{"pageNumber":"1364","pageRowStart":"34075","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46733,"records":[{"id":70017584,"text":"70017584 - 1994 - The importance of earthquake-induced landslides to long-term slope erosion and slope-failure hazards in seismically active regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-02T22:12:15.301289","indexId":"70017584","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The importance of earthquake-induced landslides to long-term slope erosion and slope-failure hazards in seismically active regions","docAbstract":"<p>This paper describes a general method for determining the amount of earthquake-induced landsliding that occurs in a seismically active region over time; this determination can be used as a quantitative measure of the long-term hazard from seismically triggered landslides as well as a measure of the importance of this process to regional slope-erosion rates and landscape evolution. The method uses data from historical earthquakes to relate total volume of landslide material dislodged by an earthquake to the magnitude,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>M</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">M</span></span></span>, and seismic moment,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>0</sub>, of the earthquake. From worldwide data, a linear-regression relation between landslide volume,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>V</i>, and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>0</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>is determined as:<span>&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><span>&nbsp;</span>=<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>0</sub>/10<sup>18.9(± 0.13)</sup>, where<span>&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is measured in m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>0</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>is in dyn-cm.</p><p>To determine the amount of earthquake-generated landsliding over time, this relation is combined with data on seismic-moment release for a particular region, which may be derived from either earthquake-history or fault-slip data. The form of the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>0</sub>−<i>V</i><span>&nbsp;</span>relation allows the rate of production of earthquake-induced landslides over time to be determined from total rate of seismic-moment release without regard to the distribution of individual events, thus simplifying and generalizing the determination.</p><p>Application of the method to twelve seismically active regions, with areas ranging from 13,275 to 2,308,000 km<sup>2</sup>, shows that erosion rates from earthquake-induced landslides vary significantly from region to region. Of the regions studied, the highest rates were determined for the island of Hawaii, New Zealand, western New Guinea, and the San Francisco Bay region of California. Significantly lower rates were determined for Iran, Tibet, the Sierra Nevada-Great Basin region of California, and central Japan (for the time period from 715 AD to the present). Intermediate rates were determined for Peru, southern California, onshore California, Turkey, and central Japan (for the time period from 1586 AD to the present).</p><p>To determine the relative, long-term importance of seismically triggered landslides, these erosion rates are compared to erosion rates calculated for other slope processes and to rates calculated from fluvial sediment discharge. Comparisons with other slope processes indicate that earthquake-induced landslides are the predominant agents of slope erosion on the island of Hawaii, in the San Francisco Bay region, and in western New Guinea. For Hawaii, the San Francisco Bay region, and Sierra Nevada-Great Basin region of California, the erosion rates calculated for earthquake-induced landslides also exceed the regional erosion rates calculated from fluvial sediment discharge.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-555X(94)90021-3","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Keefer, D.K., 1994, The importance of earthquake-induced landslides to long-term slope erosion and slope-failure hazards in seismically active regions: Geomorphology, v. 10, no. 1-4, p. 265-284, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(94)90021-3.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"284","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229031,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacf4e4b08c986b323889","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keefer, D. K.","contributorId":21176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017601,"text":"70017601 - 1994 - A pore-pressure diffusion model for estimating landslide-inducing rainfall","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T00:03:38.493693","indexId":"70017601","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A pore-pressure diffusion model for estimating landslide-inducing rainfall","docAbstract":"<div class=\"col-lg-9 article__content\"><div class=\"article__body show-references \"><div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>Many types of landslide movement are induced by large rainstorms, and empirical rainfall intensity/duration thresholds for initiating movement have been determined for various parts of the world. In this paper, I present a simple pressure diffusion model that provides a physically based hydrologic link between rainfall intensity/duration at the ground surface and destabilizing pore-water pressures at depth. The model approximates rainfall infiltration as a sinusoidally varying flux over time and uses physical parameters that can be determined independently. If destabilizing pore pressures can be estimated, then the model enables the development of a stability criterion defining destabilizing rainfall intensity/duration conditions. Using a comprehensive data set from an intensively monitored landslide, I demonstrate that the model is capable of distinguishing movement-inducing rainstorms.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/629714","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Reid, M., 1994, A pore-pressure diffusion model for estimating landslide-inducing rainfall: Journal of Geology, v. 102, no. 6, p. 709-717, https://doi.org/10.1086/629714.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"709","endPage":"717","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228567,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4e0e4b0c8380cd469c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, M.E.","contributorId":108130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017606,"text":"70017606 - 1994 - Helping the public find information the U.S. Government Information Locator Service (GILS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-07T16:54:10.244276","indexId":"70017606","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2329,"text":"Journal of Government Information","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Helping the public find information the U.S. Government Information Locator Service (GILS)","docAbstract":"<p>As part of the National Information Infrastructure, the U.S. federal government is establishing a Government Information Locator Service (GILS). GILS will identify and describe public information resources throughout the federal government and provide assistance in obtaining the information. It will be decentralized and will supplement other agency and commercial information dissemination mechanisms. The public will use GILS directly or through intermediaries, including the Government Printing Office and the National Technical Information Service, as well as federal depository libraries, other public libraries, and private sector information services. Direct users will have access to a GILS Core accessible on the Internet without charge. Intermediate access may include kiosks, 800 numbers, electronic mail, bulletin boards, FAX, and offline media such as floppy disks, CD-ROM, and printed works. GILS will use network technology and the American National Standards Institute Z39.50 standard for information search and retrieval so that information can be retrieved in a variety of ways. Direct users may have access to many other major federal and nonfederal information resources, linkages to data systems, and electronic delivery of information products. An Office of Management and Budget Bulletin in 1994 will provide implementing guidance to agencies. The National Institute of Standards and Technology will also establish a Federal Information Processing Standard specifying a GILS Profile and its application for agencies establishing information locators.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1352-0237(94)90055-8","issn":"13520237","usgsCitation":"Christian, E., 1994, Helping the public find information the U.S. Government Information Locator Service (GILS): Journal of Government Information, v. 21, no. 4, p. 305-314, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-0237(94)90055-8.