{"pageNumber":"1363","pageRowStart":"34050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40893,"records":[{"id":70186682,"text":"70186682 - 1993 - Upper crustal densities derived from sea floor gravity measurements: Northern Juan De Fuca Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T10:01:30","indexId":"70186682","displayToPublicDate":"1993-09-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper crustal densities derived from sea floor gravity measurements: Northern Juan De Fuca Ridge","docAbstract":"

A transect of sea floor gravity stations has been analyzed to determine upper crustal densities on the Endeavour segment of the northern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Data were obtained using ALVIN along a corridor perpendicular to the axis of spreading, over crustal ages from 0 to 800,000 years. Calculated elevation factors from the gravity data show an abrupt increase in density with age (distance) for the upper 200 m of crust. This density change is interpreted as a systematic reduction in bulk porosity of the upper crustal section, from 23% for the axial ridge to 10% for the off-axis flanking ridges. The porosity decrease is attributed to the collapse and filling of large-scale voids as the abyssal hills move out of the crustal formation zone. Forward modeling of a plausible density structure for the near-axis region agrees with the observed anomaly data only if the model includes narrow, along-strike, low-density regions adjacent to both inner and outer flanks of the abyssal hills. The required low density zones could be regions of systematic upper crustal fracturing and faulting that were mapped by submersible observers and side-scan sonar images, and whose presence was suggested by the distribution of heat flow data in the same area.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93GL00909","usgsCitation":"Holmes, M.L., and Johnson, H.P., 1993, Upper crustal densities derived from sea floor gravity measurements: Northern Juan De Fuca Ridge: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 20, no. 17, p. 1871-1874, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL00909.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"1871","endPage":"1874","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339390,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54be4b09da6799d63ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Mark L.","contributorId":17229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, H. Paul","contributorId":99989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":690273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017358,"text":"70017358 - 1993 - The depth dependence of earthquake duration and implications for rupture mechanisms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-28T14:57:56.011536","indexId":"70017358","displayToPublicDate":"1993-09-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The depth dependence of earthquake duration and implications for rupture mechanisms","docAbstract":"

The duration of rupture is a fundamental characteristic of earthquakes, and is important for understanding the mechanics of faulting1,2. The complexity of the seismic source and the incoherence of the high-frequency seismic wavefield often inhibit the identification, location and timing of features in the later part of earthquake rupture. Here we sum many teleseismic records from regional seismic arrays, producing an unusually clear depiction of the earthquake source at short periods by suppressing background noise and coda generated near the receivers. The ending, as well as the beginning, of rupture is clearly identifiable for most earthquakes examined. Measurements of 130 large earthquakes show that near 100 km depth, rupture duration averages 11 s when scaled to a moment of 1026 dyn cm; this decreases to 5.5 s at 650 km depth. Models of faulting suggest that duration should be inversely proportional to the shear-wave velocity and the cube root of stress drop. Thus, to explain the observed twofold decrease in duration with depth, stress drops would have to increase by a factor of four, as shear velocity increases with depth by only about 20%. However, observed stress drops show no strong trend with depth3,4, suggesting that the faulting process changes with depth.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/365045a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Vidale, J., and Houston, H., 1993, The depth dependence of earthquake duration and implications for rupture mechanisms: Nature, v. 365, no. 6441, p. 45-47, https://doi.org/10.1038/365045a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225217,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"365","issue":"6441","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa8ee4b08c986b3228a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vidale, J.E.","contributorId":55849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidale","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houston, H.","contributorId":103805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houston","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186708,"text":"70186708 - 1993 - Quantitative analysis of Ostracoda and water masses around Japan: Application to Pliocene and Pleistocene paleoceanography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T11:32:49","indexId":"70186708","displayToPublicDate":"1993-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2735,"text":"Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative analysis of Ostracoda and water masses around Japan: Application to Pliocene and Pleistocene paleoceanography","docAbstract":"

An ostracode data base consisting of 273 samples from coretops and comprising 226 species was developed for the seas around the Japanese Islands to determine zoogeographic patterns and for application to Pliocene and Pleistocene paleoceanography in the area. Quantitative analyses of the 59 most common taxa between 0 and 300m water depth indicate that ostracode associations are controlled by the main oceanic water masses around Japan and that bottom water temperature is a key factor influencing species distributions. Ostracodes from the following water masses were studied: warm Kuroshio Current, Tsushima Current (Tsugaru Current and Soya Current), Japan Sea intermediate water, Japan Sea proper water and cold Oyashio Current. In order to apply the modem coretop data base to fossil ostracode assemblages, the modem analog technique (MAT) using a squared chord distance (SCD) measure of dissimilarity was tested as a means of comparing fossil and modem assemblages. SCD values of 0.25 or less adequately identify modem analogs from the coretop data set at the local ecological level (i.e. within the same modern bay), while values of 0.25-0.5 identify modem analogs at the level of the zoogeographic province. The MAT method was tested against 3 Pliocene and 11 Pleistocene formations in Japan to examine the use of the MAT in paleoceanographic reconstruction.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Micropaleontology Project., Inc.","doi":"10.2307/1485900","usgsCitation":"Ikeya, N., and Cronin, T.M., 1993, Quantitative analysis of Ostracoda and water masses around Japan: Application to Pliocene and Pleistocene paleoceanography: Micropaleontology, v. 39, no. 3, p. 263-281, https://doi.org/10.2307/1485900.","productDescription":"19 p. ","startPage":"263","endPage":"281","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339425,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54ce4b09da6799d63f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ikeya, Noriyuki","contributorId":101026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ikeya","given":"Noriyuki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M. 0000-0002-2643-0979 tcronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":2579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","email":"tcronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70113735,"text":"70113735 - 1993 - The proposed EROSpace institute, a national center operated by space grant universities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-20T12:55:10","indexId":"70113735","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-24T12:48:46","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3018,"text":"Pecora 12 Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The proposed EROSpace institute, a national center operated by space grant universities","docAbstract":"

The \"EROSpace Institute\" is a proposed visiting scientist program in associated with the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC). The Institute would be operated by a consortium of universities, possible drawn from NASA's Space Grant College and Fellowship Program consortia and the group of 17 capability-enhancement consortia, or perhaps from consortia though out the nation with a topical interest in remote sensing. The National Center for Atmospheric Research or the Goddard Institute for Space Studies provide models for the structure of such an institute.

