Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
The SPECtrum Processing Routines (SPECPR) is a large-scale interactive program for general one-dimensional array processing and optimized for reflectance spectroscopy data and analysis. The program processes one-dimensional arrays up to 4852 data points and the operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, trigonometric functions, logarithmic and exponential functions, and many more specialized routines.
The Specpr user interface is a menu driven, character command system with all user input entered as ascii characters to the program. User commands are thoroughly checked for the context in which they will be used. This provides for essentially all user input mistakes to be caught and appropriate error messages to be issued. The user interface also allows for command aliasing, variable substitutions, command history and batch command processing to occur at any point in the program. The user can also control his or her own variables, increment and decrement them, and monitor certain internal variables. This flexibility allows for sophisticated programming, e.g. from specific computations, to management of a database.
All arrays are treated as one dimensional lists of numbers, each with an appropriate header for identification and history. Any array can be plotted versus another array, and each axis labeled appropriately. For example, you may plot a reflectance spectrum versus wavelength or wavelength versus reflectance. The array type is simply a label, so data like temperature versus time can be treated just as easily as a reflectance spectrum. Some routines are specific to certain purposes, however. For example, the Planck black body generator is specific to intensity versus wavelength, whereas a smoothing routine could operate equally on reflectance versus wavelength or temperature versus time.
Each array element can have an error bar associated with it and errors are propagated through all appropriate routines. Data points can be marked deleted and deleted points are tracked appropriately. These features allow the program to be effectively used on real world data.
This philosophy has resulted in a flexible system for which a user can manipulate data arrays efficiently. The program was designed for analysis of laboratory, field, telescopic, and spacecraft spectroscopic data, and although general in nature, there are biases built in. For example, horizontal axis labels default to wavelength in micrometers, but the defaults can be changed.
Because of the orientation in Specpr to process planetary and terrestrial data, and the need to access such data, Specpr has been extended to have access to non-Specpr default file types. In particular, Specpr can \"skewer\" an 3-dimensional (3D) data file along any of the three axes. Further, block skewers can be done with the standard deviation of the mean computed for each channel in the block. Currently, Specpr can access any of the standard file types common in the terrestrial and planetary remote sensing communities. Details on 3D file I/O are given in Chapter 6.
Specpr has multiple record types available within a single Specpr data file. Currently defined record types are data and text. In a data record, a standard one-dimensional array is held, along with its header information. The header information includes a title, history, dates and time of data acquisition and when the data were last processed, the user who processed the data, information typical of a spectrum like temperature and viewing geometry, as well as pointers to wavelengths, resolution, and text. If a spectrum is more than 256 channels in length, then the data gets put in succeeding records in the file, and the following records are continuation records.
The second record type is the text, where a title and a block of text (up to 19 kbytes) can be stored. This record type is typically used for a description of samples, experiments, instruments, or data processing for a particular data set. It could also store the actual commands used to create a spectrum. The commands for a complicated plot for a publication might be stored in a text record. That way, you can easily regenerate the plot, or even write the commands to a non-Specpr file, modify them with any editor and re-execute them.
The file types, text and command processing, combined with the math and special functions, provide for very powerful and general analysis tool. These facilities also provide the framework for database management.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93595","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Clark, R.N., 1993; SPECtrum Processing Routines User's Manual Version 3 (program SPECPR); U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-595, 195 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93595.","productDescription":"210 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":418605,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0595/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":418606,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0595/ofr19930595.pdf","text":"Report","size":"960 Kb","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 93-595"}],"contact":"Director, Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS 973
Denver, CO 80225
Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
No abstract available.
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\"}}]}","contact":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb728","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, R.W.","contributorId":70434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simmons, R.H.","contributorId":19982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Strain, B.F.","contributorId":76388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strain","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179974,"text":"70179974 - 1993 - Ground-water conditions in Utah, spring of 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T15:10:41","indexId":"70179974","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":110,"text":"Cooperative Investigations Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"33","title":"Ground-water conditions in Utah, spring of 1993","docAbstract":"This is the thirtieth in a series of annual reports that describe ground-water conditions in Utah. Reports in this series, published cooperatively by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Utah Division of Water Resources, provide data to enable interested parties to keep abreast of changing ground-water conditions.
This report, like the others in the series, contains information on well construction, ground-water withdrawal from wells, water-level changes, related changes in precipitation and streamflow, and chemical quality of water. Supplementary data, such as maps showing water-level contours, are included in reports of this series only for those years or areas for which applicable data are available and are important to a discussion of changing ground-water conditions.