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"314","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228664,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a304ee4b0c8380cd5d522","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christian, E.J.","contributorId":57877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017607,"text":"70017607 - 1994 - Hydrochemistry of the Mahomet Bedrock Valley Aquifer, East-Central Illinois: Indicators of recharge and ground-water flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T00:04:53.837608","indexId":"70017607","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrochemistry of the Mahomet Bedrock Valley Aquifer, East-Central Illinois: Indicators of recharge and ground-water flow","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group  metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>A conceptual model of the ground-water flow and recharge to the Mahomet Bedrock Valley Aquifer (MVA), east-central Illinois, was developed using major ion chemistry and isotope geochemistry. The MVA is a “basal” fill in the east-west trending buried bedrock valley composed of clean, permeable sand and gravel to thicknesses of up to 61 m. It is covered by a thick sequence of glacial till containing thinner bodies of interbedded sand and gravel. Ground water from the MVA was found to be characterized by clearly defined geochemical regions with three distinct ground-water types. A fourth ground-water type was found at the confluence of the MVA and the Mackinaw Bedrock Valley Aquifer (MAK) to the west.</p><p>Ground water in the Onarga Valley, a northeastern tributary of the MVA, is of two types, a mixed cation-SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>type and a mixed cation-HCO<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>type. The ground water is enriched in Na<sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>which appears to be the result of an upward hydraulic gradient and interaction of deeper ground water with oxidized pyritic coals and shale. We suggest that recharge to the Onarga Valley and overlying aquifers is 100% from bedrock (leakage) and lateral flow from the MVA to the south.</p><p>The central MVA (south of the Onarga Valley) is composed of relatively dilute ground water of a mixed cation-HC0<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>type, with low total dissolved solids, and very low concentrations of Cl<sup>-</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>. Stratigraphie relationships of overlying aquifers and ground-water chemistry of these and the MVA suggest recharge to this region of the MVA (predominantly in Champaign County) is relatively rapid and primarily from the surface.</p><p>Midway along the westerly flow path of the MVA (western MVA), ground water is a mixed cation-HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>type with relatively high Cl<sup>-</sup>, where Cl<sup>-</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>increases abruptly by one to two orders of magnitude. Data suggest that the increase in Cl<sup>-</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>is the result of leakage of saline ground water from bedrock into the MVA. Mass-balance calculations indicate that approximately 9.5% of recharge in this area is from bedrock. Concentrations of Na<sup>+</sup>, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, As, and TDS also increase in the western MVA.</p><p>Ground water in the MAK is of a Ca<sup>2+</sup>-HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>type. Mass-balance calculations, using Cl<sup>-</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>as a natural, conservative tracer, indicate that approximately 17% of the ground water flowing from the confluence area is derived from the MVA.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Assocation","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00895.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Panno, S., Hackley, K.C., Cartwright, K., and Liu, C., 1994, Hydrochemistry of the Mahomet Bedrock Valley Aquifer, East-Central Illinois: Indicators of recharge and ground-water flow: Groundwater, v. 32, no. 4, p. 591-604, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00895.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"591","endPage":"604","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228712,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3334e4b0c8380cd5ee03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Panno, S.V.","contributorId":102990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panno","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hackley, Keith C.","contributorId":12166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cartwright, K.","contributorId":50292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, Chao-Li","contributorId":42361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Chao-Li","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017611,"text":"70017611 - 1994 - Contributions to a shallow aquifer study by reprocessed seismic sections from petroleum exploration surveys, eastern Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-15T16:27:41.216883","indexId":"70017611","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contributions to a shallow aquifer study by reprocessed seismic sections from petroleum exploration surveys, eastern Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","docAbstract":"<p>The US Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Drilling Company of Abu Dhabi, is conducting a 4-year study of the fresh and slightly saline groundwater resources of the eastern Abu Dhabi Emirate. Most of this water occurs in a shallow aquifer, generally less than 150 m deep, in the Al Ain area. A critical part of the Al Ain area coincides with a former petroleum concession area where about 2780 km of vibroseis data were collected along 94 seismic lines during 1981–1983. Field methods, acquistion parameters, and section processing were originally designed to enhance reflections expected at depths ranging from 5000 to 6000 m, and subsurface features directly associated with the shallow aquifer system were deleted from the original seismic sections. The original field tapes from the vibroseis survey were reprocessed in an attempt to extract shallow subsurface information (depths less than 550 m) for investigating the shallow aquifer.</p><p>A unique sequence of reproccessing parameters was established after reviewing the results from many experimental tests. Many enhancements to the resolution of shallow seismic reflections resulted from: (1) application of a 20-Hz, low-cut filter; (2) recomputation of static corrections to a datum nearer the land surface; (3) intensive velocity analyses; and (4) near-trace muting analyses. The number, resolution, and lateral continuity of shallow reflections were greatly enhanced on the reprocessed sections, as was the delineation of shallow, major faults. Reflections on a synthetic seismogram, created from a borehole drilled to a depth of 786 m on seismic line IQS-11, matched precisely with shallow reflections on the reprocessed section. The 33 reprocessed sections were instrumental in preparing a map showing the major structural features that affect the shallow aquifer system. Analysis of the map provides a better understanding of the effect of these shallow features on the regional occurrence, movement, and quality of groundwater in the concession area. Results from this study demonstrate that original seismic field tapes collected for deep petroleum exploration can be reprocessed to explore for groundwater.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0926-9851(94)90062-0","issn":"09269851","usgsCitation":"Woodward, D., 1994, Contributions to a shallow aquifer study by reprocessed seismic sections from petroleum exploration surveys, eastern Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 31, no. 1-4, p. 271-289, https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-9851(94)90062-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"289","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228763,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa8fe4b0c8380cd4db89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, D.","contributorId":36701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017615,"text":"70017615 - 1994 - Geochemical soil sampling for deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-13T13:11:34.116557","indexId":"70017615","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical soil sampling for deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>Thousands of solution-collapse breccia pipes crop out in the canyons and on the plateaus of northwestern Arizona; some host high-grade uranium deposits. The mineralized pipes are enriched in Ag, As, Ba, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, V and Zn. These breccia pipes formed as sedimentary strata collapsed into solution caverns within the underlying Mississippian Redwall Limestone. A typical pipe is approximately 100 m (300 ft) in diameter and extends upward from the Redwall Limestone as much as 1000 m (3000 ft).</p><p>Unmineralized gypsum and limestone collapses rooted in the Lower Permian Kaibab Limestone or Toroweap Formation also occur throughout this area. Hence, development of geochemical tools that can distinguish these unmineralized collapse structures, as well as unmineralized breccia pipes, from mineralized breccia pipes could significantly reduce drilling costs for these orebodies commonly buried 300–360 m (1000–1200 ft) below the plateau surface.</p><p>Design and interpretation of soil sampling surveys over breccia pipes are plagued with several complications. (1) The plateau-capping Kaibab Limestone and Moenkopi Formation are made up of diverse lithologies. Thus, because different breccia pipes are capped by different lithologies, each pipe needs to be treated as a separate geochemical survey with its own background samples. (2) Ascertaining true background is difficult because of uncertainties in locations of poorly-exposed collapse cones and ring fracture zones that surround the pipes.