Widespread, intense rainfall in November 1985 produced floods that exceeded all historic events on Cheat River and most of its tributaries. Official discharge estimates for Cheat River ranged from 4,800 to 5,380 m3 /s (170,000-190,000 ft3/s) with a recurrence interval of >100 yr. In addition to considerable property damage and the loss of five lives, the November 1985 flood left a variety of deposits, many of which differ from those produced by moderate floods.
Clay or silt deposits were uncommon after the flood; most were restricted to slack-water deposits at the mouths of hydraulically dammed or back-flooded tributaries. These slack-water deposits were composed of four different sedimentary units: basal gravel and sand (unit A), sandy loam (unit B), silt loam (unit C), and upper fine sandy loam (unit D). The four units always occurred in the same stratigraphic order, but low-gradient tributaries lacked the top and bottom units. The silt loam unit was deposited by water from Cheat River, but the other three were derived from the tributaries. Simple one-unit sandy slack-water deposits formed near very large boulders and bridges. Neither type of slack-water deposit proved to be an accurate indicator of flood stage, so these deposits may be imprecise paleohydraulic indicators for central Appalachian streams.
Sand dunes and arcuate splays of cobbles and small boulders developed on flood-plain sites downstream from isolated scours or erosional ramps attached to the river channel. Gravel deposits commonly were juxtaposed on top of sandy preflood alluvium, providing evidence of considerable tractive force in what is normally a low energy overbank environment. The flood transported large volumes of cobbles and boulders from the channel margin to sites hundreds of meters from the channel. Most of the mobilized sediment originated on the flood plain.
Extremely large boulders (>2.75-m intermediate axes) were transported in two of the steeper reaches of Cheat River. Published empirical equations relating stream competence to mean flow velocity, tractive force, and unit stream power suggest these boulders approached the largest size that a flood of this magnitude could transport.
Trees and trash appeared to be the most voluminous sediments left by the November 1985 flood. These nonclastic deposits commonly were scattered widely about the flood plain, but they also occurred as clusters of dunelike forms on unforested surfaces or as thick lobate forms on forested bottomlands.
Postflood mitigation has destroyed most of the November 1985 flood deposits, precluding detailed study of some effects of the flood. If the extensive mitigation had not occurred, some of the morphologic and stratigraphic effects of this extreme flood would have persisted in the Cheat River and Black Fork fluvial systems for centuries.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia (Bulletin 1981)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1981D","usgsCitation":"Kite, J.S., and Linton, R.C., 1993, Depositional aspects of the November 1985 Flood on Cheat River and Black Fork, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1981, iii, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1981D.","productDescription":"iii, 24 p.","startPage":"D1","endPage":"D24","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365819,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Cheat River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.89738464355469,\n 39.73834635103298\n ],\n [\n -79.89257812499999,\n 39.722504198231405\n ],\n [\n -79.87197875976562,\n 39.72778532033429\n ],\n [\n -79.85824584960938,\n 39.71405356154611\n ],\n [\n -79.85618591308594,\n 39.70454535762547\n ],\n [\n -79.88914489746094,\n 39.69926245589766\n ],\n [\n -79.90699768066406,\n 39.684468179576236\n ],\n [\n -79.88296508789062,\n 39.67442740076734\n ],\n [\n -79.8101806640625,\n 39.614152077002664\n ],\n [\n -79.76142883300781,\n 39.59669415226693\n ],\n [\n -79.74769592285156,\n 39.577114881737586\n ],\n [\n -79.73052978515625,\n 39.573939343591896\n ],\n [\n -79.72984313964844,\n 39.564411856338054\n ],\n [\n -79.71817016601562,\n 39.54800033726552\n ],\n [\n -79.68521118164062,\n 39.527348072681455\n ],\n [\n -79.68109130859375,\n 39.51516565173217\n ],\n [\n -79.64057922363281,\n 39.50139164634394\n ],\n [\n -79.64332580566405,\n 39.514106209795585\n ],\n [\n -79.66804504394531,\n 39.526288816558626\n ],\n [\n -79.6783447265625,\n 39.52999614229506\n ],\n [\n -79.68864440917969,\n 39.551706503542654\n ],\n [\n -79.72160339355467,\n 39.56705851189888\n ],\n [\n -79.71473693847656,\n 39.58240712203527\n ],\n [\n -79.76554870605469,\n 39.61150721981573\n ],\n [\n -79.87266540527344,\n 39.688695439188244\n ],\n [\n -79.84657287597656,\n 39.69662085337441\n ],\n [\n -79.8321533203125,\n 39.71246895189433\n ],\n [\n -79.86442565917969,\n 39.73781833792706\n ],\n [\n -79.88090515136719,\n 39.73517821171903\n ],\n [\n -79.8932647705078,\n 39.74784989518784\n ],\n [\n -79.89738464355469,\n 39.73834635103298\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kite, J. S.","contributorId":43440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kite","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linton, R. C.","contributorId":66717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70189543,"text":"b1981A - 1993 - Introduction: Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70189543,"text":"b1981A - 1993 - Introduction: Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins","indexId":"b1981A","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","displayTitle":"Introduction: Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins","title":"Introduction: Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33255,"text":"b1981 - 1993 - Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33255,"text":"b1981 - 1993 - Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-11T19:46:43.044563","indexId":"b1981A","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1981","chapter":"A","displayTitle":"Introduction: Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins","title":"Introduction: Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins","docAbstract":"The heavy rains of November 3-5, 1985, produced record floods and extensive landsliding in the Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia (pl. 1). Although rainfall intensity was moderate, the storm covered a very large area and produced record floods for basins in the size range of 1000-10,000 km2. In addition, thousands of landslides were triggered on slopes underlain by shale bedrock. The total social cost of the storm amounted to 70 lives lost and an estimated $1.3 billion in damage to homes, businesses, roads, and productive land in West Virginia and Virginia (Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 1985a, b). These extreme costs were incurred despite the fact that the affected area is sparsely populated.
To understand the origins and geomorphic effects of the 1985 storm, studies were undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey, University of Maryland, West Virginia University, Cornell University, University of Virginia, The Johns Hopkins University, and Carleton College. Personnel were also consulted from the National Weather Service, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Soil Conservation Service, and Interstate Commission on the Potomac River basin.