\n
\n

The objectives of the Institute are to provide ready access to the body of data housed at the EDC and to increase the cadre of knowledgeable and trained scientists able to deal with the increasing volume of remote sensing data to become available from the Earth Observing System. The Institute would have a staff of about 100 scientists at any one time, about half permanent staff, and half visiting scientists. The latter would include graduate and undergraduate students, as well as faculty on temporary visits, summer fellowships, or sabbatical leaves. The Institute would provide office and computing facilities, as well as Internet linkages to the home institutions so that scientists could continue to participate in the program from their home base.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora 12 Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Smith, P.L., Swiden, L.R., and Waltz, F.A., 1993, The proposed EROSpace institute, a national center operated by space grant universities: Pecora 12 Symposium, p. 550-552.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"550","endPage":"552","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288983,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae786fe4b0abf75cf2d4d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Paul L.","contributorId":17140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swiden, LaDell R.","contributorId":46875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swiden","given":"LaDell","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waltz, Frederick A.","contributorId":20257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waltz","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70113712,"text":"70113712 - 1993 - Development of a graphical user interface for the global land information system (GLIS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-20T11:54:50","indexId":"70113712","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-24T11:44:33","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3018,"text":"Pecora 12 Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of a graphical user interface for the global land information system (GLIS)","docAbstract":"

The process of developing a Motif Graphical User Interface for the Global Land Information System (GLIS) involved incorporating user requirements, in-house visual and functional design requirements, and Open Software Foundation (OSF) Motif style guide standards. Motif user interface windows have been developed using the software to support Motif window functions war written using the C programming language. The GLIS architecture was modified to support multiple servers and remote handlers running the X Window System by forming a network of servers and handlers connected by TCP/IP communications. In April 1993, prior to release the GLIS graphical user interface and system architecture modifications were test by developers and users located at the EROS Data Center and 11 beta test sites across the country.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora 12 Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Alstad, S.R., and Jackson, D.A., 1993, Development of a graphical user interface for the global land information system (GLIS): Pecora 12 Symposium, p. 489-489.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"489","endPage":"489","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7681e4b0abf75cf2bf77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alstad, Susan R.","contributorId":41748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alstad","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, David A.","contributorId":40906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70113710,"text":"70113710 - 1993 - Integration of environmental simulation models with satellite remote sensing and geographic information systems technologies: case studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-20T11:43:15","indexId":"70113710","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-24T11:34:20","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3018,"text":"Pecora 12 Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integration of environmental simulation models with satellite remote sensing and geographic information systems technologies: case studies","docAbstract":"

Environmental modelers are testing and evaluating a prototype land cover characteristics database for the conterminous United States developed by the EROS Data Center of the U.S. Geological Survey and the University of Nebraska Center for Advanced Land Management Information Technologies. This database was developed from multi temporal, 1-kilometer advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) data for 1990 and various ancillary data sets such as elevation, ecological regions, and selected climatic normals. Several case studies using this database were analyzed to illustrate the integration of satellite remote sensing and geographic information systems technologies with land-atmosphere interactions models at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. The case studies are representative of contemporary environmental simulation modeling at local to regional levels in global change research, land and water resource management, and environmental simulation modeling at local to regional levels in global change research, land and water resource management and environmental risk assessment. The case studies feature land surface parameterizations for atmospheric mesoscale and global climate models; biogenic-hydrocarbons emissions models; distributed parameter watershed and other hydrological models; and various ecological models such as ecosystem, dynamics, biogeochemical cycles, ecotone variability, and equilibrium vegetation models. The case studies demonstrate the important of multi temporal AVHRR data to develop to develop and maintain a flexible, near-realtime land cover characteristics database. Moreover, such a flexible database is needed to derive various vegetation classification schemes, to aggregate data for nested models, to develop remote sensing algorithms, and to provide data on dynamic landscape characteristics. The case studies illustrate how such a database supports research on spatial heterogeneity, land use, sensitivity analysis, and scaling issues involving regional extrapolations and parameterizations of dynamic land processes within simulation models.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora 12 Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Steyaert, L.T., Loveland, T., Brown, J., and Reed, B.C., 1993, Integration of environmental simulation models with satellite remote sensing and geographic information systems technologies: case studies: Pecora 12 Symposium, p. 407-417.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"417","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288971,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7750e4b0abf75cf2c0f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steyaert, Louis T.","contributorId":24689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyaert","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":3005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Jesslyn F. 0000-0002-9976-1998","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9976-1998","contributorId":85123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Jesslyn F.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reed, Bradley C. 0000-0002-1132-7178 reed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":2901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"reed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70113707,"text":"70113707 - 1993 - A temporal comparison of forest cover using digital earth science data and visualization techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-20T11:20:05","indexId":"70113707","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-24T11:14:34","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3018,"text":"Pecora 12 Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A temporal comparison of forest cover using digital earth science data and visualization techniques","docAbstract":"

Increased demands on forest resources and the recognition of old-growth forests as critical habitats and purifiers of the atmosphere have stimulated attention to forest harvest practices in the United States and worldwide. Visualization technology provides a means by which a history of forestry activities may be documented and presented to the public and decisionmakers. In this project, landsat multispectral scanner and thematic mapper images, acquired July 7, 1981, and July 8, 1991, respectively, were georeferenced, resampled, enhanced, and draped over U.S. Geological Survey 30-meter digital elevation models. These data then were used to create perspective views of portions of Mt. Hood Forest, Oregon. The \"fly-by\" animation (produced by rapidly displaying a sequence of these perspective views) conveys the forest cover change resulting from forest harvest activities over the 10-year period. This project shows the value of combining satellite data with base cartographic data and earth science information for use in public education and decision-making processes.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora 12 Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Jones, J., 1993, A temporal comparison of forest cover using digital earth science data and visualization techniques: Pecora 12 Symposium, p. 301-309.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"309","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288966,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae761de4b0abf75cf2be90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, John W. 0000-0001-6117-3691 jwjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6117-3691","contributorId":2220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"John","email":"jwjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113705,"text":"70113705 - 1993 - Raster profile development for the spatial data transfer standard","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-20T11:06:50","indexId":"70113705","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-24T11:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3018,"text":"Pecora 12 Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Raster profile development for the spatial data transfer standard","docAbstract":"

The Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS), recently approved as Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication 173, is designed to transfer various types of spatial data. Implementing all of the standard's options at one time is impractical. Profiles, or limited subsets of the SDTS, are the mechanisms by which the standards will be implemented. The development of a raster profile is being coordinated by the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) SDTS Task Force. This raster profile is intended to accommodate digital georeferenced image data and regularly spaces, georeferenced gridded data. The USGS's digital elevation models (DEMs) and digital orthophoto quadrangles (DOQs), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) advanced very huh resolution radiometer (AVHRR) and Landsat data, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Earth observing system (EOS) data are among the candidate data sets for this profile. Other raster profiles, designed to support nongeoreferenced and other types of \"raw\" sensor data will be consider in the future. As with the Topological Vector Profile (TVP) for the SDTS, development of the raster profile includes designing a prototype profile, testing the prototype profile using sample data sets, and finally, requesting and receiving FIPS approval.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora 12 Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Szemraj, J.A., 1993, Raster profile development for the spatial data transfer standard: Pecora 12 Symposium, p. 267-272.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"272","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288964,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7800e4b0abf75cf2c71b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szemraj, John A.","contributorId":42735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szemraj","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113704,"text":"70113704 - 1993 - Processing techniques for global land 1-km AVHRR data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-20T10:59:39","indexId":"70113704","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-24T10:49:35","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3018,"text":"Pecora 12 Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processing techniques for global land 1-km AVHRR data","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Center (EDC) in cooperation with several international science organizations has developed techniques for processing daily Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 1-km data of the entire global land surface. These techniques include orbital stitching, geometric rectification, radiometric calibration, and atmospheric correction.