</p><p>Soil geochemical surveys were completed on 50 collapse structures, three of which are known mineralized breccia pipes. Each collapse structure was treated as an independent geochemical survey. Geochemical data from each collapse feature were plotted on single-element geochemical maps and processed by multivariate factor analysis. To contrast the results between geochemical surveys (collapse structures), a means of quantifying the anomalousness of elements at each site was developed. This degree of anomalousness, named the “correlation value”, was used to rank collapse features by their potential to overlie a deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipe.</p><p>Soil geochemical results from the three mineralized breccia pipes (the only three of the 50 that had previously been drilled) show that: (1) Soils above the SBF pipe contain significant enrichment of Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ga, K, La, Mo, Nd, Ni, Pb, Sc, Th, U and Zn, and depletion in Ca, Mg and Sr, in contrast to soils outside the topographic and structural rim; (2) Soils over the inner treeless zone of the Canyon pipe show Mo and Pb enrichment anf As and Ga depletion, in contrast to soils from the surrounding forest; and (3) The soil survey of the Mohawk Canyon pipe was a failure because of the rocky terrane and lack of a B soil horizon, or because the pipe plunges. At least 11 of the 47 other collapse structures studied contain anomalous soil enrichments similar to the SBF uranium ore-bearing pipe, and thus have good potential as exploration targets for uranium. One of these 11, #1102, does contain surface mineralized rock. These surveys suggest that soil geochemical sampling is a useful tool for the recognition of many collapse structures with underlying ore-bearing breccia pipes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(94)90065-5","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Wenrich, K., and Aumente-Modreski, R.M., 1994, Geochemical soil sampling for deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona: Applied Geochemistry, v. 9, no. 4, p. 431-454, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(94)90065-5.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"431","endPage":"454","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.31581652045145,\n              36.43233656059891\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.31581652045145,\n              35.60134849448217\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.90029352070502,\n              35.60134849448217\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.90029352070502,\n              36.43233656059891\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.31581652045145,\n              36.43233656059891\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16a8e4b0c8380cd5520f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wenrich, K. J.","contributorId":40203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenrich","given":"K. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aumente-Modreski, R. M.","contributorId":63825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aumente-Modreski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017618,"text":"70017618 - 1994 - Calculation of 230ThU isochrons, ages, and errors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T23:49:46.648613","indexId":"70017618","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Calculation of <sup>230</sup>ThU isochrons, ages, and errors","title":"Calculation of 230ThU isochrons, ages, and errors","docAbstract":"<p><span>If analytical errors are responsible for the scatter of points on a&nbsp;</span><sup>230</sup><span>Th-</span><sup>234</sup><span>U-</span><sup>238</sup><span>U isochron diagram, the isochron should be fitted by a technique that</span><span class=\"list-label\">1.</span>&nbsp;weights the points according to their analytical errors and error correlations, and</p><ul class=\"list\"><li class=\"react-xocs-list-item\"><span class=\"list-label\">2. </span>either takes into account the presence of some of the same data in two coupled&nbsp;<i>XY</i>&nbsp;isochrons or (equivalently) uses a single, three-dimensional&nbsp;<i>XYZ</i>&nbsp;isochron.</li></ul><p><span>A method based on maximum-likelihood estimation is presented that fulfills these requirements, and the relevant equations for errors in age and initial </span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>234</mn></msup><mtext>U</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>238</mn></msup><mtext>U</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>234</sup>U<sup>238</sup>U</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;are given. Equations for estimating the necessary isotope-ratio errors and error-correlations for both alpha-spectrometric and mass-spectrometric data are also developed.</span><br></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90229-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Ludwig, K., and Titterington, D., 1994, Calculation of 230ThU isochrons, ages, and errors: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 22, p. 5031-5042, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90229-1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"5031","endPage":"5042","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228939,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2fee4b0c8380cd4b52f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Titterington, D.M.","contributorId":19318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titterington","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017625,"text":"70017625 - 1994 - Sensitivity of northern Sierra Nevada streamflow to climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:53:42","indexId":"70017625","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitivity of northern Sierra Nevada streamflow to climate change","docAbstract":"The sensitivity of streamflow to climate change was investigated in the American, Carson, and Truckee River Basins, California and Nevada. Nine gaging stations were used to represent streamflow in the basins. Annual models were developed by regressing 1961-1991 streamflow data on temperature and precipitation. Climate-change scenarios were used as inputs to the models to determine streamflow sensitivities. Climate-change scenarios were generated from historical time series by modifying mean temperatures by a range of +4??C to -4??C and total precipitation by a range of +25 percent to -25 percent. Results show that streamflow on the warmer, lower west side of the Sierra Nevada generally is more sensitive to temperature and percipitation changes than is streamflow on the colder, higher east side. A 2??C rise in temperature and a 25-percent decrease in precipitation results in streamflow decreases of 56 percent on the American River and 25 percent on the Carson River. A 2??C decline in temperature and a 25-percent increase in precipitation results in streamflow increases of 102 percent on the American River and 22 percent on the Carson River.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03333.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Duell, L., 1994, Sensitivity of northern Sierra Nevada streamflow to climate change: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 30, no. 5, p. 841-859, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03333.x.","startPage":"841","endPage":"859","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267684,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03333.x"},{"id":228336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d33e4b08c986b3182cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duell, L.F.W.","contributorId":11765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duell","given":"L.F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017629,"text":"70017629 - 1994 - Specific yield as determined by type-curve analysis of aquifer-test data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T10:53:56","indexId":"70017629","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Specific yield as determined by type-curve analysis of aquifer-test data","docAbstract":"The commonly used analytical solution developed by Neuman for a homogeneous, water-table aquifer assumes that the drainage of pores in the zone above the water table due to lowering of the water table occurs instantaneously. Noninstantaneous drainage of pores in the unsaturated zone accounts for the finding that both type-curve analysis and volume-balance calculations yield values of specific yield that are slightly less than those obtained from laboratory column-drainage experiments. It may also account for a slight underestimation of vertical hydraulic conductivity as obtained by type-curve analysis.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00934.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Moench, A.F., 1994, Specific yield as determined by type-curve analysis of aquifer-test data: Ground Water, v. 32, no. 6, p. 949-957, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00934.