocrystic trachyandesites that are the most LREE enriched (La/Smn ∼ 4). Chondrite-normalized, trace element patterns for the lavas in the San Luis Hills are similar in shape within the mildly alkaline to transitional series; they have characteristic Nb and Ta depletions and high K and Th relative to Ta, Nb, and LREE. Major and trace element constraints support a petrogenetic model of fractionation plus lower crustal assimilation for petrologic suites within the San Luis Hills rocks, although the model cannot relate lavas for the entire series to a common parent. Most mafic lavas of the San Luis Hills were evolved (Mg # <60) and contaminated by LREE-enriched silicic partial melts of granulitic lower crust depleted in Rb, Th, and U. Pb isotopes are the most sensitive indicators of crustal contamination, whereas shifts in Nd and Sr isotope ratios are associated with large amounts of assimilation. However, relatively noncontaminated lavas can be identified and indicate at least two mantle source regions were involved.
Drilling through Quaternary alluvium and Tertiary cover at low-gravity anomalies in northwestern Bangladesh showed the presence of Permian sedimentary rocks in depressions that may be as much as a thousand meters deep in the crystalline basement. These Permian strata include low-sulfur, high-volatile bituminous coals in beds as thick as 15 m. The maceral group composition of these coals was determined by semiautomated reflectance scanning with a motorized microscope stage, rather than by point counting. This method was chosen to give objectively recorded raw analytical data and to provide a graphical picture of each sample. The coals are mostly “Gondwana” type (poorly layered “plum pudding” with abundant minerals and inertinite in a vitrinite groundmass) that would be classed as semi-dull (inerto-gelitite) coals. However, six samples have more than 70% vitrinite. None of the samples would be classed as sapropelic (liptinitic). The upper, middle, and lower main seams in borehole GDH-45 were sampled in 10 benches (0.1–3 m thick) each. Inertinite ranges from 7 to 100 vol% (mineral free basis) in individual benches, but composite seam averages are 41, 54 and 67%. Inertinite increases toward the top of two main seams so the bottom would yield the most valuable first mine slices. Some benches with extremely high inertinite content, such as the top 7 m of the lower thick seam, might be mined specially for blending with foreign low-inert coals to increase coke strength. The free swelling index reaches 7.5 in several vitrinite-rich benches, which can indicate good coking coal. Much of the vitrinite is fluorescent, which indicates secondary bituminization characteristic of vitrinite in good coking coals. Ash yields range from 8 to 52%, with composite seam averages of 15, 14 and 24%. Rare visible pyrite is in veinlets or small nodules; framboids and dispersed pyrite are absent. In borehole GDH-40 near Barapukuria (200–500 m depth), the mean random reflectance of vitrinite “A” ranges from 0.60 to 0.80% Ro and vitrinite “B” ranges from 0.55 to 0.65%. In borehole GDH-45 near Khalaspir (287–442 m), the reflectance of vitrinite ranges from 0.79 to 0.94%. In individual cases, the vitrinite is difficult to define because of semivitrinite at higher reflectance (forming a separate peak on several reflectograms) and because of surface bitumen films or resinous (?) inclusions at lower reflectance. On the basis of vitrinite reflectance, the coals can be considered to have entered the “main phase of bitumen generation” of organic thermal maturation as understood in petroleum geochemistry.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(91)90106-T","usgsCitation":"Bostick, N., Betterton, W.J., Gluskoter, H.J., and Nazrul, I.M., 1991, Petrography of Permian “Gondwana” coals from boreholes in northwestern Bangladesh, based on semiautomated reflectance scanning: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 4, p. 399-413, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(91)90106-T.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"413","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223319,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bangladesh","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[92.67272,22.04124],[92.65226,21.32405],[92.30323,21.47549],[92.36855,20.67088],[92.08289,21.1922],[92.02522,21.70157],[91.83489,22.18294],[91.41709,22.76502],[90.49601,22.80502],[90.58696,22.39279],[90.27297,21.83637],[89.84747,22.03915],[89.70205,21.85712],[89.41886,21.96618],[89.03196,22.05571],[88.87631,22.87915],[88.52977,23.63114],[88.69994,24.23371],[88.08442,24.50166],[88.30637,24.86608],[88.93155,25.23869],[88.20979,25.76807],[88.56305,26.44653],[89.35509,26.01441],[89.83248,25.96508],[89.92069,25.26975],[90.87221,25.1326],[91.7996,25.14743],[92.3762,24.97669],[91.91509,24.13041],[91.46773,24.07264],[91.15896,23.50353],[91.70648,22.98526],[91.86993,23.62435],[92.14603,23.6275],[92.67272,22.04124]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Bangladesh\"}}]}","volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a77a5e4b0c8380cd78549","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bostick, Neely","contributorId":24080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bostick","given":"Neely","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Betterton, William