During the eruption of Redoubt Volcano from December 1989 through April 1990, the Alaska Volcano Observatory issued advance warnings of several tephra eruptions based on changes in seismic activity related to the occurrence of precursory swarms of long-period (LP) seismic events (dominant period of about 0.5 s). The initial eruption on December 14 occurred after 23 years of quiescence and was heralded by a 23-hour swarm of LP events that ended abruptly with the eruption. After a series of vent-clearing explosions over the next few days, dome growth began on December 21. Another swarm, with LP events similar to those of the first, began on the 26th and ended in a major tephra eruption on January 2. Eruptions continued over the next two weeks and then ceased until February 15, when a large eruption initiated a long phase of repetitive dome-building and dome-destroying episodes that continued into April. Warnings were issued before the major events on December 14 and January 2, but as the eruptive sequence continued after January 2, the energy of the swarms decreased and forecasting became more difficult. A significant but less intense swarm preceded the February 15 eruption, which was not forecast. This eruption destroyed the only seismograph on the volcanic edifice and stymied forecasting until March 4, when the first of three new stations was installed within 3 km of the active vent. From March 4 to the end of the sequence on April 21, there were eight eruptions, six of which were preceded by detectable swarms of LP events. Although weak, these swarms provided the basis for warnings issued before the eruptions on March 23 and April 6. The initial swarm on December 13 had the following features: (1) short duration (23 hours); (2) a rapidly accelerating rate of seismic energy release over the first 18 hours of the swarm, followed by a decline of activity during the 5 hours preceding the eruption; (3) a magnitude range from −0.4 to 1.6; (4) nearly identical LP signatures with a dominant period near 0.5 s; (5) dilatational first motions everywhere; and (6) a stationary source location at a depth of 1.4 km beneath the crater. This occurrence of long-period events suggests a model involving the interaction of magma with groundwater in which magmatic gases, steam and water drive a fixed conduit at a stationary point throughout the swarm. The initiation of that sequence of events is analogous to the failure of a pressure-relief valve connecting a lower, supercharged magma-dominated reservoir to a shallow hydrothermal system. A three-dimensional model of a vibrating fluid-filled crack recently developed by Chouet is found to be compatible with the seismic data and yields the following parameters for the LP source: crack length, 280–380 m; crack width, 140–190 m; crack thickness, 0.05–0.20 m; crack stiffness, 100–200; sound speed of fluid, 0.8–1.3 km/s; compressional-wave speed of rock, 5.1 km/s; density ratio of fluid to rock, ≈0.4; and ratio of bulk modulus of fluid to rigidity of rock, 0.03–0.07. The fluid-filled crack is excited intermittently by an impulsive pressure drop that varies in magnitude within the range of 0.4 to 40 bar. Such disturbance appears to be consistent with a triggering mechanism associated with choked flow conditions in the crack.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)90030-2","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Chouet, B., Page, R., Stephens, C., Lahr, J., and Power, J., 1994, Precursory swarms of long-period events at Redoubt Volcano (1989-1990), Alaska: Their origin and use as a forecasting tool: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 95-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)90030-2.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"135","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook inlet, Redoubt Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -149,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -149,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -154,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -154,\n 59\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a814de4b0c8380cd7b470","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Page, R.A.","contributorId":40197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephens, C.D.","contributorId":18752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lahr, J.C.","contributorId":34892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Power, J.A.","contributorId":20765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1014695,"text":"1014695 - 1994 - Relationship between resistance of salmonids to furunculosis and recovery of Aeromonas salmonicida from external mucus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-10T00:16:01.58714","indexId":"1014695","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship between resistance of salmonids to furunculosis and recovery of Aeromonas salmonicida from external mucus","docAbstract":"Fish were sampled at the Ed Weed State Fish Hatchery (South Hero, Vermont, USA) in September 1992. Aeromonas salmonicida was common, with concentrations as high as 105 to 107 colony-forming units per gram of mucus, and readily recovered from most mucus samples obtained from furunculosis-sensitive populations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The pathogen was the predominant microorganism and accounted for greater than 85% of the total number of bacteria isolated from the mucus of these fish. By comparison, A. salmonicida was recovered only from two rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and bacterial frequencies did not exceed 103 colony-forming units per gram of mucus. The pathogen was not recovered from the mucus of steelhead (O. mykiss) or Rome brown trout (Salmo trutta) selectively bred for resistance to furunculosis, even though there was widespread contagion throughout the hatchery and fish were cultured on a common, unprotected water supply.
