Pack and saddle stock, including, but not limited to domesticated horses, mules, and burros, are used to support commercial, private and administrative activities in the Sierra Nevada. The use of pack stock has become a contentious and litigious issue for land management agencies in the region inter alia due to concerns over effects on the environment. The potential environmental effects of pack stock on Sierra Nevada meadow ecosystems are reviewed and it is concluded that the use of pack stock has the potential to influence the following: (1) water nutrient dynamics, sedimentation, temperature, and microbial pathogen content; (2) soil chemistry, nutrient cycling, soil compaction and hydrology; (3) plant individuals, populations and community dynamics, non-native invasive species, and encroachment of woody species; and (4) wildlife individuals, populations and communities. It is considered from currently available information that management objectives of pack stock should include the following: minimise bare ground, maximise plant cover, maintain species composition of native plants, minimise trampling, especially on wet soils and stream banks, and minimise direct urination and defecation by pack stock into water. However, incomplete documentation of patterns of pack stock use and limited past research limits current understanding of the effects of pack stock, especially their effects on water, soils and wildlife. To improve management of pack stock in this region, research is needed on linking measurable monitoring variables (e.g. plant cover) with environmental relevancy (e.g. soil erosion processes, wildlife habitat use), and identifying specific environmental thresholds of degradation along gradients of pack stock use in Sierra Nevada meadows.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Range Management","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.1071/RJ14050","usgsCitation":"Ostoja, S.M., Brooks, M.L., Moore, P.E., Berlow, E.L., Blank, R., Roche, J., Chase, J.T., and Haultain, S., 2014, Potential environmental effects of pack stock on meadow ecosystems of the Sierra Nevada, USA: Rangeland Journal, v. 36, no. 5, p. 411-427, https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ14050.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"427","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-032478","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298100,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54ec5d45e4b02d776a67dab0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ostoja, Steven M. sostoja@usgs.gov","contributorId":3039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostoja","given":"Steven","email":"sostoja@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":33665,"text":"USDA California Climate Hub, UC Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":540954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooks, Matthew L. 0000-0002-3518-6787 mlbrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3518-6787","contributorId":393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Matthew","email":"mlbrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, Peggy E. 0000-0002-8481-2617 peggy_moore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8481-2617","contributorId":3365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Peggy","email":"peggy_moore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Berlow, Eric L.","contributorId":91416,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Berlow","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blank, Robert","contributorId":139377,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blank","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12755,"text":"USDA Ag Research Service, Reno, NV","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":540955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Roche, Jim","contributorId":35073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roche","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chase, Jennifer T. jchase@usgs.gov","contributorId":3961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"Jennifer","email":"jchase@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Haultain, Sylvia","contributorId":139378,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haultain","given":"Sylvia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12756,"text":"Plant Ecologist, NPS, Sequoia Kings Cyn NPs","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":540956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70135676,"text":"70135676 - 2014 - A Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON) for synthesising high-frequency sensor data for validation of deterministic ecological models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-16T11:02:08","indexId":"70135676","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1999,"text":"Inland Waters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON) for synthesising high-frequency sensor data for validation of deterministic ecological models","docAbstract":"A Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON; www.gleon.org) has formed to provide a coordinated response to the need for scientific understanding of lake processes, utilising technological advances available from autonomous sensors. The organisation embraces a grassroots approach to engage researchers from varying disciplines, sites spanning geographic and ecological gradients, and novel sensor and cyberinfrastructure to synthesise high-frequency lake data at scales ranging from local to global. The high-frequency data provide a platform to rigorously validate process- based ecological models because model simulation time steps are better aligned with sensor measurements than with lower-frequency, manual samples. Two case studies from Trout Bog, Wisconsin, USA, and Lake Rotoehu, North Island, New Zealand, are presented to demonstrate that in the past, ecological model outputs (e.g., temperature, chlorophyll) have been relatively poorly validated based on a limited number of directly comparable measurements, both in time and space. The case studies demonstrate some of the difficulties of mapping sensor measurements directly to model state variable outputs as well as the opportunities to use deviations between sensor measurements and model simulations to better inform process understanding. Well-validated ecological models provide a mechanism to extrapolate high-frequency sensor data in space and time, thereby potentially creating a fully 3-dimensional simulation of key variables of interest.
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In this paper, we aim to discover animal movement patterns from animal trajectory data. In particular, we propose a notion of continuous activity pattern as the concise representation of underlying similar spatio-temporal movements, and develop an extension and refinement framework to discover the patterns. We first preprocess the trajectories into significant semantic locations with time property. Then, we apply a projection-based approach to generate candidate patterns and refine them to generate true patterns. A sequence graph structure and a simple and effective processing strategy is further developed to reduce the computational overhead. The proposed approaches are extensively validated on both real GPS datasets and large synthetic datasets.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-14717-8_19","usgsCitation":"Wang, Y., Luo, Z., Baoping, Y., Takekawa, J.Y., Prosser, D.J., and Newman, S.H., 2014, Mining continuous activity patterns from animal trajectory data: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), v. 8933, p. 239-252, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14717-8_19.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"252","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060339","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296927,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":296896,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-14717-8_19"}],"volume":"8933","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2bfee4b08de9379b35d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Y.","contributorId":64213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luo, Ze","contributorId":41307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luo","given":"Ze","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baoping, Yan","contributorId":86670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baoping","given":"Yan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Prosser, Diann J. 0000-0002-5251-1799 dprosser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5251-1799","contributorId":2389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prosser","given":"Diann","email":"dprosser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Newman, Scott H.","contributorId":101372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70148188,"text":"70148188 - 2014 - Reconstructing historical habitat data with predictive models Read More: http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/13-0327.1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-26T10:03:40","indexId":"70148188","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconstructing historical habitat data with predictive models Read More: http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/13-0327.1","docAbstract":"Historical vegetation data are important to ecological studies, as many structuring processes operate at long time scales, from decades to centuries. Capturing the pattern of variability within a system (enough to declare a significant change from past to present) relies on correct assumptions about the temporal scale of the processes involved. Sufficient long-term data are often lacking, and current techniques have their weaknesses. To address this concern, we constructed multistate and artificial neural network models (ANN) to provide fore- and hindcast vegetation communities considered critical foraging habitat for an endangered bird, the Florida Snail Kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis). Multistate models were not able to hindcast due to our data not satisfying a detailed balance requirement for time reversibility in Markovian dynamics. Multistate models were useful for forecasting and providing environmental variables for the ANN. Results from our ANN hindcast closely mirrored the population collapse of the Snail Kite population using only environmental data to inform the model. The parallel between the two gives us confidence in the hindcasting results and their use in future demographic models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Tempe, AZ","doi":"10.1890/13-0327.1","usgsCitation":"Zweig, C.L., and Kitchens, W.M., 2014, Reconstructing historical habitat data with predictive models Read More: http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/13-0327.1: Ecological Applications, v. 24, no. 1, p. 196-203, https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0327.1.