{"pageNumber":"1365","pageRowStart":"34100","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40893,"records":[{"id":70187458,"text":"70187458 - 1993 - Coseismic displacements: 1992 Landers, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-03T18:17:31","indexId":"70187458","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coseismic displacements: 1992 Landers, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"<p><span>The rupture associated with the 1992 Landers earthquake (</span><i>M<sub>s</sub></i><span> = 7.5) extended along the west edge of a 60 × 50 km trilateration network that had been surveyed two months before the earthquake and was resurveyed a month after it. The coseismic displacement field within the network was calculated from the changes observed in the trilateration network supplemented by the displacements measured at four GPS stations and other less timely trilateration measurements. Stations near the rupture were displaced by as much as 3 m. The observed changes are reproduced reasonably well by dislocation modeling in which the Landers rupture is represented by 8 vertical fault segments, each extending from the surface to 9 km depth. Two additional segments represent the Big Bear and Eureka Peak faults. The average modeled right-lateral slip on the Landers rupture is about 5 m. However, the residuals for the best-fit slip distribution are about four times greater than expected from measurement error. Given that uncertainty, a broad range of slip models furnish acceptable fits to the data. The large residuals are attributed to inelastic deformation (principally sympathetic slip on numerous unmodeled faults) within the fault blocks assumed to be elastic in the model.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93GL00446","usgsCitation":"Murray, M., Savage, J., Lisowski, M., and Gross, W., 1993, Coseismic displacements: 1992 Landers, California, earthquake: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 20, no. 7, p. 623-626, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL00446.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"623","endPage":"626","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340804,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"590aec4be4b0fc4e4492abb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, M.H.","contributorId":50171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gross, W.K.","contributorId":12624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70128523,"text":"70128523 - 1993 - Sensitivity of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's stream network temperature model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T11:03:38","indexId":"70128523","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-02T10:59:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Sensitivity of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's stream network temperature model","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual American Geophysical Union Hydrology Days","conferenceTitle":"Thirteenth Annual American Geophysical Union Hydrology Days","conferenceDate":"1993-03-30T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Hydrology Days Publications","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Bartholow, J.M., 1993, Sensitivity of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's stream network temperature model, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295133,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5437a3d5e4b08a816ca63693","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholow, J. M.","contributorId":46888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70128537,"text":"70128537 - 1993 - Proceedings of the fourth conference on research in California's National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T13:15:10","indexId":"70128537","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-01T13:05:26","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"National Park Service Transactions and Proceedings Series NPS/NRUX/NRTP-93/9","title":"Proceedings of the fourth conference on research in California's National Parks","docAbstract":"<p>The papers in this proceedings were selected from the 63 presentations given at the Fourth Biennial Conference on Research in National Parks in California. The overall theme for this meeting was a recurring one: “The Integration of Research into National Park Service Resource Management Decisions.” The conference was held at the University of California, Davis, on 10-12 September 1991 and was sponsored by the National Park Service Cooperative Park Studies Unit and the Institute of Ecology at the University of California, Davis.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>This proceedings highlights a variety of research and resource management efforts to improve the stewardship of our most treasured landscapes. In the future, it will become increasingly more important for federal and state agencies, university scientists and students, and the public to cooperate fully to improve the quantity and quality of science and resource management programs in units of the National Park System. As many of the papers in this proceedings attest, we must look beyond the political boundaries of protected landscapes to incorporate entire ecosystems. Competing resource uses inside and outside parklands must be reexamined to weave a common thread of biological conservation. As scientists, our studies must bridge the gap from plots to landscapes and from landscapes to regions. Our studies must built on information from species and populations to ecosystems and the processes that influence them. The papers in this proceedings are modest but important contribution to those ideals. Each paper represents original research and has been peer-reviewed.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Many agencies, institutions, and individuals contributed in the development of this product.  In the planning stages, National Park Service Western Region scientists provided advice and assistance in structuring the conference format.  University of California, Davis, graduate students, directed by Sharon Lynch, assisted with logistics at the meeting, and provided general assistance with the paper sessions.  We thank the students, technicians, and support staff who labored unselfishly behind the scenes to collect data and transfer information important to the completion of each paper.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Financial support for this publication was provided with funds from the Western Region Resource Management and Resource Program and the Washington Office Servicewide Publications Program of the National Park Service.  We thank Denny Fenn, Stan Albright, Bruce Kilgore, Dave Cherry, Gene Hester, and Donna O'Leary of the National Park Service and Charles Goldman of the University of California, Davis, Institute of Ecology for their support throughout the development of the proceedings.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Finally, we are entering into a new age of research in the U.S. Department of the Interior.  Recently, plans were announced for the creation of the National Biological Survey, dedicated to improving the quantity and quality of research necessary for the wise stewardship of our natural resources and wildlands.  We welcome our new partners and pledge our full support to both the new and old agencies.  The papers presented here--and past research efforts in national parks--provide an important stepping stone to the future.  While many of us will be transferred administratively to the National Biological Survey, our emotional ties to the National Park Service mission of preserving resources for future generations will remain with us forever.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cooperative Park Studies","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA","usgsCitation":"Veirs, S.D., Stohlgren, T., and Schonewald-Cox, C., 1993, Proceedings of the fourth conference on research in California's National Parks, 132 p.","productDescription":"132 p.","numberOfPages":"132","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5437a3cee4b08a816ca63684","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Veirs, Stephen D. Jr.","contributorId":32102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veirs","given":"Stephen","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas","contributorId":23091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schonewald-Cox, Christine","contributorId":52511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schonewald-Cox","given":"Christine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70137515,"text":"70137515 - 1993 - Edge-driven microplate kinematics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-24T14:59:08","indexId":"70137515","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Edge-driven microplate kinematics","docAbstract":"<p>It is known from plate tectonic reconstructions that oceanic microplates undergo rapid rotation about a vertical axis and that the instantaneous rotation axes describing the microplate's motion relative to the bounding major plates are frequently located close to its margins with those plates, close to the tips of propagating rifts. We propose a class of edge-driven block models to illustrate how slip across the microplate margins, block rotation, and propagation of rifting may be related to the relative motion of the plates on either side. An important feature of these edge-driven models is that the instantaneous rotation axes are always located on the margins between block and two bounding plates. According to those models the pseudofaults or traces of disrupted seafloor resulting from the propagation of rifting between microplate and major plates may be used independently to approximately trace the continuous kinematic evolution of the microplate back in time. Pseudofault geometries and matching rotations of the Easter microplate show that for most of its 5 m.y. history, block rotation could be driven by the drag of the Nazca and Pacific plates on the microplate's edges rather than by a shear flow of mantle underneath.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.1029/92JB02749","usgsCitation":"Schouten, H., Klitgord, K.D., and Gallo, D.G., 1993, Edge-driven microplate kinematics: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B4, p. 6689-6701, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JB02749.