J. wbettert@usgs.gov","contributorId":2572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betterton","given":"William","email":"wbettert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":373441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gluskoter, Harold J. halg@usgs.gov","contributorId":21319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gluskoter","given":"Harold","email":"halg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":259,"text":"Energy Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":373444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nazrul, Islam M.","contributorId":49523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nazrul","given":"Islam","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70016344,"text":"70016344 - 1991 - Late Neogene marine Ostracoda from Tjornes, Iceland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-19T00:06:23.391777","indexId":"70016344","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Neogene marine Ostracoda from Tjornes, Iceland","docAbstract":"On the western side of the Tjörnes Peninsula in northern Iceland exposures of fossiliferous marine sediments, basalts, and glacial tills record the climatic history of this region of the North Atlantic Ocean. Seventy-five marine ostracode species were recovered from the Pliocene Tjörnes sediments and Quaternary sediments known as the Breidavik beds. The ostracode assemblages contain many warm-water genera that do not inhabit Iceland today and indicate early to middle Pliocene (4.5–3.0 Ma) winter and summer bottom-water temperatures that averaged 5–6°C and 14–16°C, respectively (maximum 20°C in summer, rarely below 3°C in winter except during a brief cooling 3.5–3.2 Ma). An intensified North Atlantic Drift and a diminished or absent East Greenland Current account for warm-water oceanographic conditions at 66°N. Late Pliocene marine climates were cooler with winter and summer averages of about 9°C and 8°C. Early Pleistocene ostracode assemblages dated at 1.7–1.3 Ma contain extant arctic–subarctic species that indicate winter and summer temperatures of about − 1.5°C and 4–5°C. New species Bensonocythere eirikssoni, Robertsonites williamsi, Hemicythere rekaensis, Thaerocythere mayburyae, Thaerocythere whatleyi, Leptocythere tjornesensis, Tetracytherura bardarsoni, and Cytheromorpha einarssoni are described.
Immunological assays were developed to test for the effects of immunisation with Aeromonas salmonicida O antigen bacterin in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in vitro and in vivo. Trout spleen sections were immunised in vitro by incubation in media containing 100, 10, and 1 μg ml−1 of the A. salmonicida O antigen. After 10 days at 15°C, the individual sections were minced and cell suspensions assayed for the effects of the bacterin on non-specific and specific immune responses. Assays of the cell suspensions showed that the neutrophil oxidative activity, phagocytic capabilities, numbers of plaque-forming cells (PFC) and circulating antibody titres all increased in proportion to the bacterin dosage. Trout immunised in vivo with 100 μg by injection and by 100 μg ml−1 bath with the O antigen, showed similar responses to spleen sections immunised in vitro. The appearance of non-specific PFC against unlabelled sheep red blood cells was highest in spleens immunised in vitro and in the fish immunised by injection; non-specific PFC rarely occurred in O antigen bathed fish and in control fish. The development of these assays may enable biologists to follow the effects on the non-specific defence mechanisms and the specific immune response in cultivated fish populations after, immunisation with A. salmonicida bacterins and thus aid in the development of protective vaccination against furunculosis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1050-4648(05)80064-6","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D.P., and Jeney, G., 1991, Responses to in vitro and in vivo immunisations with Aeromonas salmonicida O antigen bacterins in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Fish and Shellfish Immunology, v. 1, no. 4, p. 251-260, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-4648(05)80064-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"260","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129243,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627924","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Douglas P.","contributorId":70696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jeney, G.","contributorId":89834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeney","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008066,"text":"1008066 - 1991 - Rare Plant Monitoring and Management at Point Reyes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:26","indexId":"1008066","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3014,"text":"Park Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare Plant Monitoring and Management at Point