\n
\n

An orbital stitching algorithm was developed to combine consecutive observations acquired along an orbit by ground receiving stations into contiguous half-orbital segments.

\n
\n

The geometric rectification process uses an AVHRR satellite model that contains modules for forward mapping, forward terrain correction, and inverse mapping with terrain correction. The correction is accomplished by using the hydrologic features coastlines and lakes from the Digital Chart of the World. These features are rasterized into the satellite projection and are matched to the AVHRR imagery using binary edge correlation techniques. The resulting coefficients are related to six attitude correction parameters: roll, roll rate, pitch, pitch rate, yaw, and altitude. The image can then be precision corrected to a variety of map projections and user-selected image frames.

\n
\n

Because the AVHRR lacks onboard calibration for the optical wavelengths, a series of time-variant calibration coefficients derived from vicarious calibration methods and are used to model the degradation profile of the instruments.

\n
\n

Reducing atmospheric effects on AVHRR data is important. A method has been develop that will remove the effects of molecular scattering and absorption from clear sky observations, using climatological measurements of ozone. Other methods to remove the effects of water vapor and aerosols are being investigated.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora 12 Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Eidenshink, J.C., Steinwand, D.R., Wivell, C.E., Hollaren, D.M., and Meyer, D., 1993, Processing techniques for global land 1-km AVHRR data: Pecora 12 Symposium, p. 214-222.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"214","endPage":"222","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288963,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae77f6e4b0abf75cf2c605","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eidenshink, Jeffery C. eidenshink@usgs.gov","contributorId":1352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eidenshink","given":"Jeffery","email":"eidenshink@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":495115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steinwand, Daniel R. steinwand@usgs.gov","contributorId":3224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinwand","given":"Daniel","email":"steinwand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wivell, Charles E.","contributorId":65010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wivell","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hollaren, Douglas M.","contributorId":78253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollaren","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meyer, David dmeyer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"David","email":"dmeyer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70200571,"text":"70200571 - 1993 - Evolution of the caldera‐forming eruption at Crater Lake, Oregon, indicated by component analysis of lithic fragments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T11:59:19","indexId":"70200571","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-10T11:58:48","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of the caldera‐forming eruption at Crater Lake, Oregon, indicated by component analysis of lithic fragments","docAbstract":"

Crater Lake caldera (8 × 10 km), formed 6845 years B. P. (14C age) during the climactic eruption of the volcanic edifice known as Mount Mazama, is intermediate in size between small calderas associated with central vent eruptions and large calderas that have ring fracture vent systems. Our quantitative study of lithic fragments in the ejecta confirms the existing model of changes in vent configuration during the climactic eruption of Mount Mazama. Initial activity was from a single vent that produced a rhyodacite pumice fall from a Plinian column. Altered preexisting volcanic rocks are the predominant lithic type in the Plinian deposit, and their extensive hydrothermal alteration is considered as evidence of their relatively deep origin. The Wineglass Welded Tuff lies atop the Plinian deposit and contains a higher proportion of fresh volcanic rocks, suggesting enlargement of the single vent by slumping of its walls. This same vent enlargement caused the Plinian eruption column to collapse and feed valley‐hugging pyroclastic flows that deposited the Wineglass Welded Tuff. When enough material was erupted from the shallow magma chamber that its roof was no longer adequately supported, Mount Mazama collapsed to form the caldera, while highly energetic pyroclastic flows produced the climactic ignimbrite. A lag breccia that represents the proximal facies of the compositionally zoned climactic ignimbrite lies atop the Wineglass Welded Tuff and contains predominantly altered volcanic rocks of deeper origin, accompanied by minor granitoids from the magma chamber walls. Azimuthal differences in lithic component proportions in the lag breccia correlate well with the geology of the caldera walls, indicating that the climactic ignimbrite was ejected by multiple vents along a ring fracture system. Systematic lithic component changes within the lag breccia suggest different quarrying levels that reflect waxing and waning of the discharge rate during the caldera collapse phase of the climactic eruption. Our lithic component analysis demonstrates that calderas that may be too small to experience structural resurgence, such as Crater Lake, nevertheless may form by syneruptive subsidence along ring fractures.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93JB00934","usgsCitation":"Suzuki-Kamata, K., Kamata, H., and Bacon, C.R., 1993, Evolution of the caldera‐forming eruption at Crater Lake, Oregon, indicated by component analysis of lithic fragments: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B8, p. 14059-14074, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB00934.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"14059","endPage":"14074","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358745,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Crater Lake","volume":"98","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111a1de4b034bf6a8194ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suzuki-Kamata, K.","contributorId":35480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suzuki-Kamata","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kamata, H.","contributorId":100130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamata","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bacon, Charles R. 0000-0002-2165-5618 cbacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":2909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"Charles","email":"cbacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":749618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017396,"text":"70017396 - 1993 - Factors affecting the geochemistry of a thick, subbituminous coal bed in the Powder River Basin: Volcanic, detrital, and peat-forming processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T16:35:55.671481","indexId":"70017396","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors affecting the geochemistry of a thick, subbituminous coal bed in the Powder River Basin: Volcanic, detrital, and peat-forming processes","docAbstract":"