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"6689","endPage":"6701","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297085,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b86e4b08de9379b33d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schouten, Hans","contributorId":64474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schouten","given":"Hans","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gallo, David G.","contributorId":138564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gallo","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70128514,"text":"70128514 - 1993 - Wetland modeling and information needs at Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T10:09:16","indexId":"70128514","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-01T09:54:26","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Wetland modeling and information needs at Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge","docAbstract":"<p>The marshes in and around Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge (the Refuge) are extremely dynamic; expanding and contracting in size both seasonally, due to runoff and subsequent evapotranspiration, and over longer periods, due to climatic variation.  The dynamic nature of these marshes results in a diversity of wetland habitats, which support a variety of migratory birds.  To maintain this wetland diversity and control the loss of migratory bird habitat in the Lahontan Valley, the Refuge was established and currently manages a complex of marsh units.  However, changes in the hydrology, and changes that will occur as a result of the Fallon Paiute-Shoshone and Truckee-Carson-Pyramid Lake Water Rights Settlement Act (Public Law 101-618, 104 Stat. 3389), greatly affect the Refuge's wetland management capability.  In light of these changes, and the legal requirements associated with environmental impact assessments, the Refuge convened a workshop to discuss several aspects of wetland management in the Lahontan Valley.  The workshop, described in this report, had three primary objectives:</p>\n<br/>\n<p>1. discuss the types and relative proportions of primary wetland habitats that should be provided as described in the settlement act;</p>\n<br/>\n<p>2. discuss wetland management models that might be developed to help manage these marshes under hydrologic regimes likely in the future; and</p>\n<br/>\n<p>3. discuss future information and monitoring needs, including proposals for valley-wide biodiversity surveys, which would be helpful when considering withdrawn Bureau of Reclamation (BR) lands for possible incorporation into the Refuge.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Several presentations at the beginning of the workshop provided a common basis for discussing these objectives.  Refuge staff provided background on the history and past management.  The Nature Conservatory discussed their role in the settlement act, proposals for valley-wide biodiversity surveys, and results of a literature review for Stillwater Marsh and the Lahontan Valley (Nachlinger 1993).  Kay Fowler provided an historical context of changes in vegetation and waterbird use of the marshes based on her ethnography of the local Paiute Indians (Fowler 1993).  Finally, Bob Elston discussed a model that predicts archaeological sites based on environmental variables (Raven and Elston 1989).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The workshop was organized by staff from the Refuge and facilitated by the authors of this report.  Participants included Ron Anglin, Bill Henry, Anne Janik, Cliff Creger, Fred Paveglio, and Mary Jo Elpers of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (the Service); Jeff Baumgartner, Jan Nachlinger, Hope Humphries, and Graham Chisholm of The Nature Conservancy; David Yardas of the Environmental Defense Fund; David Robertson of Robertson Software, Inc.; Norm Saake, Terry Retterer, and Larry Neel of the Nevada Department of Wildlife; Lew Oring and Kay Fowler of the University of Nevada; and Robert Elston of Intermountain Research.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Results of a workshop sponsored by Division on Wildlife Refuges and Wildlife, Region 1","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, D.B., and Auble, G.T., 1993, Wetland modeling and information needs at Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge, 34 p.","productDescription":"34 p.","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295121,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5437a3e0e4b08a816ca636ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":502960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70228807,"text":"70228807 - 1993 - Microfaunal evidence for elevated Pliocene temperatures in the Arctic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T15:16:28.08182","indexId":"70228807","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-01T09:05:39","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5790,"text":"Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microfaunal evidence for elevated Pliocene temperatures in the Arctic Ocean","docAbstract":"<p>The migration of thermophilic marine Ostracoda into the Arctic Ocean during the Pliocene indicates that winter and summer ocean temperatures around Arctic margins were ≥ 0 °C and &gt; 3 °C, respectively, and that ice-free conditions existed for most or all of the Arctic. By at least 3.5–3.0 Ma, probably earlier, the opening of the Bering Strait allowed marine organisms to migrate through the Arctic Ocean, mostly from the Pacific Ocean. Migrant taxa such as<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Cythere, Hemicythere,</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Neomonoceratina</i><span>&nbsp;</span>are known from Pliocene deposits of Alaska and Canada as well as Neogene deposits of the North Pacific and Atlantic oceans. On the basis of ecological and Zoogeographic information on ostracode species from more than 800 modern “core top” samples for the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Arctic Oceans, we determined winter and summer temperature tolerances for migrant taxa to be at or above about 0 °C and 3 °C. This suggests ice-free summers, and probably, a perennially ice-free Arctic Ocean in some regions. Elevated water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean between 3.5 and 2.0 Ma is supported by evidence for late Pliocene increased meridional heat transport in the North Atlantic Ocean.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93PA00060","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., Whatley, R., Wood, A., Tsukagoshi, A., Ikeya, N., Brouwers, E.M., and Briggs, W.M., 1993, Microfaunal evidence for elevated Pliocene temperatures in the Arctic Ocean: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, v. 8, no. 2, p. 161-173, https://doi.org/10.1029/93PA00060.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"173","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396242,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Bering Strait, Arctic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -165.9375,\n              68.52823492039876\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.625,\n              68.13885164925573\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.5078125,\n              68.65655498475735\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9921875,\n              73.82482034613932\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.34374999999999,\n              82.49482361179574\n            ],\n            [\n              -63.6328125,\n              81.09321385260837\n            ],\n            [\n              -35.859375,\n              82.30889251821553\n            ],\n            [\n              -25.3125,\n              74.01954331150228\n            ],\n            [\n              -41.484375,\n              66.93006025862448\n            ],\n            [\n              26.3671875,\n              69.16255790810501\n            ],\n            [\n              37.265625,\n              64.16810689799152\n            ],\n            [\n              66.796875,\n              67.20403234340081\n            ],\n            [\n              74.1796875,\n              70.1403642720717\n            ],\n            [\n              103.35937499999999,\n              76.76054111175671\n            ],\n            [\n              105.46875,\n              73.22669969306126\n            ],\n            [\n              126.5625,\n              70.49557354093136\n            ],\n            [\n              141.6796875,\n              71.18775391813158\n            ],\n            [\n              187.3828125,\n              65.94647177615738\n            ],\n            [\n              180.35156249999997,\n              84.95930495623836\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.234375,\n              84.95930495623836\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.9375,\n              68.52823492039876\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M. 0000-0002-2643-0979 tcronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":2579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","email":"tcronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whatley, Robin","contributorId":279858,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whatley","given":"Robin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, Adrian","contributorId":63830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Adrian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tsukagoshi, Akira","contributorId":279859,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tsukagoshi","given":"Akira","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ikeya, Noriyuki","contributorId":101026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ikeya","given":"Noriyuki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brouwers, Elisabeth M. brouwers@usgs.gov","contributorId":190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brouwers","given":"Elisabeth","email":"brouwers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Briggs, W. M. Jr.","contributorId":60249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70243549,"text":"70243549 - 1993 - Earthquake prediction lessons from Parkfield Experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-11T15:15:54.660687","indexId":"70243549","displayToPublicDate":"1993-03-30T10:10:55","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake prediction lessons from Parkfield Experiment","docAbstract":"<p><span>In 1985, the National Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council (NEPEC), and later its California counterpart (CEPEC), approved an earthquake prediction for the first time. This was the&nbsp;</span><i>Bakun and Lindh</i><span>&nbsp;[1985] forecast, with 95% confidence, that an M = 5.5 to 6 earthquake would rupture along the San Andreas fault near the town of Parkfield before 1993. This forecast was an important factor in selecting the Parkfield area for a major geophysical and geological monitoring study. The experiments installed there are aimed at producing a better understanding of the earthquake generation process and earthquake effects, gaining experience with real-time monitoring of a variety of geophysical data, and, if possible, making a short-term prediction of the future earthquake. Twenty-eight different observational networks now exist in the Parkfield area. The forecast also generated interest that led researchers to reexamine past Parkfield earthquakes with current knowledge and to develop new models of the earthquake cycle.