This cooperative effort serves to document the effects of the storm as an example of an extreme geomorphic event in the central Appalachian Mountains. The following chapters comprise observations and preliminary analyses for some of the observed phenomena. Subsequent publications by the contributors to this volume will expand the scope of this research.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia (Bulletin 1981)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1981A","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R.B., 1993, Introduction: Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1981, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1981A.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"A1","endPage":"A3","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343913,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403433,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22200.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Cheat River basin, upper Potomac River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.25,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -78.55,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -78.5,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -80.25,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -80.25,\n 38.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596dcca8e4b0d1f9f062759b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70189594,"text":"b1981C - 1993 - Landslides triggered by the storm of November 3-5, 1985, Wills Mountain Anticline, West Virginia and Virginia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70189594,"text":"b1981C - 1993 - Landslides triggered by the storm of November 3-5, 1985, Wills Mountain Anticline, West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981C","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Landslides triggered by the storm of November 3-5, 1985, Wills Mountain Anticline, West Virginia and Virginia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33255,"text":"b1981 - 1993 - Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33255,"text":"b1981 - 1993 - Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-27T22:07:03.19865","indexId":"b1981C","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1981","chapter":"C","title":"Landslides triggered by the storm of November 3-5, 1985, Wills Mountain Anticline, West Virginia and Virginia","docAbstract":"More than 3,000 landslides were triggered by heavy rainfall in the central Appalachian Mountains of West Virginia and Virginia, November 3-5, 1985. These landslides provided the opportunity to study spatial controls on landslides, magnitude and frequency of triggering events, and the effects of landslides on flood-induced geomorphic change. The study area consists of parts of the Wills Mountain anticline, a major NE-trending structure in the central Appalachians, and a portion of the adjacent Appalachian Plateau. Across the anticline and adjacent plateau, bedrock lithologies vary markedly and include pure marine limestone, marine shale, deltaic mudstone/sandstone sequences, and orthoquartzites. Because of the geologic structure, bedrock lithology varies little along strike.
The spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the storm was controlled primarily by rainfall, bedrock lithology, surficial lithology, land cover, and slope morphology. The triggering rainfall was of moderate intensity and long duration. Two-day storm totals varied from 170 mm to more than 240 mm in the study area. Most landslides occurred at the northeast end of the study area, where 48-h rainfall totals were in excess of 200 mm. Different rainfall thresholds are apparent for triggering landslides on different bedrock lithologies. The highest density of landslides occurred in shallow colluvium and residuum of the Reedsville Shale (Ordovician), followed by regolith of the Greenbriar and Mauch Chunk Groups (Mississippian). Most of the landslides in these fine-grained regoliths were shallow slides and slumps, many of which transformed to mudflows and delivered sediment directly to streams; a smaller number of debris avalanches were triggered high on quartzite ridges.
Instability of colluvium and residuum derived from the Reedsville Shale, compared with regolith from four other fine-grained bedrock lithologies, is attributable to its low strength combined with moderate infiltration rates that allowed soil moisture to accumulate under the moderate intensities of the rainfall. Slopes covered by coarse, cobbly debris flow and alluvial deposits, mostly of Pleistocene age, were very stable due to their low slope angles and high frictional strength.
For a particular bedrock lithology, the spatial distribution of landslides appears controlled by interdependent influences of slope morphology and land cover. On the Reedsville Shale, most landslides occurred on north- to northeast-facing slopes, which might have had higher antecedent levels of soil moisture; these slopes have also been preferentially cleared because they produce better pasture forage for livestock. A secondary concentration of landslides on south- to southwest-facing slopes cannot be explained by conventional soil-moisture models. Landslide density was 100--200 percent higher on cleared land than on forested land. On pastured land, most landslides occurred on laterally planar slopes, but on forested land, most landslides occurred in slope positions that were laterally concave (hillslope hollows).
Compared with other documented Appalachian storms that have triggered landslides, the November 1985 storm had lower rainfall intensities over longer durations. Comparison with these other storms suggests that the anomalously high degree of slope instability in 1985 is due to the long duration of low-intensity rainfall on fine-grained regolith derived from shale; the triggering rainfall can be approximated by the 48-h storm total. Landslide density in Reedsville Shale regolith is linearly related to the varying 48-h rainfall along the anticline. These data define a probabilistic model that estimates return intervals of 43 to 300 yr for landslide densities ranging from 1 to 70 landslides/km2.
Analysis of flood-induced geomorphic changes in 79 small drainage basins that received 210-240 mm of rainfall showed a clear local association between landslides and channel erosion or deposition adjacent to where the landslides delivered sediment to the stream. When channel change was quantified using an index evaluated at each basin mouth, most of the channel change was attributable to the influence of basin morphology on flood discharge. Landslide density in the basins was of secondary, although measurable, importance in explaining flood-induced channel changes at the basin scale.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia (Bulletin 1981)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1981C","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R.B., McGeehin, J.P., Cron, E.D., Carr, C.E., Harper, J.M., and Howard, A.D., 1993, Landslides triggered by the storm of November 3-5, 1985, Wills Mountain Anticline, West Virginia and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1981, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1981C.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"C1","endPage":"C33","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":481380,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22201.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Wills Mountain Anticline","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.8,\n 37.7\n ],\n [\n -78,\n 37.7\n ],\n [\n -78,\n 39.3\n ],\n [\n -80.8,\n 39.3\n ],\n [\n -80.8,\n 37.7\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596f1e28e4b0d1f9f064077a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGeehin, John P. mcgeehin@usgs.gov","contributorId":140956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGeehin","given":"John","email":"mcgeehin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cron, Elizabeth D.","contributorId":193169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cron","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carr, Carolyn E.","contributorId":194780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carr","given":"Carolyn","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harper, John M.","contributorId":194781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harper","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Howard, Alan D.","contributorId":106579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70018043,"text":"70018043 - 1993 - Seismicity remotely triggered by the magnitude 7.3 Landers, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T23:05:27.109875","indexId":"70018043","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity remotely triggered by the magnitude 7.3 Landers, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"The magnitude 7.3 Landers earthquake of 28 June 1992 triggered a remarkably sudden and widespread increase in earthquake activity across much of the western United States. The triggered earthquakes, which occurred at distances up to 1250 kilometers (17 source dimensions) from the Landers mainshock, were confined to areas of persistent seismicity and strike-slip to normal faulting. Many of the triggered areas also are sites of geothermal and recent volcanic activity. Static stress changes calculated for elastic models of the earthquake appear to be too small to have caused the triggering. The most promising explanations involve nonlinear interactions between large dynamic strains accompanying seismic waves from the mainshock and crustal fluids (perhaps including crustal magma).","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.260.5114.1617","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Hill, D., Reasenberg, P., Michael, A., Arabaz, W., Beroza, G., Brumbaugh, D., Brune, J., Castro, R., Davis, S., Depolo, D., Ellsworth, W., Gomberg, J., Harmsen, S., House, L., Jackson, S., Johnston, M., Jones, L., Keller, R.H., Malone, S., Munguia, L., Nava, S., Pechmann, J., Sanford, A., Simpson, R., Smith, R.B., Stark, M., Stickney, M., Vidal, A., Walter, S., Wong, V., and Zollweg, J., 1993, Seismicity remotely triggered by the magnitude 7.3 Landers, California, earthquake: Science, v. 260, no. 5114, p. 1617-1623, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.260.5114.1617.