This report includes individual discussions of selected major areas of ground-water development in the State for the calendar year 1992. Water-level fluctuations and selected related data, however, are described from the spring of 1988 to the spring of 1993. Much of the data used in this report were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Divisions of Water Rights and Water Resources, Utah Department of Natural Resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Utah, Division of Water Resources and Division of Water Rights","usgsCitation":"Batty, D., Allen, D., Sory, J., Hanson, K., Thomas, W., Greene, M., Danner, M., Herbert, L.R., Hadley, H., Gerner, S., Slaugh, B., Swenson, R., Howells, J., and Christiansen, H., 1993, Ground-water conditions in Utah, spring of 1993: Cooperative Investigations Report 33, x, 106 p.","productDescription":"x, 106 p.","numberOfPages":"116","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333630,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333628,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=50-1-172"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5883303be4b0d0023163781a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Batty, D.M.","contributorId":178513,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Batty","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, D.V.","contributorId":6129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sory, J.D.","contributorId":178510,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sory","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hanson, K.M.","contributorId":83557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thomas, W.J.","contributorId":178518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Greene, M.R.","contributorId":96723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Danner, M.R.","contributorId":178514,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Danner","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Herbert, L. R.","contributorId":39865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herbert","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hadley, H.K.","contributorId":61086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hadley","given":"H.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Gerner, S.J.","contributorId":16083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerner","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Slaugh, B.A.","contributorId":178515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Slaugh","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Swenson, R.L.","contributorId":178508,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swenson","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Howells, J.H.","contributorId":178516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howells","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Christiansen, H.K.","contributorId":178517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christiansen","given":"H.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70179264,"text":"70179264 - 1993 - Use of mesocosm data to predict effects in aquatic ecosystems: Limits to interpretation: Chapter 16","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-27T12:15:02","indexId":"70179264","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"16","title":"Use of mesocosm data to predict effects in aquatic ecosystems: Limits to interpretation: Chapter 16","docAbstract":"Aquatic mesocosm studies are being used to refute a presumption of risk derived from laboratory toxicity tests conducted under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Mesocosm studies incorporate many biological, chemical and physical characteristics of natural ecosystems. Hence, they serve as realistic surrogates of natural ecosystems and allow tests of pesticide effect at the population, community, and ecosystem level. We discuss two factors, ecosystem trophic status and organism life history, which influence the results derived from aquatic mesocosm studies. Trophic status influences the fat and effects of chemicals which strongly sorb or biologically degrade, yet may not be as important in the fate and effects of more water soluble chemicals. Life history traits of organisms and the intensity, frequency, and duration of the pesticide disturbance also determine the mesocosm response pattern.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic mesocosm studies in ecological risk assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","isbn":"9780873715928","usgsCitation":"La Point, T.W., and Fairchild, J.F., 1993, Use of mesocosm data to predict effects in aquatic ecosystems: Limits to interpretation: Chapter 16, chap. 16 of Aquatic mesocosm studies in ecological risk assessment, p. 241-256.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"256","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332531,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332530,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.crcpress.com/Aquatic-Mesocosm-Studies-in-Ecological-Risk-Assessment/Graney/p/book/9780873715928"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585e45e0e4b01224f329bf17","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Graney, Robert L.","contributorId":37294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graney","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656589,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, James H.","contributorId":177666,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kennedy","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656590,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rodgers, John H. Jr.","contributorId":87065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodgers","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656591,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"La Point, Thomas W.","contributorId":114142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Point","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fairchild, James F. jfairchild@usgs.gov","contributorId":492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"James","email":"jfairchild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":656588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174859,"text":"70174859 - 1993 - 1993 Annual Report: San Francisco estuary regional monitoring program for trace substances","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-18T19:57:26","indexId":"70174859","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-01T09:15:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"title":"1993 Annual Report: San Francisco estuary regional monitoring program for trace substances","docAbstract":"This first annual report of the San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program contains the results of monitoring measurements made in 1993. Measurements of conventional water quality parameters and trace contaminant concentrations were made at 16 stations throughout the Estuary three times during the year: the wet period (March), during declining Delta outflow (May), and during the dry period (September). Water toxicity tests were conducted at 8 of those stations. Measurements of sediment quality and contaminant concentrations were made at the same 16 stations during the wet and dry sampling periods. Sediment toxicity was measured at 8 of those stations. Transplanted, bagged bivalve bioaccumulation and condition was measured at 11 stations during the wet and dry sampling periods.
\nWater Monitoring. Total or near-total (dissolved + particulate, see text) arsenic, cadmium, selenium, and dissolved (0.45 µm filtered) arsenic, cadmium, copper, nickel, silver, and zinc in water were highest in the South Bay. In general, dissolved metals in water were usually lowest in the Central Bay due to ocean influences. Near-total nickel and total mercury in water were highest in the northern estuary (San Pablo and Suisun Bays). Dissolved chromium and lead were highest at the Sacramento and San Joaquin River confluence stations. Six of the ten dissolved trace metals were highest in March during high runoff. Dissolved and total arsenic, selenium, and near-total cadmium were highest in September.
\nConcentrations of trace organic contaminants are reported for the March sampling period. Total PAHs and PCBs were highest in the South Bay, but PCBs were also high in the Napa River. Dissolved PAHs were highest in the Central Bay, and dissolved PCBs were highest in the Napa River. Total and dissolved pesticides were highest in the Sacramento River and in the Extreme South Bay.
\nConcentrations of trace elements in water (except selenium) were usually closely related with other environmental parameters. Total or near-total metals concentrations in water were most often associated with the amount of particulate material (TSS) in the water. Dissolved concentrations were usually associated with salinity or dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. Dissolved PAHs were well correlated with TSS, but dissolved and total trace organic contaminants were poorly correlated with other water parameters.
\nBased on deviations from conservative mixing of fresh and salt water, three different patterns of possible sources of metals were identified in 1993. For dissolved chromium and lead, rivers and local runoff appeared to be important sources. For dissolved arsenic, cadmium, copper, and nickel year-round inputs from the South Bay appeared to be important sources. Dissolved mercury, selenium, and zinc were associated with local runoff in the South Bay during the wet period. Dissolved silver did not fit any of these patterns.