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93EO00313","usgsCitation":"Michael, A.J., and Langbein, J.O., 1993, Earthquake prediction lessons from Parkfield Experiment: Eos Science News, v. 74, no. 13, p. 145-155, https://doi.org/10.1029/93EO00313.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"155","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416964,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.66912608588723,\n              36.177034842084765\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.66912608588723,\n              35.99343084768685\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.26827403368256,\n              35.99343084768685\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.26827403368256,\n              36.177034842084765\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.66912608588723,\n              36.177034842084765\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michael, Andrew J. 0000-0002-2403-5019 michael@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":1280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"Andrew","email":"michael@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langbein, John O. 0000-0002-7821-8101 langbein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7821-8101","contributorId":3293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"John","email":"langbein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70216670,"text":"70216670 - 1993 - Interactive coupling of a lake thermal model with a regional climate model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:03:36.716852","indexId":"70216670","displayToPublicDate":"1993-03-20T11:57:53","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7442,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactive coupling of a lake thermal model with a regional climate model","docAbstract":"<p><span>A one‐dimensional model of lake temperature, evaporation, and ice has been coupled in an interactive mode with the climate version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Pennsylvania State University regional (mesoscale) atmospheric model (MM4). The coupled MM4‐lake model makes possible high‐resolution simulations of climate in the proximity of large water bodies. Atmospheric variables required as input for the lake model are supplied by MM4 and simulated values of lake temperature, evaporation, and ice cover axe supplied to MM4 by the lake model. We have tested the coupled model system with a 60‐day, summertime simulation at Pyramid Lake, Nevada, and with a 10‐day, wintertime simulation of the North American Great Lakes and vicinity. Both simulations were conducted at a 60‐km resolution. Results from these tests indicate the coupled model system produces realistic simulations of lake temperature, evaporation, and ice cover and that the coupled system is applicable to simulations of regional climate change.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/92JD02843","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., Bates, G.T., and Giorgi, F., 1993, Interactive coupling of a lake thermal model with a regional climate model: Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, v. 98, no. D3, p. 5045-5057, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD02843.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"5045","endPage":"5057","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380852,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"D3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bates, G. T.","contributorId":29147,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bates","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Giorgi, F.","contributorId":24924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giorgi","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70127899,"text":"70127899 - 1993 - Streamflow and sediment dynamics of the Middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico, in the context of cottonwood recruitment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-02T11:57:32","indexId":"70127899","displayToPublicDate":"1993-03-10T11:48:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Streamflow and sediment dynamics of the Middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico, in the context of cottonwood recruitment","docAbstract":"<p>The cottonwood gallery forests of the Middle Rio Grande floodplain in New Mexico provide important habitats for birds and other animals.  Over the last century, these forests have changed significantly due to invasion of exotics such as salt cedar and Russian olive, which compete with native cottonwoods, and changes in water use both in the valley and upstream.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>To successfully germinate and establish, cottonwoods require an adequate water supply, abundant sunlight, and bare, litter-free substrate.  Native cottonwoods are adapted to a natural snowmelt hydrograph characterized by spring floods in late May or early June and gradually receding streamflows throughout the remainder of the summer.  The natural streamflow pattern has been significantly modified by water management in the Rio Grande basin.  The modified pattern is less conducive to establishment of cottonwoods than the natural pattern.  In addition, exotic species now compete with native cottonwoods, and the modified flow pattern may favor these exotics.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The overall objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of enhancing cottonwood establishment and recruitment along the Middle Rio Grande through streamflow manipulation and reservoir releases.  The work integrates concepts of cottonwood establishment, water resources management, and river morphology, and investigates how water management might be used to preserve and enhance cottonwood gallery forests along the river.  Specific objectives of the work reported herein were to: (1) develop a technique to calculate flows that will produce channel characteristics necessary to restore and sustain cottonwood gallery forests; (2) develop a model to determine a flow pattern, or sequence of flows, that will improve the potential for cottonwood establishment and recruitment; and (3) determine if the water resources can be managed to produce the desired channel characteristics and flow pattern identified in (1) and (2).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., Wondzell, M., and Ritter, A., 1993, Streamflow and sediment dynamics of the Middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico, in the context of cottonwood recruitment, 103 p.","productDescription":"103 p.","numberOfPages":"103","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294807,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e6982e4b092f17df5aa70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":71111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wondzell, Mark","contributorId":92981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wondzell","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ritter, Amy","contributorId":10351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritter","given":"Amy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70231542,"text":"70231542 - 1993 - Radium isotope geochemistry of thermal waters, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-12T16:42:48.977563","indexId":"70231542","displayToPublicDate":"1993-03-01T11:17:16","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radium isotope geochemistry of thermal waters, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Radium isotope activities (</span><sup>226</sup><span>Ra,&nbsp;</span><sup>228</sup><span>Ra, and&nbsp;</span><sup>224</sup><span>Ra), chemical compositions, and sulfur isotope ratios in sulfate were determined for water samples from thermal areas in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Activities of&nbsp;</span><sup>226</sup><span>Ra in these waters range from &lt;0.2 to 37.9 dpm/kg. Activity ratios of&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>228</mn></msup><mtext>Ra</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>226</mn></msup><mtext>Ra</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">228Ra226Ra</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;range from 0.26 to 14.2, and those of&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>224</mn></msup><mtext>Ra</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>228</mn></msup><mtext>Ra</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">224Ra228Ra</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;range from 0.73 to 3.1. Radium concentrations are inversely correlated with aquifer equilibration temperatures (estimated from dissolved silica concentrations), while[</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Ra</mtext><mtext>Ba</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">RaBa</span></span></span><span>]</span><sub>aq</sub><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-4-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>228</mn></msup><mtext>Ra</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>226</mn></msup><mtext>Ra</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">228Ra226Ra</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;activity ratios depend upon&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-5-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>U</mtext><mtext>Ba</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">UBa</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-6-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Th</mtext><mtext>U</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">ThU</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;ratios in aquifer rocks. Major controls on Ra concentration in Yellowstone thermal waters are inferred to be</span></p><dl class=\"list\"><dt class=\"list-label\">1.</dt><dd class=\"list-description\"><p>(1) barite saturation (at Morris Geyser Basin, Mammoth Hot Springs, and other northern areas) and</p></dd><dt class=\"list-label\">2.</dt><dd class=\"list-description\"><p>(2) zeolitewater ion exchange (at Upper Geyser Basin). The data are consistent with a model in which</p></dd><dt class=\"list-label\">3.</dt><dd class=\"list-description\"><p>(1) radium and barium are supplied to water by bulk dissolution of aquifer rock, and</p></dd><dt class=\"list-label\">4.