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1617","endPage":"1623","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228742,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Landers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.60248887974006,\n 34.37195851787949\n ],\n [\n -116.60248887974006,\n 34.13483116726428\n ],\n [\n -116.10363013730006,\n 34.13483116726428\n ],\n [\n -116.10363013730006,\n 34.37195851787949\n ],\n [\n -116.60248887974006,\n 34.37195851787949\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"260","issue":"5114","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8bc7e4b08c986b317a8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reasenberg, P.A.","contributorId":19959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reasenberg","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Michael, A.","contributorId":56817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arabaz, W.J.","contributorId":96850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arabaz","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Beroza, G.","contributorId":40746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beroza","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brumbaugh, D.","contributorId":90489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brune, J.N.","contributorId":49362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brune","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Castro, R.","contributorId":39147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Davis, S.","contributorId":43505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Depolo, D.","contributorId":23294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Depolo","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.L.","contributorId":48541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Harmsen, S.","contributorId":79600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"House, L.","contributorId":33473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"House","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Jackson, S.M.","contributorId":33474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Jones, L.","contributorId":26084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Keller, Rebecca Hylton","contributorId":12213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"Hylton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Malone, S.","contributorId":49512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malone","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Munguia, L.","contributorId":36311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munguia","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Nava, S.","contributorId":6607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nava","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Pechmann, J.C.","contributorId":102632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pechmann","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Sanford, A.","contributorId":40361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Simpson, R.W.","contributorId":76738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Smith, R. B.","contributorId":64589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Stark, M.","contributorId":105055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Stickney, M.","contributorId":106665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickney","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Vidal, A.","contributorId":94451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidal","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Walter, S.","contributorId":97654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Wong, V.","contributorId":64411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30},{"text":"Zollweg, J.","contributorId":81649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zollweg","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":31}]}} ,{"id":70210581,"text":"70210581 - 1993 - Mid‐Cretaceous extensional tectonics of the Yukon‐Tanana Terrane, Trans‐Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT), east‐central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-10T18:08:54.019251","indexId":"70210581","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-10T12:56:36","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mid‐Cretaceous extensional tectonics of the Yukon‐Tanana Terrane, Trans‐Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT), east‐central Alaska","docAbstract":"Mid‐Cretaceous crustal extension played a fundamental role in the structural evolution of the Yukon‐Tanana terrane (YTT) in the northern Cordilleran interior. In the central portion of the YTT northwest of Delta Junction, Alaska, a mylonitic shear zone juxtaposes greenschist facies rocks in the upper plate against middle to upper amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks in the lower plate, a juxtaposition suggesting elimination of as much as 10 km of crustal section. The mylonites form a partial sheath enveloping a domal footwall structure and kinematic analysis of the mylonite zone yields a uniform transport direction of hanging wall to ESE. These relations suggest analogies to the metamorphic core complexes of the southern Cordillera. However, the YTT structures are entirely ductile, suggesting either a relatively deep erosional level or relatively high geothermal gradients during extension. In the study area remnants of an older preextensional thrusting event are preserved at the highest structural levels at the base of the Seventymile terrane and the leading edge of YTT in the Wickersham terrane. However, most areas display a regional, subhorizontal fabric that is superimposed on older fabrics, and in the study area this latest fabric is subparallel to the mylonitic sheath of the apparent extensional structure. Thus the conventional viewpoint that this latest fabric is related to thrusting needs to be reevaluated and this fabric may be entirely extensional in origin. Further evidence for extension is provided by clear similarities between YTT and characteristic features of other extensional terranes. Thus we suggest that the YTT is a deeply eroded view of highly extended continental crust. The tectonic mechanism for the extensional event and the magnitude of the extension is uncertain because of complications in regional timing relationships and in alternative interpretations of the reconstruction of the crustal section. Three end‐member models based on analogies with Neogene extensional systems are presented as working models to accommodate the alternative interpretations: (1) a Jurassic collision and Cretaceous extension model based on comparisons with the Neogene history of the Mediterranean region; (2) an Early to mid‐Cretaceous syncollisional model analogous to the Carpathian Mountains of eastern Europe; and (3) a syncollisional plateau uplift model with extension driven by gravity spreading.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/92TC00860","usgsCitation":"Pavlis, T.L., Sisson, V., Foster, H.L., Nokleberg, W.J., and Plafker, G., 1993, Mid‐Cretaceous extensional tectonics of the Yukon‐Tanana Terrane, Trans‐Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT), east‐central Alaska: Tectonics, v. 12, no. 1, p. 103-122, https://doi.org/10.1029/92TC00860.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"122","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375498,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Central Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.78710937499997,\n 64.33990785750463\n ],\n [\n -141.0205078125,\n 64.33990785750463\n ],\n [\n -141.0205078125,\n 67.25505812564363\n ],\n [\n -151.78710937499997,\n 67.25505812564363\n ],\n [\n -151.78710937499997,\n 64.33990785750463\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pavlis, Terry L.","contributorId":52682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavlis","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sisson, V.B.","contributorId":101104,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sisson","given":"V.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, Helen L.","contributorId":56195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren J. 