Reyes","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Park Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Fellers, G.M., and Norris, V., 1991, Rare Plant Monitoring and Management at Point Reyes: Park Science, v. 11, no. 1, p. 20-21.","productDescription":"p. 20-21","startPage":"20","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649350","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fellers, Gary M. 0000-0003-4092-0285 gary_fellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-0285","contributorId":3150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Gary","email":"gary_fellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Norris, Virginia","contributorId":38081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"Virginia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008028,"text":"1008028 - 1991 - Male sex steroids and hormonal control of male courtship behavior in the yellow-bellied slider turtle, Trachemys scripta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-05T10:04:39","indexId":"1008028","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1289,"text":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Male sex steroids and hormonal control of male courtship behavior in the yellow-bellied slider turtle, Trachemys scripta","docAbstract":"- Survey of androgens and estrogens in serum, liver and testes of male yellow-bellied slider turtles, Trachemys (= Pseudemys) scripta, a species exhibiting dissociated gametogenesis age-dependent melanism, revealed the presence of numerous androgen precursors, androgens, androgen metabolites, and estrogens in quantities varying with season, tissue, and male coloration.
- The most commonly found and abundant androgens in all males were dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione, which were present at significantly higher levels in testes than in serum or liver.
- Epitestosterone was found in the serum and liver of only melanistic males; testosterone was only rarely recovered.
- Behavioral testing of castrated male turtles implanted with various androgens, as well as intact and sham-operated controls, revealed that melanistic males courted more frequently than nonmelanistic males, and that exogenous testosterone was most effective in inducing courtship behavior in castrated males.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0300-9629(91)90532-H","usgsCitation":"Garstka, W., Cooper, W., Wasmund, K., and Lovich, J., 1991, Male sex steroids and hormonal control of male courtship behavior in the yellow-bellied slider turtle, Trachemys scripta: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, v. 98, no. 2, p. 271-280, https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(91)90532-H.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"280","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130857,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649f90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garstka, W.R.","contributorId":24716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garstka","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, W.E. Jr.","contributorId":72335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"W.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wasmund, K.W.","contributorId":86299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasmund","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lovich, J.E.","contributorId":102411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovich","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1003862,"text":"1003862 - 1991 - Capture myopathy in an endangered sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-05T15:11:29.680529","indexId":"1003862","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2514,"text":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Capture myopathy in an endangered sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla)","title":"Capture myopathy in an endangered sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla)","docAbstract":"Despite precautions to protect cranes, a 3-year-old endangered Mississippi sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla) was found caught in a leghold trap in Gautier, Mississippi, on 11 November 1987. The bird could have been in the trap for up to 16 hr and was standing and struggling to escape when it was discovered. Serum chemistries of the crane on 12 November revealed elevated lactic dehydrogenase (2,880 IU/L), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (152 IU/L), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (>1,000 IU/L) values. Following surgical amputation of a fractured toe, the bird never attempted to stand and was unable to stand even when manually supported. Radiographic and physical examination of both legs did not reveal any anatomical abnormalities. Despite medical care, including supportive therapy, no improvement was observed in the bird's ability to stand and to support itself, and the bird died on 19 November. Serum chemistries and the postmortem and histopathologic findings were compatible with capture myopathy described in other species. Because of the possible susceptibility of long-legged birds such as the Mississippi sandhill crane to capture myopathy, special care must be taken when trapping, handling, chemically immobilizing, and transporting these species. In addition, precautions must be taken when conducting a predator-control program to ensure that nontarget wildlife are unlikely to encounter traps. Capture myopathy has only rarely been observed in wild birds, and this case represents the first report in a Mississippi sandhill crane.