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"196","endPage":"203","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045474","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300772,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55659951e4b0d9246a9eb63c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zweig, Christa L.","contributorId":99767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zweig","given":"Christa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kitchens, Wiley M. kitchensw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"Wiley","email":"kitchensw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":547547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156838,"text":"70156838 - 2014 - The conodont Iapetognathus and its value for defining the base of the Ordovician System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-02T10:13:17","indexId":"70156838","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1719,"text":"GFF","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The conodont Iapetognathus and its value for defining the base of the Ordovician System","docAbstract":"Nicoll et al. (1999, Brigham Young University Geology Studies 44, 27–101) published the taxonomy of species of the ramiform conodont Iapetognathus Landing in Fortey et al. (1982, The Cambrian–Ordovician boundary: sections, fossil distributions, and correlations, National Museum of Wales, Geological Series No. 3, Cardiff, 95–129) and its ancestorIapetonudus Nicoll et al., 1999. Cooper et al. (2001, Episodes 24, 19–28) used the First Appearance Datum of Iapetognathus fluctivagus Nicoll et al., 1999 to mark the base of the Ordovician System at Green Point, Newfoundland. Terfelt et al. (2012, Lethaia 45, 227–237) re-evaluated Iapetognathus at Green Point and made several taxonomic and stratigraphic conclusions, nearly all of which we refute herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of Sweden","publisherLocation":"Uppsala, Sweden","doi":"10.1080/11035897.2013.862851","usgsCitation":"Miller, J.E., Repetski, J.E., Nicoll, R., Nowlan, G.S., and Ethington, R.L., 2014, The conodont Iapetognathus and its value for defining the base of the Ordovician System: GFF, v. 136, no. 1, p. 18/5-188, https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2013.862851.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"18/5","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052629","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307817,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"136","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-01-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560bb708e4b058f706e53efd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, J. E.","contributorId":147213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":16806,"text":"Missouri State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Repetski, John E. 0000-0002-2298-7120 jrepetski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-7120","contributorId":2596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"John","email":"jrepetski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nicoll, R. S.","contributorId":147214,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicoll","given":"R. S.","affiliations":[{"id":16807,"text":"Australian National University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nowlan, G. S.","contributorId":147215,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nowlan","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":13092,"text":"Geological Survey of Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ethington, R. L.","contributorId":147216,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ethington","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6754,"text":"University of Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70118358,"text":"70118358 - 2014 - Powell Center Newsletter, Volume 1, Issue 1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-03T14:55:23.332351","indexId":"70118358","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T11:12:56","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Powell Center Newsletter, Volume 1, Issue 1","docAbstract":"A biannual newsletter for the John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis that highlights Powell Center activities and accomplishments.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"McNiff, M., 2014, Powell Center Newsletter, Volume 1, Issue 1, v. 1, no. 1, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","ipdsId":"IP-056813","costCenters":[{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356406,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98ab88e4b0702d0e843142","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McNiff, Marcia 0000-0003-0709-6992 mmcniff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0709-6992","contributorId":4025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNiff","given":"Marcia","email":"mmcniff@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":208,"text":"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199598,"text":"70199598 - 2014 - A synoptic examination of causes of land loss in southern Louisiana as related to the exploitation of subsurface geologic resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-24T11:08:47","indexId":"70199598","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T11:08:39","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A synoptic examination of causes of land loss in southern Louisiana as related to the exploitation of subsurface geologic resources","docAbstract":"During the last 80 years, Louisiana has been losing wetlands at an average rate of 62 km2/y (24 mi2/y) for an accumulated loss of approximately 4900 km2 (1900 mi2). The loss seems to be the combined result of natural and anthropogenic causes that are behind primarily land subsidence averaging about 10 mm/y (0.4 in/y) coinciding with a sea level rise now at 3 mm/y (0.1 in/y), both contributing to coastal inundation. Upon completing extensive review of often controversial and conflicting views only synoptically reported here, conclusions reached by applying Monte Carlo simulation include: (1) geodetic measurements are consistent with independently postulated causes of regional subsidence; (2) ranking of subsidence factors shows that the main contributor to the regional subsidence is adjustment to sediment load in the form of lithosphere flexure followed by normal faulting dipping basinward, which combined, account on average for 70% of the subsidence, with compaction accounting for another 23%; and (3) production of oil and gas plays a tertiary role. The literature supports the historical view that before experiencing engineering modifications across the catchment area, sedimentation from the Mississippi River system was able to build a prograding coastline by overcoming subsidence rates of similar magnitude with more generous sediment loads of coarser particle size. Sea level rise will become an increasingly dominant factor in land loss only if the acceleration predicted by simulation model scenarios materializes. Wetland losses most likely will continue for as long as there is no compensation to counterbalance the negative effects of land subsidence and sea level rise, with the latter determining the pace of future losses.
","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","doi":"10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-13-00046.1","usgsCitation":"Olea, R., and Coleman, J., 2014, A synoptic examination of causes of land loss in southern Louisiana as related to the exploitation of subsurface geologic resources: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 30, no. 5, p. 1025-1044, https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-13-00046.1.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1025","endPage":"1044","ipdsId":"IP-045667","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357663,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.9935302734375,\n 28.806173508854776\n ],\n [\n -88.8629150390625,\n 28.806173508854776\n ],\n [\n -88.8629150390625,\n 31.00115451727899\n ],\n [\n -93.9935302734375,\n 31.00115451727899\n ],\n [\n -93.9935302734375,\n 28.806173508854776\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5bc038fae4b0fc368eb53b1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":47873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":745934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coleman, James L.","contributorId":208106,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coleman","given":"James L.","affiliations":[{"id":37715,"text":"Ex-USGS, now retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":745933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70202700,"text":"70202700 - 2014 - Noble gas geochemistry investigation of high CO2 natural gas at the LaBarge Platform, Wyoming, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-19T12:14:30","indexId":"70202700","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T11:06:39","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5215,"text":"Energy Procedia","onlineIssn":"1876-6102","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Noble gas geochemistry investigation of high CO2 natural gas at the LaBarge Platform, Wyoming, USA","docAbstract":"A regional sampling of gases from thermal springs near the LaBarge Field, Wyoming, USA to determine the extent of the total carbon dioxide system (TCDS) indicates that the system may extend up to 70 km to the northwest of the field. Geochemical evidence from noble gas isotopes, stable element isotopes, and gas composition provide the foundation for these conclusions. Samples from Soda Springs to the west and Grand Teton National Park to the north do not exhibit the potentially diagnostic LaBarge gas chemistry and represent an absolute maximum potential extent of the system. Additional sampling to the south and east as well as in-fill sampling in regions previously sampled are necessary to refine these preliminary TCDS boundaries.