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":2077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70128536,"text":"70128536 - 1993 - Intra-specific competition (crowding) of giant sequoias (Sequoiadendron giganteum)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T12:50:31","indexId":"70128536","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intra-specific competition (crowding) of giant sequoias (Sequoiadendron giganteum)","docAbstract":"Information on the size and location of 1916 giant sequoias (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz) in Muir Grove, Sequoia National Park, in the southern Sierra Nevada of California was used to assess intra-specific crowding. Study objectives were to: (1) determine which parameters associated with intra-specific competition (i.e. size and distance to nearest neighbor, crowding/root system area overlap, or number of neighbors) might be important in spatial pattern development, growth, and survivorship of established giant sequoias; (2) quantify the level of intra-specific crowding of different sized live sequoias based on a model of estimated overlapping root system areas (i.e. an index of relative crowding); (3) compare the level of intra-specific crowding of similarly sized live and dead giant sequoias (less than 30 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) at the time of inventory (1969). Mean distances to the nearest live giant sequoia neighbor were not significantly different (at α = 0.05) for live and dead sequoias in similar size classes. A zone of influence competition model (i.e. index of crowding) based on horizontal overlap of estimated root system areas was developed for 1753 live sequoias. The model, based only on the spatial arrangement of live sequoias, was then tested on dead sequoias of less than 30 cm dbh (n = 163 trees; also recorded in 1969). The dead sequoias had a significantly higher crowding index than 561 live trees of similar diameter. Results showed that dead sequoias of less than 16.6 cm dbh had a significantly greater mean number of live neighbors and mean crowding index than live sequoias of similar size. Intra-specific crowding may be an important mechanism in determining the spatial distribution of sequoias in old-growth forests.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/0378-1127(93)90075-X","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T.J., 1993, Intra-specific competition (crowding) of giant sequoias (Sequoiadendron giganteum): Forest Ecology and Management, v. 59, no. 1-2, p. 127-148, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(93)90075-X.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295158,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295157,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(93)90075-X"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sequoia National Park","volume":"59","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5437a3c2e4b08a816ca63668","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J. 0000-0001-9696-4450 stohlgrent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4450","contributorId":2902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"stohlgrent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70073341,"text":"70073341 - 1993 - Application of morphologic burrow interpretations to discern continental burrow architects: Lungfish or crayfish?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-06T14:45:22","indexId":"70073341","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-01T11:11:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1965,"text":"Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces","onlineIssn":"1563-5236","printIssn":"1042-0940","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of morphologic burrow interpretations to discern continental burrow architects: Lungfish or crayfish?","docAbstract":"A methodology for trace fossil identification using burrowing signatures is tested by evaluating ancient and modern lungfish and crayfish burrows and comparing them to previously undescribed burrows in a stratigraphic interval thought to contain both lungfish and crayfish burrows. Permian burrows that bear skeletal remains of the lungfish Gnathorhiza, from museum collections, were evaluated to identify unique burrow morphologies that could be used to distinguish lungfish from crayfish burrows when fossil remains are absent. The lungfish burrows were evaluated for details of the burrowing mechanism preserved in the burrow morphologies together forming burrowing signatures and were compared to new burrows in the Chinle Formation of western Colorado to test the methodology of using burrow signatures to identify unknown burrows.
Permian lungfish aestivation burrows show simple, nearly vertical, unbranched architectures and relatively smooth surficial morphologies with characteristic quasi‐horizontal striae on the burrow walls and vertical striae on the bulbous terminus. Burrow lengths do not exceed 0.5 m. In contrast, modern and ancient crayfish burrows exhibit simple to highly complex architectures with highly textured surficial morphologies. Burrow lengths may reach 4 to 5 m.
Burrow morphologies unlike those identified in Gnathorhiza aestivation burrows were found in four burrow groups from museum collections. Two of these groups exhibit simple architectures and horizontal striae that were greater in sinuosity and magnitude, respectively. One of these burrows contains the remains of Lysoro‐phus, but the burrow surface reveals no reliable surficial characteristics. It is not clear whether Lysorophustruly burrowed or merely occupied a pre‐existing structure. The other two groups exhibit surficial morphologies similar to those found on modern and ancient crayfish burrows and may provide evidence of freshwater crayfish in the Permian.
Burrows from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in western Colorado exhibit simple to moderately complex architectural morphologies, ranging from predominantly vertical, unbranched, with little or no chamber development to predominantly vertical, few branches, and with minor chamber development. Surficial burrow morphologies are moderate to highly textured. The burrows have scrape marks, scratch marks, mud and lag‐liners, knobby surfaces, pleopod striae, and body impressions.
Although no fossil remains of the burrowing organism were found within or associated with the Chinle burrows from western Colorado, the similarity of architectural and surficial burrow morphologies to those in the Chinle of Canyonlands, Utah and to modern crayfish burrows, clearly indicates that the Colorado burrows are the product of burrowing crayfish rather than lungfish. Evaluation of burrowing signatures preserved in the architectural and surficial burrow morphologies is a very useful tool to compare and contrast Chinle burrows from different regions on the Colorado Plateau. Documentation of crayfish burrows in the Chinle of Utah and Colorado strongly suggests that other large‐diameter Chinle burrows elsewhere on the Colorado Plateau and in stratigraphically equivalent units may also be the product of crayfish activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10420949309380105","usgsCitation":"Hasiotis, S.T., Mitchell, C., and Dubiel, R.R., 1993, Application of morphologic burrow interpretations to discern continental burrow architects: Lungfish or crayfish?: Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces, v. 2, no. 4, p. 315-333, https://doi.org/10.1080/10420949309380105.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"333","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281164,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Canyonlands, Colorado Plateau","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.05,36.998 ], [ -114.05,42.0 ], [ -102.04,42.0 ], [ -102.04,36.998 ], [ -114.05,36.998 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4d9ce4b0b290850f1987","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hasiotis, Stephen T.","contributorId":77923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hasiotis","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitchell, Charles E.","contributorId":99689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"Charles E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dubiel, Russell R.","contributorId":51647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubiel","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185446,"text":"70185446 - 1993 - Simulation of fluid distributions observed at a crude oil spill site incorporating hysteresis, oil entrapment, and spatial variability of hydraulic properties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T05:44:31","indexId":"70185446","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of fluid distributions observed at a crude oil spill site incorporating hysteresis, oil entrapment, and spatial variability of hydraulic properties","docAbstract":"Subsurface oil, water, and air saturation distributions were determined using 146 samples collected from seven boreholes along a 120-m transect at a crude oil spill site near Bemidji, Minnesota. The field data, collected 10 years after the spill, show a clearly defined oil body that has an oil saturation distribution that appears to be influenced by sediment heterogeneities and water table fluctuations. The center of the oil body has depressed the water-saturated zone boundary and the oil appears to have migrated laterally within the capillary fringe. A multiphase cross-sectional flow model was developed and used to simulate the movement of oil and water at the spill site. Comparisons between observed and simulated oil saturation distributions serve as an indicator of the appropriateness of using such models to predict the actual spread of organic immiscible liquids at spill sites. Sediment hydraulic properties used in the model were estimated from particle size data. The general large-scale features of the observed oil body were reproduced only when hysteresis with oil entrapment and representations of observed spatial variability of hydraulic properties were incorporated into the model. The small-scale details of the observed subsurface oil distribution were not reproduced in the simulations. The discrepancy between observed and simulated oil distributions reflects the considerable uncertainty in model parameter estimates and boundary conditions, three-phase capillary pressure-saturation-relative permeability functions, representations of spatial variability of hydraulic properties, and hydrodynamics of the groundwater flow system at the study site.