Vapor sorption capacities on a high-organic-content peat, a model for soil organic matter (SOM), were determined at room temperature for the following liquids: n-hexane, 1,4-dioxane, nitroethane, acetone, acetonitrile, 1-propanol, ethanol, and methanol. The linear organic vapor sorption is in keeping with the dominance of vapor partition in peat SOM. These data and similar results of carbon tetrachloride (CT), trichloroethylene (TCE), benzene, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME), and water on the same peat from earlier studies are used to evaluate the effect of polarity on the vapor partition in SOM. The extrapolated liquid solubility from the vapor isotherm increases sharply from 3-6 wt % for low-polarity liquids (hexane, CT, and benzene) to 62 wt % for polar methanol and correlates positively with the liquid's component solubility parameters for polar interaction and hydrogen bonding. The same polarity effect may be expected to influence the relative solubilities of a variety of contaminants in SOM and, therefore, the relative deviations between the SOM-water partition coefficients (Kom) and corresponding octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) for different classes of compounds. The large solubility disparity in SOM between polar and nonpolar solutes suggests that the accurate prediction of Kom from Kow or Sw (solute water solubility) would be limited to compounds of similar polarity.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00055a026","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Chiou, C.T., and Kile, D.E., 1994, Effects of polar and nonpolar groups on the solubility of organic compounds in soil organic matter: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 6, p. 1139-1144, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00055a026.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1139","endPage":"1144","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0783e4b0c8380cd51727","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiou, C. T.","contributorId":97080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kile, D. E.","contributorId":22758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017611,"text":"70017611 - 1994 - Contributions to a shallow aquifer study by reprocessed seismic sections from petroleum exploration surveys, eastern Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-15T16:27:41.216883","indexId":"70017611","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contributions to a shallow aquifer study by reprocessed seismic sections from petroleum exploration surveys, eastern Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","docAbstract":"The US Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Drilling Company of Abu Dhabi, is conducting a 4-year study of the fresh and slightly saline groundwater resources of the eastern Abu Dhabi Emirate. Most of this water occurs in a shallow aquifer, generally less than 150 m deep, in the Al Ain area. A critical part of the Al Ain area coincides with a former petroleum concession area where about 2780 km of vibroseis data were collected along 94 seismic lines during 1981–1983. Field methods, acquistion parameters, and section processing were originally designed to enhance reflections expected at depths ranging from 5000 to 6000 m, and subsurface features directly associated with the shallow aquifer system were deleted from the original seismic sections. The original field tapes from the vibroseis survey were reprocessed in an attempt to extract shallow subsurface information (depths less than 550 m) for investigating the shallow aquifer.