The inorganic geochemistry and mineralogy of three cores from the Anderson-Dietz 1 coal bed, a 15.2-m-thick subbituminous coal bed in the Tongue River Member (Paleocene) of the Fort Union Formation, were examined (1) to determine if the cores could be correlated by geochemical composition alone over a total distance of 2 km and (2) to identify the major factors that influenced the geochemistry of the coal bed. Chemical data (46 elements on a coal-ash basis) for 81 coal samples and 4 carbonaceous rock samples, with most samples representing a 0.6-m-thick (2-ft) interval of core, were grouped into compositional clusters by means of cluster analysis. Seven major clusters were produced; two of these clusters can be used to correlate the coal bed throughout the study area. Data from scanning electron and optical microscope analyses indicate that several factors influenced the geochemistry of the Anderson-Dietz 1 coal bed. The majority of mineral grains in the coal bed are interpreted to be detrital (water borne); evidence includes the presence of rounded to subrounded quartz grains having two-phase, aqueous fluid inclusions characteristic of hydrothermal or low-to-moderate grade metamorphic quartz. These quartz grains are found throughout the coal bed but are most abundant in samples from the midpart of the bed, which was influenced by detrital input associated with the deposition of the clastic rocks that form the split between the Anderson and Dietz 1 coal beds 900 m to the east of the study area. In addition to the detrital minerals mentioned above, volcanic ash that was fluvially transported to the sites of peat deposition or possibly deposited as air-fall volcanic ash also affected the geochemistry of the coal bed. For example, crandallite(?), a mineral reported to form as an alteration product of volcanic ash, is found in seven samples from the coal bed. The presence of quartz grains containing silicate-melt inclusions in eight samples from the coal bed.provides further support for a volcanic ash component. Other factors that probably affected the geochemistry of the coal bed include (1) detrital input associated with the deposition of the roof rocks of the coal bed, (2) peat-forming processes and plant material, and (3) epigenetic ground-water flow.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(93)90067-L","usgsCitation":"Crowley, S.S., Ruppert, L., Belkin, H.E., Stanton, R., and Moore, T., 1993, Factors affecting the geochemistry of a thick, subbituminous coal bed in the Powder River Basin: Volcanic, detrital, and peat-forming processes: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 6, p. 843-853, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(93)90067-L.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"843","endPage":"853","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Powder River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.18328120738457,\n 45.184712018144495\n ],\n [\n -107.18328120738457,\n 44.80397957213873\n ],\n [\n -106.13642425027534,\n 44.80397957213873\n ],\n [\n -106.13642425027534,\n 45.184712018144495\n ],\n [\n -107.18328120738457,\n 45.184712018144495\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0eabe4b0c8380cd53577","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowley, Sharon S.","contributorId":78325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruppert, Leslie F. 0000-0002-7453-1061","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-1061","contributorId":118763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"Leslie F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belkin, Harvey E. 0000-0001-7879-6529 hbelkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"Harvey","email":"hbelkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stanton, R.W.","contributorId":19164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moore, T.A.","contributorId":91101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70209796,"text":"70209796 - 1993 - Precise U‐Pb ages of Duluth Complex and related mafic intrusions, northeastern Minnesota: Geochronological insights to physical, petrogenetic, paleomagnetic, and tectonomagmatic processes associated with the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent Rift System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-29T15:13:21.808158","indexId":"70209796","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-03T10:06:06","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precise U‐Pb ages of Duluth Complex and related mafic intrusions, northeastern Minnesota: Geochronological insights to physical, petrogenetic, paleomagnetic, and tectonomagmatic processes associated with the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent Rift System","docAbstract":"

Precise resolution of the timing of igneous activity is crucial to understanding the dynamic processes associated with continental rifting. Mafic intrusive rocks constitute a major portion of the exposed 1100 Ma (Keweenawan) Midcontinent Rift system in northeastern Minnesota; however, prior to this study, geochronological data were insufficient to allow rigorous interpretation of intrusive histories and their relationships to extrusive suites. Eight anorthositic and gabbroic intrusives were chosen to represent both the temporal and spatial ranges of plutonic activity that formed the Duluth Complex and related mafic intrusions. U‐Pb isotopic analyses from zircons and baddeleyites result in U‐Pb concordant ages with little or no ambiguity introduced by inherited components, Pb loss or common Pb. The earliest Keweenawan plutonism exposed in Minnesota occurs along the northeastern flank of the Duluth Complex as a series of layered gabbros (Nathan's layered series) emplaced at 1106.9 ± 0.6 Ma. This sequence of gabbro sheets shares temporal, spatial, and compositional similarities with the nearby Logan sills in Ontario. Four Duluth Complex anorthositic and troctolitic series samples from widely separated areas have unresolvable ages between 1099.3 ± 0.3 and 1098.6 ± 0.5 Ma, indicating a very short duration for peak intrusive activity (0.5–1 m.y.). The unresolvable ages between anorthositic and troctolitic plutons suggest that these two magma series are more closely related than previously modeled and argue strongly for the need to reexamine their fundamental petrogenetic relationships. These dates also imply that the major reverse‐to‐normal magnetic polarity switch, used throughout the rift system as an important correlation tool, occurred prior to 1099 Ma. This date is several million years earlier than previously suspected and emphasizes the need for further paleomagnetic and geochronological data from the overlying volcanics. Much of the hypabyssal intrusive suite within the volcanic pile overlying Duluth Complex plutons may be significantly younger than the main pulse of plutonic activity. Two hypabyssal bodies, the Sonju Lake intrusion and gabbro at Silver Bay, were emplaced at 1096.1 ± 0.8 Ma and 1095.8 ± 1.2 Ma, respectively. Dates reported here and in previous studies support the concept of episodic tectonomagmatic rift development where magmatism was apparently concentrated in episodes of short duration (<1–3 m.y.) interspersed with longer hiatuses (2–8 m.y.).

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93JB01159","usgsCitation":"Paces, J.B., and Miller, J., 1993, Precise U‐Pb ages of Duluth Complex and related mafic intrusions, northeastern Minnesota: Geochronological insights to physical, petrogenetic, paleomagnetic, and tectonomagmatic processes associated with the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent Rift System: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B8, p. 13997-14013, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB01159.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"13997","endPage":"14013","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374351,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Michigan, Minnesota, Ontario, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.5048828125,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -84.17724609375,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -84.17724609375,\n 50.387507803003146\n ],\n [\n -92.5048828125,\n 50.387507803003146\n ],\n [\n -92.5048828125,\n 46.31658418182218\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paces, James B. 0000-0002-9809-8493 jbpaces@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":2514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"James","email":"jbpaces@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, James D. Jr.","contributorId":224391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"James D.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70157531,"text":"70157531 - 1993 - Sources of pollutants in Wisconsin stormwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-16T16:32:46.596959","indexId":"70157531","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3724,"text":"Water Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of pollutants in Wisconsin stormwater","docAbstract":"

Rainfall runoff samples were collected from streets, parking lots, roofs, driveways, and lawns. These five source areas are located in residential, commercial, and industrial land uses in Madison, Wisconsin. Solids, phosphorus, and heavy metals loads were determined for all the source areas using measured concentrations and runoff volumes estimated by the Source Load and Management Model. Source areas with relatively large contaminant loads were identified as critical source areas for each land use.

\n

Streets are critical source areas for most contaminants in all the land uses. Parking lots are critical in the commercial and industrial land uses. Lawns and driveways contribute large phosphorus loads in the residential land use. Roofs produce significant zinc loads in the commercial and industrial land uses.