In 2007, several important initiatives in the North American waterfowl management community called for an integrated approach to habitat and harvest management. The essence of the call for integration is that harvest and habitat management affect the same resources, yet exist as separate endeavours with very different regulatory contexts. A common modelling framework could help these management streams to better understand their mutual effects. Particularly, how does successful habitat management increase harvest potential? Also, how do regional habitat programmes and large-scale harvest strategies affect continental population sizes (a metric used to express habitat goals)? In the ensuing five years, several projects took on different aspects of these challenges. While all of these projects are still on-going, and are not yet sufficiently developed to produce guidance for management decisions, they have been influential in expanding the dialogue and producing some important emerging lessons. The first lesson has been that one of the more difficult aspects of integration is not the integration across decision contexts, but the integration across spatial and temporal scales. Habitat management occurs at local and regional scales. Harvest management decisions are made at a continental scale. How do these actions, taken at different scales, combine to influence waterfowl population dynamics at all scales? The second lesson has been that consideration of the interface of habitat and harvest management can generate important insights into the objectives underlying the decision context. Often the objectives are very complex and trade-off against one another. The third lesson follows from the second – if an understanding of the fundamental objectives is paramount, there is no escaping the need for a better understanding of human dimensions, specifically the desires of hunters and nonhunters and the role they play in conservation. In the end, the compelling question is how to better understand, guide and justify decisions about conservation investments in waterfowl management. Future efforts to integrate harvest and habitat management will include completion of the species-specific case-studies, initiation of policy discussions around how to integrate the decision contexts and governing institutions, and possible consideration of a new level of integration – integration of harvest and habitats management decisions across waterfowl stocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildfowl Trust","publisherLocation":"Gloucester, England","usgsCitation":"Osnas, E.E., Runge, M.C., Mattsson, B., Austin, J.E., Boomer, G.S., Clark, R.G., Devers, P., Eadie, J., Lonsdorf, E., and Tavernia, B., 2014, Managing harvest and habitat as integrated components: Wildfowl, v. Special Issue No. 4, p. 305-328.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"328","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054497","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296926,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":296897,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wildfowl.wwt.org.uk/index.php/wildfowl/article/view/2610/0"}],"volume":"Special Issue No. 4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2bece4b08de9379b3575","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osnas, Erik E. 0000-0001-9528-0866 eosnas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9528-0866","contributorId":5586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osnas","given":"Erik","email":"eosnas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runge, Michael C. 0000-0002-8081-536X mrunge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":3358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"Michael","email":"mrunge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mattsson, Brady J.","contributorId":84205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattsson","given":"Brady J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Austin, Jane E. jaustin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"Jane","email":"jaustin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boomer, G. S.","contributorId":131101,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boomer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7244,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Population and Habitat Assessment Branch, Laurel, MD, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Clark, R. G.","contributorId":131102,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":7245,"text":"Environment Canada, Prairie and Northern Wildlife Research Center, Saskatoon, SK, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Devers, P.","contributorId":44344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Devers","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Eadie, J. M.","contributorId":131103,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eadie","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[{"id":7246,"text":"University of California, Davis, CA, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lonsdorf, E. V.","contributorId":131104,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lonsdorf","given":"E. V.","affiliations":[{"id":7247,"text":"Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Tavernia, Brian G. btavernia@usgs.gov","contributorId":5876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tavernia","given":"Brian G.","email":"btavernia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70141682,"text":"70141682 - 2014 - Protection benefits desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) abundance: the influence of three management strategies on a threatened species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-08T13:43:24","indexId":"70141682","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1896,"text":"Herpetological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Protection benefits desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) abundance: the influence of three management strategies on a threatened species","docAbstract":"We surveyed an area of ∼260 km2 in the western Mojave Desert to evaluate relationships between condition of Agassiz's Desert Tortoise populations (Gopherus agassizii) and habitat on lands that have experienced three different levels of management and protection. We established 240 1-ha plots using random sampling, with 80 plots on each of the three types of managed lands. We conducted surveys in spring 2011 and collected data on live tortoises, shell-skeletal remains, other signs of tortoises, perennial vegetation, predators, and evidence of human use. Throughout the study area and regardless of management area, tortoise abundance was positively associated with one of the more diverse associations of perennial vegetation. The management area with the longest history of protection, a fence, and legal exclusion of livestock and vehicles had significantly more live tortoises and lower death rates than the other two areas. Tortoise presence and abundance in this protected area had no significant positive or negative associations with predators or human-related impacts. In contrast, the management area with a more recent exclusion of livestock, limited vehicular traffic, and with a recent, partial fence had lower tortoise densities and high death rates. Tortoise abundance here was negatively associated with vehicle tracks and positively associated with mammalian predators and debris from firearms. The management area with the least protection—unfenced, with uncontrolled vehicle use, sheep grazing, and high trash counts—also had low tortoise densities and high death rates. Tortoise abundance was negatively associated with sheep grazing and positively associated with trash and mammalian predator scat.cat.