A unique sequence of reproccessing parameters was established after reviewing the results from many experimental tests. Many enhancements to the resolution of shallow seismic reflections resulted from: (1) application of a 20-Hz, low-cut filter; (2) recomputation of static corrections to a datum nearer the land surface; (3) intensive velocity analyses; and (4) near-trace muting analyses. The number, resolution, and lateral continuity of shallow reflections were greatly enhanced on the reprocessed sections, as was the delineation of shallow, major faults. Reflections on a synthetic seismogram, created from a borehole drilled to a depth of 786 m on seismic line IQS-11, matched precisely with shallow reflections on the reprocessed section. The 33 reprocessed sections were instrumental in preparing a map showing the major structural features that affect the shallow aquifer system. Analysis of the map provides a better understanding of the effect of these shallow features on the regional occurrence, movement, and quality of groundwater in the concession area. Results from this study demonstrate that original seismic field tapes collected for deep petroleum exploration can be reprocessed to explore for groundwater.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0926-9851(94)90062-0","issn":"09269851","usgsCitation":"Woodward, D., 1994, Contributions to a shallow aquifer study by reprocessed seismic sections from petroleum exploration surveys, eastern Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 31, no. 1-4, p. 271-289, https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-9851(94)90062-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"289","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228763,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa8fe4b0c8380cd4db89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, D.","contributorId":36701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017584,"text":"70017584 - 1994 - The importance of earthquake-induced landslides to long-term slope erosion and slope-failure hazards in seismically active regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-02T22:12:15.301289","indexId":"70017584","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The importance of earthquake-induced landslides to long-term slope erosion and slope-failure hazards in seismically active regions","docAbstract":"This paper describes a general method for determining the amount of earthquake-induced landsliding that occurs in a seismically active region over time; this determination can be used as a quantitative measure of the long-term hazard from seismically triggered landslides as well as a measure of the importance of this process to regional slope-erosion rates and landscape evolution. The method uses data from historical earthquakes to relate total volume of landslide material dislodged by an earthquake to the magnitude,
To determine the amount of earthquake-generated landsliding over time, this relation is combined with data on seismic-moment release for a particular region, which may be derived from either earthquake-history or fault-slip data. The form of the M0−V relation allows the rate of production of earthquake-induced landslides over time to be determined from total rate of seismic-moment release without regard to the distribution of individual events, thus simplifying and generalizing the determination.
Application of the method to twelve seismically active regions, with areas ranging from 13,275 to 2,308,000 km2, shows that erosion rates from earthquake-induced landslides vary significantly from region to region. Of the regions studied, the highest rates were determined for the island of Hawaii, New Zealand, western New Guinea, and the San Francisco Bay region of California. Significantly lower rates were determined for Iran, Tibet, the Sierra Nevada-Great Basin region of California, and central Japan (for the time period from 715 AD to the present). Intermediate rates were determined for Peru, southern California, onshore California, Turkey, and central Japan (for the time period from 1586 AD to the present).
To determine the relative, long-term importance of seismically triggered landslides, these erosion rates are compared to erosion rates calculated for other slope processes and to rates calculated from fluvial sediment discharge. Comparisons with other slope processes indicate that earthquake-induced landslides are the predominant agents of slope erosion on the island of Hawaii, in the San Francisco Bay region, and in western New Guinea. For Hawaii, the San Francisco Bay region, and Sierra Nevada-Great Basin region of California, the erosion rates calculated for earthquake-induced landslides also exceed the regional erosion rates calculated from fluvial sediment discharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-555X(94)90021-3","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Keefer, D.K., 1994, The importance of earthquake-induced landslides to long-term slope erosion and slope-failure hazards in seismically active regions: Geomorphology, v. 10, no. 1-4, p. 265-284, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(94)90021-3.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"284","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229031,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacf4e4b08c986b323889","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keefer, D. K.","contributorId":21176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":46590,"text":"ofr9249 - 1994 - Generalized water-table map of Block Island, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:39","indexId":"ofr9249","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-49","title":"Generalized water-table map of Block Island, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"The map shows the altitude of water table surface above seal level in the glacial deposits that form Block Island. Because the sediments are only moderately permeable, the water table is close to the to the surface in most parts of the island, even in hilly areas. The map represents a generalized water-table configuration on the basis of data from many different sampling periods; because the data were collected at different times, they should not be used to determine a specific depth to water at a particular site. Water levels measured in 117 shallow wells (less than 35 feet deep) from June through September 1962 and from March through September 1988-90--periods when water levels were at about the same altitude above sea level--ranged from less than 1 to 24 feet below land surface and averaged about 6 feet below land surface.