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"949","endPage":"957","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228385,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9525e4b08c986b31ad78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moench, Allen F. afmoench@usgs.gov","contributorId":3903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"Allen","email":"afmoench@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":377068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017634,"text":"70017634 - 1994 - Emission rates of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide from Redoubt Volcano, Alaska during the 1989-1990 eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017634","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emission rates of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide from Redoubt Volcano, Alaska during the 1989-1990 eruptions","docAbstract":"Airborne measurements of sulfur dioxide emission rates in the gas plume emitted from fumaroles in the summit crater of Redoubt Volcano were started on March 20, 1990 using the COSPEC method. During the latter half of the period of intermittent dome growth and destruction, between March 20 and mid-June 1990, sulfur dioxide emission rates ranged from approximately 1250 to 5850 t/d, rates notably higher than for other convergent-plate boundary volcanoes during periods of active dome growth. Emission rates following the end of dome growth from late June 1990 through May 1991 decreased steadily to less than 75 t/d. The largest mass of sulfur dioxide was released during the period of explosive vent clearing when explosive degassing on December 14-15 injected at least 175,000 ?? 50,000 tonnes of SO2 into the atmosphere. Following the explosive eruptions of December 1989, Redoubt Volcano entered a period of intermittent dome growth from late December 1989 to mid-June 1990 during which Redoubt emitted a total mass of SO2 ranging from 572,000 ?? 90,000 tonnes to 680,000 ?? 90,000 tonnes. From mid-June 1990 through May 1991, the volcano was in a state of posteruption degassing into the troposphere, producing approximately 183,000 ?? 50,000 tonnes of SO2. We estimate that Redoubt Volcano released a minimum mass of sulfur dioxide of approximately 930,000 tonnes. While COSPEC data were not obtained frequently enough to enable their use in eruption prediction, SO2 emission rates clearly indicated a consistent decline in emission rates between March through October 1990 and a continued low level of emission rates through the first half of 1991. Values from consecutive daily measurements of sulfur dioxide emission rates spanning the March 23, 1990 eruption decreased in the three days prior to eruption. That decrease was coincident with a several-fold increase in the frequency of shallow seismic events, suggesting partial sealing of the magma conduit to gas loss that resulted in pressurization of the shallow magma system and an increase in earthquake activity. Unlike the short-term SO2 decrease in March 1990, the long-term decrease of sulfur dioxide emission rates from March 1990 through May 1991 was coincident with low rates of seismic energy release and was interpreted to reflect gradual depressurization of the shallow magma reservoir. The long-term declines in seismic energy release and in SO2 emission rates led AVO scientists to conclude on April 19, 1991 that the potential for further eruptive activity from Redoubt Volcano had diminished, and on this basis, the level of concern color code for the volcano was changed from code yellow (Volcano is restless; earthquake activity is elevated; activity may include extrusion of lava) to code green (Volcano is in its normal 'dormant' state). ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Casadevall, T.J., Doukas, M., Neal, C., McGimsey, R.G., and Gardner, C.A., 1994, Emission rates of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide from Redoubt Volcano, Alaska during the 1989-1990 eruptions: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 519-530.","startPage":"519","endPage":"530","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228476,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08fbe4b0c8380cd51d41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Casadevall, T. J.","contributorId":96680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doukas, M.P.","contributorId":28615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neal, C.A. 0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":91122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGimsey, R. G.","contributorId":93921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gardner, C. A.","contributorId":75916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017636,"text":"70017636 - 1994 - Profile development for the Spatial Data Transfer Standard","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T15:06:03.1595","indexId":"70017636","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1192,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Profile development for the Spatial Data Transfer Standard","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS), or Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 173, is designed to support all types of spatial data. Implementing all of the standard's options at one time is impractical. Therefore, implementation of the SDTS is being accomplished through the use of profiles. Profiles are clearly defined, limited subsets of the SDTS created for use with a specific type or model of data and designed with as few options as possible. When a profile is proposed, specific choices are made for encoding possibilities that were not addressed, left optional, or left with numerous choices within the SDTS. Profile development is coordinated by the U.S. Geological SUIVey's SDTS Task Force. When completed, profiles are submitted to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for approval as official amendments to the SDTS. The first profile, the Topological Vector Profile (TVP), has been completed. A Raster Profile has been tested and is being finalized for submission to the NIST. Other vector profiles, such as those for network and nontopological data, are also being considered as future implementation options for the SDTS.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1559/152304094782602908","usgsCitation":"Szemraj, J.A., Fegeas, R.G., and Tolar, B.R., 1994, Profile development for the Spatial Data Transfer Standard: Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, v. 21, no. 3, p. 150-154, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304094782602908.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"150","endPage":"154","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228522,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8dffe4b0c8380cd7ef61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szemraj, John A.","contributorId":42735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szemraj","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fegeas, Robin G.","contributorId":27033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fegeas","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tolar, Billy R.","contributorId":29974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tolar","given":"Billy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017637,"text":"70017637 - 1994 - PETRO.CALC.PLOT, Microsoft Excel macros to aid petrologic interpretation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T15:14:40","indexId":"70017637","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"PETRO.CALC.PLOT, Microsoft Excel macros to aid petrologic interpretation","docAbstract":"PETRO.CALC.PLOT is a package of macros which normalizes whole-rock oxide data to 100%, calculates the cation percentages and molecular proportions used for normative mineral calculations, computes the apices for ternary diagrams, determines sums and ratios of specific elements of petrologic interest, and plots 33 X-Y graphs and five ternary diagrams. PETRO.CALC.PLOT also may be used to create other diagrams as desired by the user. The macros run in Microsoft Excel 3.0 and 4.0 for Macintosh computers and in Microsoft Excel 3.0 and 4.0 for Windows. Macros provided in PETRO.CALC.PLOT minimize repetition and time required to recalculate and plot whole-rock oxide data for petrologic analysis. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(94)90040-X","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Sidder, G., 1994, PETRO.CALC.PLOT, Microsoft Excel macros to aid petrologic interpretation: Computers & Geosciences, v. 20, no. 6, p. 1041-1061, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(94)90040-X.","startPage":"1041","endPage":"1061","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266163,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(94)90040-X"},{"id":228523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a734ee4b0c8380cd76f6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sidder, G.B.","contributorId":89150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sidder","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017640,"text":"70017640 - 1994 - Salinity increases in the navajo aquifer in southeastern Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:52:53","indexId":"70017640","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Salinity increases in the navajo aquifer in southeastern Utah","docAbstract":"Salinity increases in water in some parts of the Navajo aquifer in southeastern Utah have been documented previously. The purpose of this paper is to use bromide, iodide, and chloride concentrations and del oxygen-18 and deuterium values in water from the study area to determine if oil-field brines (OFB) could be the source of increased salinity. Mixing-model results indicate that the bromide-to-chloride X 10,000 weight ratio characteristic of OFB in and outside the study area could not be causing the bromide depletion with increasing salinity in the Navajo aquifer. Mixing-model results indicate that a mixture of one percent OFB with 99 percent Navajo aquifer water would more than double the bromide-to-chloride weight ratio, instead of the observed decrease in the weight ratio with increasing chloride concentration. The trend of the mixing line representing the isotopically enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer does not indicate OFB as the source of isotopically enriched water; however, the simulated isotopic composition of injection water could be a salinity source. The lighter isotopic composition of OFB samples from the Aneth, Ratherford, White Mesa Unit, and McElmo Creek injection sites relative to the Ismay site is a result of continued recycling of injection water mixed with various proportions of isotopically lighter make-up water from the alluvial aquifer along the San Juan River. A mixing model using the isotopic composition of the simulated injection water suggests that enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer are composed of 36 to 75 percent of the simulated injection water. However, chloride concentrations predicted by the isotopic mixing model are up to 13.4 times larger than the measured chloride concentrations in isotopically enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer, indicating that injection water is not the source of increased salinity. Geochemical data consistently show that OFB and associated injection water from the Greater Aneth Oil Field are not the source of salinity increases in the Navajo aquifer.