</dt><dd class=\"list-description\"><p>(2) chemical equilibration of water with rock is rapid relative to the 1602 year half-life of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>226</sup>Ra. The<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-7-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>228</mn></msup><mtext>Ra</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>226</mn></msup><mtext>Ra</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">228Ra226Ra</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>activity ratios of the waters may in some cases reflect surface enrichments of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>232</sup>Th and/or may indicate that α-recoil input of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>228</sup>Ra is rapid relative to water-rock chemical equilibration. Activity ratios of<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-8-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>224</mn></msup><mtext>Ra</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>228</mn></msup><mtext>Ra</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">224Ra228Ra</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>indicate a nearly ubiquitous<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>224</sup>Ra excess that generally increases with decreasing pH. Near-surface (≤100 m) thermal water flow velocities at Mammoth Hot Springs are estimated from<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-9-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>224</mn></msup><mtext>Ra</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>228</mn></msup><mtext>Ra</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">224Ra228Ra</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>variation to be ≥ 1 m h<sup>−1</sup>.</p></dd></dl>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(93)90057-4","usgsCitation":"Sturchio, N., and Bohlke, J., 1993, Radium isotope geochemistry of thermal waters, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, p. 1203-1214, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90057-4.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1203","endPage":"1214","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400584,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.03881835937499,\n              43.89393401411192\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.44580078125,\n              43.89393401411192\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.44580078125,\n              45.01918507438176\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.03881835937499,\n              45.01918507438176\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.03881835937499,\n              43.89393401411192\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"57","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sturchio, N.C.","contributorId":16580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturchio","given":"N.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlke, John K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":6894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"John K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70128522,"text":"70128522 - 1993 - A methodology for quantifying and valuing the impacts of flow changes on a fishery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-06T14:31:15","indexId":"70128522","displayToPublicDate":"1993-03-01T10:57:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A methodology for quantifying and valuing the impacts of flow changes on a fishery","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content mainAbstract\"><p>A quasi-population model for adult brown trout was developed for the Taylor River below the Taylor Park Reservoir in Colorado. This model allows the population to be predicted under alternative flow management regimes. The predicted population effects of two different flow release patterns were compared with the predicted population for the current reservoir operation regime. Changes in angler catch were imputed for these scenarios. The changes in catch were valued using estimates of willingness to pay obtained from anglers fishing at the site. Total angling effort was held constant. For both of the flow scenarios examined the difference in economic use value was limited. The relatively small changes in value predicted were shaped by the small changes in catch predicted and the high number of fish caught under current conditions.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92WR02304","usgsCitation":"Harpman, D.A., Sparling, E.W., and Waddle, T.J., 1993, A methodology for quantifying and valuing the impacts of flow changes on a fishery: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 3, p. 575-582, https://doi.org/10.1029/92WR02304.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"582","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295132,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5437a39ae4b08a816ca63615","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harpman, David A.","contributorId":81428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harpman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparling, Edward W.","contributorId":12392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waddle, Terry J.","contributorId":68237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70180651,"text":"70180651 - 1993 - Polyphosphate present in DNA preparations from fungal species of Collectotrichum inhibits restriction endonucleases and other enzymes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T11:10:38","indexId":"70180651","displayToPublicDate":"1993-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5283,"text":"Analytical Biochemistry","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Polyphosphate present in DNA preparations from fungal species of Collectotrichum inhibits restriction endonucleases and other enzymes","docAbstract":"<p><span>During the development of a procedure for the isolation of total genomic DNA from filamentous fungi (Rodriguez, R. J., and Yoder, 0. C., </span><i>Exp. Mycol.</i><span> 15, 232-242, 1991) a cell fraction was isolated which inhibited the digestion of DNA by restriction enzymes. After elimination of DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids, the active compound was purified by gel filtration to yield a single fraction capable of complete inhibition of restriction enzyme activity. The inhibitor did not absorb uv light above 220 nm, and was resistant to alkali and acid at 25°C and to temperatures as high as 100°C. More extensive analyses demonstrated that the inhibitor was also capable of inhibiting T4 DNA ligase and </span><i>Taq</i><span>I DNA polymerase, but not DNase or RNase. Chemical analyses indicated that the inhibitor was devoid of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids but rich in phosphorus. A combination of nuclear magnetic resonance, metachromatic shift of toluidine blue, and gel filtration indicated that the inhibitor was a polyphosphate (polyP) containing approximately 60 phosphate molecules. The mechanism of inhibition appeared to involve complexing of polyP to the enzymatic proteins. All species of </span><i>Colletotrichum</i><span> analyzed produced polyP equivalent in chain length and concentration. A modification to the original DNA extraction procedure is described which eliminates polyP and reduces the time necessary to obtain DNA of sufficient purity for restriction enzyme digestion and </span><i>Taq</i><span>I polymerase amplification.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/abio.1993.1122","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, R.J., 1993, Polyphosphate present in DNA preparations from fungal species of Collectotrichum inhibits restriction endonucleases and other enzymes: Analytical Biochemistry, v. 209, no. 2, p. 291-297, https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1993.1122.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"291","endPage":"297","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334432,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"209","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5891b0bae4b072a7ac129944","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, R. J.","contributorId":53107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018379,"text":"70018379 - 1993 - The global carbon dioxide budget","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-16T15:27:58.546244","indexId":"70018379","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The global carbon dioxide budget","docAbstract":"<p><span>The increase in atmospheric CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;levels during the last deglaciation was comparable in magnitude to the recent historical increase. However, global CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;budgets for these changes reflect fundamental differences in rates and in sources and sinks. The modern oceans are a rapid net CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;sink, whereas the oceans were a gradual source during the deglaciation. Unidentified terrestrial CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;sinks are important uncertainties in both the deglacial and recent CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;budgets. The deglacial CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;budget represents a complexity of long-term dynamic behavior that is not adequately addressed by current models used to forecast future atmospheric CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;levels.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.259.5097.934","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Sundquist, E., 1993, The global carbon dioxide budget: Science, v. 259, no. 5097, p. 934-941, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.259.5097.934.