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9249","usgsCitation":"Johnston, H., and Veeger, A., 1994, Generalized water-table map of Block Island, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-49, 1 map ;90 x 63 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9249.","productDescription":"1 map ;90 x 63 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":83531,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0049/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83532,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aec21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, H.E.","contributorId":27070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Veeger, A.I.","contributorId":100031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veeger","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017540,"text":"70017540 - 1994 - Increased pressure from rising bubbles as a mechanism for remotely triggered seismicity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T13:04:44","indexId":"70017540","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increased pressure from rising bubbles as a mechanism for remotely triggered seismicity","docAbstract":"Aftershocks of large earthquakes tend to occur close to the main rupture zone, and can be used to constrain its dimensions. But following the 1992 Landers earthquake (magnitude M(w) = 7.3) in southern California, many aftershocks were reported in areas remote from the mainshock. Intriguingly, this remote seismicity occurred in small clusters near active volcanic and geothermal systems. For one of these clusters (Long Valley, about 400 km from the Landers earthquake), crustal deformation associated with the seismic activity was also monitored. Here we argue that advective overpressure provides a viable mechanism for remote seismicity triggered by the Landers earthquake. Both the deformation and seismicity data are consistent with pressure increases owing to gas bubbles rising slowly within a volume of magma. These bubbles may have been shaken loose during the passage of seismic waves generated by the mainshock.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1038/371408a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Linde, A.T., Sacks, I.S., Johnston, M., Hill, D., and Bilham, R., 1994, Increased pressure from rising bubbles as a mechanism for remotely triggered seismicity: Nature, v. 371, no. 6496, p. 408-410, https://doi.org/10.1038/371408a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"408","endPage":"410","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206179,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/371408a0"}],"volume":"371","issue":"6496","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39fce4b0c8380cd61aed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Linde, A. T.","contributorId":21700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linde","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sacks, I. S.","contributorId":58038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sacks","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bilham, R.G.","contributorId":24120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bilham","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":55089,"text":"wdrWI931 - 1994 - Water resources data, Wisconsin, water year 1993. Volume 1. St. Lawrence River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-06T21:10:30.548982","indexId":"wdrWI931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WI-93-1","title":"Water resources data, Wisconsin, water year 1993. Volume 1. St. Lawrence River Basin","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrWI931","usgsCitation":"Holmstrom, B.K., Kammerer, P., and Ellefson, B., 1994, Water resources data, Wisconsin, water year 1993. Volume 1. 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K.","contributorId":90728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmstrom","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kammerer, P.A.","contributorId":21943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kammerer","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellefson, B.R.","contributorId":83927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefson","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017063,"text":"70017063 - 1994 - Potential-field sounding using Euler's homogeneity equation and Zidarov bubbling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-18T15:22:34.354762","indexId":"70017063","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential-field sounding using Euler's homogeneity equation and Zidarov bubbling","docAbstract":"Potential-field (gravity) data are transformed into a physical-property (density) distribution in a lower half-space, constrained solely by assumed upper bounds on physical-property contrast and data error. A two-step process is involved. The data are first transformed to an equivalent set of line (2-D case) or point (3-D case) sources, using Euler's homogeneity equation evaluated iteratively on the largest residual data value. Then, mass is converted to a volume-density product, constrained to an upper density bound, by 'bubbling,' which exploits circular or radial expansion to redistribute density without changing the associated gravity field. The method can be developed for gravity or magnetic data in two or three dimensions. The results can provide a beginning for interpretation of potential-field data where few independent constraints exist, or more likely, can be used to develop models and confirm or extend interpretation of other geophysical data sets.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK, United States","doi":"10.1190/1.1443649","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Cordell, L., 1994, Potential-field sounding using Euler's homogeneity equation and Zidarov bubbling: Geophysics, v. 59, no. 6, p. 902-908, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1443649.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"902","endPage":"908","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224817,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7f79e4b0c8380cd7ab35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cordell, Lindrith","contributorId":40573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordell","given":"Lindrith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55102,"text":"wdrWV931 - 1994 - Water resources data, West Virginia, water year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-19T14:31:01.411309","indexId":"wdrWV931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WV-93-1","title":"Water resources data, West Virginia, water year 1993","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 1993 water year for West Virginia consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; contents of reservoirs; and water levels of observations wells. This report contains discharge records for 78 streamflow-gaging stations; stage only records for 11 gaging stations; annual maximum discharge at 2 crest-stage partial-record stations; change in contents for 1 reservoir; water-quality records for 13 stations; and water-level records for 29 observation wells. Locations of these sites are shown on figures 4 and 5. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not involved in the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous sites. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in West Virginia.