\nAlthough most contaminant concentrations were below water quality objectives, several trace contaminants were above the objectives at some stations. Comparisons to water quality objectives are used as a guide for evaluation of contaminant concentrations, but there are some differences in the way the RMP data are measured and that prescribed for regulatory purposes (see text). Concentrations of 5 metals in water were above EPA or Regional Basin Plan water quality objectives at six stations (see Table 30). Most of these elevated levels occurred at the northern estuary stations. Total PCB concentrations were above EPA human health objectives at all RMP stations. The pesticides chlordane, dieldrin, and DDTs were above the EPA objectives at several RMP stations, particularly at the northern-most, and river confluence stations.
\nAlthough some of the contaminant concentrations were above water quality objectives, water toxicity tests (96 hour algal growth and 48 hour bivalve larval development tests) did not indicate toxicity (sometimes inconclusive) associated with the water samples collected at any of the RMP stations in 1993. Exposure to Bay San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program Regional Monitoring Program 1993 Report ii water actually enhanced algal growth at most stations.
\nIn addition to the Estuary-wide sampling, the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers were sampled upstream from their confluence. Stations in each river were sampled six times over a 6 week period of high flows. In the Sacramento River, seven of the ten dissolved metals measured had concentrations lower than those measured at the river confluence stations. Some metals concentrations in the San Joaquin River were higher, and some were lower than concentrations from the river confluence station. Metals concentrations in the Sacramento River were poorly related to river flow because the station at Rio Vista is under considerable tidal influence. In the San Joaquin River, flows were inversely related to 7 of 10 total metals concentrations.
\nSediment Monitoring. Concentrations of silver, mercury, and lead in sediment were highest in the South Bay. However, concentrations of most trace metals in sediments were highest in the northern estuary at stations with the finest (silt, clay) sediments. The northern estuary stations with the coarsest (sand, shell) sediments generally had the lowest metals concentrations. There were differences in concentrations of cadmium, lead, and selenium in sediments between the sampling periods, but no consistent trend as to which sampling period had higher values. In September, PAHs and PCBs in sediments were highest in the Central Bay, but pesticides in sediments were highest in the northern estuary and Extreme South Bay.
\nNOAA’s Median Effects Ranges (ERM) for sediments were used as a guide for evaluation of sediment contaminant concentrations. Nickel was the only trace contaminant in sediment above the ERM guidelines, and it was high at all RMP stations. These high levels are probably due to natural, geologic sources.
\nAlthough sediment contaminant concentrations were below ERMs, sediment toxicity tests (10 day amphipod mortality, and 48 hour bivalve larval development in elutriates) indicated toxicity at all stations tested. Sediment factors that could have caused the toxicity were not investigated.
\nBivalve Bioaccumulation. Mussels, oysters, and freshwater clams were transplanted to the RMP stations to evaluate bioaccumulation of trace substances. Trace metals were bioaccumulated at nearly all RMP stations. However, arsenic, lead, and mercury did not appear to bioaccumulate. There was generally more bioaccumulation during the dry season than during the wet season. In September, PAHs, PCBs, and pesticides accumulated in all samples. Bioaccumulation of PAHs and pesticides was generally highest at the river confluence stations, and the Napa River. PCBs accumulated most at Redwood Creek.
\nThere were substantial differences in the degree of bioaccumulation among the species. Oysters appeared to accumulate higher concentrations of trace metals than the other species, especially copper, which may be a natural phenomenon.
\nThere are no established tissue contaminant standards for trace metal and organic contaminants. Therefore, comparisons to Median International Standards (MIS) for human consumption, or U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) action levels for trace organics are used to evaluate the bioaccumulation results. Concentrations of selenium were higher than MIS guidelines at all stations during the wet season. Other trace metal concentrations were higher than MIS guidelines at various stations during one or the other sampling period. However, none of the bivalves contained concentrations above the USFDA or National Academy of Sciences (NAS) guidelines for trace organic contaminants.
\nThe transplanted bivalves survived well at all stations except in the Napa River where less than 35% survived during both sampling seasons. Measures of bivalve condition (dry weight, shell volume) indicated that bivalves deployed in the Central Bay grew significantly, but those at most other stations actually lost weight. Whether these differences were due to natural causes such as salinity or food supply, or to contamination, was not determined.
\nPilot Studies. Two pilot monitoring studies were conducted in 1993. A pilot study of Estuary hydrography and phytoplankton was conducted by scientists from the U.S. Summary Geological Survey in Menlo Park and U.C. Davis. Water column profiles at up to 37 stations were monitored along a transect of the Estuary run monthly between the South Bay and the Delta.
\nThe primary objective of this study was to define physical (salinity, temperature, suspended particulate matter, and light penetration), chemical (dissolved oxygen) and biological (chlorophyll a) characteristics of Estuary water that may influence other chemical and biological reactions. A second objective was to investigate planktonic indicators of ecosystem structure and function.
\nThe data collected in 1993 showed the extent and duration of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the South Bay, other localized blooms in the northern estuary, the stratification and mixing associated with the entrapment zone in the northern estuary, and mixing in the Estuary resulting from the high rainfall in 1993. Knowledge of the duration and extent of these natural features of the Estuary provide context for interpretation of the RMP contaminant data collected only 3 times per year.