","language":"English","publisher":"Herpetologists' League","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1655/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-14-00002","usgsCitation":"Berry, K.H., Lyren, L.M., Yee, J.L., and Bailey, T.Y., 2014, Protection benefits desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) abundance: the influence of three management strategies on a threatened species: Herpetological Monographs, v. 28, no. 1, p. 66-92, https://doi.org/10.1655/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-14-00002.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"66","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052915","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298098,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Kern County","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.00689697265625,\n 35.099686964274724\n ],\n [\n -118.00689697265625,\n 35.47185482057798\n ],\n [\n -117.65533447265626,\n 35.47185482057798\n ],\n [\n -117.65533447265626,\n 35.099686964274724\n ],\n [\n -118.00689697265625,\n 35.099686964274724\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54ec5d48e4b02d776a67dab3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berry, Kristin H. 0000-0003-1591-8394 kristin_berry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1591-8394","contributorId":437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Kristin","email":"kristin_berry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyren, Lisa M. llyren@usgs.gov","contributorId":2398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyren","given":"Lisa","email":"llyren@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yee, Julie L. 0000-0003-1782-157X julie_yee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1782-157X","contributorId":3246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yee","given":"Julie","email":"julie_yee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bailey, Tracy Y.","contributorId":139383,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bailey","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":12758,"text":"independent, 619 Pinon Court, Ridgecrest, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":540982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70156878,"text":"70156878 - 2014 - Native plant recovery in study plots after fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) control on Santa Cruz Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-31T19:28:28.636247","indexId":"70156878","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2785,"text":"Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Native plant recovery in study plots after fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) control on Santa Cruz Island","title":"Native plant recovery in study plots after fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) control on Santa Cruz Island","docAbstract":"Santa Cruz Island is the largest of the California Channel Islands and supports a diverse and unique flora which includes 9 federally listed species. Sheep, cattle, and pigs, introduced to the island in the mid-1800s, disturbed the soil, browsed native vegetation, and facilitated the spread of exotic invasive plants. Recent removal of introduced herbivores on the island led to the release of invasive fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), which expanded to become the dominant vegetation in some areas and has impeded the recovery of some native plant communities. In 2007, Channel Islands National Park initiated a program to control fennel using triclopyr on the eastern 10% of the island. We established replicate paired plots (seeded and nonseeded) at Scorpion Anchorage and Smugglers Cove, where notably dense fennel infestations (>10% cover) occurred, to evaluate the effectiveness of native seed augmentation following fennel removal. Five years after fennel removal, vegetative cover increased as litter and bare ground cover decreased significantly (P < 0.0001) on both plot types. Vegetation cover of both native and other (nonfennel) exotic species increased at Scorpion Anchorage in both seeded and nonseeded plots. At Smugglers Cove, exotic cover decreased significantly (P = 0.0001) as native cover comprised of Eriogonum arborescens and Leptosyne gigantea increased significantly (P < 0.0001) in seeded plots only. Nonseeded plots at Smugglers Cove were dominated by exotic annual grasses, primarily Avena barbata. The data indicate that seeding with appropriate native seed is a critical step in restoration following fennel control in areas where the native seed bank is depauperate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum","publisherLocation":"Provo, UT","doi":"10.3398/042.007.0136","usgsCitation":"Power, P., Stanley, T.R., Cowan, C., and Robertson, J.R., 2014, Native plant recovery in study plots after fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) control on Santa Cruz Island: Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist, v. 7, no. 1, p. 465-476, https://doi.org/10.3398/042.007.0136.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"465","endPage":"476","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058375","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3398/042.007.0136","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":307811,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Cruz Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.94117736816406,\n 33.94222067051576\n ],\n [\n -119.50721740722655,\n 33.94222067051576\n ],\n [\n -119.50721740722655,\n 34.093610452768715\n ],\n [\n -119.94117736816406,\n 34.093610452768715\n ],\n [\n -119.94117736816406,\n 33.94222067051576\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e81dbde4b0dacf699e6688","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Power, Paula","contributorId":38253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"Paula","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanley, Thomas R. 0000-0002-8393-0005 stanleyt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8393-0005","contributorId":209928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Thomas","email":"stanleyt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cowan, Clark","contributorId":147264,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cowan","given":"Clark","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7237,"text":"NPS, Olympic National Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robertson, James R.","contributorId":13892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70147975,"text":"70147975 - 2014 - Reviving common standards in point-count surveys for broad inference across studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-20T20:14:56","indexId":"70147975","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reviving common standards in point-count surveys for broad inference across studies","docAbstract":"We revisit the common standards recommended by Ralph et al. (1993, 1995a) for conducting point-count surveys to assess the relative abundance of landbirds breeding in North America. The standards originated from discussions among ornithologists in 1991 and were developed so that point-count survey data could be broadly compared and jointly analyzed by national data centers with the goals of monitoring populations and managing habitat. Twenty years later, we revisit these standards because (1) they have not been universally followed and (2) new methods allow estimation of absolute abundance from point counts, but these methods generally require data beyond the original standards to account for imperfect detection. Lack of standardization and the complications it introduces for analysis become apparent from aggregated data. For example, only 3% of 196,000 point counts conducted during the period 1992-2011 across Alaska and Canada followed the standards recommended for the count period and count radius. Ten-minute, unlimited-count-radius surveys increased the number of birds detected by >300% over 3-minute, 50-m-radius surveys. This effect size, which could be eliminated by standardized sampling, was ≥10 times the published effect sizes of observers, time of day, and date of the surveys. We suggest that the recommendations by Ralph et al. (1995a) continue to form the common standards when conducting point counts. This protocol is inexpensive and easy to follow but still allows the surveys to be adjusted for detection probabilities. Investigators might optionally collect additional information so that they can analyze their data with more flexible forms of removal and time-of-detection models, distance sampling, multiple-observer methods, repeated counts, or combinations of these methods. Maintaining the common standards as a base protocol, even as these study-specific modifications are added, will maximize the value of point-count data, allowing compilation and analysis by regional and national data centers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Club","publisherLocation":"Santa Clara, CA","doi":"10.1650/CONDOR-14-108.1","usgsCitation":"Matsuoka, S.M., Mahon, C., Handel, C.M., Solymos, P., Bayne, E.M., Fontaine, P.C., and Ralph, C., 2014, Reviving common standards in point-count surveys for broad inference across studies: Condor, v. 116, no. 4, p. 599-608, https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-14-108.1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"599","endPage":"608","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058008","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/condor-14-108.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300267,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5551d2b8e4b0a92fa7e93c09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matsuoka, Steven M. 0000-0001-6415-1885 smatsuoka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6415-1885","contributorId":184173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matsuoka","given":"Steven","email":"smatsuoka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahon, C. Lisa","contributorId":140673,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mahon","given":"C. Lisa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Handel, Colleen M. 0000-0002-0267-7408 cmhandel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7408","contributorId":3067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handel","given":"Colleen","email":"cmhandel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Solymos, Peter","contributorId":140674,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Solymos","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bayne, Erin M.","contributorId":140675,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bayne","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fontaine, Patricia C.","contributorId":140676,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fontaine","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ralph, C.J.","contributorId":38252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70202699,"text":"70202699 - 2014 - U.S. Geological Survey carbon sequestration: Geologic research and assessments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-20T09:43:43","indexId":"70202699","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T10:58:52","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5215,"text":"Energy Procedia","onlineIssn":"1876-6102","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U.S. Geological Survey carbon sequestration: Geologic research and assessments","docAbstract":"In 2007, the U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act authorized the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to conduct a national assessment of geologic storage resources for anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) and to evaluate the national technically recoverable hydrocarbon resources resulting from CO2 injection and storage through CO2-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR). In addition, the USGS is addressing several other areas of carbon sequestration research that include study of natural CO2 and helium reservoirs as analogues for anthropogenic CO2 storage, the economics of CO2 storage and CO2-enhanced oil recovery, and induced seismicity associated with CO2 geologic storage.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program analyzed trends in groundwater quality throughout the nation for the sampling period of 1988-2012. Trends were determined for networks (sets of wells routinely monitored by the USGS) for a subset of constituents by statistical analysis of paired water-quality measurements collected on a near-decadal time scale. The data set for chloride, dissolved solids, and nitrate consisted of 1,511 wells in 67 networks, whereas the data set for methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) consisted of 1, 013 wells in 46 networks. The 25 principal aquifers represented by these networks account for about 75 percent of withdrawals of groundwater used for drinking-water supply for the nation.