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03357.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., and Spangler, L., 1994, Salinity increases in the navajo aquifer in southeastern Utah: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 30, no. 6, p. 1119-1135, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03357.x.","startPage":"1119","endPage":"1135","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267683,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03357.x"},{"id":228571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aafece4b0c8380cd87849","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spangler, L.E.","contributorId":54230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spangler","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017641,"text":"70017641 - 1994 - A spatial features register: Toward standardization of spatial features","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T15:03:11.828965","indexId":"70017641","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1192,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A spatial features register: Toward standardization of spatial features","docAbstract":"<p><span>As the need to share spatial data increases, more than agreement on a common format is needed to ensure that the data is meaningful to both the importer and the exporter. Effective data transfer also requires common definitions of spatial features. To achieve this, part 2 of the Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) provides a model for a spatial features data content specification and a glossary of features and attributes that fit this model. The model provides a foundation for standardizing spatial features. The glossary now contains only a limited subset of hydrographic and topographic features. For it to be useful, terms and definitions must be included for other categories, such as base cartographic, bathymetric, cadastral, cultural and demographic, geodetic, geologic, ground transportation, international boundaries, soils, vegetation, water, and wetlands, and the set of hydrographic and topographic features must be expanded. This paper will review the philosophy of the SDTS part 2 and the current plans for creating a national spatial features register as one mechanism for maintaining part 2.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1559/152304094782602836","usgsCitation":"Cascio, J., 1994, A spatial features register: Toward standardization of spatial features: Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, v. 21, no. 3, p. 155-158, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304094782602836.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"158","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228615,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b947be4b08c986b31aafb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cascio, Janette","contributorId":81265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cascio","given":"Janette","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017646,"text":"70017646 - 1994 - Uranium-Series Ages of Marine Terrace Corals from the Pacific Coast of North America and Implications for Last-Interglacial Sea Level History","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017646","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium-Series Ages of Marine Terrace Corals from the Pacific Coast of North America and Implications for Last-Interglacial Sea Level History","docAbstract":"Few of the marine terraces along the Pacific coast of North America have been dated using uranium-series techniques. Ten terrace sequences from southern Oregon to southern Baja California Sur have yielded fossil corals in quantities suitable for U-series dating by alpha spectrometry. U-series-dated terraces representing the ???80,000 yr sea-level high stand are identified in five areas (Bandon, Oregon; Point Arena, San Nicolas Island, and Point Loma, California; and Punta Banda, Baja California); terraces representing the ???125,000 yr sea-level high stand are identified in eight areas (Cayucos, San Luis Obispo Bay, San Nicolas Island, San Clemente Island, and Point Loma, California; Punta Bands and Isla Guadalupe, Baja California; and Cabo Pulmo, Baja California Sur). On San Nicolas Island, Point Loma, and Punta Bands, both the ???80,000 and the ???125,000 yr terraces are dated. Terraces that may represent the ???105,000 sea-level high stand are rarely preserved and none has yielded corals for U-series dating. Similarity of coral ages from midlatitude, erosional marine terraces with coral ages from emergent, constructional reefs on tropical coastlines suggests a common forcing mechanism, namely glacioeustatically controlled fluctuations in sea level superimposed on steady tectonic uplift. The low marine terrace dated at ???125,000 yr on Isla Guadalupe, Baja California, presumed to be tectonically stable, supports evidence from other localities for a +6-m sea level at that time. Data from the Pacific Coast and a compilation of data from other coasts indicate that sea levels at ???80,000 and ???105,000 yr may have been closer to present sea level (within a few meters) than previous studies have suggested.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1994.1055","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D., Kennedy, G.L., and Rockwell, T.K., 1994, Uranium-Series Ages of Marine Terrace Corals from the Pacific Coast of North America and Implications for Last-Interglacial Sea Level History: Quaternary Research, v. 42, no. 1, p. 72-87, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1055.","startPage":"72","endPage":"87","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206145,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1055"},{"id":228715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbddfe4b08c986b3292a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, G. L.","contributorId":23944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rockwell, T. K.","contributorId":34688,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rockwell","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017648,"text":"70017648 - 1994 - Variations in the chemical and stable isotope composition of carbon and sulfur species during organic-rich sediment alteration: An experimental and theoretical study of hydrothermal activity at Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T01:07:22.321366","indexId":"70017648","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in the chemical and stable isotope composition of carbon and sulfur species during organic-rich sediment alteration: An experimental and theoretical study of hydrothermal activity at Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California","docAbstract":"<p>Organic-rich diatomaceous ooze was reacted with seawater and a Na-Ca-K-Cl fluid of seawater chlorinity at 325–400°C, 400–500 bars, and fluid/sediment mass ratios of 1.56–2.35 to constrain factors regulating the abundance and stable isotope composition of C and S species during hydrothermal alteration of sediment from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. Alteration of inorganic and organic sedimentary components resulted in extensive exchange reactions, the release of abundant H<sub>2</sub>S, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and C<sub>organic</sub>, to solution, and recrystallization of the sediment to an assemblage containing albitic plagioclase, quartz, pyrrhotite, and calcite.</p><p>The<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x3B4;</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>34</mn></msup><mtext>S</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn><mtext>cdt</mtext></mn></msub></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">δ<sup>34</sup>S<sub>cdt</sub></span></span></span><sub><span>&nbsp;</span></sub>values of dissolved H<sub>2</sub>S varied from −10.9 to +4.3‰ during seawater-sediment interaction at 325 and 400°C and from −16.5 to −9.0‰ during Na-Ca-K-Cl fluid-sediment interaction at 325 and 375°C. In the absence of seawater SO<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S is derived from both the transformation of pyrite to pyrrhotite and S released during the degradation of organic matter. In the presence of seawater SO<sub>4</sub>, reduction of SO<sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>contributes directly to H<sub>2</sub>S production. Sedimentary organic matter acts as the reducing agent during pyrite and SO<sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>reduction. Requisite acidity for the reduction of SO<sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>is provided by Mg fixation during early-stage sediment alteration and by albite and calcite formation in Mg-free solutions.