\nAnother pilot study of suspended sediment transport processes was conducted by the USGS in Sacramento. This study used continuous recording sensors at Point San Pablo and the Bay Bridge to measure the amount of suspended sediment in the water at mid-depth and near the bottom, as well as tide height.
\nThe objectives of this study were to estimate which factors determine suspended solids concentrations in the Central Bay and to collect time series of suspended solids that are appropriate for continuous monitoring of suspended solids and for calibration and validation of numerical models.
\nThe investigators determined that spring tides accounted for most of the variation in suspended solids concentrations at the stations monitored, not runoff from the Sacramento or San Joaquin Rivers, or semidiurnal and diurnal tides.
\nComparisons were also made between measurements made by the continuous recordings and the RMP samples collected during the regular monitoring cruises. The different ways of measuring TSS were generally comparable, however only 3 measurements per year as made by the RMP could not provide the information of TSS variation actually occurring in the Estuary.
\nThis information is important because as shown by the RMP data, total contaminant concentrations in Estuary water is largely dependent on the TSS in the water. This implies that the RMP measurements alone cannot determine accurately the range of contaminant concentrations without better characterizing the dynamics of TSS.
\nThe RMP Pilot Studies are important to the developing RMP because they will help put RMP measurements into the perspective of Estuary processes and mechanisms at other time scales. The studies can relate those processes to the RMP measurements and will facilitate revision of sampling design and interpretation.
\nSummaries of other monitoring activities pertinent to regional monitoring are also included in the Report: a description of the Regional Board’s Bay Protection Studies, the Sacramento Coordinated Monitoring Program, and a wetlands monitoring plan are included.
","language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco Estuary Institute","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","collaboration":"A Cooperative Program Managed and Administered by the San Francisco Estuary Institute","usgsCitation":"Thompson, B., Lacy, J., Hardin, D., Grovhaug, T., Taberski, K., Jassby, A.D., Cloern, J.E., Caffrey, J., Cole, B., and Schoellhamer, D., 1993, 1993 Annual Report: San Francisco estuary regional monitoring program for trace substances, 226 p.","productDescription":"226 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"226","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1993-03-01","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":325419,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325418,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.sfei.org/sites/default/files/biblio_files/1993_RMP_Annual_Report.pdf","text":"1993 Annual Report: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances","size":"2.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"1993 Annual Report: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.04962158203124,\n 38.22739287920163\n ],\n [\n -121.39617919921874,\n 38.302869955150044\n ],\n [\n -121.322021484375,\n 37.76854362092148\n ],\n [\n -121.92901611328125,\n 37.155938651244625\n ],\n [\n -122.48931884765626,\n 37.16469418870222\n ],\n [\n -123.04962158203124,\n 38.22739287920163\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578dfdace4b0f1bea0e0f80c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, B.","contributorId":13810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lacy, Jessica","contributorId":71277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacy","given":"Jessica","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hardin, Dane","contributorId":92898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardin","given":"Dane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grovhaug, Tom","contributorId":172974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grovhaug","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Taberski, K.","contributorId":80075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taberski","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jassby, Alan D.","contributorId":66403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Caffrey, J.","contributorId":147320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caffrey","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cole, B.","contributorId":36744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70174578,"text":"70174578 - 1993 - Organic carbon sources and sinks in San Francisco Bay: variability induced by river flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T07:23:40","indexId":"70174578","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-05T10:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic carbon sources and sinks in San Francisco Bay: variability induced by river flow","docAbstract":"The Rb-Sr whole rock and internal systematics of two EH3 chondrites, Qingzhen and Yamato 6901, and of one EL6 chondrite, Khairpur, were determined. Sulfides were separated using a stepwise dissolution technique. The mineral species in each fraction were estimated based on the chemical analyses of 12 major elements. The internal Rb-Sr systematics of the EH3 chondrites are highly disturbed. Fractions corresponding to sulfide phases show excess 87Sr, while other fractions corresponding to silicate phases produce a linear trend on a Rb-Sr evolution diagram. If these linear relations are interpreted as isochrons, the ages of the silicate phases are 2.12 ± 0.23 Ga and 2.05 ± 0.33 Ga with the initial Sr isotopic ratios of 0.7112 ± 0.0018 and 0.7089 ± 0.0032, for Qingzhen and Yamato 6901, respectively. The process of the isotopic disturbance probably involved the breakdown of the major K-bearing sulfide (djerfisherite), and a lack of isotopic exchange between sulfide and silicate phases indicates moderate temperatures of reheating. Although a complete Sr isotopic re-homogenization among silicate phases was not attained, we interpret the Rb-Sr results as indicative of a late thermal event about 2 Ga ago on the parent bodies of these EH3 chondrites. These ages agree well with previously published K-Ar ages. An older isochron age of 4.481 ± 0.036 Ga with a low initial Sr isotopic ratio of 0.69866 ± 0.00038 was obtained for the data from silicate fractions of Khairpur, indicating early petrological equilibration on the parent body of EL6 chondrites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1945-5100.1993.tb00275.x","issn":"00261114","usgsCitation":"Torigoye, N., and Shima, M., 1993, Evidence for a late thermal event of unequilibrated enstatite chondrites: a Rb-Sr study of Qingzhen and Yamato 6901 (EH3) and Khairpur (EL6): Meteoritics, v. 28, no. 4, p. 515-527, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.1993.tb00275.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"515","endPage":"527","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228734,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d2ee4b0c8380cd52e6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torigoye, N.","contributorId":88510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torigoye","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shima, M.","contributorId":57564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shima","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70038376,"text":"70038376 - 1993 - Digital Elevation Models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-02T10:22:01","indexId":"70038376","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T23:20:07","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":357,"text":"Data Users Guide","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"5","title":"Digital Elevation Models","docAbstract":"The Earth Science Information Center (ESIC) distributes digital cartographic/geographic data files produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the National Mapping Program. Digital cartographic data files may be grouped into four basic types. The first of these, called a Digital Line Graph (DLG), is the line map information in digital form. These data files include information on base data categories, such as transportation, hypsography, hydrography, and boundaries. The second type, called a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), consists of a sampled array of elevations for a number of ground positions at regularly spaced intervals. The third type is Land Use and Land Cover digital data which provides information on nine major classes of land use such as urban, agricultural, or forest as well as associated map data such as political units and Federal land ownership. The fourth type, the Geographic Names Information System, provides primary information for all known places, features, and areas in the United States identified by a proper name.