\nStatistically significant changes in chloride, dissolved-solids, or nitrate concentrations were found in many well networks over a decadal period. Concentrations increased significantly in 48 percent of networks for chloride, 42 percent of networks for dissolved solids, and 21 percent of networks for nitrate. Chloride, dissolved solids, and nitrate concentrations decreased significantly in 3, 3, and 10 percent of the networks, respectively. The magnitude of change in concentrations was typically small in most networks; however, the magnitude of change in networks with statistically significant increases was typically much larger than the magnitude of change in networks with statistically significant decreases. The largest increases of chloride concentrations were in urban areas in the northeastern and north central United States. The largest increases of nitrate concentrations were in networks in agricultural areas.
\nStatistical analysis showed 42 or the 46 networks had no statistically significant changes in MTBE concentrations. The four networks with statistically significant changes in MTBE concentrations were in the northeastern United States, where MTBE was widely used. Two networks had increasing concentrations, and two networks had decreasing concentrations. Production and use of MTBE peaked in about 2000 and has been effectively banned in many areas since about 2006. The two networks that had increasing concentrations were sampled for the second time close to the peak of MTBE production, whereas the two networks that had decreasing concentrations were sampled for the second time 10 years after the peak of MTBE production.
","largerWorkTitle":"9th National Monitoring Conference","conferenceTitle":"9th National Monitoring Conference","conferenceDate":"2014-04-28T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Cincinnati, OH","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, B., and Rupert, M.G., 2014, Trends in groundwater quality in principal aquifers of the United States, 1988-2012.","ipdsId":"IP-051703","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289428,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b67b85e4b014fc094d5479","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, Bruce D. 0000-0002-7180-4319 blindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7180-4319","contributorId":434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"Bruce D.","email":"blindsey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":484515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rupert, Michael G. mgrupert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupert","given":"Michael","email":"mgrupert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70125308,"text":"70125308 - 2014 - Survival of adult Red-throated Loons (Gavia stellata) may be linked to marine conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T11:18:42","indexId":"70125308","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T10:48:41","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Survival of adult Red-throated Loons (Gavia stellata) may be linked to marine conditions","title":"Survival of adult Red-throated Loons (Gavia stellata) may be linked to marine conditions","docAbstract":"Large variations in the summering population size of Red-throated Loons (Gavia stellata) have occurred in recent decades in Alaska. Little information exists about annual or seasonal survival rates of adult Red-throated Loons. This study used tracking data from satellite transmitters implanted into 33 Red-throated Loons captured on breeding areas in Alaska to estimate annual survival with the sampling effort split between two study periods: 2000–2002 and 2008–2010. Mortality was inferred from transmitted sensor data that indicated body temperature of the Red-throated Loon and voltage of the transmitter's battery. Two definitive mortalities occurred, resulting in an annual survival estimate of 0.920 (SE = 0.054). The fates of two additional Red-throated Loons were ambiguous and, when treated as mortalities, the annual survival estimate was 0.838 (SE = 0.074). All four putative mortalities occurred during the non-breeding season in the early study period. Oceanic conditions, indexed by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, appeared to differ between the study periods with higher Pacific Decadal Oscillation values associated with the early study period. Given that high values for Pacific Decadal Oscillation were also associated with the large decline of Red-throated Loons observed in Alaska during 1977–1993, this study suggests that survival of adult Red-throated Loons may vary in relation to the state of the marine ecosystem and thus contribute to long-term variation in population trends.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Waterbird Society","doi":"10.1675/063.037.sp114","usgsCitation":"Schmutz, J.A., 2014, Survival of adult Red-throated Loons (Gavia stellata) may be linked to marine conditions: Waterbirds, v. 37, no. SP1, p. 118-124, https://doi.org/10.1675/063.037.sp114.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"124","ipdsId":"IP-045417","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1675/063.037.sp114","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":293922,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"SP1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54195156e4b091c7ffc8e859","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199220,"text":"70199220 - 2014 - Generalisation operators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-11T10:49:09","indexId":"70199220","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T10:46:34","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Generalisation operators","docAbstract":"This chapter summarises cartographic generalisation operators used to generalise geospatial data. It includes a review of recent approaches that have been tested or implemented to generalise networks, points, or groups. Emphasis is placed on recent advances that permit additional flexibility to tailor generalisation processing in particular geographic contexts, and to permit more advanced types of reasoning about spatial conflicts, preservation of specific feature characteristics, and local variations in geometry, content and enriched attribution. Rather than an exhaustive review of generalisation operators, the chapter devotes more attention to operators associated with network generalisation, which illustrates well the logic behind map generalisation developments. Three case studies demonstrate the application of operators to road thinning, to river network and braid pruning, and to hierarchical point elimination. The chapter closes with some summary comments and future directions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Abstracting geographic information in a data rich world","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-00203-3_6","usgsCitation":"Stanislawski, L.V., Buttenfield, B.P., Bereuter, P., Savino, S., and Brewer, C.A., 2014, Generalisation operators, chap. of Abstracting geographic information in a data rich world, p. 157-195, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00203-3_6.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"195","ipdsId":"IP-101340","costCenters":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357222,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":15,"text":"Madison PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-02-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98ab88e4b0702d0e843144","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Burghardt, Dirk","contributorId":207788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burghardt","given":"Dirk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744729,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duchene, Cecile","contributorId":207789,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duchene","given":"Cecile","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744730,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mackaness, William","contributorId":207790,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mackaness","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744731,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Stanislawski, Larry V. 0000-0002-9437-0576 lstan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9437-0576","contributorId":3386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanislawski","given":"Larry","email":"lstan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":744724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buttenfield, Barbara P. 0000-0001-5961-5809","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5961-5809","contributorId":206887,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buttenfield","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":16144,"text":"University of Colorado-Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":744725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bereuter, Pia 0000-0001-8127-2654","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8127-2654","contributorId":207785,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bereuter","given":"Pia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27368,"text":"University of Zurich","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":744726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savino, Sandro 0000-0003-0184-7580","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0184-7580","contributorId":207786,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Savino","given":"Sandro","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17793,"text":"University