\n

Identification of critical source areas could reduce the amount of area needing best-management practices in two areas of Madison, Wisconsin. Targeting best-management practices to 14% of the residential area and 40% of the industrial area could significantly reduce contaminant loads by up to 75%.

","language":"English","publisher":"The International Water Association","doi":"10.2166/wst.1993.0426","issn":"0273-1223","usgsCitation":"Bannerman, R., Owens, D., Dodds, R., and Hornewer, N.J., 1993, Sources of pollutants in Wisconsin stormwater: Water Science and Technology, v. 28, no. 3-5, p. 241-259, https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0426.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"259","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":308594,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","city":"Madison","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.49188232421875,\n 43.02974913459804\n ],\n [\n -89.49188232421875,\n 43.11752534252065\n ],\n [\n -89.31541442871094,\n 43.11752534252065\n ],\n [\n -89.31541442871094,\n 43.02974913459804\n ],\n [\n -89.49188232421875,\n 43.02974913459804\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"3-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5606703de4b058f706e51961","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bannerman, R.T.","contributorId":92304,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bannerman","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owens, David W. dwowens@usgs.gov","contributorId":3745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"David W.","email":"dwowens@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":676,"text":"Wisconsin Water Resource Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dodds, R.B.","contributorId":147964,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dodds","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hornewer, Nancy J. njhornew@usgs.gov","contributorId":910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornewer","given":"Nancy","email":"njhornew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70187466,"text":"70187466 - 1993 - Estimating discharge of shallow groundwater by transpiration from greasewood in the Northern Great Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-06T14:25:40","indexId":"70187466","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating discharge of shallow groundwater by transpiration from greasewood in the Northern Great Basin","docAbstract":"

Evapotranspiration from bare soil and phreatophytes is a principal mechanism of groundwater discharge in arid and semiarid regions of the midwestern and western United States including the Great Basin. The imbalance between independent estimates of groundwater recharge from precipitation and of groundwater discharge based on estimates of groundwater evapotranspiration leads to large uncertainties in groundwater budgets. Few studies have addressed this problem. Energy budget micrometeorological field studies were conducted in a stand of sparse-canopy greasewood growing in an area of shallow groundwater in the western Great Basin during the summer of 1989. The data were used to calculate above-canopy fluxes of sensible and latent heat using the energy budget-Bowen ratio method. The calculated energy budget fluxes were used, with soil surface and plant canopy temperature measurements, to calibrate and apply a two-component, energy-combination model that partitions the energy and heat fluxes between bare soil and the canopy. This permitted the separation of evaporation from the soil and transpiration from greasewood. The calibrated model was used to estimate daily transpiration of groundwater by greasewood growing in an area with a depth to water of about 2 m. The daily rate of groundwater discharge by transpiration during July and August was estimated to be 2.4 mm. A period of 100 days for groundwater discharge at this rate was assumed to estimate an annual discharge of groundwater of 24 cm at the study site.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00930","usgsCitation":"Nichols, W., 1993, Estimating discharge of shallow groundwater by transpiration from greasewood in the Northern Great Basin: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 8, p. 2771-2778, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00930.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"2771","endPage":"2778","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340810,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","volume":"29","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"590aec4be4b0fc4e4492abb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, William D.","contributorId":98296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"William D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185452,"text":"70185452 - 1993 - Effect of pH on bacteriophage transport through sandy soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-07T06:40:12","indexId":"70185452","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of pH on bacteriophage transport through sandy soils","docAbstract":"

Effects of pH and hydrophobicity on attachment and detachment of PRD-1 and MS-2 in three different sandy soils were investigated in a series of laboratory-column experiments. Concentrations of the lipid-containing phage PRD-1 decreased 3–4 orders of magnitude during passage through the 10–15-cm-long columns. Attachment of the lipid-containing phage PRD-1 was insensitive to pH and was apparently controlled by hydrophobic interactions in soil media. The less-hydrophobic phage MS-2 acted conservatively; it was not removed in the columns at pH's 5.7–8.0. The sticking efficiency (α) in a colloid-filtration model was between 0.1 and 1 for PRD-1, indicating a relatively high removal efficiency. Phage attachment was reversible, but detachment under steady-state conditions was slow. An increase in pH had a moderate effect on enhancing detachment. Still, these soils should continue to release phage to virus-free water for days to weeks following exposure to virus-containing water. In sandy soils with a mass-fraction organic carbon as low as a few hundredths of a percent, pH changes in the range 5.7–8.0 should have little effect on retention of more-hydrophobic virus (e.g., PRD-1), in that retardation will be dominated by hydrophobic effects. Sharp increases in pH should enhance detachment and transport of virus previously deposited on soil grains. A more hydrophilic virus (e.g., MS-2) will transport as a conservative tracer in low-carbon sandy soil.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-7722(93)90041-P","usgsCitation":"Kinoshita, T., Bales, R.C., Maguire, K.M., and Gerba, C.P., 1993, Effect of pH on bacteriophage transport through sandy soils: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 14, no. 1, p. 55-70, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(93)90041-P.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"55","endPage":"70","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338042,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d3ee4b0236b68f98f06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kinoshita, Takashi","contributorId":189658,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kinoshita","given":"Takashi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bales, Roger C.","contributorId":189659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bales","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maguire, Kimberley M.","contributorId":189660,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maguire","given":"Kimberley","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gerba, Charles P.","contributorId":189661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerba","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70187583,"text":"70187583 - 1993 - Evaluating landsat thematic mapper derived vegetation indices for estimating above-ground biomass on semiarid rangelands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T14:01:11","indexId":"70187583","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating landsat thematic mapper derived vegetation indices for estimating above-ground biomass on semiarid rangelands","docAbstract":"

Ground data from the Central Plains Experimental Range in northeast Colorado and Landsat satellite images of that area acquired in August 1989, June 1990, and September 1990 were used to evaluate the level of association that can be expected from a univariate model relating spectrally derived vegetation indices (difference, ratio, and normalized difference vegetation indices) and dried green vegetation biomass. The vegetation indices were related to the ground sample estimates using a sample point, spectral class, and greenness strata approach. No strong relationships were found between the vegetation indices and sample estimates of dried green biomass using the sample point approach. The spectral class approach produced significant results only for the June 1990 sample period (r=0.96). Significant relationships were found for the August 1989, June 1990, and September 1990 samples periods (r2=0.95, 0.71, and 0.95, respectively) when the data were aggregated by greenness strata. The high degree of association between green biomass and the NDVI, obtained when the data were combined into greenness strata, indicated that it is possible to predict green biomass levels on semiarid rangelands using univariate regression models.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(93)90040-5","usgsCitation":"Anderson, G., Hanson, J.D., and Haas, R.H., 1993, Evaluating landsat thematic mapper derived vegetation indices for estimating above-ground biomass on semiarid rangelands: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 45, no. 2, p. 165-175, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(93)90040-5.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"175","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341013,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5912d53be4b0e541a03d4541","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, G.L.","contributorId":56430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, J. D.","contributorId":191004,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haas, R. H.","contributorId":57456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70211194,"text":"70211194 - 1993 - Site response estimates in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, from borehole seismic velocities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-25T23:45:40.396222","indexId":"70211194","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-16T14:12:59","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Site response estimates in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, from borehole seismic velocities","docAbstract":"