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70038376","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, Digital Elevation Models: Data Users Guide 5, Document: iv, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70038376.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 53 p.","numberOfPages":"60","costCenters":[{"id":225,"text":"Earth Science Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":256877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":256876,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dug/0005/dug0005.pdf","text":"Report","size":"694 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Data Users Guide 5"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a011de4b0c8380cd4fad7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54799,"text":"wdrNJ922 - 1993 - Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 1992, Volume 2. Ground-Water Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-17T01:01:41","indexId":"wdrNJ922","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T14:46:41","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NJ-92-2","title":"Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 1992, Volume 2. Ground-Water Data","docAbstract":"Water Resources data for the 1992 water year for New Jersey consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. Volume 2 contains records of ground-water levels from 225 wells and water-quality analyses of ground water from 178 wells. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in New Jersey.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"West Trenton, NJ","doi":"10.3133/wdrNJ922","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy and with other agencies.","usgsCitation":"Bauersfeld, W., Jones, W., and Gurney, C., 1993, Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 1992, Volume 2. Ground-Water Data: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NJ-92-2, xiv, 186 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNJ922.","productDescription":"xiv, 186 p.","numberOfPages":"202","costCenters":[{"id":469,"text":"New Jersey Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":260416,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1992/nj-92-2/report.pdf"},{"id":260417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1992/nj-92-2/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.58333333333333,38.916666666666664 ], [ -75.58333333333333,41.35055555555556 ], [ -73.88416666666667,41.35055555555556 ], [ -73.88416666666667,38.916666666666664 ], [ -75.58333333333333,38.916666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc676e4b08c986b32bf93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauersfeld, W.R.","contributorId":72451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauersfeld","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, W.D.","contributorId":68384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gurney, C.E.","contributorId":90374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurney","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54798,"text":"wdrNJ921 - 1993 - Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 1992, Volume 1. Surface-Water Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-17T01:01:41","indexId":"wdrNJ921","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T14:38:20","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NJ-92-1","title":"Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 1992, Volume 1. Surface-Water Data","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1992 water year for New Jersey consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. This volume of the report contains discharge records for 99 gaging stations; tide summaries for 2 stations; stage and contents for 37 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 95 surface-water sites. Also included are data for 65 crest-stage partial-record stations, 13 tidal crest-stage gages, and 94 low-flow partial-record stations. Locations of these sites are shown on Figures 11 and 12. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program. Miscellaneous data were collected at 42 measuring sites and 9 water-quality sampling sites. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in New Jersey.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"West Trenton, NJ","doi":"10.3133/wdrNJ921","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy and with other agencies.","usgsCitation":"Bauersfeld, W., Moshinsky, E., and Gurney, C., 1993, Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 1992, Volume 1. Surface-Water Data: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NJ-92-1, xx, 507 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNJ921.","productDescription":"xx, 507 p.","numberOfPages":"530","costCenters":[{"id":469,"text":"New Jersey Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":260414,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1992/nj-92-1/report.pdf"},{"id":260415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1992/nj-92-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.58333333333333,38.916666666666664 ], [ -75.58333333333333,41.35055555555556 ], [ -73.88416666666667,41.35055555555556 ], [ -73.88416666666667,38.916666666666664 ], [ -75.58333333333333,38.916666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc676e4b08c986b32bf90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauersfeld, W.R.","contributorId":72451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauersfeld","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moshinsky, E.W.","contributorId":104972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moshinsky","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gurney, C.E.","contributorId":90374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurney","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039481,"text":"70039481 - 1993 - The United States Geological Survey: A vision for the 21st century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-08T01:02:14","indexId":"70039481","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T12:08:25","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":379,"text":"Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"The United States Geological Survey: A vision for the 21st century","docAbstract":"Leadership in Earth science for sustained global health, welfare, and prosperity. We envision a U.S. Geological Survey that is a global leader in relevant, innovative, and interdisciplinary Earth science. We shall conduct collaborative, impartial, multi-scale scientific investigations into the Earth's systems and conditions through a spectrum of basic to applied research on the environment, hazards, resources, and information management, all in support of present and future societal needs. We envision an organization that serves the public by sharing Earthscience data and information and by promoting its dissemination, understanding, and application. We shall be a flexible organization that values its employees and works in concert with them for attainment of both institutional and individual goals.