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, J.W., Thomas, N., and Reeves, S., 1991, Capture myopathy in an endangered sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla): Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v. 22, no. 4, p. 488-493.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"488","endPage":"493","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14913,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20095194","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","county":"Jackson County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.70361328125,\n 30.379687614751504\n ],\n [\n -88.70258331298827,\n 30.36606228674695\n ],\n [\n -88.64833831787108,\n 30.34828726643185\n ],\n [\n -88.6167526245117,\n 30.35806392728733\n ],\n [\n -88.60782623291016,\n 30.37376379242908\n ],\n [\n -88.6043930053711,\n 30.398641433380053\n ],\n [\n -88.60954284667967,\n 30.417887641071157\n ],\n [\n -88.60782623291016,\n 30.43949808841618\n ],\n [\n -88.61846923828125,\n 30.44985756358743\n ],\n [\n -88.61469268798828,\n 30.460807811599466\n ],\n [\n -88.61881256103516,\n 30.47471581151385\n ],\n [\n -88.62567901611328,\n 30.486550842588485\n ],\n [\n -88.6328887939453,\n 30.488325973138874\n ],\n [\n -88.63975524902344,\n 30.488917676126846\n ],\n [\n -88.65829467773438,\n 30.48862182508258\n ],\n [\n -88.66722106933594,\n 30.489509375517002\n ],\n [\n -88.67408752441406,\n 30.489509375517002\n ],\n [\n -88.68026733398438,\n 30.487734266553137\n ],\n [\n -88.68576049804688,\n 30.485071542395957\n ],\n [\n -88.69743347167969,\n 30.48152113019768\n ],\n [\n -88.71391296386719,\n 30.47589937936957\n ],\n [\n -88.72180938720703,\n 30.471756828930825\n ],\n [\n -88.72386932373047,\n 30.46850184423739\n ],\n [\n -88.72060775756836,\n 30.45518486497521\n ],\n [\n -88.72163772583006,\n 30.440830082608688\n ],\n [\n -88.71906280517578,\n 30.415371044949133\n ],\n [\n -88.72215270996094,\n 30.402046807913752\n ],\n [\n -88.72472763061523,\n 30.395087872483582\n ],\n [\n -88.71065139770508,\n 30.393311043552842\n ],\n [\n -88.71391296386719,\n 30.38709188778112\n ],\n [\n -88.70361328125,\n 30.379687614751504\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5f61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, J. W.","contributorId":81854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, Nancy","contributorId":203506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Nancy","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":314489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reeves, S.","contributorId":62976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70014962,"text":"70014962 - 1991 - Tektites in Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary rocks on Haiti and their bearing on the Alvarez impact extinction hypothesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-03T13:25:45.073446","indexId":"70014962","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tektites in Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary rocks on Haiti and their bearing on the Alvarez impact extinction hypothesis","docAbstract":"Relic tektites are associated with a Pt-group metal abundance anomaly and shocked minerals in a thin marl bed that marks the K-T boundary on Haiti. The presence of these three impact-produced materials at the precise K-T boundary enormously strengthens the Alvarez impact extinction hypothesis. The tektites occur in smectite spherules that have external shapes typical of tektites. Their chemical and physical properties are broadly similar to those of other tektite groups, except that the Haitian tektites have lower Si and higher Fe, Ca, and Na. On average, they contain more Sc, V, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sr, Sn, and Ba and less Cr, Ni, Co, B, Mn, and Hf than Other tektite groups. Amounts of rare earth elements (REE) in the tektites indicate that their progenitor materials were not melted mafic or ultramafic oceanic crust; rather they were sedimentary deposits having a bulk composition of andesite. Rare tektites contain unusually high amounts of CaO (∼20%) and S (0.4%), and these data suggest that some target materials consisted of CaSO4. Anhydrite beds occur in the subsurface at two candidate impact sites (Chicxulub and Manson). Sm-Nd isotopic data for the tektites indicate that the melted precursor sediments were most likely deposited less than −400 m.y. between the Late Cretaceous and Silurian periods. Major chemical changes accompanied the diagenetic change of glass to smectite. The Haitian tektites are the first datable impact products in K-T boundary rocks, and 40Ar-39Ar ages of the glass show that the K-T boundary and impact event are coeval at 64.5±0.1 Ma.