of Padova, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":744727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brewer, Cynthia A.","contributorId":207787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brewer","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":7260,"text":"Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":744728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70168377,"text":"70168377 - 2014 - Consuming fire ants reduces northern bobwhite survival and weight gain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-12T09:51:55","indexId":"70168377","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2150,"text":"Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Consuming fire ants reduces northern bobwhite survival and weight gain","docAbstract":"Northern bobwhite quail, Colinus virginianus (L.) (Galliformes: Odontophoridae), population declines are well documented, but pinpointing the reasons for these decreases has proven elusive. Bobwhite population declines are attributed primarily to loss of habitat and land use changes. This, however, does not entirely explain population declines in areas intensively managed for bobwhites. Although previous research demonstrates the negative impact of red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on northern bobwhites, the mechanisms underlying this effect are largely unknown. To meet the protein demands of early growth and development, bobwhite chicks predominantly consume small insects, of which ants are a substantial proportion. Fire ants alter ant community dynamics by often reducing native ant diversity and abundance while concurrently increasing the abundance of individuals. Fire ants have negative effects on chicks, but they are also a large potential protein source, making it difficult to disentangle their net effect on bobwhite chicks. To help investigate these effects, we conducted a laboratory experiment to understand (1) whether or not bobwhites consume fire ants, and (2) how the benefits of this consumption compare to the deleterious impacts of bobwhite chick exposure to fire ants. Sixty bobwhite chicks were separated into two groups of 30; one group was provided with starter feed only and the second group was provided with feed and fire ants. Bobwhite chicks were observed feeding on fire ants. Chicks that fed on fire ants had reduced survival and weight gain. Our results show that, while fire ants increase potential food sources for northern bobwhite, their net effect on bobwhite chicks is deleterious. This information will help inform land managers and commercial bobwhite rearing operations.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"South Carolina Entomological Society","publisherLocation":"Mount Pleasant, SC","doi":"10.3954/JAUE12-08.1","usgsCitation":"Myers, P., Allen, C.R., and Birge, H.E., 2014, Consuming fire ants reduces northern bobwhite survival and weight gain: Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology, v. 30, no. 1, p. 49-58, https://doi.org/10.3954/JAUE12-08.1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049654","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":317971,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bf104ce4b06458514b68e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, P.E.","contributorId":105477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Craig R. 0000-0001-8655-8272 allencr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8272","contributorId":1979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"allencr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":619836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Birge, Hannah E.","contributorId":166737,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Birge","given":"Hannah","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70132333,"text":"70132333 - 2014 - Growth and survival of sea lampreys from metamorphosis to spawning in Lake Huron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T15:50:03","indexId":"70132333","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth and survival of sea lampreys from metamorphosis to spawning in Lake Huron","docAbstract":"Larval Sea Lampreys Petromyzon marinus live burrowed in stream bottoms and then metamorphose into their parasitic stage. Among larvae that metamorphose in a given year (i.e., parasitic cohort), autumn out-migrants (October–December) to the Laurentian Great Lakes can feed on fish for up to 6 months longer than spring outmigrants (March–May), which overwinter in streams without feeding. We evaluated whether the season of outmigration affected growth or survival of newlymetamorphosed Sea Lampreys in LakeHuron. Newlymetamorphosed individuals (n=2,718) from three parasitic cohorts were netted during their out-migration from BlackMallard Creek, Michigan, to LakeHuron during autumn 1997 through spring 2000; each out-migrant was injected with a sequentially numbered coded wire tag and was released back into the creek. After up to 18 months of feeding in the Great Lakes, 224 (8.2%) Sea Lampreys were recaptured (in 1999–2001) as upstream-migrating adults in tributaries to Lakes Huron and Michigan. Recovery rates of autumn and spring out-migrants as adults were 9.4% and 7.8%, respectively, and these rates did not significantly differ. Overwinter feeding (i.e., as parasites) by autumn out-migrants did not produce adult mean sizes greater than those of spring out-migrants. Because we detected no growth or survival differences between autumn and spring out-migrants, the capture of newly metamorphosed Sea Lampreys at any point during their out-migration should provide equal reductions in damage to Great Lakes fisheries. The absence of a difference in growth or survival between autumn and spring out-migrants is an aspect of Sea Lamprey life history that yields resiliency to this invasive parasite and complicates efforts for its control in the Great Lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2013.862182","usgsCitation":"Swink, W.D., and Johnson, N.S., 2014, Growth and survival of sea lampreys from metamorphosis to spawning in Lake Huron: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 143, no. 2, p. 380-386, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2013.862182.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"380","endPage":"386","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051995","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296052,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Huron","volume":"143","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5465d632e4b04d4b7dbd65d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swink, William D.","contributorId":126758,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swink","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6595,"text":"Retired USGS Fishery Biologist","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":522799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Nicholas S. 0000-0002-7419-6013 njohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7419-6013","contributorId":597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Nicholas","email":"njohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":522798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70145465,"text":"70145465 - 2014 - Transport and retention of vertically migrating adult mysid and decapod shrimp in the tidal front on Georges Bank","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-07T09:36:09","indexId":"70145465","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport and retention of vertically migrating adult mysid and decapod shrimp in the tidal front on Georges Bank","docAbstract":"Vertical profiles of the adult epibenthic shrimp Neomysis americana and Crangon septemspinosus obtained during June 1985 were used to simulate possible rates of ascent from bottom (40 to 50 m) to near surface at night and return by day, and the consequence of these rates on their horizontal distribution. Numerical particles were released at the sampling site using archived model current fields with specified vertical rates (from no swim behavior to 20 mm s(-1)) and tracked for up to 30 d. The best match between observed and modeled vertical profiles was with a vertical swimming speed of 10 mm s(-1) for N. americana and 2 mm s(-1) for C. septemspinosus. Whereas N. americana rapidly swims towards the surface at dusk and descends to bottom by dawn, C. septemspinosus tends to only swim up to the middle of the water column at night. After 16 d, the simulation with 10 mm s(-1) swim speed showed most particles were concentrated in an area centered around the 60 m isobath, where the tidal front was located. At 2 mm s(-1) swim speed particles were concentrated more shoalward onto the western end of Georges Bank. N. americana are expected to be more closely associated with the tidal front, since they spend more time near the front surface convergence, but are more likely to be transported off the bank due to the south-westward-flowing surface tidal jet, whereas C. septemspinosus would be retained primarily on the bank, since they are found deeper in the water column during both day and night.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","publisherLocation":"Oldendorf, Germany","doi":"10.3354/meps10977","usgsCitation":"Lough, R.G., and Aretxabaleta, A.L., 2014, Transport and retention of vertically migrating adult mysid and decapod shrimp in the tidal front on Georges Bank: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 514, p. 119-135, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10977.