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70039481","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, The United States Geological Survey: A vision for the 21st century: Report, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039481.","productDescription":"35 p.","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261616,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039481/report.pdf"},{"id":261617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039481/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba965e4b08c986b32223d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222877,"text":"5222877 - 1993 - Environmental contaminants in bald eagle eggs—1980–84—and further interpretations of relationships to productivity and shell thickness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-05T17:25:39.047379","indexId":"5222877","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:10","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental contaminants in bald eagle eggs—1980–84—and further interpretations of relationships to productivity and shell thickness","docAbstract":"Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) eggs were collected in 15 States in the United States in 1980–1984 and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and mercury. Data were compared and combined with data from earlier studies to examine trends and refine relationships of contaminants to shell thickness and young production. Moderate shell thinning occurred in eggs from several States. The frequency of occurrence of detectable residues of several contaminants declined during 1969–84. DDE concentrations declined significantly in Wisconsin, Maine, and the Chesapeake Bay region. Some other contaminant residues declined, but usually not significantly. During 1980–84, DDE, PCB, and mercury concentrations were highest in eggs from Maine, whereas most contaminant concentrations were lowest in eggs from Arizona. DDE was most closely related to shell thickness and young production at sampled breeding areas. Fifteen percent shell thinning was associated with 16 μg/g DDE (wet weight) for eggs collected early in incubation. Young production was normal when eggs at sampled breeding areas contained < 3.6 μg/g DDE (wet weight), was nearly halved between 3.6 to 6.3 μg/g, and halved again when concentrations exceeded 6.3 μg/g. Several other contaminants were also associated with poor reproduction and eggshell thinning; however, their impact appeared to be secondary to that of DDE and was probably related to their high correlation with DDE. Data relating contaminant concentrations to mean 5-year production are applicable only to breeding areas where eggs are collected after failure to hatch, because such breeding areas are not representative of all nesting bald eagles in a given population.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01141351","usgsCitation":"Wiemeyer, S.N., Bunck, C.M., and Stafford, C.J., 1993, Environmental contaminants in bald eagle eggs—1980–84—and further interpretations of relationships to productivity and shell thickness: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 24, no. 2, p. 213-227, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01141351.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"227","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196252,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dec2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiemeyer, Stanley N.","contributorId":78279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiemeyer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bunck, Christine M. cbunck@usgs.gov","contributorId":731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunck","given":"Christine","email":"cbunck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":337367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stafford, Charles J.","contributorId":65338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stafford","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222914,"text":"5222914 - 1993 - Efficiency and optimal allocation in the staggered entry design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:45","indexId":"5222914","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:09","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1282,"text":"Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Efficiency and optimal allocation in the staggered entry design","docAbstract":"The staggered entry design for survival analysis specifies that r left-truncated samples are to be used in estimation of a population survival function. The ith sample is taken at time Bi, from the subpopulation of individuals having survival time exceeding Bi. This paper investigates the performance of the staggered entry design relative to the usual design in which all samples have a common time origin. The staggered entry design is shown to be an attractive alternative, even when not necessitated by logistical constraints. The staggered entry design allows for increased precision in estimation of the right tail of the survival function, especially when some of the data may be censored. A trade-off between the range of values for which the increased precision occurs and the magnitude of the increased precision is demonstrated.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/03610929308831033","usgsCitation":"Link, W., 1993, Efficiency and optimal allocation in the staggered entry design: Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods, v. 22, no. 2, p. 485-503, https://doi.org/10.1080/03610929308831033.","productDescription":"485-503","startPage":"485","endPage":"503","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16468,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610929308831033","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":197392,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f63f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223682,"text":"5223682 - 1993 - Use of satellite telemetry for study of a gyrfalcon in Greenland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:33","indexId":"5223682","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:08","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of satellite telemetry for study of a gyrfalcon in Greenland","docAbstract":"Long-term research in Greenland has yielded 1 8 years of incidental sightings and 2 years of surveys and observations of gyrfalcons(Falco rusticolus) around Sondrestromfjord, Greenland. Gyrfalcons nest on cliffs along fjords and near rivers and lakes throughout our 2590 sq. km study area. Nestlings are present mid-June to July. In 1990, we marked one adult female gyrfalcon with a 65 g radio-transmitter to obtain location estimates via the ARGOS polar orbiting satellite system. The unit transmitted 8 hours/day every two days. We obtained 145 locations during 5 weeks of the nestling and fledgling stage of breeding. We collected 1-9 locations/day, with a mean of 4/day. We calculated home range estimates based on the Minimum Convex Polygon( MCP) and Harmonic Mean (HM methods and tested subsets of the data based on location quality and number of transmission hours per day. Home range estimated by MCP using higher quality locations was approximately 589 sq. km. Home range estimates were larger when lower-quality locations were included in the estimates. Estimates based on data collected for 4 hours/day were similar to those for 8 hours/day. In the future, it might be possible to extend battery life of the transmitters by reducing the number of transmission hours/day. A longer-lived transmitter could provide information on movements and home ranges throughout the year.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Abstracts of presentations made at the annual meeting of the Raptor Research Foundation, Inc., held at Bellevue, Washington, on 11-15 November 1992","usgsCitation":"Klugman, S., Fuller, M., Howey, P., Yates, M., Oar, J., Seegar, J., Seegar, W., Mattox, G., and Maechtle, T., 1993, Use of satellite telemetry for study of a gyrfalcon in Greenland: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 27, no. 1, p. 75-76(abs).","productDescription":"75-76 (abstract)","startPage":"75","endPage":"76(abs)","numberOfPages":"-74","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16432,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/jrr/v027n01/p00053-p00096.