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W.","contributorId":49380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coble","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D.G.","contributorId":49393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ragland, B.C.","contributorId":27127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ragland","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":17729,"text":"ofr9482 - 1994 - Studies of the San Francisco Bay, California, estuarine ecosystem: Pilot regional monitoring program results, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-12T14:11:52.249972","indexId":"ofr9482","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-82","title":"Studies of the San Francisco Bay, California, estuarine ecosystem: Pilot regional monitoring program results, 1993","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected in the San Francisco Bay estuary during 22 cruises from January through December 1993. Conductivity, temperature, light attenuation, turbidity, oxygen, and in-vivo fluorescence were measured 1ongitudinally and vertically in the main channel of the estuary from south of the Dumbarton Bridge in the southern part of the bay to Rio Vista on the Sacramento River. Discrete water samples were analyzed for chlorophyll a, phaeopigments, suspended particulate matter, and dissolved oxygen. Water density was calculated from values for salinity, temperature, and pressure (depth), and is included in the data summaries. Photosynthetic parameters, water column respiration, and phytoplankton species abundance and cell volume were determined at selected stations every other month.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9482","usgsCitation":"Caffrey, J., Cole, B., Cloern, J., Rudek, J., Tyler, A., and Jassby, A., 1994, Studies of the San Francisco Bay, California, estuarine ecosystem: Pilot regional monitoring program results, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-82, iv, 411 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9482.","productDescription":"iv, 411 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":46950,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0082/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0082/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.9974365234375,\n 37.391981943533544\n ],\n [\n -121.79992675781249,\n 37.391981943533544\n ],\n [\n -121.79992675781249,\n 38.29424797320529\n ],\n [\n -122.9974365234375,\n 38.29424797320529\n ],\n [\n -122.9974365234375,\n 37.391981943533544\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699dc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caffrey, J.M.","contributorId":98750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caffrey","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, B.E.","contributorId":66268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rudek, J.","contributorId":67904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudek","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tyler, A.C.","contributorId":75169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyler","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jassby, A.D.","contributorId":43798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":27420,"text":"wri934218 - 1994 - Water quality assessment of Maumelle and Winona reservoir systems, central Arkansas, May 1989-October 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T19:56:30.478877","indexId":"wri934218","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4218","title":"Water quality assessment of Maumelle and Winona reservoir systems, central Arkansas, May 1989-October 1992","docAbstract":"Water quality of the Maumelle and Winona water supply reservoir systems in central Arkansas, was assessed on the basis of the data collected from May 1989 through October 1992. Water quality relative to: (1) suitability for municipal water supply; (2) other streams and reservoirs within the region; and for the Maumelle reservoir, (3) the ecological trophic condition and sensity to change. The Maumelle reservoir covers 8,900 acres and is relatively shallow (maximum depth is 45 feet). The Winona reservoir covers 1,240 acres and has a maximum depth of 100 feet. \r\n\r\nThe tributary and reservoir water was analyzed for constituents regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Arkansas Department of Health. In many cases, the concentration of these constituents was at or below detection limits, which was well below the respective maximum contaminant levels used by the Arkansas Department of Health. Total iron and manganese concentrations often exceeded the maximum contaminant level, especially in the bottom of Maumelle. Turbidity levels also exceeded the maximum contaminant level, but this would be expected in the raw water. \r\n\r\nThe water quality of Maumelle and Winona reservoir systems also compared favorably when measured against other regional streams and reservoirs. From these comparisons, it can be considered that the water quality of the major tributaries discharging into the respective reservoirs represents the baseline or pristine condition within the region. Likewise, the water quality of the reservoirs could be considered to represent the baseline condition; Maumelle for a shallow, impounded flood-plain reservoir, and Winona for a deep river valley reservoir.\r\n\r\nData from the Maumelle reservoir system were used to investigate trophic condition using empirical models developed from an 80 lake cross-sectional data set that examined, specified, and parameterized trophic state relations. Observed and predicted values generated from empirical trophic state models compared favorably. The Maumelle reservoir can be considered in a state of oligo-mesotrophic transition. If nutrient inputs can be maintained at current levels, the water quality of the Maumelle reservoir should remain relatively stable. However, increases in phosphorus load may alter the water quality from its present oligo-mesotrophic condition to that of a more eutrophic condition, and this trophic response may be amplified with increases in nitrogen loading.