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057875","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10977","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":299444,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"514","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5524ffb5e4b027f0aee3d491","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lough, R. Gregory","contributorId":74777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lough","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gregory","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aretxabaleta, Alfredo L. 0000-0002-9914-8018 aaretxabaleta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9914-8018","contributorId":5464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aretxabaleta","given":"Alfredo","email":"aaretxabaleta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70113031,"text":"70113031 - 2014 - Presence of the Corexit component dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate in Gulf of Mexico waters after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T16:04:37","indexId":"70113031","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T10:44:10","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Presence of the Corexit component dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate in Gulf of Mexico waters after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill","docAbstract":"Between April 22 and July 15, 2010, approximately 4.9 million barrels of oil were released into the Gulf of Mexico from the Deepwater Horizon oil well. Approximately 16% of the oil was chemically dispersed, at the surface and at 1500 m depth, using Corexit 9527 and Corexit 9500, which contain dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS) as a major surfactant component. This was the largest documented release of oil in history at substantial depth, and the first time large quantities of dispersant (0.77 million gallons of approximately 1.9 million gallons total) were applied to a subsurface oil plume. During two cruises in late May and early June, water samples were collected at the surface and at depth for DOSS analysis. Real-time fluorimetry data was used to infer the presence of oil components to select appropriate sampling depths. Samples were stored frozen and in the dark for approximately 6 months prior to analysis by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with isotope-dilution quantification. The blank-limited method detection limit (0.25 μg L−1) was substantially less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) aquatic life benchmark of 40 μg L−1. Concentrations of DOSS exceeding 200 μg L−1 were observed in one surface sample near the well site; in subsurface samples DOSS did not exceed 40 μg L−1. Although DOSS was present at high concentration in the immediate vicinity of the well where it was being continuously applied, a combination of biodegradation, photolysis, and dilution likely reduced persistence at concentrations exceeding the USEPA aquatic life benchmark beyond this immediate area.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.049","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.L., Kanagy, L.K., Furlong, E.T., Kanagy, C., McCoy, J.W., Mason, A., and Lauenstein, G., 2014, Presence of the Corexit component dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate in Gulf of Mexico waters after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill: Chemosphere, v. 95, p. 124-130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.049.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"124","endPage":"130","numberOfPages":"7","ipdsId":"IP-037292","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288890,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288889,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.049"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.5,28.0 ], [ -91.5,31.0 ], [ -87.0,31.0 ], [ -87.0,28.0 ], [ -91.5,28.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"95","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae77f1e4b0abf75cf2c5c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, James L. 0000-0002-0807-5635 jlgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0807-5635","contributorId":1253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"James","email":"jlgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - 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Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mason, Andrew","contributorId":10334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lauenstein, Gunnar","contributorId":50080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lauenstein","given":"Gunnar","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70129177,"text":"70129177 - 2014 - Microbiological reduction of Sb(V) in anoxic freshwater sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-19T15:47:56","indexId":"70129177","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T10:39:47","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microbiological reduction of Sb(V) in anoxic freshwater sediments","docAbstract":"Microbiological reduction of millimolar concentrations of Sb(V) to Sb(III) was observed in anoxic sediments from two freshwater settings: (1) a Sb- and As-contaminated mine site (Stibnite Mine) in central Idaho and 2) an uncontaminated suburban lake (Searsville Lake) in the San Francisco Bay Area. Rates of Sb(V) reduction in anoxic sediment microcosms and enrichment cultures were enhanced by amendment with lactate or acetate as electron donors but not by H2, and no reduction occurred in sterilized controls. Addition of 2-14C-acetate to Stibnite Mine microcosms resulted in the production of 14CO2 coupled to Sb(V) reduction, suggesting that this process proceeds by a dissimilatory respiratory pathway in those sediments. Antimony(V) reduction in Searsville Lake sediments was not coupled to acetate mineralization and may be associated with Sb-resistance. The microcosms and enrichment cultures also reduced sulfate, and the precipitation of insoluble Sb(III)-sulfide complexes was a major sink for reduced Sb. The reduction of Sb(V) by Stibnite Mine sediments was inhibited by As(V), suggesting that As(V) is a preferred electron acceptor for the indigenous community. These findings indicate a novel pathway for anaerobic microbiological respiration and suggest that communities capable of reducing high concentrations of Sb(V) commonly occur naturally in the environment.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","publisherLocation":"Easton, PA","doi":"10.1021/es403312j","usgsCitation":"Oremland, R.S., Kulp, T.R., Miller, L., Braiotta, F., Webb, S., Kocar, B., and Blum, J.S., 2014, Microbiological reduction of Sb(V) in anoxic freshwater sediments: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 48, no. 1, p. 218-226, https://doi.org/10.1021/es403312j.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"218","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-049681","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295536,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295476,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es403312j"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775b4e4b0f888a81b832d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oremland, Ronald S. 0000-0001-7382-0147 roremlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-0147","contributorId":931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ronald","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kulp, Thomas R.","contributorId":15948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulp","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Laurence G. 0000-0002-7807-3475 lgmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7807-3475","contributorId":2460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Laurence G.","email":"lgmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Braiotta, Franco","contributorId":18700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braiotta","given":"Franco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Webb, Samuel M.","contributorId":9597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Samuel M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kocar, Benjamin D","contributorId":32105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kocar","given":"Benjamin D","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Blum, Jodi S. jsblum@usgs.gov","contributorId":4263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"Jodi","email":"jsblum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70199502,"text":"70199502 - 2014 - Inference of strata separation and gas emission paths in longwall overburden using continuous wavelet transform of well logs and geostatistical simulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T10:39:42","indexId":"70199502","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T10:39:14","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inference of strata separation and gas emission paths in longwall overburden using continuous wavelet transform of well logs and geostatistical simulation","docAbstract":"Prediction of potential methane emission pathways from various sources into active mine workings or sealed gobs from longwall overburden is important for controlling methane and for improving mining safety. The aim of this paper is to infer strata separation intervals and thus gas emission pathways from standard well log data. The proposed technique was applied to well logs acquired through the Mary Lee/Blue Creek coal seam of the Upper Pottsville Formation in the Black Warrior Basin, Alabama, using well logs from a series of boreholes aligned along a nearly linear profile.