</p><p>Organically derived CH<sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>was characterized by<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x3B4;</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>13</mn></msup><mtext>C</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn><mtext>pdb</mtext></mn></msub></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">δ13Cpdb</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>values ranging between −20.8 and −23.1‰, whereas<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x3B4;</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>13</mn></msup><mtext>C</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn><mtext>pdb</mtext></mn></msub></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>pdb</sub></span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>values for dissolved C<sub>organic</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>ranged between −14.8 and −17.7%. Mass balance calculations indicate that<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>13</sup><i>C</i><span>&nbsp;</span>values for organically derived CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>were ≥ − 14.8%. Residual solid sedimentary organic C showed small (≤ 0.7‰) depletions in<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C relative to the starting sediment.</p><p>The experimental results are consistent with the isotopic and chemical composition of natural hydrothermal fluids and minerals at Guaymas Basin and permit us to better constrain sources and sinks for C and S species in subseafloor hydrothermal systems at sediment-covered spreading centers. Our data show that the sulfur isotope composition of hydrothermal Sulfide minerals in Guaymas Basin can be explained by derivation of S from diagenetic sulfide and seawater sulfate. Basaltic S may also contribute to hydrothermal sulfide precipitates but is not required to explain their isotopic composition. Estimates of seawater/ sediment mass ratios based on sulfur isotopic composition of sulfide minerals and the abundance of dissolved NH<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>in vent fluids range from 3–29 during hydrothermal circulation. Sources of C in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal fluids include thermal degradation of organic matter, bacteriogenic methane production, and dissolution of diagenetic carbonate.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90232-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Seewald, J.S., Seyfried, W., and Shanks, W.C., 1994, Variations in the chemical and stable isotope composition of carbon and sulfur species during organic-rich sediment alteration: An experimental and theoretical study of hydrothermal activity at Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 22, p. 5065-5082, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90232-1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"5065","endPage":"5082","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228764,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","state":"Baja California Sur","otherGeospatial":"Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.67490416942663,\n              28.487675483170577\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.55496941119057,\n              27.834030349102974\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.02071457904789,\n              27.292757359691393\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.34471866898996,\n              26.52467590032498\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.86497963604575,\n              25.986874495069387\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.33072480390307,\n              24.844542484073244\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.60021309464699,\n              24.189821136536423\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.77157294683352,\n              23.726782309173146\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.36815603276663,\n              23.866449220376992\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.19370547533245,\n              24.175175237579523\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.25912443437034,\n              24.6120862704565\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.74976662715433,\n              24.928885613395124\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.14228038138144,\n              25.363157215182227\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.32763409865541,\n              25.402559645339323\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.64382573400518,\n              26.03123930088701\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.65472889384493,\n              26.27591024307287\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.69052907861104,\n              27.414074612031058\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.875882795885,\n              27.704054907905473\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.8026513822548,\n              28.233685371432642\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.43503465295434,\n              28.55978698303599\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.67490416942663,\n              28.487675483170577\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc18de4b08c986b32a63b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seewald, Jeffrey S.","contributorId":16596,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seewald","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seyfried, W.E. Jr.","contributorId":15347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seyfried","given":"W.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017655,"text":"70017655 - 1994 - Seismological aspects of the 1989-1990 eruptions at redoubt volcano, Alaska: the SSAM perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017655","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismological aspects of the 1989-1990 eruptions at redoubt volcano, Alaska: the SSAM perspective","docAbstract":"SSAM is a simple and inexpensive tool for continuous monitoring of average seismic amplitudes within selected frequency bands in near real-time on a PC-based data acquisition system. During the 1989-1990 eruption sequence at Redoubt Volcano, the potential of SSAM to aid in rapid identification of precursory Long-Period (LP) event swarms was realized, and since this time SSAM has been incorporated in routine monitoring efforts of the Alaska Volcano Observatory. In particular, an eruption that occurred on April 6 was successfully forecast primarily on the basis of recognizing the precursory LP activity on SSAM. Of twenty-two significant eruptions that occurred between December 14 and April 21, eleven had precursory swarms longer than one hour in duration that could be detected on SSAM. For individual swarms, the patterns of relative spectral amplitudes are distinct at each station and remain largely stationary through time, thus indicating that one source may have been preferentially and repeatedly activated throughout the swarm. Typically, a single spectral band dominates the signal at each seismic station: for the vigorous one-day swarm that preceded the first eruption on December 14, signals were sharply peaked in the 1.9-2.7 Hz band at the closest station, located 4 km from the vent, but were dominated by 1.3-1.9 Hz energy at three more distant stations located 7.5-22 km from the vent. The tendency for the signals from different swarms recorded at the same station to be peaked in the same frequency band suggests that all of the sources are characterized by a predominant length scale. Signals from the precursory LP swarms became weaker as the eruption sequence progressed, and swarms that occurred in March and April could only be detected at seismographs on the volcanic edifice. Onset times of precursory LP swarms prior to eruptions ranged from a few hours to about one week, but after the initial vent-clearing phase that ended December 19 these intervals tended to become progressively shorter for successive swarms. These trends in the relative onset times and intensities of successive precursory LP swarms are consistent with an overall depressurization of the magmatic system through time. In general, each of the swarms had an emergent onset, but the intensities did not always increase steadily until the eruptions. Instead, as the time of an eruption approached the intensity usually increased more rapidly before peaking and then declining prior to the eruption; for three of the swarms, two distinct peaks in intensity were apparent. The time intervals between final peaks in swarm intensity and ensuing eruptions ranged from about 2 hours to almost 2 days, but the peaks always occurred closer to the eruptions than to the swarm onsets. Both the onset of LP swarm activity and a decline in intensity prior to an eruption may represent critical points in the process of pressurization that drives the flow of fluids and gas in a sealed magmatic system. A notable exception to this pattern is the eruption of March 9 which lacked a detectable precursory LP swarm, but was followed by an unusually long period of strong LP seismicity that may have been stimulated by a depressurization of the magmatic system resulting from dome failure. On both December 14 and January 2, the spectra of early syn-eruptive signals have peaked signatures much like those of the spectra of precursory LP activity from shortly before the eruptions; these similarities may indicate that the source of precursory seismicity continued to be active during at least the early part of each eruption. In syn-eruptive signals from March and April recorded at stations on the volcanic edifice, the dominant spectral energy progressively shifts with time during the eruption to lower frequencies; at least part of the energy in these signals may have been generated by the debris flows associated with dome failures. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Stephens, C., Chouet, B., Page, R., Lahr, J., and Power, J., 1994, Seismological aspects of the 1989-1990 eruptions at redoubt volcano, Alaska: the SSAM perspective: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 153-182.","startPage":"153","endPage":"182","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228941,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8bcfe4b08c986b317acd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephens, C.D.","contributorId":18752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Page, R.A.","contributorId":40197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lahr, J.C.","contributorId":34892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Power, J.A.","contributorId":20765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017667,"text":"70017667 - 1994 - Expert systems for automated correlation and interpretation of wireline logs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017667","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Expert systems for automated correlation and interpretation of wireline logs","docAbstract":"CORRELATOR is an interactive computer program for lithostratigraphic correlation of wireline logs able to store correlations in a data base with a consistency, accuracy, speed, and resolution that are difficult to obtain manually. The automatic determination of correlations is based on the maximization of a weighted correlation coefficient using two wireline logs per well. CORRELATOR has an expert system to scan and flag incongruous correlations in the data base. The user has the option to accept or disregard the advice offered by the system. The expert system represents knowledge through production rules. The inference system is goal-driven and uses backward chaining to scan through the rules. Work in progress is used to illustrate the potential that a second expert system with a similar architecture for interpreting dip diagrams could have to identify episodes-as those of interest in sequence stratigraphy and fault detection- and annotate them in the stratigraphic column. Several examples illustrate the presentation. ?? 1994 International Association for Mathematical Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02083420","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Olea, R., 1994, Expert systems for automated correlation and interpretation of wireline logs: Mathematical Geology, v. 26, no. 8, p. 879-897, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02083420.","startPage":"879","endPage":"897","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206112,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02083420"},{"id":228435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e03e4b0c8380cd5327d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017675,"text":"70017675 - 1994 - Accuracy, reproducibility, and interpretation of fatty acid methyl ester profiles of model bacterial communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T15:24:59.656373","indexId":"70017675","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accuracy, reproducibility, and interpretation of fatty acid methyl ester profiles of model bacterial communities","docAbstract":"We determined the accuracy and reproducibility of whole-community fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis with two model bacterial communities differing in composition by using the Microbial ID, Inc. (MIDI), system. The biomass, taxonomic structure, and expected MIDI-FAME profiles under a variety of environmental conditions were known for these model communities a priori. Not all members of each community could be detected in the composite profile because of lack of fatty acid 'signatures' in some isolates or because of variations (approximately fivefold) in fatty acid yield across taxa. MIDI- FAME profiles of replicate subsamples of a given community were similar in terms of fatty acid yield per unit of community dry weight and relative proportions of specific fatty acids. Principal-components analysis (PCA) of MIDI-FAME profiles resulted in a clear separation of the two different communities and a clustering of replicates of each community from two separate experiments on the first PCA axis. The first PCA axis accounted for 57.1% of the variance in the data and was correlated with fatty acids that varied significantly between communities and reflected the underlying community taxonomic structure. On the basis of our data, community fatty acid profiles can be used to assess the relative similarities and differences of microbial communities that differ in taxonomic composition. However, detailed interpretation of community fatty acid profiles in terms of biomass or community taxonomic composition must be viewed with caution until our knowledge of the quantitative and qualitative distribution of fatty acids over a wide variety of taxa and the effects of growth conditions on fatty acid profiles is more extensive.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.60.7.2483-2493.1994","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Kidd, H.S., Garchow, H., Odelson, D., Forney, L., and Klug, M., 1994, Accuracy, reproducibility, and interpretation of fatty acid methyl ester profiles of model bacterial communities: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 60, no. 7, p. 2483-2493, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.7.2483-2493.1994.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2483","endPage":"2493","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479357,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.7.2483-2493.1994","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228620,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e68ce4b0c8380cd474b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kidd, Haack S.","contributorId":103022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kidd","given":"Haack","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garchow, H.","contributorId":102647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garchow","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Odelson, D.A.","contributorId":11353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odelson","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Forney, L.J.","contributorId":49118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forney","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Klug, M.J.","contributorId":33070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klug","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017741,"text":"70017741 - 1994 - Floodflow effects on riparian vegetation in Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017741","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Floodflow effects on riparian vegetation in Arizona","docAbstract":"A relation for estimating changes in the condition of riparian vegetation as a function of stream power was developed for stream channels in central Arizona. Flood and vegetation data were collected from 13 flows at 11 sites. Stream power was computed at cross sections and plotted against the average height of vegetation for each flow. The effect of the flow - no effect, little effect, laid over, or removed - on the riparian vegetation is related to stream power and vegetation height. As vegetation height increases, the magnitude of stream power needed to affect the vegetation also increases. Stream power of about 72 Newton-meters per second per meter squared is needed to lay over 1-meter-high vegetation, and stream power of about 580 Newton-meters per second per meter squared is needed to lay over 5.5-meter-high vegetation. This relation can be used to estimate vegetation conditions at the time of peak floodflow.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"Phillips, J.V., and Hjalmarson, H., 1994, Floodflow effects on riparian vegetation in Arizona, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 1, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 707-711.","startPage":"707","endPage":"711","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a117fe4b0c8380cd53ff2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, J. V.","contributorId":40244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hjalmarson, H. W.","contributorId":95872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hjalmarson","given":"H. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017753,"text":"70017753 - 1994 - Flood monitoring network in southeastern Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:20","indexId":"70017753","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Flood monitoring network in southeastern Louisiana","docAbstract":"A flood monitoring network has been established to alert emergency operations personnel and the public about hydrologic conditions in the Amite River Basin. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Louisiana Office of Emergency Preparedness (LOEP), has installed a real-time data acquisition system to monitor rainfall and river stages in the basin. These data will be transmitted for use by emergency operations personnel to develop flood control and evacuation strategies. The current river stages at selected gaging stations in the basin also will be broadcast by local television and radio stations during a flood. Residents can record the changing river stages on a basin monitoring map, similar to a hurricane tracking map.