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"934","endPage":"941","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227203,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"259","issue":"5097","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac8ae4b08c986b323579","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sundquist, E.T.","contributorId":13990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundquist","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70189545,"text":"b1981B - 1993 - Meteorology of the storm of November 3-5, 1985, in West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter B in Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70189545,"text":"b1981B - 1993 - Meteorology of the storm of November 3-5, 1985, in West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter B in Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981B","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","displayTitle":"Meteorology of the storm of November 3-5, 1985, in West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter B in <i>Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia</i>","title":"Meteorology of the storm of November 3-5, 1985, in West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter B in Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33255,"text":"b1981 - 1993 - Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33255,"text":"b1981 - 1993 - Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-17T08:44:52","indexId":"b1981B","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1981","chapter":"B","displayTitle":"Meteorology of the storm of November 3-5, 1985, in West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter B in <i>Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia</i>","title":"Meteorology of the storm of November 3-5, 1985, in West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter B in Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","docAbstract":"<p>The storm of November 3-5, 1985, in the central Appalachian Mountains of West Virginia and Virginia resulted from a complex sequence of meteorological events. The stage was set by Hurricane Juan, which made landfall in the Gulf Coast on October 31. Juan brought moisture northward up the Mississippi Valley; latent heat released by condensation aloft probably helped to render stationary a high-pressure anticyclone over southeastern Canada. A second low-pressure cyclone, moving north through the Southeastern United States, was blocked by the stationary anticyclone, intensifying a surface-pressure gradient that forced moist air from the Atlantic westward up the slope of the Appalachian Mountains. In the Cheat and Potomac River basins the resulting rainfall was of moderate intensity but of long duration. In Pendleton County, W. Va., the 1985 storm was the largest on record for durations from 24 to 72 h; the highest rainfall recurrence intervals were registered at durations of 24 to 48 h. Estimates of rainfall recurrence intervals from highly skewed records yield values ranging from 80 to 300 yr. </p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia (Bulletin 1981)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1981B","usgsCitation":"Colucci, S.J., Jacobson, R.B., and Greco, S., 1993, Meteorology of the storm of November 3-5, 1985, in West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter B in Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1981, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1981B.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"B1","endPage":"B31","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343915,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596dcca8e4b0d1f9f06275a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colucci, Stephen J.","contributorId":194700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Colucci","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greco, Steven","contributorId":194701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greco","given":"Steven","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018252,"text":"70018252 - 1993 - Comparison of the petrography, palynology and paleobotany of the Stockton coal bed, West Virginia and implications for paleoenvironmental interpretations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T15:38:29.969487","indexId":"70018252","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of the petrography, palynology and paleobotany of the Stockton coal bed, West Virginia and implications for paleoenvironmental interpretations","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Stockton coal bed (Middle Pennsylvanian) is a relatively high ash coal composed primarily of moderately thin banded, sparsely thin banded, and nonbanded coal (splint and cannel coal). Comparisons of petrographic, palynologic, and paleobotanic data gathered from the same sample sets from a single column of the Stockton coal bed indicate that compositional correspondences among the sets exist regardless of coal type. Some correspondences are believed to exist because of original plant constituents and others because of the paleoenvironment of peat formation. Using some combination of these data is critical when interpreting paleoenvironmental conditions because (1) a direct correspondence is lacking between many of the data and (2) each of the three data sets provides a unique and important perspective on the paleomire. The Stockton paleomire in the area of this study supported a diverse flora that consisted of both small and arboreous lycopsids, small ferns and tree ferns, calamites, cordaites, and pteridosperms. There appear to have been two successions of&nbsp;</span><i>Lycospora</i><span>&nbsp;spore-dominated, vitrinite-rich, liptinite-poor peat formation, which were followed by inertinite-rich peat formation marked by a tree fern-dominant spore assemblage and abundant unidentifiable plant tissues. These are interpreted to be two water-laden or topogenous peat formational stages followed by slightly domed, better drained peat formation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(93)90034-9","usgsCitation":"Pierce, B., Stanton, R., and Eble, C.F., 1993, Comparison of the petrography, palynology and paleobotany of the Stockton coal bed, West Virginia and implications for paleoenvironmental interpretations: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 2, p. 149-166, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(93)90034-9.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"166","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227412,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","county":"Kanawha 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Brenda","contributorId":29940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Brenda","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanton, R.W.","contributorId":19164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eble, Cortland F.","contributorId":255518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eble","given":"Cortland","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":51568,"text":"Kentucky Geological Survey, U. of Kentucky","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70128312,"text":"70128312 - 1993 - Fire history of southeastern Glacier National Park: Missouri River Drainage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-07T13:14:42","indexId":"70128312","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-01T12:49:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"Final Report PX 1430-2-0787","title":"Fire history of southeastern Glacier National Park: Missouri River Drainage","docAbstract":"<p>In 1982, Glacier National Park (GNP) initiated long-term studies to document the fire history of all forested lands in the 410,000 ha. park.  To date, studies have been conducted for GNP west of the Continental Divide (Barrett et al. 1991), roughly half of the total park area.  These and other fire history studies in the Northern Rockies (Arno 1976, Sneck 1977, Arno 1980, Romme 1982, Romme and Despain 1989, Barrett and Arno 1991, Barrett 1993a, Barrett 1993b) have shown that fire history data can be an integral element of fire management planning, particularly wen natiral fire plans are being developed for parks and wilderness.  The value of site specific fire history data is apparent when considering study results for lodgepole pin (<i>Pinus contorta</i> var. <i>latifolia</i>) forests.  Lodgepole pine is a major subalpine type in the Northern Rockies and such stands experiences a wide range of presettlement fire patterns.  On relatively warm-dry sites at lower elevations, such as in GNP's North Fork drainage (Barrett et al. 1991), short to moderately long interval (25-150 yr) fires occurred in a mixed severity pattern ranging from non-lethal underburns to total stand replacement (Arno 1976, Sneck 1977, Barrett and Arno 1991).  Markedly different fire history occurred at high elevation lodgepole pine stands on highly unproductive sites, such as on Yellowstone National Park's (YNP) subalpine plateau.  Romme (1982) found that, on some sites, stand replacing fires recurred after very long intervals (300-400 yr), and that non-lethal surface fires were rare.  For somewhat more productive sites in the Absaroka Mountains in YNP, Barrett (1993a) estimated a 200 year mean replacement interval, in a pattern similar to that found in steep mountain terrain elsewhere, such as in the Middle Fork Flathead River drainage (Barrett et al. 1991, Sneck 1977).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Aside from post-1900 written records (ayres 1900; fire atlas data on file, GNP Archives Div. and GNP Resources Mgt. Div.), little fire history information existed for GNP's east-side forests, which are dominated primarily by lodgepole pine.  In fall 1992, the park initiated a study to determine the fire history of the Missouri River drainage portion of southeastern GNP.  Given the known variation in pre-1900 fire patterns for lodgepole pine, this study was seen as a potentially important contribution to GNP's Fire Management Plan, and to the expanding data base of fire history studies in the region.  Resource managers sought this information to assist their development of appropriate fire management strategies for the east-side forests, and the fire history data also would be a useful interactive component of the park's Geographic Information System (GIS).  Primary objectives were to: 1) determine pre-1900 fire periodicities, severities, burning patterns, and post-fire succession for major forest types, and 2) document and map the forest age class mosaic, reflecting the history of stand replacing fires at the landscape level of analysis.  Secondary objectives were to interpret the possible effects of modern fire suppression on area forests, and to determine fire regime patterns relative to other lodgepole pine ecosystems in the Northern Rockies.