The general correlation of Salt Lake Valley sites located on soft, saturated unconsolidated silty and clayey deposits (that is, deposits with low S-wave velocity) with high seismic amplification at the ground surface motivated our investigation of the relationship between the P- and S-wave seismic velocity (Vp and Vs) of these units and their corresponding observed site response. We found that low, near surface Vs−1.5 is proportional to seismic amplification measured on the surface, and suspected that we might be able to predict the site response if the near surface seismic velocity structure were known. With this idea in mind we constructed plane-layered seismic impedance models from borehole data in order to correlate impedance structure with variations in site response. Seismic travel times, measured in a borehole at 2-m intervals, were converted into compressional and shear wave seismic velocity profiles for 22 boreholes (average depth = 59 m) in Salt Lake Valley, Utah. Using this impedance model, we estimated site response on the ground surface of the borehole site to within 12% of the measured value in the 0.7 to 1.0 Hz frequency range for six of the twenty sites, and within 20% for 55% of the sites. All except two of our site response estimates are within a factor of two of the measured value. Thus, high values of seismic amplification appear to be partially explained by a near surface high-impedance contrast produced by the low S-wave velocities.

Comparing the downhole data with published Salt Lake Valley ground motion data derived from Nevada nuclear tests shows that increased site response (sites of relative ground motion amplification) is associated with: (1) a lower value of Vs (110 to 400 m/sec), and (2) high Poisson ratios (0.45 to 0.49) derived from borehole Vp and Vs values. The lowest S-wave velocities found in the Salt Lake Valley are comparable to other regions, such as the muds around San Francisco Bay and the lake sediments of Mexico City, with low S-wave velocities and a record of severe seismic wave amplification in previous earthquakes. The very-low-velocity surface layer in Salt Lake Valley is, however, about half as thick (10 to 14 m) as the low-velocity layers around San Francisco Bay and Mexico City.

We also considered the influence of sedimentary basin fill on site response, because coincidentally, the sites of high seismic wave amplification correspond to the locations of thickest basin fill. The valley fill impedance structure, revealed in seismic reflection profiles we acquired, indicate that a more dynamic impedance structure characterizes sites near the center of the valley where the basin fill is thickest. The reflection data from mid-valley sites typically have more high-amplitude reflectors relative to basin edge sites. The sites with a more dynamic impedance structure suggest that the site response would also be correspondingly different. Thus, the broadband, deep basin effect on site response might account for some of the discrepancy between observed and predicted site response in this study.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0830030862","usgsCitation":"Williams, R.A., King, K.W., and Tinsley, J., 1993, Site response estimates in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, from borehole seismic velocities: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 83, no. 3, p. 862-889, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0830030862.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"862","endPage":"889","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376451,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/83/3/862/102571/Site-response-estimates-in-Salt-Lake-Valley-Utah"},{"id":376452,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Salt Lake Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.6318359375,\n 40.29628651711716\n ],\n [\n -111.24755859375,\n 40.29628651711716\n ],\n [\n -111.24755859375,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -112.6318359375,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -112.6318359375,\n 40.29628651711716\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":793083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, K. W.","contributorId":105729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":793084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tinsley, John jtinsley@usgs.gov","contributorId":140545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinsley","given":"John","email":"jtinsley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70127913,"text":"70127913 - 1993 - Mesoscale parameterization of heat fluxes due to landscape variability for use in general circulation models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-02T13:22:01","indexId":"70127913","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-16T13:19:17","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Mesoscale parameterization of heat fluxes due to landscape variability for use in general circulation models","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Exchange processes at the Land Surface for a Range of Space and Time Scales: Proceedings of the Yokohama Symposium","conferenceTitle":"Exchange processes at the Land Surface for a Range of Space and Time Scales","conferenceDate":"1993-07-13T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Yokohama, Japan","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","publisherLocation":"Wallingford","usgsCitation":"Pielke, R.A., Dalu, G., Lee, T.J., Rodriguez, H., Eastman, J., and Kittel, T.G., 1993, Mesoscale parameterization of heat fluxes due to landscape variability for use in general circulation models, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294849,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e6970e4b092f17df5a94a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pielke, R. A.","contributorId":13163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dalu, G.","contributorId":49287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalu","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, T. J.","contributorId":26234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rodriguez, H.","contributorId":44848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eastman, J.","contributorId":31321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eastman","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kittel, Timothy G.F.","contributorId":66612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittel","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70199559,"text":"70199559 - 1993 - Multivariate geostatistical analysis of ground-water contamination: A case history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T16:35:48","indexId":"70199559","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T16:35:19","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multivariate geostatistical analysis of ground-water contamination: A case history","docAbstract":"

A case history is presented for the application of multivariate geostatistical methods to the problem of estimating pesticide concentrations in ground water from measured concentrations of nitrate and pesticide, when pesticide is under‐sampled. The shallow, poorly confined, sand and gravel aquifer underlying the lower Malheur River basin near Ontario, Oregon is contaminated by nitrate and metabolites of the herbicide Dacthal (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) or DCPA. The results of extensive ground‐water sampling indicate that a significant positive correlation exists between measured nitrate and DCPA concentrations in the aquifer. This suggests that future sampling should include a large number of the less‐expensive nitrate analyses, and these data should be used to support the interpretation of fewer, more expensive DCPA analyses. Sample variograms were computed for nitrate and DCPA concentrations and were fit with isotropic, spherical variogram models with correlation ranges of 4 km. Incorporating measured nitrate concentrations in the DCPA estimates obtained by cokriging reduced estimation variances from 14 to 34%. A simple economic analysis demonstrated that for this aquifer, acquiring additional nitrate samples is a cost‐effective way to reduce estimation variances for DCPA.