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"McCallum, B.E., 1994, Flood monitoring network in southeastern Louisiana, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 1, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 346-350.","startPage":"346","endPage":"350","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228395,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10fbe4b0c8380cd53ea1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCallum, Brian E. 0000-0002-8935-0343 bemccall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8935-0343","contributorId":1591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCallum","given":"Brian","email":"bemccall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017818,"text":"70017818 - 1994 - Paleoclimatic Inferences from a 120,000-Yr Calcite Record of Water-Table Fluctuation in Browns Room of Devils Hole, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017818","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoclimatic Inferences from a 120,000-Yr Calcite Record of Water-Table Fluctuation in Browns Room of Devils Hole, Nevada","docAbstract":"The petrographic and morphologic differences between calcite precipitated below, at, or above the present water table and uranium-series dating were used to reconstruct a chronology of water-table fluctuation for the past 120,000 yr in Browns Room, a subterranean air-filled chamber of Devils Hole fissure adjacent to the discharge area of the large Ash Meadows groundwater flow system in southern Nevada. The water table was more than 5 m above present level between about 116,000 and 53,000 yr ago, fluctuated between about +5 and +9 m during the period between about 44,000 and 20,000 yr ago, and declined rapidly from +9 to its present level during the past 20,000 yr. Because the Ash Meadows groundwater basin is greater than 12,000 km2 in extent, these documented water-table fluctuations are likely to be of regional significance. Although different in detail, water-level fluctuation recorded by Browns Room calcites generally correlate with other Great Basin proxy palcoclimatic data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1994.1007","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Szabo, B.J., Kolesar, P.T., Riggs, A., Winograd, I., and Ludwig, K., 1994, Paleoclimatic Inferences from a 120,000-Yr Calcite Record of Water-Table Fluctuation in Browns Room of Devils Hole, Nevada: Quaternary Research, v. 41, no. 1, p. 59-69, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1007.","startPage":"59","endPage":"69","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206129,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1007"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73c6e4b0c8380cd7722e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolesar, Peter T.","contributorId":32296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolesar","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riggs, A.C.","contributorId":41462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winograd, I.J.","contributorId":10408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winograd","given":"I.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017858,"text":"70017858 - 1994 - Prediction of structural response to large earthquakes by using recordings from smaller earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70017858","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Prediction of structural response to large earthquakes by using recordings from smaller earthquakes","docAbstract":"The feasibility of predicting structural response to large earthquakes by using recorded responses from collocated smaller earthquakes is investigated. Records from large earthquakes can be approximated as linear combinations of records from smaller earthquakes. Two methods are introduced to predict structural response to a large earthquake by using the recorded response to a smaller earthquake. The accuracy of the methods are tested by applying them to data from a highway overpass.","largerWorkTitle":"Structures Congress XII","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Structures Congress '94","conferenceDate":"24 April 1994 through 28 April 1994","conferenceLocation":"Atlanta, GA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"087262952X","usgsCitation":"Safak, E., 1994, Prediction of structural response to large earthquakes by using recordings from smaller earthquakes, <i>in</i> Structures Congress XII, Atlanta, GA, USA, 24 April 1994 through 28 April 1994, p. 1391-1396.","startPage":"1391","endPage":"1396","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81f4e4b0c8380cd7b810","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Safak, Erdal","contributorId":73984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"Erdal","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017875,"text":"70017875 - 1994 - Mantle plume influence on the Neogene uplift and extension of the US western Cordillera?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-21T22:54:02.447834","indexId":"70017875","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mantle plume influence on the Neogene uplift and extension of the US western Cordillera?","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15575888\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>espite its highly extended and thinned crust, much of the western Cordillera in the United States is elevated more than 1 km above sea level. Therefore, this region cannot be thought of as thick crust floating isostatically in a uniform mantle; rather, the lithospheric mantle and/or the upper asthenosphere must vary in thickness or density across the region. Utilizing crustal thickness and density constraints, we modeled the residual mass deficit that must occur in the mantle lithosphere and asthenosphere beneath the western Cordillera. A major hot spot broke out during a complex series of Cenozoic tectonic events that included lithospheric thickening, backarc extension, and transition from a subduction to a transform plate boundary. We suggest that many of the characteristics that make the western Cordillera unique among extensional provinces can be ttributed to the mantle plume that created the Yellowstone hot spot.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0083:MPIOTN>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., Thompson, G.A., and Sleep, N.H., 1994, Mantle plume influence on the Neogene uplift and extension of the US western Cordillera?: Geology, v. 22, no. 1, p. 83-86, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0083:MPIOTN>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228679,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4cd7e4b0c8380cd69f33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, G. A.","contributorId":90332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sleep, Norman H.","contributorId":59566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleep","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017905,"text":"70017905 - 1994 - Geodetic slip rate for the eastern California shear zone and the recurrence time of Mojave desert earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:21","indexId":"70017905","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geodetic slip rate for the eastern California shear zone and the recurrence time of Mojave desert earthquakes","docAbstract":"Where the San Andreas fault passes along the southwestern margin of the Mojave desert, it exhibits a large change in trend, and the deformation associated with the Pacific/North American plate boundary is distributed broadly over a complex shear zone. The importance of understanding the partitioning of strain across this region, especially to the east of the Mojave segment of the San Andreas in a region known as the eastern California shear zone (ECSZ), was highlighted by the occurrence (on 28 June 1992) of the magnitude 7.3 Landers earthquake in this zone. Here we use geodetic observations in the central Mojave desert to obtain new estimates for the rate and distribution of strain across a segment of the ECSZ, and to determine a coseismic strain drop of ~770 ??rad for the Landers earthquake. From these results we infer a strain energy recharge time of 3,500-5,000 yr for a Landers-type earthquake and a slip rate of ~12 mm yr-1 across the faults of the central Mojave. The latter estimate implies that a greater fraction of plate motion than heretofore inferred from geodetic data is accommodated across the ECSZ.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/367264a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Sauber, J., Thatcher, W., Solomon, S., and Lisowski, M., 1994, Geodetic slip rate for the eastern California shear zone and the recurrence time of Mojave desert earthquakes: Nature, v. 367, no. 6460, p. 264-266, https://doi.org/10.1038/367264a0.","startPage":"264","endPage":"266","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206106,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/367264a0"},{"id":228355,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"367","issue":"6460","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a173ee4b0c8380cd55447","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauber, J.","contributorId":31540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauber","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Solomon, S.C.","contributorId":39960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solomon","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}