</p>","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Barrett, S.W., 1993, Fire history of southeastern Glacier National Park: Missouri River Drainage, 43 p.","productDescription":"43 p.","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295021,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543500a7e4b0a4f4b46a2395","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrett, Stephen W.","contributorId":32848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrett","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70208097,"text":"70208097 - 1993 - Fluvial response to late Quaternary climatic fluctuations, central Kobuk Valley, northwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-27T14:36:53","indexId":"70208097","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-27T14:31:43","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluvial response to late Quaternary climatic fluctuations, central Kobuk Valley, northwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Much of northwestern Alaska remained unglaciated during the Pleistocene and thus offers a favorable setting for examining long-term records of high-latitude geological and biological change. Epiguruk, a large cut bank 3.5 km long and up to 36 m high on the Kobuk River south of the Brooks Range in eastern Beringia, exposes complex sedimentary successions representing cycles of upper Quaternary alluviation and eolian sedimentation, downcutting, and soil formation. A rich record of plants and mammals is also preserved in the section. Deposits of fluvial channels and flood plains, eolian dunes, sand sheets, loess, and ponds, as well as organic soils (Histosols) are represented. Parallel-bedded fine sand and coarse silt couplets that commonly contain root structures, ripple cross-lamination, and silt drapes are flood-plain sediments apparently deposited at the interface of fluvial and eolian environments. Multiple fluvial-to-eolian depositional sequences were caused by influx of eolian sediment to the river from intermittently active dune fields south of the Kobuk River. Alluviation in the Kobuk Valley was coeval with glaciation in the Brooks Range, whereas downcutting occurred during interstadials when dune stabilization limited sediment supply. The depositional model developed at Epiguruk may be useful in interpreting some of the widespread subhorizontally stratified late-glacial deposits of Europe and North America.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1306/D4267C12-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Ashley, G., and Hamilton, T.D., 1993, Fluvial response to late Quaternary climatic fluctuations, central Kobuk Valley, northwestern Alaska: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 63, no. 5, p. 814-827, https://doi.org/10.1306/D4267C12-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"814","endPage":"827","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371595,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"63","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ashley, G.M.","contributorId":99313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashley","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, T. D.","contributorId":36921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207773,"text":"70207773 - 1993 - Stable carbon and oxygen isotope studies of the sediments of Elk Lake, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-19T14:24:57.105855","indexId":"70207773","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-09T16:21:57","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable carbon and oxygen isotope studies of the sediments of Elk Lake, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Variations in the ratios of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O:<sup>16</sup>O and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C:<sup>12</sup>C in calcite throughout the Holocene in Elk Lake, Minnesota, are recorded in three varve-calibrated carbonate cores. Marl in a varved deep-basin (29.6 m) core consists mainly of calcite precipitated from surface waters during the summer and probably provides the least complicated isotope record. Marl in a sublittoral (10 m) core consists of calcite contributed from several inorganic and organic sources and probably is the most complicated of the three isotope records. Calcite from shells of the ostracod<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Candona ohioensis</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in the sublittoral core provides a record of shallow-water conditions in Elk Lake for the period between 10,500 and 5500 varve yr. Variations in the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C:<sup>12</sup>C ratio of organic carbon deposited in Elk Lake during the Holocene are recorded in organic matter in the deep-basin core.</p><p>All three oxygen isotope records show that, in general, the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O:<sup>16</sup>O ratio in carbonate was enriched in<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O by several parts per mil during the mid-Holocene relative to the past few thousand years. This pattern of oxygen isotope variation is similar to that observed for carbonate materials from other lakes in the northeastern and north-central United States. Oxygen isotope records from these other lakes also show that the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O:<sup>16</sup>O ratio during the early Holocene was lower than during the mid-Holocene, and this pattern has been interpreted as representing a response to a generally warmer and drier climate during the mid-Holocene beginning about 8000 varve yr (the so-called hypsithermal). Ostracod and diatom assemblages from Elk Lake cores show, however, that the lake was colder and more saline than at present until at least 6700 varve yr, with conditions similar to those that exist today in cold prairie lakes of Canada. It may be more appropriate, therefore, to refer to the mid-Holocene in northwestern Minnesota as the “prairie period” rather than the hypsithermal, indicating that the climate was drier, but with no connotation regarding temperature. The oxygen isotope data from the three Elk Lake records for this period are somewhat equivocal. Values of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O in the marl from the sublittoral core and shells of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Candona</i><span>&nbsp;</span>increase from 10,000 to about 6800 varve yr. However, values of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O in the marl that accumulated in the deepest part of the lake over the same interval (10,000–6800 varve yr) are more or less constant and enriched in<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O; this probably reflects the cold, saline prairie-lake conditions predicted from the ostracod and diatom assemblage data. All three oxygen isotope records show decreases in<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O:<sup>16</sup>O ratios after about 6800 varve yr in response to an increase in temperature and decrease in salinity of the lake.</p><p>The<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C:<sup>12</sup>C ratios in carbonates from all three Elk Lake records show a distinct pattern; the ratio increased gradually from 10,000 to 8000 varve yr going into the mid-Holocene prairie period and then decreased gradually coming out of the prairie period between about 5500 and 2500 varve yr. These changes in the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C:<sup>12</sup>C ratio could have been related to temperature through its effect on solubility of carbon dioxide; however, this interpretation is not supported by the oxygen isotope data. Another possibility is that changes in the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C:<sup>12</sup>C ratio are related to organic productivity that removes<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C-depleted organic carbon and results in<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C-enriched surface waters. This interpretation implies that organic productivity was higher in Elk Lake during the mid-Holocene prairie period.</p><p>Support for the high-productivity,<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C-enriched surface-water model for the mid-Holocene prairie period in Elk Lake is provided by changes in the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C:<sup>12</sup>C ratio of organic carbon in the deep-basin core. These changes parallel almost exactly those in the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C:<sup>12</sup>C ratio of carbonate carbon, but are about 2% larger (about 6% as opposed to about 4% for carbonate carbon). The difference of about 2% may represent<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C depletion due to CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>limitation. The percentage of organic carbon in the sediment did not increase during the prairie period because it was diluted by an increased flux of detrital clastic material. The ultimate burial rate of organic carbon increased considerably, however, indicating that organic productivity was higher and/or the degree of preservation increased. Diatom assemblages and plant-pigment concentrations indicate that productivity was higher during the prairie period. Pyrolysis hydrogen and oxygen indices show that the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C-enriched organic matter that accumulated during the prairie period was hydrogen rich and oxygen poor relative to organic matter that accumulated before and after. These two indices demonstrate that the organic matter that accumulated during the prairie period was much better preserved.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE276-p163","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., and Stuiver, M., 1993, Stable carbon and oxygen isotope studies of the sediments of Elk Lake, Minnesota: GSA Special Papers, v. 276, p. 163-180, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE276-p163.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"180","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371132,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnestoa","otherGeospatial":"Elk Park, Itasca State Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.23180961608887,\n              47.17781217347543\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20254135131836,\n              47.17781217347543\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20254135131836,\n              47.20056040488173\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23180961608887,\n              47.20056040488173\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23180961608887,\n              47.17781217347543\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"276","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stuiver, Minze","contributorId":34915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuiver","given":"Minze","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207743,"text":"70207743 - 1993 - Modern sedimentation in Elk Lake, Clearwater County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-08T16:21:09","indexId":"70207743","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-08T16:12:19","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modern sedimentation in Elk Lake, Clearwater County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>The varved sediments of Elk Lake, Clearwater County, Minnesota, contain a 10,000 year record of climatic and limnologic events. Sediment traps deployed in the lake’s water column from 1979 to 1981 and from 1983 to 1984 collected samples that permitted us to identify materials, to see the timing of sedimentation events, and to deduce processes that form the microlaminae within varves. Fall and spring microlaminae consist mainly of sequential accumulations of biogenic silica and resuspended calcific and siliceous materials. Precipitates of iron, manganese, and organic detritus dominate the thin winter microlaminae. Calcific microlaminae are deposited in summer. Concentrated iron and manganese precipitates form when the onset of seasonal circulation (especially in autumn) oxygenates the lower water column, but precipitation of these metals also continues throughout periods of seasonal stratification, when these dissolved elements migrate upward and are converted to particles that rain back to the bottom. Mineraloids dominate the sediment; minerals compose only a minor part and include quartz, calcite, rhodochrosite, and rockbridgeite (iron phosphate).