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934218","usgsCitation":"Green, W.R., 1994, Water quality assessment of Maumelle and Winona reservoir systems, central Arkansas, May 1989-October 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4218, v, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934218.","productDescription":"v, 42 p.","temporalStart":"1989-05-01","temporalEnd":"1992-10-31","costCenters":[{"id":225,"text":"Earth Science Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8807,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri93-4218/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":410726,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49257.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Maumelle and Winona Reservoir systems","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.4667,\n 34.9167\n ],\n [\n -93.0833,\n 34.9167\n ],\n [\n -93.0833,\n 34.7833\n ],\n [\n -92.4667,\n 34.7833\n ],\n [\n -92.4667,\n 34.9167\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9b5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, W. 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The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Louisiana Office of Emergency Preparedness (LOEP), has installed a real-time data acquisition system to monitor rainfall and river stages in the basin. These data will be transmitted for use by emergency operations personnel to develop flood control and evacuation strategies. The current river stages at selected gaging stations in the basin also will be broadcast by local television and radio stations during a flood. Residents can record the changing river stages on a basin monitoring map, similar to a hurricane tracking map.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"McCallum, B.E., 1994, Flood monitoring network in southeastern Louisiana, in Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 1, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 346-350.","startPage":"346","endPage":"350","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228395,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10fbe4b0c8380cd53ea1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCallum, Brian E. 0000-0002-8935-0343 bemccall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8935-0343","contributorId":1591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCallum","given":"Brian","email":"bemccall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":49728,"text":"ofr94192 - 1994 - Geophysical database of the east coast of the United States northern Atlantic margin: Velocity analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T15:11:47","indexId":"ofr94192","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-192","title":"Geophysical database of the east coast of the United States northern Atlantic margin: Velocity analyses","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr94192","usgsCitation":"Klitgord, K.D., and Schneider, C.M., 1994, Geophysical database of the east coast of the United States northern Atlantic margin: Velocity analyses: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-192, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94192.","productDescription":"74 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":86278,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0192/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":175504,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0192/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c16e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneider, C. M.","contributorId":27537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54686,"text":"wdrMI931 - 1994 - Water resources data, Michigan, water year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-10T14:23:34","indexId":"wdrMI931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MI-93-1","title":"Water resources data, Michigan, water year 1993","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1993 water year for Michigan consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and ground water levels. This report contains discharge records for 148 streamflowgaging stations; stage only records for 2 river-gaging stations and 7 lake-gaging stations; stage and contents for 4 lakes and reservoirs; water-quality records for 19 streamflow-gaging stations; water-level records for 43 ground-water wells. Also included are 33 crest-stage partial-record stations and 2 low-flow partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program. Miscellaneous data were collected at 44 measuring sites. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State, local, and Federal agencies in Michigan.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrMI931","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Michigan and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Blumer, S.P., Behrendt, T., Larson, W., Minnerick, R., LeuVoy, R., and Whited, C., 1994, Water resources data, Michigan, water year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MI-93-1, xvii, 288 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMI931.","productDescription":"xvii, 288 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174038,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/mi-93-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":344722,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/mi-93-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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The great San Francisco earthquake of 1906 induced significant hydrologic changes that were qualitatively similar to those changes observed for the Loma Prieta earthquake. What is different is that the hydrologic data sets collected from the Loma Prieta event have enough detail to enable hypotheses on the causes for these changes to be tested. The papers in this chapter document changes in ocean level, stream morphology and flow, water table height, and ground-water flow rates in response to the earthquake. Although hydrologic disturbances may have occurred about 1 hour before the main shock, the papers in this chapter deal strictly with postevent hydrologic changes. The hydrologic responses reported here reflect changes that are not the result of surface rupture. 