For this purpose, continuous wavelet transform (CWT) of digitized gamma well logs was performed by using Mexican hat and Morlet, as the mother wavelets, to identify potential discontinuities in the signal. Pointwise Hölder exponents (PHE) of gamma logs were also computed using the generalized quadratic variations (GQV) method to identify the location and strength of singularities of well log signals as a complementary analysis. PHEs and wavelet coefficients were analyzed to find the locations of singularities along the logs.
Using the well logs in this study, locations of predicted singularities were used as indicators in single normal equation simulation (SNESIM) to generate equi-probable realizations of potential strata separation intervals. Horizontal and vertical variograms of realizations were then analyzed and compared with those of indicator data and training image (TI) data using the Kruskal–Wallis test. A sum of squared differences was employed to select the most probable realization representing the locations of potential strata separations and methane flow paths.
Results indicated that singularities located in well log signals reliably correlated with strata transitions or discontinuities within the strata. Geostatistical simulation of these discontinuities provided information about the location and extents of the continuous channels that may form during mining. If there is a gas source within their zone of influence, paths may develop and allow methane movement towards sealed or active gobs under pressure differentials. Knowledge gained from this research will better prepare mine operations for potential methane inflows, thus improving mine safety.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2014.03.019","usgsCitation":"Karacan, C.O., and Olea, R., 2014, Inference of strata separation and gas emission paths in longwall overburden using continuous wavelet transform of well logs and geostatistical simulation: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 105, p. 147-158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2014.03.019.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"158","ipdsId":"IP-054149","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357539,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5bc038fae4b0fc368eb53b1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karacan, C. Ozgen 0000-0002-0947-8241","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0947-8241","contributorId":208012,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karacan","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ozgen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":120616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":745609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70117802,"text":"70117802 - 2014 - Partners in amphibian and reptile conservation 2013 annual report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T17:52:56","indexId":"70117802","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T10:35:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":156,"text":"Annual Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"4","title":"Partners in amphibian and reptile conservation 2013 annual report","docAbstract":"Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation (PARC) was established in 1999 to address the widespread declines, extinctions, and range reductions of amphibians and reptiles, with a focus on conservation of taxa and habitats in North America. Amphibians and reptiles are affected by a broad range of human activities, both as incidental effects of habitat alteration and direct effect from overexploitation; these animals are also challenged by the perception that amphibians and reptiles are either dangerous or of little environmental or economic value. However, PARC members understand these taxa are important parts of our natural an cultural heritage and they serve important roles in ecosystems throughout the world. With many amphibians and reptiles classified as threatened with extinction, conservation of these animals has never been more important.
","language":"English","publisher":"Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation","publisherLocation":"Hagerstown, MD","usgsCitation":"2014, Partners in amphibian and reptile conservation 2013 annual report: Annual Report 4, 23 p.","productDescription":"23 p.","numberOfPages":"24","ipdsId":"IP-055091","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294489,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290890,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.parcplace.org/parcplace/publications/parc-annual-reports.html"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54252ec6e4b0e641df8a70d4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Conrad, Paulette M.","contributorId":47308,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Conrad","given":"Paulette","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731018,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weir, Linda A. lweir@usgs.gov","contributorId":140505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weir","given":"Linda","email":"lweir@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":731019,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nanjappa, Priya","contributorId":84272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nanjappa","given":"Priya","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731020,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70045681,"text":"70045681 - 2014 - A bootstrap estimation scheme for chemical compositional data with nondetects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-01T11:01:48","indexId":"70045681","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T10:35:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2210,"text":"Journal of Chemometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A bootstrap estimation scheme for chemical compositional data with nondetects","docAbstract":"The bootstrap method is commonly used to estimate the distribution of estimators and their associated uncertainty when explicit analytic expressions are not available or are difficult to obtain. It has been widely applied in environmental and geochemical studies, where the data generated often represent parts of whole, typically chemical concentrations. This kind of constrained data is generically called compositional data, and they require specialised statistical methods to properly account for their particular covariance structure. On the other hand, it is not unusual in practice that those data contain labels denoting nondetects, that is, concentrations falling below detection limits. Nondetects impede the implementation of the bootstrap and represent an additional source of uncertainty that must be taken into account. In this work, a bootstrap scheme is devised that handles nondetects by adding an imputation step within the resampling process and conveniently propagates their associated uncertainly. In doing so, it considers the constrained relationships between chemical concentrations originated from their compositional nature. Bootstrap estimates using a range of imputation methods, including new stochastic proposals, are compared across scenarios of increasing difficulty. They are formulated to meet compositional principles following the log-ratio approach, and an adjustment is introduced in the multivariate case to deal with nonclosed samples. Results suggest that nondetect bootstrap based on model-based imputation is generally preferable. A robust approach based on isometric log-ratio transformations appears to be particularly suited in this context. Computer routines in the R statistical programming language are provided.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/cem.2621","usgsCitation":"Palarea-Albaladejo, J., Martin-Fernandez, J., and Olea, R., 2014, A bootstrap estimation scheme for chemical compositional data with nondetects: Journal of Chemometrics, v. 28, no. 7, p. 585-599, https://doi.org/10.1002/cem.2621.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"585","endPage":"599","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044452","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324712,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"UNITED STATES","volume":"28","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-04-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5777942ee4b07dd077c905be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palarea-Albaladejo, Javier","contributorId":120518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palarea-Albaladejo","given":"Javier","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":517798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin-Fernandez, J.A","contributorId":116812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin-Fernandez","given":"J.A","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":517796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808 rolea@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":1401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","email":"rolea@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":641512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}