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":202269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6857ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klugman, S.S.","contributorId":69667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klugman","given":"S.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, M.R.","contributorId":71278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howey, P.W.","contributorId":38257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howey","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yates, M.A.","contributorId":79593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oar, J.J.","contributorId":70879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oar","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Seegar, J.M.","contributorId":11314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seegar","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Seegar, W.S.","contributorId":11301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seegar","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mattox, G.M.","contributorId":59155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattox","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Maechtle, T.L.","contributorId":62185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maechtle","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":5222806,"text":"5222806 - 1993 - Optimal allocation of point-count sampling effort","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T09:32:33","indexId":"5222806","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:08","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimal allocation of point-count sampling effort","docAbstract":"Both unlimited and fixed-radius point counts only provide indices to population size. Because longer count durations lead to counting a higher proportion of individuals at the point, proper design of these surveys must incorporate both count duration and sampling characteristics of population size. Using information about the relationship between proportion of individuals detected at a point and count duration, we present a method of optimizing a point-count survey given a fixed total time for surveying and travelling between count points. The optimization can be based on several quantities that measure precision, accuracy, or power of tests based on counts, including (1) mean-square error of estimated population change; (2) mean-square error of average count; (3) maximum expected total count; or (4) power of a test for differences in average counts. Optimal solutions depend on a function that relates count duration at a point to the proportion of animals detected. We model this function using exponential and Weibull distributions, and use numerical techniques to conduct the optimization. We provide an example of the procedure in which the function is estimated from data of cumulative number of individual birds seen for different count durations for three species of Hawaiian forest birds. In the example, optimal count duration at a point can differ greatly depending on the quantities that are optimized. Optimization of the mean-square error or of tests based on average counts generally requires longer count durations than does estimation of population change. A clear formulation of the goals of the study is a critical step in the optimization process.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4088630","usgsCitation":"Barker, R., Sauer, J.R., and Link, W., 1993, Optimal allocation of point-count sampling effort: The Auk, v. 110, no. 4, p. 752-758, https://doi.org/10.2307/4088630.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"752","endPage":"758","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479413,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4088630","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":197989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d0e4b07f02db5466df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, Richard J.","contributorId":6987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Richard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, John R. jrsauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":138949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Link, William A. wlink@usgs.gov","contributorId":145491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William A.","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222686,"text":"5222686 - 1993 - Down-regulation of muscarinic receptors and the m3 subtype in white-footed mice by dietary exposure to parathion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T15:13:23","indexId":"5222686","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2480,"text":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Down-regulation of muscarinic receptors and the m3 subtype in white-footed mice by dietary exposure to parathion","docAbstract":"The effect of ad libitum dietary exposure (as occurs in the field) to parathion for 14 d was investigated on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) in brains and submaxillary glands of adults of a field species, the white-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus. Immunoprecipitation using subtype selective antibodies revealed that the relative ratios of the m1-m5 mAChR subtypes in Peromyscus brain were similar to those in rat brain. There was little variability in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in control mice brains but large variability in 39 exposed mice, resulting from differences in food ingestion and parathion metabolism. Accordingly, data on radioligand binding to mAChRs in each mouse brain were correlated with brain AChE activity in the same mouse, and AChE inhibition served as a biomarker of exposure reflecting in situ paraoxon concentrations. Exposure to parathion for 14 d reduced maximal binding (Bmax) of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB), [3H]-N-methylscopolamine ([3H]NMS), and [3H]-4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide ([3H]-4-DAMP) by up to approximately 58% without affecting receptor affinities for these ligands. Maximal reduction in Bmax of [3H]QNB and [3H]-4-DAMP binding occurred in mice with highest AChE inhibition, while equivalent maximal reduction in Bmax of [3H]NMS occurred in mice with only approximately 10% AChE inhibition, without further change at higher parathion doses. This is believed to be due to the hydrophilicity of [3H]NMS, which limits its accessibility to internalized desensitized receptors. In submaxillary glands (mAChRs are predominantly m3 subtype), there were significant dose-dependent reductions in [3H]QNB binding and m3 mRNA levels in exposed mice, revealed by Northern blot analyses. The reduction in m3 receptors is suggested to result mostly from reduced synthesis at the transcription level, rather than from translational or posttranslational events. The data suggest that down-regulation of mAChRs occurs after dietary exposure for 14 d to sublethal concentrations of parathion in a field rodent species, and that significant though incomplete recovery in AChE and mAChRs occurs in 7 d following termination of exposure.