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Jersey\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ad22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauersfeld, W.R.","contributorId":72451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauersfeld","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moshinsky, E.W.","contributorId":104972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moshinsky","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gurney, C.E.","contributorId":90374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurney","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":16993,"text":"ofr93355 - 1994 - A comparison of change detection methods using multispectral scanner data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T15:57:13","indexId":"ofr93355","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-355","title":"A comparison of change detection methods using multispectral scanner data","docAbstract":"Change detection methods were investigated as a cooperative activity between the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, People's Republic of China. Subtraction of band 2, band 3, normalized difference vegetation index, and tasseled cap bands 1 and 2 data from two multispectral scanner images were tested using two sites in the United States and one in the People's Republic of China. A new statistical method also was tested. Band 2 subtraction gives the best results for detecting change from vegetative cover to urban development. The statistical method identifies areas that have changed and uses a fast classification algorithm to classify the original data of the changed areas by land cover type present for each image date.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93355","usgsCitation":"Seevers, P.M., Jones, B.K., Qiu, Z., and Liu, Y., 1994, A comparison of change detection methods using multispectral scanner data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-355, ii, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93355.","productDescription":"ii, 24 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":149660,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0355/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46127,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0355/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0fa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seevers, Paul M.","contributorId":66415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seevers","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Brenda K. 0000-0003-4941-5349","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4941-5349","contributorId":43796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Brenda","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Qiu, Zhicheng","contributorId":15637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qiu","given":"Zhicheng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, Yutong","contributorId":42232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Yutong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":55060,"text":"wdrVA932 - 1994 - Water resources data, Virginia, water year 1993; Volume 2: Ground-water level and ground-water quality records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-30T18:34:59.451815","indexId":"wdrVA932","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"VA-93-2","title":"Water resources data, Virginia, water year 1993; Volume 2: Ground-water level and ground-water quality records","docAbstract":"The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with State agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the water resources of Virginia each water year. These data, accumulated during many water years, constitute a valuable data base for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. To make these data readily available to interested parties outside the Geological Survey, the data are published annually in this report series entitled \"Water Resources Data - Virginia.\"
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrVA932","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Prugh, B., and Powell, E.D., 1994, Water resources data, Virginia, water year 1993; Volume 2: Ground-water level and ground-water quality records: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report VA-93-2, xi, 467 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrVA932.","productDescription":"xi, 467 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411235,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/va-93-2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174574,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/va-93-2/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa76a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prugh, Byron J. Jr.","contributorId":61846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prugh","given":"Byron J.