</p><p>The bulk of the bottom accumulation occurs during the longer, calmer summer and winter periods, but important contributions are also made during spring and autumn overturn events. Sediment resuspended from the shallows accumulates together with newly formed endogenic sediment, and can even briefly dominate the seston in autumn and spring. Vigor and duration of seasonal circulations in the upper water column dictate the amount of resuspended sediment contributed annually to a varve. When abrupt warming within days after ice-out stratifies the lake, sedimentation in that year is diminished by resultant suppression of plankton blooms and lack of vernal resuspension that would normally move sediment from the littoral areas into the deep parts of Elk Lake. Thin sections of varves confirm that resuspension during autumn and spring is a varve-forming process that has probably varied in importance as a function of climate and changing morphometry due to infilling. Through an entire year, sediment traps catch a greater proportion of material from spring and autumn overturns than accumulates on the bottom. Lake morphometry is the most important factor governing sediment resuspension and associated annual accumulation rates in traps.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE276-p75","usgsCitation":"Nuhfer, E., Anderson, R., Bradbury, J.P., and Dean, W.E., 1993, Modern sedimentation in Elk Lake, Clearwater County, Minnesota: GSA Special Papers, v. 276, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE276-p75.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"96","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371089,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Elk Lake ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20442962646483,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20442962646483,\n              47.1981110637904\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.1981110637904\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"276","edition":"75","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nuhfer, E.B.","contributorId":89281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuhfer","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, R.Y.","contributorId":22789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207741,"text":"70207741 - 1993 - Geochemistry of surface sediments of Minnesota lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-07T12:54:19.45039","indexId":"70207741","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-08T15:50:55","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of surface sediments of Minnesota lakes","docAbstract":"<p><span>Analyses of 36 trace, minor, and major elements were used to classify the sediments of 46 Minnesota lakes. Q-mode factor analyses grouped Minnesota lake sediments according to clastic-, carbonate-, organic-, and redox-related elements. Carbonate lakes occur in west-central Minnesota; their sediments have relatively high concentrations of CaCO</span><sub>3</sub><span>, Ba, and Sr. Lakes with sediments containing more than 30% organic matter occur in east-central and northeastern Minnesota; these sediments have high concentrations of organic C, N, and H, and slightly elevated concentrations of Pb. Only three lakes have sediments included in the “redox” group, with relatively high concentrations of Fe, Mn, Mo, La, and Zn. High concentrations of redox-sensitive elements appear to be associated with oxidized iron and manganese minerals, but in Elk Lake, one of the three lakes in this group, a significant amount of iron and manganese is contained in iron phosphate, iron sulfide, and manganese carbonate. Clastic lake sediments are not diluted by large amounts of organic matter, carbonate minerals, or iron-manganese minerals, and are of two types: a western group derived largely from Cretaceous shales in the prairie regions, and a northeastern group derived from Precambrian crystalline rocks in the forested arrowhead region. Western clastic lake sediments have higher concentrations of Al, Na, K, B, Ba, V, Mg, and Sr. Most northeastern clastic lake sediments contain higher concentrations of Cu, Y, Be, and Ni, but several are chemically more similar to those of western prairie lakes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE276-p115","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Gorham, E., and Swaine, D.J., 1993, Geochemistry of surface sediments of Minnesota lakes: GSA Special Papers, v. 276, p. 115-133, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE276-p115.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"133","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371086,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Lakes of 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 \"}}]}","volume":"276","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorham, Eville","contributorId":29689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorham","given":"Eville","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swaine, Dalway J.","contributorId":221614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swaine","given":"Dalway","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207739,"text":"70207739 - 1993 - Elk Lake in perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-08T15:33:01","indexId":"70207739","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-08T15:26:41","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elk Lake in perspective","docAbstract":"<p><span>Elk Lake is located in the forested region of north-central Minnesota at the headwaters of the Mississippi River and occupies one of countless basins left behind as the last great Pleistocene ice sheet retreated northward into Canada. In this respect it resembles many other moderately deep, dimictic, hard-water lakes in the north-central United States, the sediments of which contain a history of postglacial and Holocene climatic and environmental change. Elk Lake is different, however, because the Holocene sediments in the deeper part of the lake form an uninterrupted sequence of annual laminations or varves. The varves are a chronometer for timing precisely the biologic, geochemical, and sedimentological responses in the lake to cyclic and progressive changes in climate. The varves also, through profound changes in their composition, divide the history of Elk Lake into three, sharply defined episodes; a postglacial lake, a prairie lake, and a modern, mesic-forest lake. We use these episodes and the character of the varves as a framework to guide the reader to the chapters and discussions found in this volume.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE276-p1","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R., Dean, W.E., and Bradbury, J.P., 1993, Elk Lake in perspective: GSA Special Papers, v. 276, p. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE276-p1.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371083,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Elk Lake, Itasca State Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20442962646483,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20442962646483,\n              47.1981110637904\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.1981110637904\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"276","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, R.Y.","contributorId":22789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207736,"text":"70207736 - 1993 - Physical properties, mineralogy, and geochemistry of Holocene varved sediments from Elk Lake, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-18T15:11:25.592156","indexId":"70207736","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-08T14:12:32","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical properties, mineralogy, and geochemistry of Holocene varved sediments from Elk Lake, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Elk Lake in northwestern Minnesota is situated close to a climatically sensitive ecotone, the forest-prairie border, that migrated back and forth over the drainage basin of the lake during the Holocene. The entire postglacial (Holocene) sediment record in the deepest part of Elk Lake is composed of annual layers (varves) that record the seasonal pulses of many sediment components, and, most important, provide high-resolution (seasonal) time calibration of rates and timing of environmental change. These varved sediments contain many allochthonous and autochthonous components that are sensitive to changing environmental conditions in the drainage basin and the lake.</p><p>The mineral components of Elk Lake sediments consist mainly of authigenic calcium, magnesium, and manganese carbonate minerals (low-Mg calcite, high-Mg calcite, dolomite, and rhodochrosite), opaline silica (from diatoms), X-ray amorphous iron and manganese oxyhydroxides, and an iron phosphate mineral tentatively identified as rock-bridgeite [(Fe, Mn)Fe<sub>4</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(OH)<sub>5</sub>], plus minor contributions from fine-grained detrital quartz, feldspar, illite, and kaolinite. The most notable characteristic of the sediments in Elk Lake is that most of the components were formed in the lake.</p><p>Q-mode factor analysis of sediment geochemistry reduced 23 observed compositional variables, expressed as percent or parts per million of elements, to three composite variables (factor loadings) whose “concentrations” are expressed on a scale of −1.0 to 1.0. Factor 1 expresses the composition of the inorganic clastic fraction based on concentrations of Mg, Na, Al, Cr, V, Y, Sc, Ni, Sr, Co, and Cu. Factor 2 expresses the similarities in variations of Fe, Mn, P, organic carbon, and Mo. Factor 3 loadings are a synthesis of concentrations of Mn, S, Ca, La, and Ba.