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00370","usgsCitation":"Essaid, H., Herkelrath, W., and Hess, K., 1993, Simulation of fluid distributions observed at a crude oil spill site incorporating hysteresis, oil entrapment, and spatial variability of hydraulic properties: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 6, p. 1753-1770, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00370.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"1753","endPage":"1770","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338036,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5ee4b0236b68f98f3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Essaid, H.I.","contributorId":22342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essaid","given":"H.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herkelrath, W.N.","contributorId":77981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"W.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hess, K.M.","contributorId":39415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185450,"text":"70185450 - 1993 - Fate and transport of bacteria injected into aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T10:52:48","indexId":"70185450","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5325,"text":"Current Opinion in Biotechnology","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fate and transport of bacteria injected into aquifers","docAbstract":"Advances in our understanding of the fate and transport of bacteria introduced into aquifers, including the potential use of genetically engineered bacteria for biorestoration, are highlighted by new findings in the following areas: modeling of bacterial attachment during transport through porous media, the long-term survival of a chlorobenzoate-degrading bacterium injected into a contaminated sandy aquifer, and molecular techniques that may be used in tracking genetically engineered bacteria in groundwater environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0958-1669(93)90101-2","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R.W., 1993, Fate and transport of bacteria injected into aquifers: Current Opinion in Biotechnology, v. 4, no. 3, p. 312-317, https://doi.org/10.1016/0958-1669(93)90101-2.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"312","endPage":"317","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338040,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d3ee4b0236b68f98f0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Ronald W. 0000-0002-2791-8503 rwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Ronald","email":"rwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185448,"text":"70185448 - 1993 - Measurement of variation in soil solute tracer concentration across a range of effective pore sizes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T06:17:00","indexId":"70185448","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measurement of variation in soil solute tracer concentration across a range of effective pore sizes","docAbstract":"Solute transport concepts in soil are based on speculation that solutes are distributed nonuniformly within large and small pores. Solute concentrations have not previously been measured across a range of pore sizes and examined in relation to soil hydrological properties. For this study, modified pressure cells were used to measure variation in concentration of a solute tracer across a range of pore sizes. Intact cores were removed from the site of a field tracer experiment, and soil water was eluted from 10 or more discrete classes of pore size. Simultaneous changes in water content and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity were determined on cores using standard pressure cell techniques. Bromide tracer concentration varied by as much as 100% across the range of pore sizes sampled. Immediately following application of the bromide tracer on field plots, bromide was most concentrated in the largest pores; concentrations were lower in pores of progressively smaller sizes. After 27 days, bromide was most dilute in the largest pores and concentrations were higher in the smaller pores. A sharp, threefold decrease in specific water capacity during elution indicated separation of two major pore size classes at a pressure of 47 cm H2O and a corresponding effective pore diameter of 70 μm. Variation in tracer concentration, on the other hand, was spread across the entire range of pore sizes investigated in this study. A two-porosity characterization of the transport domain, based on water retention criteria, only broadly characterized the pattern of variation in tracer concentration across pore size classes during transport through a macroporous soil.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00529","usgsCitation":"Harvey, J.W., 1993, Measurement of variation in soil solute tracer concentration across a range of effective pore sizes: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 6, p. 1831-1837, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00529.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"1831","endPage":"1837","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338038,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5ee4b0236b68f98f38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185438,"text":"70185438 - 1993 - Transport and accumulation of radionuclides and stable elements in a Missouri River Reservoir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T19:51:36","indexId":"70185438","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport and accumulation of radionuclides and stable elements in a Missouri River Reservoir","docAbstract":"Several long sediment cores from the Cheyenne River Embayment of Lake Oahe, a 250-km-long Missouri River reservoir in South Dakota, have been analyzed for radionuclides and stable elements. The combination of fine-scale sampling and rapid sedimentation produces radionuclide distributions that can be used to estimate the detailed chronology of particle transport processes in the Oahe reservoir system. A self-consistent and quantitative treatment of the 137Cs data suggests processes to which characteristic times may be associated. Times that characterize system-wide processes include (1) an integration time of several years reflecting retention of the sediment-bound tracer in regions within or external to the reservoir, (2) a relaxation time of approximately 15 years reflecting a decreasing rate of sediment accumulation ascribed to shoreline stabilization, (3) a time of a few months characterizing the breadth of riverine signatures in cores due to integration effects in the Cheyenne River system and deltaic deposits, and (4) times of a few years associated with propagation of riverine load signatures along the embayment. The distribution of total sedimentary arsenic confirms the validity of the variable sedimentation model. In 1977, a tailings retention facility was built at the Homestake Mine site, and the unrestricted input of As ceased. As a result of this remedial action, the concentration of sedimentary As decreased dramatically. In the upper section of the core, above the depth represented by the year 1976, the concentration of As decreases tenfold. In this same core the distribution of lithologically discriminating chemical elements, calcium and vanadium, relate to major flow events in the Cheyenne River basin. Because there is minimal diagenesis of chemical constituents in these rapidly accumulating sediments, stable element signatures, in addition to radiotracers, may be used to reconstruct hydrologic events in drainage basins that contribute sediment to lakes and reservoirs.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00387","usgsCitation":"Callender, E., and Robbins, J.A., 1993, Transport and accumulation of radionuclides and stable elements in a Missouri River Reservoir: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 6, p. 1787-1804, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00387.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"1787","endPage":"1804","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338028,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota ","otherGeospatial":"Whitewood Creek-Belle Fourche River-Cheyenne River system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.04602050781249,\n 44.87144275016589\n ],\n [\n -104.051513671875,\n 43.01268088642034\n ],\n [\n -101.97509765625,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -101.953125,\n 43.8186748554532\n ],\n [\n -100.711669921875,\n 43.858296779161826\n ],\n [\n -100.777587890625,\n 44.91035917458495\n ],\n [\n -104.04602050781249,\n 44.87144275016589\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5ee4b0236b68f98f3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Callender, Edward","contributorId":83923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callender","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robbins, John A.","contributorId":97583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187139,"text":"70187139 - 1993 - Transport of volatile organic compounds across the capillary fringe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-02T16:40:44","indexId":"70187139","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of volatile organic compounds across the capillary fringe","docAbstract":"Physical experiments were conducted to investigate the transport of a dissolved volatile organic compound (trichloroethylene, TCE) from shallow groundwater to the unsaturated zone under a variety of conditions including changes in the soil moisture profile and water table position. Experimental data indicated that at moderate groundwater velocities (0.1 m/d), vertical mechanical dispersion was negligible and molecular diffusion was the dominant vertical transport mechanism. Under these conditions, TCE concentrations decreased nearly 3 orders of magnitude across the capillary fringe and soil gas concentrations remained low relative to those of underlying groundwater. Data collected during a water table drop showed a short-term increase in concentrations throughout most of the unsaturated zone, but these concentrations quickly declined and approached initial values after the water table was returned to its original level. In the deep part of the unsaturated zone, the water table drop resulted in a long-term decrease in concentrations, illustrating the effects of hysteresis in the soil moisture profile. A two-dimensional random walk advection-diffusion model was developed to simulate the experimental conditions, and numerical simulations agreed well with experimental data. A simpler, one-dimensional finite-difference diffusion-dispersion model was also developed. One-dimensional simulations based on molecular diffusion also agreed well with experimental data. Simulations which incorporated mechanical dispersion tended to overestimate flux across the capillary fringe. Good agreement between the one- and two-dimensional models suggested that a simple, one-dimensional approximation of vertical transport across the capillary fringe can be useful when conditions are appropriate.