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, Eugene D.","contributorId":80309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17483,"text":"ofr94110 - 1994 - Physical, chemical, and biological data for detailed study of irrigation drainage in the Uncompahgre Project area and in the Grand Valley, west-central Colorado, 1991-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:15","indexId":"ofr94110","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-110","title":"Physical, chemical, and biological data for detailed study of irrigation drainage in the Uncompahgre Project area and in the Grand Valley, west-central Colorado, 1991-92","docAbstract":"Because of concerns about potential effects of irrigation drainage on fish and wildlife resources and on human health, the U.S. Department of the Interior initiated a program in 1985 to assess water-quality problems associated with Federal irrigation projects in the Western United States. Physical, chemical, and biological data were collected for a detailed study of irrigation drainage in the Uncompahgre Project area and in the Grand Valley, west-central Colorado, during 1991-92. This report lists onsite measurements and concen- trations of major constituents, trace elements, and stable isotopes for surface-water- and ground-water-sampling sites. Insecticide data collected in the Grand Valley are presented. Ranges of specific-conductance measurements and dissolved- oxygen concentrations for selected wells and a daily record of water-level altitude and specific conduc- tance for a well in the Grand Valley are presented. The report presents historical water-level and dissolved-solids data for two wells in the Grand Valley. Concentrations of trace elements, major constituents, total carbon, and organic carbon in bottom-sediment, bedrock, and in aquifer-sediment samples and semiquantitative data on clay and bulk mineralogy of samples of the Mancos Shale are presented. The report contains selenium-speciation data for selected water and bottom-sediment samples and selected aquifer-test results. Biological samples collected in the Uncompahgre Project area and in the Grand Valley included aquatic plants, aquatic invertebrates, fish, birds, and bird eggs. The report lists concentrations of trace elements in biological samples collected in 1991-92. A limited number of biological samples were analyzed for pesticides, PCB's, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94110","usgsCitation":"Butler, D.L., Wright, W.G., Hahn, D., Krueger, R.P., and Osmundson, B.C., 1994, Physical, chemical, and biological data for detailed study of irrigation drainage in the Uncompahgre Project area and in the Grand Valley, west-central Colorado, 1991-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-110, vi, 146 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94110.","productDescription":"vi, 146 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0110/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":21531,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0110/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":21532,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0110/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46634,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0110/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685ab0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, D. L.","contributorId":36967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, W. G.","contributorId":19582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hahn, D.A.","contributorId":61103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hahn","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krueger, R. P.","contributorId":8890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Osmundson, B. C.","contributorId":15655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osmundson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017905,"text":"70017905 - 1994 - Geodetic slip rate for the eastern California shear zone and the recurrence time of Mojave desert earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:21","indexId":"70017905","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geodetic slip rate for the eastern California shear zone and the recurrence time of Mojave desert earthquakes","docAbstract":"Where the San Andreas fault passes along the southwestern margin of the Mojave desert, it exhibits a large change in trend, and the deformation associated with the Pacific/North American plate boundary is distributed broadly over a complex shear zone. The importance of understanding the partitioning of strain across this region, especially to the east of the Mojave segment of the San Andreas in a region known as the eastern California shear zone (ECSZ), was highlighted by the occurrence (on 28 June 1992) of the magnitude 7.3 Landers earthquake in this zone. Here we use geodetic observations in the central Mojave desert to obtain new estimates for the rate and distribution of strain across a segment of the ECSZ, and to determine a coseismic strain drop of ~770 ??rad for the Landers earthquake. From these results we infer a strain energy recharge time of 3,500-5,000 yr for a Landers-type earthquake and a slip rate of ~12 mm yr-1 across the faults of the central Mojave. The latter estimate implies that a greater fraction of plate motion than heretofore inferred from geodetic data is accommodated across the ECSZ.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/367264a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Sauber, J., Thatcher, W., Solomon, S., and Lisowski, M., 1994, Geodetic slip rate for the eastern California shear zone and the recurrence time of Mojave desert earthquakes: Nature, v. 367, no. 6460, p. 264-266, https://doi.org/10.1038/367264a0.","startPage":"264","endPage":"266","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206106,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/367264a0"},{"id":228355,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"367","issue":"6460","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a173ee4b0c8380cd55447","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauber, J.","contributorId":31540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauber","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Solomon, S.C.","contributorId":39960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solomon","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}