","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb00829.x","usgsCitation":"Istok, J.D., Smyth, J.D., and Flint, A.L., 1993, Multivariate geostatistical analysis of ground-water contamination: A case history: Groundwater, v. 31, no. 1, p. 63-74, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb00829.x.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"63","endPage":"74","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357583,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Malheur River basin","volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111a37e4b034bf6a81961c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Istok, Jonathan D.","contributorId":35468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Istok","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smyth, Jeffrey D.","contributorId":208082,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smyth","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70128291,"text":"70128291 - 1993 - A technique for evaluating black-footed ferret habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-07T11:16:36","indexId":"70128291","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T11:13:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"A technique for evaluating black-footed ferret habitat","docAbstract":"In this paper, we provide a model and step-by-step procedures for rating a prairie dog (Cynomys sp.) complex for the reintroduction of black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes). An important factor in the model is an estimate of the number of black-footed ferret families a prairie dog complex can support for a year; thus, the procedures prescribe how to estimate the size of a prairie dog complex and the density of prairie dogs. Other attributes of the model are qualitative: arrangement of colonies, potential for plague and canine distemper, potential for prairie dog expansion, abundance of predators, future resource conflicts and ownership stability, and public and landowner attitudes about prairie dogs and black-footed ferrets. Because of the qualitative attributes in the model, a team approach is recommended for ranking complexes of prairie dogs for black-footed ferret reintroduction.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the symposium on the management of prairie dog complexes for the reintroduction of the black-footed ferret","conferenceTitle":"Symposium on the Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Reintroduction of the Black-footed Ferret","conferenceDate":"1993-07-01T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Washington, D.C.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Biggins, D.E., Miller, B.J., Hanebury, L.R., Oakleaf, B., Farmer, A.H., Crete, R., and Dood, A., 1993, A technique for evaluating black-footed ferret habitat, 16 p.","productDescription":"16 p.","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294990,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5435009de4b0a4f4b46a236f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biggins, Dean E. 0000-0003-2078-671X bigginsd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2078-671X","contributorId":2522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"Dean","email":"bigginsd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Brian J.","contributorId":67816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanebury, Louis R.","contributorId":44482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanebury","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oakleaf, Bob","contributorId":23087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oakleaf","given":"Bob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Farmer, Adrian H.","contributorId":41360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"Adrian","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Crete, Ron","contributorId":85105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crete","given":"Ron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dood, Arnold","contributorId":36473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dood","given":"Arnold","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70243617,"text":"70243617 - 1993 - Effect of intrastorm isotopic heterogeneities of rainfall, soil water, and groundwater on runoff modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-15T16:50:48.291256","indexId":"70243617","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T11:06:52","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5644,"text":"IAHS Red Book","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":19}},"title":"Effect of intrastorm isotopic heterogeneities of rainfall, soil water, and groundwater on runoff modeling","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology of warm humid regions: Yokohama symposium, 1993, Tracers in hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Tracers in Hydrology","conferenceDate":"July 11-23, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Yokohama, Japan","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","usgsCitation":"Kendall, C., and McDonnell, J.J., 1993, Effect of intrastorm isotopic heterogeneities of rainfall, soil water, and groundwater on runoff modeling, in Hydrology of warm humid regions: Yokohama symposium, 1993, Tracers in hydrology, v. 215, Yokohama, Japan, July 11-23, 1993, p. 41-48.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"48","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417043,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":417039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://iahs.info/Publications-News.do?category=7"}],"country":"China, New Zealand, United States","state":"Alabama, Chuzhou, Georgia","city":"Huntsville, Maimai","otherGeospatial":"Hydrohill experimental Catchment, Panola Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 118.18316242486378,\n 32.39774763891832\n ],\n [\n 118.18316242486378,\n 32.19903603610442\n ],\n [\n 118.43926045223412,\n 32.19903603610442\n ],\n [\n 118.43926045223412,\n 32.39774763891832\n ],\n [\n 118.18316242486378,\n 32.39774763891832\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 171.7201172234914,\n -42.04524368617389\n ],\n [\n 171.7201172234914,\n -42.15163460016747\n ],\n [\n 171.93216122335502,\n -42.15163460016747\n ],\n [\n 171.93216122335502,\n -42.04524368617389\n ],\n [\n 171.7201172234914,\n -42.04524368617389\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.68456719649608,\n 34.807847751268525\n ],\n [\n -86.68456719649608,\n 34.62915549146366\n ],\n [\n -86.49403871374274,\n 34.62915549146366\n ],\n [\n -86.49403871374274,\n 34.807847751268525\n ],\n [\n -86.68456719649608,\n 34.807847751268525\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.18782044812463,\n 33.654126892846676\n ],\n [\n -84.18782044812463,\n 33.60920286597779\n ],\n [\n -84.12691382208587,\n 33.60920286597779\n ],\n [\n -84.12691382208587,\n 33.654126892846676\n ],\n [\n -84.18782044812463,\n 33.654126892846676\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"215","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonnell, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":202934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonnell","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36551,"text":"University of Saskatchewan, Canada, and University of Aberdeen, Scotland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":872632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70129000,"text":"70129000 - 1993 - Nests and nest sites of the San Miguel Island Song Sparrow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-25T13:37:22","indexId":"70129000","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T09:32:36","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nests and nest sites of the San Miguel Island Song Sparrow","docAbstract":"Nests and nest sites of the San Miguel Island (SMI) Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia micronyx) are described; nests are compared with those of 16 other races of Song Sparrows. Bush lupins (Lupinus albifrons), coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis) and golden bush (Haplopappus venetus) were the shrubs used most commonly as nest sites by Song Sparrows on SMI. As a result of its location, the nest was effectively concealed from gray foxes (Urocyon littoralis), the major predator of this sparrow. Nest and nest site also moderated the combined chilling effects of cool air temperatures and strong northwesterly winds on the eggs and nestlings. Even in the absence of these moderating effects of the nest site, the energetic cost of incubation, estimated at 41-53% of the sparrow's resting metabolic rate, was modest. Twenty-nine percent of the canopy above the nest was open and as much as 73% of the nest cup was in the sun at midday, a time when surface temperatures of foliage, nest and nestlings sometimes exceeded 40 C. Whereas this exposure did not apparently reduce fledging success, it may explain why the incidence of addled eggs was so high in this population of Song Sparrows compared to others. Significant differences existed among races of Song Sparrows in the size, porosity and insulation of the nest. In most cases, these differences were not related to the latitude of the races' nesting areas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Northeastern Bird-Banding Association","publisherLocation":"Ipswich, NH","usgsCitation":"Kern, M., Sogge, M.K., Kern, R.B., and van Riper, C., 1993, Nests and nest sites of the San Miguel Island Song Sparrow: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 64, no. 3, p. 367-381.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"381","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295356,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Miguel Island","volume":"64","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440de38e4b0b0a643c732f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kern, Michael D.","contributorId":79046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kern","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sogge, Mark K. 0000-0002-8337-5689 mark_sogge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8337-5689","contributorId":3710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sogge","given":"Mark","email":"mark_sogge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kern, Robert B.","contributorId":56579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kern","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":503276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185454,"text":"70185454 - 1993 - A pressure-packer system for conducting rising head tests in water table wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T19:02:34","indexId":"70185454","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A pressure-packer system for conducting rising head tests in water table wells","docAbstract":"