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00098","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., and Johnson, R.L., 1993, Transport of volatile organic compounds across the capillary fringe: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 6, p. 1675-1683, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00098.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"1675","endPage":"1683","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/93wr00098","text":"External Repository"},{"id":340218,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ff0ea8e4b006455f2d620a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, Kathleen A. mccarthy@usgs.gov","contributorId":1159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"Kathleen","email":"mccarthy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":692691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Richard L.","contributorId":32626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185753,"text":"70185753 - 1993 - Landscape linkages between geothermal activity and solute composition and ecological response in surface waters draining the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T19:11:02","indexId":"70185753","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape linkages between geothermal activity and solute composition and ecological response in surface waters draining the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica","docAbstract":"Surface waters draining three different volcanoes in Costa Rica, ranging from dormant to moderately active to explosive, have a wide range of solute compositions that partly reflects the contribution of different types of solute-rich, geothermal waters. Three major physical transport vectors affect flows of geothermally derived solutes: thermally driven convection of volcanic gases and geothermal fluids; lateral and gravity-driven downward transport of geothermal fluids; and wind dispersion of ash, gases, and acid rain. Specific vector combinations interact to determine landscape patterns in solute chemistry and biota: indicator taxa of algae and bacteria reflect factors such as high temperature, wind-driven or hydrologically transported acidity, high concentrations of various solutes, and chemical precipitation reactions. Many streams receiving geothermally derived solutes have high levels of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) (up to 400 µg liter−1), a nutrient that is typically not measured in geochemical studies of geothermal waters. Regional differences in levels of SRP and other solutes among volcanoes were typically not significant due to high local variation in solute levels among geothermally modified streams and between geothermally modified and unmodified streams on each volcano. Geothermal activity along the volcanic spine of Costa Rica provides a natural source of phosphorus, silica, and other solutes and plays an important role in determining emergent landscape patterns in the solute chemistry of surface waters and aquatic biota.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0753","usgsCitation":"Pringle, C.M., Rowe, G.L., Triska, F.J., Fernandez, J.F., and West, J., 1993, Landscape linkages between geothermal activity and solute composition and ecological response in surface waters draining the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 38, no. 4, p. 753-774, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0753.","productDescription":"22 p. ","startPage":"753","endPage":"774","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0753","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338499,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7638e4b0ee37af29e4e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pringle, Catherine M.","contributorId":176292,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pringle","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowe, Gary L. glrowe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"Gary","email":"glrowe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":686658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Triska, Frank J.","contributorId":88781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fernandez, Jose F.","contributorId":189977,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fernandez","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"West, John","contributorId":189976,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"West","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70186688,"text":"70186688 - 1993 - Use of output from high‐resolution atmospheric models in landscape‐scale hydrologic models: An assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-07T16:56:07.46528","indexId":"70186688","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of output from high‐resolution atmospheric models in landscape‐scale hydrologic models: An assessment","docAbstract":"In this paper we investigate the feasibility of coupling regional climate models (RCMs) with landscape‐scale hydrologic models (LSHMs) for studies of the effects of climate on hydrologic systems. The RCM used is the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Pennsylvania State University mesoscale model (MM4). Output from two year‐round simulations (1983 and 1988) over the western United States is used to drive a lake model for Pyramid Lake in Nevada and a streamfiow model for Steamboat Creek in Oregon. Comparisons with observed data indicate that MM4 is able to produce meteorologic data sets that can be used to drive hydrologic models. Results from the lake model simulations indicate that the use of MM4 output produces reasonably good predictions of surface temperature and evaporation. Results from the streamflow simulations indicate that the use of MM4 output results in good simulations of the seasonal cycle of streamflow, but deficiencies in simulated wintertime precipitation resulted in underestimates of streamflow and soil moisture. Further work with climate (multiyear) simulations is necessary to achieve a complete analysis, but the results from this study indicate that coupling of LSHMs and RCMs may be a useful approach for evaluating the effects of climate change on hydrologic systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00263","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., and Giorgi, F., 1993, Use of output from high‐resolution atmospheric models in landscape‐scale hydrologic models: An assessment: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 6, p. 1685-1695, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00263.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1685","endPage":"1695","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339399,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54ce4b09da6799d63f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, S. W. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":42911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giorgi, F.","contributorId":24924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giorgi","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216619,"text":"70216619 - 1993 - Toward the simulation of the effects of the Great Lakes on regional climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:18:52.512268","indexId":"70216619","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-29T15:33:27","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2786,"text":"Monthly Weather Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toward the simulation of the effects of the Great Lakes on regional climate","docAbstract":"This paper describes a set of numerical experiments aimed at evaluating the feasibility of applying a version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research-Pennsylvania State University regional model (MM4) to regional climate simulation over the Great Lakes Basin. The objectives of this initial modeling investigation are 1) to examine whether the MM4 can capture the primary forcing exerted by the Great Lakes on the regional climate and 2) to evaluate what model resolution and configuration are needed to simulate such forcing. Simulations over the Great Lakes region are conducted with and without representation of the lakes at four model gridpoint resolutions ranging from 15 to 90 km. One experiment at 60-km resolution is discussed in which a one-dimensional thermal eddy diffusion model is interactively coupled to the MM4 to represent the lakes. Initial and lateral boundary conditions necessary to drive these simulations are provided by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses of observations. All simulations conducted are 10 days in length, from 22 December 1985 to 1 January 1986.