</p><p>Geochemical characteristics define three distinct chemical stages in the development of Elk lake: (1) a carbonate-, manganese-, iron-, sulfur-rich early-lake stage that lasted from 10,400 to 8200 varve yr; (2) a clastic- and diatom-rich mid-Holocene prairie-lake stage that lasted from 8200 to 4000 varve yr; and (3) a final iron-, manganese-, phosphate-, and organic-rich modern-lake stage that developed over the past 4000 yr. The chemical characteristics of the sediments deposited during these three lake phases can be represented by the average compositions of three groups of samples: (1) the average composition of sediments deposited over the past 2000 yr, representing the modern-lake stage; (2) the composition of a 50 varve sample centered on 5700 varve yr that represents the maximum clastic influx into the lake during the prairie period; and (3) the average composition of sediments deposited over the initial 2000 yr of the lake’s existence (10,400 to 8400 varve yr).</p><p>The amplitudes of climatic oscillations, as reflected by changes in concentration of many climatically sensitive elements, were greatest during the prairie period, pronounced cycles having periodicities of several hundred years. The extremes of these oscillations occurred within several centuries or less, which suggests that significant changes in climate may occur abruptly and rapidly. Most notably, the end of the mid-Holocene prairie period, marked by a sudden decrease in the influx of detrital clastic material, occurred within a few decades.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE276-p135","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., 1993, Physical properties, mineralogy, and geochemistry of Holocene varved sediments from Elk Lake, Minnesota: GSA Special Papers, v. 276, p. 135-157, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE276-p135.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"157","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371080,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Elk Lake, Itasca Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20442962646483,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20442962646483,\n              47.1981110637904\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.1981110637904\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"276","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70207646,"text":"70207646 - 1993 - 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology and Alleghanian development of the southernmost Appalachian Piedmont, Alabama and southwest Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T15:13:50.128245","indexId":"70207646","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-02T11:21:16","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar thermochronology and Alleghanian development of the southernmost Appalachian Piedmont, Alabama and southwest Georgia","title":"40Ar/39Ar thermochronology and Alleghanian development of the southernmost Appalachian Piedmont, Alabama and southwest Georgia","docAbstract":"<p><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar age spectra of hornblende, muscovite, and microcline, and total fusion ages of biotite from metamorphic rocks of the Inner Piedmont, Pine Mountain, and Uchee belts are reported. Mineral cooling ages from the eastern part of the Inner Piedmont are as follows: hornblende, 320 Ma; muscovite, 296 Ma; biotite, 293 Ma; and microcline (diffusional release patterns) Tmax = 267 Ma, Tmin = 234 Ma. A 347 Ma hornblende spectrum from the highest Inner Piedmont structural level sampled is the oldest date determined and implies earlier passage of this level through the 500 °C isotherm. Most release spectra from Pine Mountain belt units are discordant with little or no apparent geologic meaning. Modified saddle-shaped release patterns for hornblende indicate extraneous argon with a maximum age of ∼358 Ma. Muscovite from the Pine Mountain belt cover sequence is 286 Ma (plateau age), and one from the underlying Grenville basement is 277 Ma (correlation age), indicating cooling below the 350 °C isotherm. Plateau ages on Uchee belt rocks are as follows: hornblende, from 297 to 288 Ma; muscovite, 285 Ma; biotite, 276 Ma; and microcline Tmax = 261 Ma, Tmin 230 Ma. Muscovite fish from a Bartletts Ferry fault zone phyllonite have a plateau age of 283 Ma.</p><p>The<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar results combined with other geologic data indicate that (1) a large part of the southern and Inner Piedmonts of Alabama and southwest Georgia experienced a late Paleozoic amphibolite-facies thermal and deformational event contemporaneous with the Alleghanian orogeny observed in the foreland; (2) the tectonic development of this event, characterized by initial crustal thickening followed by right-slip and normal-slip movements, is grossly similar to that described for the amphibolite-facies Alleghanian belt in the eastern Piedmont of South Carolina and Georgia; and (3) extensional movements along the flanks of the Pine Mountain window occurred between ca. 277 Ma and the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic and thus may reflect latest Alleghanian extensional collapse or Mesozoic rifting.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0819:AATAAD>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Steltenpohl, M.G., and Kunk, M.J., 1993, 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology and Alleghanian development of the southernmost Appalachian Piedmont, Alabama and southwest Georgia: GSA Bulletin, v. 105, no. 6, p. 819-833, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0819:AATAAD>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"819","endPage":"833","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370931,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Southernmost Appalachian Piedmont","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -86.572265625,\n              35.02999636902566\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.66015624999999,\n              32.24997445586331\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.265625,\n              32.76880048488168\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.62890625,\n              35.38904996691167\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.771484375,\n              36.38591277287651\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.572265625,\n              35.02999636902566\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steltenpohl, Mark G.","contributorId":178199,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steltenpohl","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70128772,"text":"70128772 - 1993 - Application and testing of a procedure to evaluate transferability of habitat suitability criteria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T14:22:17","indexId":"70128772","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T14:09:01","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3246,"text":"Regulated Rivers: Research & Management","printIssn":"0886-9375","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application and testing of a procedure to evaluate transferability of habitat suitability criteria","docAbstract":"<p><span>A procedure designed to test the transferability of habitat suitability criteria was evaluated in the Cache la Poudre River, Colorado. Habitat suitability criteria were developed for active adult and juvenile rainbow trout in the South Platte River, Colorado. These criteria were tested by comparing microhabitat use predicted from the criteria with observed microhabitat use by adult rainbow trout in the Cache la Poudre River. A one-sided&nbsp;</span><i>X</i><sup>2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>test, using counts of occupied and unoccupied cells in each suitability classification, was used to test for non-random selection for optimum habitat use over usable habitat and for suitable over unsuitable habitat. Criteria for adult rainbow trout were judged to be transferable to the Cache la Poudre River, but juvenile criteria (applied to adults) were not transferable. Random subsampling of occupied and unoccupied cells was conducted to determine the effect of sample size on the reliability of the test procedure. The incidence of type I and type II errors increased rapidly as the sample size was reduced below 55 occupied and 200 unoccupied cells. Recommended modifications to the procedure included the adoption of a systematic or randomized sampling design and direct measurement of microhabitat variables. With these modifications, the procedure is economical, simple and reliable. Use of the procedure as a quality assurance device in routine applications of the instream flow incremental methodology was encouraged.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rrr.3450080307","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.A., and Bovee, K.D., 1993, Application and testing of a procedure to evaluate transferability of habitat suitability criteria: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, v. 8, no. 3, p. 285-294, https://doi.org/10.1002/rrr.3450080307.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"294","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295315,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Cache la Poudre River","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e3b1ae4b0fd76af69ceeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Jeff A.","contributorId":85524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bovee, Ken D.","contributorId":49721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70128768,"text":"70128768 - 1993 - A salmonid population model with emphasis on habitat limitations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-14T13:57:39","indexId":"70128768","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T13:54:29","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3303,"text":"Rivers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A salmonid population model with emphasis on habitat limitations","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rivers","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Steamboat-Inspection Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Bartholow, J.M., Laake, J.L., Stalnaker, C.B., and Williamson, S., 1993, A salmonid population model with emphasis on habitat limitations: Rivers, v. 4, no. 4, p. 265-279.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"279","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295308,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e3b17e4b0fd76af69cee4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholow, John M.","contributorId":65400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laake, J. L.","contributorId":41358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laake","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stalnaker, Clair B.","contributorId":12797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stalnaker","given":"Clair","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williamson, Sam","contributorId":41359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Sam","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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