The pressure system developed for fully-saturated well screens has been modified for conducting rising head tests in water table wells installed in highly permeable aquifers. The pressure system consists of a compressed air source and 1 inch diameter PVC piping with a packer attached at the end. The pressure system was evaluated in a series of rising head tests conducted in a well at a Superfund site in New England. The well was tested with slugs and with the pressure system. Within each technique, estimates of hydraulic conductivity showed no difference. Comparison of hydraulic conductivity estimates between techniques (slug test vs. pressure test) showed differences due to stratigraphy. The interval tested using slug tests crossed two stratigraphic units; the pressure system tested only one of these units. We conclude that the pressure system may be used to characterize the vertical hydraulic conductivity distribution in a series of successive tests by changing the packer position and the screened interval tested.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(93)90259-C","usgsCitation":"Levy, B.S., Pannell, L.J., and Dadoly, J.P., 1993, A pressure-packer system for conducting rising head tests in water table wells: Journal of Hydrology, v. 148, no. 1-2, p. 189-202, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90259-C.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"189","endPage":"202","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338044,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"148","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d3ee4b0236b68f98f0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levy, Benjamin S.","contributorId":189662,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Levy","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pannell, Lawrence J.","contributorId":189663,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pannell","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dadoly, John P.","contributorId":189664,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dadoly","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70206762,"text":"70206762 - 1993 - Laguna madre: Seagrass changes continue decades after salinity reduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-21T11:11:58","indexId":"70206762","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-30T11:04:08","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Laguna madre: Seagrass changes continue decades after salinity reduction","docAbstract":"

Vegetation maps of the lower Laguna Madre prepared from surveys conducted in 1965–1967, 1974–1976, and 1988 document a >330 km2 decrease in cover byHalodule wrightii, an increase of almost 190 km2 in other seagrass species, and an increase of 140 km2 in bare bottom. Loss in seagrass cover is confined to deeper parts of the laguna; turbidity caused by maintenance dredging is the suspected cause. The species shifts are consistent with observed reductions in salinity maxima. Although the hydrological alterations and climatic shift responsible for moderating the salinity regime occurred between 1948 and 1965, the biological changes continue. Establishment of patches away from source meadows appears to be the process for displacing species that limits their rate of expansion into suitable habitat in this elongate embayment.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1352503","usgsCitation":"Quammen, M.L., and Onuf, C.P., 1993, Laguna madre: Seagrass changes continue decades after salinity reduction: Estuaries, v. 16, no. 2, p. 302-310, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352503.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"302","endPage":"310","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369382,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Laguna Madre","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.21664428710936,\n 26.066652138577403\n ],\n [\n -97.16171264648436,\n 26.083921329998336\n ],\n [\n -97.19329833984374,\n 26.26509379386854\n ],\n [\n -97.22763061523438,\n 26.322960198925365\n ],\n [\n -97.33062744140625,\n 26.533251245965456\n ],\n [\n -97.3004150390625,\n 26.613085653537333\n ],\n [\n -97.38418579101562,\n 26.936762457231424\n ],\n [\n -97.38693237304688,\n 27.110478641792145\n ],\n [\n -97.35260009765625,\n 27.319314654652057\n ],\n [\n -97.22625732421875,\n 27.633657156647324\n ],\n [\n -97.27844238281249,\n 27.668934069896217\n ],\n [\n -97.35397338867188,\n 27.510707451811573\n ],\n [\n -97.40066528320312,\n 27.349813400935638\n ],\n [\n -97.43911743164062,\n 27.243641579169292\n ],\n [\n -97.4542236328125,\n 27.160586094162603\n ],\n [\n -97.46246337890625,\n 27.106811361271806\n ],\n [\n -97.4871826171875,\n 27.05790281047787\n ],\n [\n -97.4761962890625,\n 27.00163160367911\n ],\n [\n -97.55722045898438,\n 26.994289803021193\n ],\n [\n -97.5640869140625,\n 26.831423660953195\n ],\n [\n -97.48031616210938,\n 26.744384008272544\n ],\n [\n -97.42813110351562,\n 26.544308558627424\n ],\n [\n -97.46932983398438,\n 26.46319686677677\n ],\n [\n -97.40478515625,\n 26.208430648684686\n ],\n [\n -97.32101440429688,\n 26.21828709232979\n ],\n [\n -97.30178833007811,\n 26.11721900341594\n ],\n [\n -97.21664428710936,\n 26.066652138577403\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quammen, Millicent L.","contributorId":218143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quammen","given":"Millicent","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Onuf, Christopher P.","contributorId":55091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Onuf","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":775703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70243609,"text":"70243609 - 1993 - Well log-derived estimates of thermal conductivity in crystalline rocks penetrated by the 4-KM deep KTB Vorbohrung","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-14T22:04:34.935018","indexId":"70243609","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-18T16:29:42","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Well log-derived estimates of thermal conductivity in crystalline rocks penetrated by the 4-KM deep KTB Vorbohrung","docAbstract":"

Well log measurements of compressional and shear velocity (Vp, Vs), density, and temperature from the 4 km-deep KTB Vorbohrung (pilot hole) were applied in a phonon conduction model for the thermal conductivity of a crystalline solid. The resulting conductivity estimates were compared with conductivities (kLAB) measured on the nearly continuous (91% recovery) core. Previous studies have shown the log-derived conductivity (kLOG) to be within ±15% of kLAB in isotropic or flat-lying anisotropic crystalline rocks. The section penetrated by the KTB pilot hole includes both predominantly isotropic metabasites and highly anisotropic gneisses with foliation dips ranging from horizontal to vertical. The predictions of the phonon model were accurate within ±4% in the metabasites but inaccurate by as much as 23% in the gneisses. The accuracy of the model in the metabasites confirms the utility of the phonon conduction approach in isotropic or weakly anisotropic rocks, but the discrepancies in the anisotropic gneisses remain unexplained. These relatively large discrepancies between kLOG and kLAB correspond to depths at which laboratory measurements of Vs under in situ conditions deviate from the sonic log Vs. This suggests that sonic log determinations of Vs may not be reliable in dipping, anisotropic rocks. Alternatively, the laboratory Vs measurements may not constitute a representative sample, or there may be errors in the phonon conduction model. If the discrepancies can be tied to errors in sonic log Vs measurements, the phonon conduction model may provide a tool for deriving thermal conductivity profiles of the Earth's crust from seismic studies of Vp and Vs.

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