When driven with data from ECMWF analyses of observations, the climate version of the MM4 reproduces the basic characteristics of the distribution of lake-effect precipitation over the Great Lakes Basin. Differences between simulations with and without the lakes represented indicate that the lakes accounted for approximately 25% of the precipitation over the basin during the 10-day period simulated. Over localized areas, identified as the major snowbelts downwind from the lakes, lake effects were responsible for 50%–70% of the precipitation.
Basinwide precipitation did not vary greatly among the simulations with resolutions of 60, 30, and 15 km, although biases between model results and station observations did decrease slightly with increasing model resolution. Basinwide maximum and minimum temperature biases decreased more markedly with finer resolution. In the snowbelt regions downwind from the lakes, precipitation was underforecast at all four model resolutions, but precipitation generally increased with finer resolution. Differences between the results from the simulations at the three finest resolutions were greater over snowbelt regions than over the basin as a whole.
A simulation was conducted with the MM4 coupled to a lake model in an interactive two-way nested configuration. The implementation of this coupling was accomplished in a straightforward manner, with no model tuning required, and added very little to the computation time needed for the MM4 system. This coupled modeling system was found to produce realistic distributions of lake surface temperatures, evaporation rates, and ice thicknesses across the lakes. In climate simulations where the MM4 is nested in a general circulation model (GCM), we believe that the use of this coupled modeling system is preferable to specifying lake parameters by interpolation from GCM output. The next step in this work is to conduct a simulation of at least one annual cycle over the region to more fully test the coupled MM4-take model system.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<1373:TTSOTE>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bates, G.T., Giorgi, F., and Hostetler, S.W., 1993, Toward the simulation of the effects of the Great Lakes on regional climate: Monthly Weather Review, v. 121, no. 5, p. 1373-1387, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<1373:TTSOTE>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1373","endPage":"1387","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<1373:ttsote>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":380820,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.42773437499999,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -76.201171875,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -76.201171875,\n 49.32512199104001\n ],\n [\n -93.42773437499999,\n 49.32512199104001\n ],\n [\n -93.42773437499999,\n 41.31082388091818\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"121","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bates, Gary T.","contributorId":245248,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bates","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giorgi, F.","contributorId":28186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giorgi","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207074,"text":"70207074 - 1993 - The Parkfield prediction fallacy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-29T16:10:22.592362","indexId":"70207074","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Parkfield prediction fallacy","docAbstract":"The Parkfield earthquake prediction is generally stated as a 95% probability that the next moderate earthquake there should occur before January 1993. That time limit is based on a two-sided 95% confidence interval. Because at the time of the prediction (1985) it was already clear that the earthquake had not occurred prior to 1985, a one-sided 95% confidence interval would have been more appropriate. That confidence interval ended in October 1991. The Parkfield prediction was based on an extrapolation of five of the six events in the 1857 to 1966 earthquake sequence; the 1934 event was omitted because it did not fit the regularity exhibited by the other data. The fallacy in the prediction is that it did not take account of other less-contrived explanations of the Parkfield seismicity (e.g., not excluding the 1934 event). Even if the Parkfield earthquake should occur in the near future, it would be better explained by less-contrived hypotheses.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0830010001","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., 1993, The Parkfield prediction fallacy: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 83, no. 1, p. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0830010001.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370000,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70128293,"text":"70128293 - 1993 - Instream flows according to the ASCE model state water code","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-07T11:22:47","indexId":"70128293","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-05T11:21:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Instream flows according to the ASCE model state water code","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Water management in the '90s: a time for innovation: proceedings of the 20th anniversary conference","conferenceTitle":"Water management in the '90s: a time for innovation","conferenceDate":"1993-05-01T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Seattle, WA","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Sherk, G.W., and Lamb, B.L., 1993, Instream flows according to the ASCE model state water code, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294994,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543500aee4b0a4f4b46a23a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherk, G. W.","contributorId":73519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherk","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamb, Berton Lee","contributorId":71907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70169047,"text":"70169047 - 1993 - A Geographic Information System procedure to quantify drainage-basin characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T10:55:48","indexId":"70169047","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A Geographic Information System procedure to quantify drainage-basin characteristics","docAbstract":"The Basin Characteristics System (BCS) has been developed to quantify characteristics of a drainage basin. The first of four main BCS processing steps creates four geographic information system (GIS) digital maps representing the drainage divide, the drainage network, elevation contours, and the basin length. The drainage divide and basin length are manually digitized from 1:250,000-scale topographic maps. The drainage network is extracted using GIS software from 1:100,000-scale digital line graph data. The elevation contours are generated using GIS software from 1:250,000-scale digital elevation model data. The second and third steps use software developed to assign attributes to specific features in three of the four digital maps and analyze the four maps to quantify 24 morphometric basin characteristics. The fourth step quantifies two climatic characteristics from digitized State maps of precipitation data.
\nCompared to manual methods of measurement, the BCS provides a reduction in the time required to quantify the 26 basin characteristics. Comparison tests indicate the BCS measurements are not significantly different from manual topographic-map measurements for 11 of 12 primary drainage-basin characteristics. Tests indicate the BCS significantly underestimates basin slope. Comparison-measurement differences for basin slope, main channel slope, and basin relief appear to be due to limitations in the digital elevation model data.
\nA conceptual model has been developed to test river regulation concepts by linking physical habitat and water temperature with salmonid population and production in cold water streams. Work is in progress to examine numerous questions as part of flow evaluation and habitat restoration programmes in the Trinity River of California and elsewhere. For instance, how much change in pre-smolt chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) production in the Trinity River would result from a different annual instream allocation (i.e. up or down from 271 × 106 m3released in the late 1980s) and how much change in pre-smolt production would result from a different release pattern (i.e. different from the 8.5 m3 s−1 year-round release). The conceptual model is being used to: design, integrate and improve young-of-year population data collection efforts; test hypotheses that physical habitat significantly influences movement, growth and mortality of salmonid fishes; and analyse the relative severity of limiting factors during each life stage. The conceptual model, in conjunction with previously developed tools in the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology, should provide the means to more effectively manage a fishery resource below a regulated reservoir and to provide positive feedback to planning of annual reservoir operations.
The Green Lake, Wisconsin, strain of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush was discontinued as a hatchery brood stock in 1976 after Lake Michigan was stocked with the 1975 year‐class. In 1982, a decision was made to restore the Green Lake strain as a production brood stock. Five groups were produced by spawning marked fish that were survivors from the 1976 stocking of southern Lake Michigan. A sixth group was produced from a remnant of the Green Lake brood stock held at the Genoa (Wisconsin) National Fish Hatchery. Hatchery accidents reduced both the number of groups and the effective population number of each group. We studied a procedure for reconstructing a composite Green Lake brood stock from individuals of these six groups. Genetic variability was evaluated by allozyme electrophoresis in five of these groups. Twelve of 18 loci were polymorphic. Allelic frequencies were similar in all five groups; however, significant differences occurred in nine systems. Heterozygosity level (mean ± SE) was lowest in the domestic group (0.119 ± 0.043) and ranged from 0.139 ± 0.043 to 0.166 ± 0.052 in the feral groups. Cluster analysis of genetic distances grouped the four feral groups together, but separate from the domestic group. Progeny from fish captured on Black Can Reef, Lake Michigan, in 1986 and 1988 were the most similar. A modified diallel mating design was developed to produce a composite brood stock from remnant feral and domestic fish. Pooled families from 1991 and 1992 diallel matings will be reared to maturity, then reciprocal crosses of the two year‐classes will be made to form the new composite Green Lake brood stock.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1993)013<0318:POGVIT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kincaid, H.L., Krueger, C., and May, B., 1993, Preservation of genetic variation in the Green Lake strain lake trout derived from remnant domestic and feral populations: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 13, no. 2, p. 318-325, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1993)013<0318:POGVIT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"318","endPage":"325","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131319,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Green Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.11180974482147,\n 43.84632573589013\n ],\n [\n -89.11180974482147,\n 43.759123926794956\n ],\n [\n -88.89116443158387,\n 43.759123926794956\n ],\n [\n -88.89116443158387,\n 43.84632573589013\n ],\n [\n -89.11180974482147,\n 43.84632573589013\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668fdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kincaid, H. L.","contributorId":21891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kincaid","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krueger, C.C.","contributorId":97042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"May, B.","contributorId":19112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185458,"text":"70185458 - 1993 - Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-17T10:28:45","indexId":"70185458","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland","docAbstract":"Eddy correlation measurements of sensible and latent heat flux are used with measurements of net radiation, soil heat flux, and other micrometeorological variables to develop the Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for use in a sparsely vegetated, semiarid rangeland. The Penman-Monteith model, a one-component model designed for use with dense crops, is not sufficiently accurate (r2 = 0.56 for hourly data and r2 = 0.60 for daily data). The Shuttleworth-Wallace model, a two-component logical extension of the Penman-Monteith model for use with sparse crops, performs significantly better (r2 = 0.78 for hourly data and r2 = 0.85 for daily data). The modified Priestley-Taylor model, a one-component simplified form of the Penman potential evapotranspiration model, surprisingly performs as well as the Shuttle worth-Wallace model. The rigorous Shuttleworth-Wallace model predicts that about one quarter of the vapor flux to the atmosphere is from bare-soil evaporation. Further, during daylight hours, the small leaves are sinks for sensible heat produced at the hot soil surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00333","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D.I., 1993, Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 5, p. 1379-1392, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00333.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"1379","endPage":"1392","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338048,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5ee4b0236b68f98f3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, David I. distanna@usgs.gov","contributorId":562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"David","email":"distanna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70127890,"text":"70127890 - 1993 - Dynamic land surface/atmospheric parameterization at different spatial scales in the Colorado Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T15:52:07","indexId":"70127890","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-22T10:52:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Dynamic land surface/atmospheric parameterization at different spatial scales in the Colorado Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of Workshop on the Use of Hydrological Models for Evaluating the Impacts of Climate Change in Snowmelt Water Supply Basins","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of Workshop on the Use of Hydrological Models for Evaluating the Impacts of Climate Change in Snowmelt Water Supply Basins","conferenceDate":"1993-04-20T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Santa Fe, NM","language":"English","publisher":"Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security","publisherLocation":"Oakland, CA","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Pielke, R., Parton, B., Band, L., and Running, S., 1993, Dynamic land surface/atmospheric parameterization at different spatial scales in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294783,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e694be4b092f17df5a7b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pielke, R.","contributorId":34064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parton, B.","contributorId":69905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parton","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Band, L.","contributorId":75460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Band","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Running, S. W.","contributorId":52505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Running","given":"S. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70186950,"text":"70186950 - 1993 - Application of 2-D travel-time inversion of seismic refraction data to the mid-continent rift beneath Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T15:44:35","indexId":"70186950","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of 2-D travel-time inversion of seismic refraction data to the mid-continent rift beneath Lake Superior","docAbstract":"The inversion technique of Nowack and Lutter (1988a) and Lutter et al. (1990) has been applied to first arrival seismic refraction data collected along Line A of the 1986 Lake Superior GLIMPCE experiment, permitting comparison of the inversion image with an independently derived forward model (Trehu et al., 1991; Shay and Trehu, in press). For this study, the inversion method was expanded to allow variable grid spacing for the bicubic spline parameterization of velocity. The variable grid spacing improved model delineation and data fit by permitting model parameters to be clustered at features of interest. Over 800 first-arrival travel-times were fit with a final RMS error of 0.045 s. The inversion model images a low velocity central graben and smaller flanking half-grabens of the Midcontinent Rift, and higher velocity regions (+0.5 to +0.75 km/s) associated with the Isle Royale and Keweenaw faults, which bound the central graben. Although the forward modeling interpretation gives finer details associated with the near surface expression of the two faults because of the inclusion of secondary reflections and refractions that were not included in the inversion, the inversion model reproduces the primary features of the forward model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93GL00171","usgsCitation":"Lutter, W.J., Trehu, A.M., and Nowack, R.L., 1993, Application of 2-D travel-time inversion of seismic refraction data to the mid-continent rift beneath Lake Superior: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 20, no. 7, p. 615-618, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL00171.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"615","endPage":"618","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479451,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.537.3795","text":"External Repository"},{"id":339759,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cde4b08144348b7e66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lutter, William J.","contributorId":74366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutter","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trehu, Anne M.","contributorId":49884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trehu","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":691133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nowack, Robert L.","contributorId":100516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowack","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}