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/15287399309531760","usgsCitation":"Jett, D.A., Hill, E.F., Fernando, J., Eldefrawi, M., and Eldefrawi, A., 1993, Down-regulation of muscarinic receptors and the m3 subtype in white-footed mice by dietary exposure to parathion: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, v. 39, no. 3, p. 395-415, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287399309531760.","productDescription":"395-415","startPage":"395","endPage":"415","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269444,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287399309531760"},{"id":193794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db63602b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jett, David A.","contributorId":66366,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jett","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, E. F.","contributorId":14362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fernando, J.C.","contributorId":65183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernando","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eldefrawi, M.E.","contributorId":81204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eldefrawi","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eldefrawi, A.T.","contributorId":63111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eldefrawi","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018401,"text":"70018401 - 1993 - Turbidite systems: State of the art and future directions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T16:17:52.788405","indexId":"70018401","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Turbidite systems: State of the art and future directions","docAbstract":"The study of turbidite systems covering a wide range of physical scales has led to confus ion regarding the use of certain key terms and hence a breakdown in communication between workers involved in turbidite research. There are three fundamentally different scales and types of observations derived from the study of outcrop data (ancient systems), high-resolution seismic reflection and side scan sonar data (modern systems), and multichannel seismic reflection data (modern and older buried systems). Despite the variability of scale the same terms are used to describe features that may have little in common. Consequently, turbidite system terminology has become imprecise and even misleading in some cases, thus providing impediments to developing useful predictive models for processes, depositional environments, and lateral and vertical distribution of sand bodies within turbidite systems. To address this concern, we review the principal elements critical to deepwater systems: slump scars, submarine canyons, channels, channel fill deposits, overbank deposits, and lobes and discuss some of their recognition criteria with each different type of data base. Local and regional tectonic setting, relative sea level variations, and bottom current activity are probably the main factors that control size, external geometry, internal stratal configuration, and facies characteristics of both modern and ancient turbidite systems. These factors ultimately control the timing and bounding characteristics between stages of growth of deepwater systems. If comparison of elements from different turbidite deposits using various data types is carried out at similar physical and temporal scales, predictive models eventually may be improved.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93RG02832","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Normark, W.R., Posamentier, H., and Mutti, E., 1993, Turbidite systems: State of the art and future directions: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 31, no. 2, p. 91-116, https://doi.org/10.1029/93RG02832.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"116","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227558,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb8ede4b08c986b327b21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Normark, W. R.","contributorId":87137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Posamentier, H.","contributorId":61585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Posamentier","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mutti, E.","contributorId":86088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mutti","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5230236,"text":"5230236 - 1993 - Habitat suitability index model for brook trout in streams of the Southern Blue Ridge Province: Surrogate variables, model evaluation, and suggested improvements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T16:19:33","indexId":"5230236","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8,"text":"Biological Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"No. 18","title":"Habitat suitability index model for brook trout in streams of the Southern Blue Ridge Province: Surrogate variables, model evaluation, and suggested improvements","docAbstract":"Data from several sources were collated and analyzed by correlation, regression, and principal components analysis to define surrrogate variables for use in the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) habitat suitability index (HSI) model, and to evaluate the applicability of the model for assessing habitat in high elevation streams of the southern Blue Ridge Province (SBRP). In all data sets examined, pH and alkalinity were highly correlated, and both declined with increasing elevation; however, the magnitude of the decline varied with underlying rock formations and other factors, thereby restricting the utility of elevation as a surrogate for pH. In the data sets that contained biological information, brook trout abundance (as biomass, density, or both) tended to increase with elevation and decrease with the abundance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and was not significantly correlated (P >0.05) with the abundance of most benthic macroinvertebrate taxa normally construed as important in the diet of brook trout. Using multiple linear regression, the authors formulated an alternative HSI model A? based on point estimates of gradient, pH, elevation, stream width, and rainbow trout density A? which explained 40 to 50 percent of the variance in brook trout density in 256 stream reaches. Although logically developed, the present U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service HSI model, proposed in 1982, seems deficient in several areas, especially when applied to SBRP streams. The authors recommend that the water quality component in the model be updated and reevaluated, focusing on the differential sensitivities of each life stage, the stochastic nature of the water quality variables, and the possible existence of habitat requirements that differ among brook trout strains.","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Schmitt, C., Lemly, A., and Winger, P.V., 1993, Habitat suitability index model for brook trout in streams of the Southern Blue Ridge Province: Surrogate variables, model evaluation, and suggested improvements: Biological Report No. 18, iii, 43 p.","productDescription":"iii, 43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db64862c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmitt, C. J. 0000-0001-6804-2360","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-2360","contributorId":56339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lemly, A.D.","contributorId":40323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemly","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winger, P. V.","contributorId":43075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winger","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5210891,"text":"5210891 - 1993 - Sampling bird communities in bottomland hardwood forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley: Number of points visited versus number of visits to a point","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:28","indexId":"5210891","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Sampling bird communities in bottomland hardwood forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley: Number of points visited versus number of visits to a point","docAbstract":"Within each of 4 forest stands on Delta Experimental Forest (DEF), 25 points were visited 5 to 7 times from 8 May to 21 May 1991, and 6 times from 30 May to 12 June 1992. During each visit to a point, all birds detected, visuallyor aurally, at any distance were recorded during a 4-minute interval. Using these data, our objectives were to recommend the number of point counts and the number of visits to a point which provide the greatest efficiency for estimating the cumulative number of species in bottomland hardwood forest stands within the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, and to ascertain if increasing the number of visits to points is equivalent to adding more points. Because the total number of species detected in DEF were different between years, 39 species in 1991 and 55 species in 1992, we considered each year independently. Within each stand, we obtained bootstrap estimates of the mean cumulative number of species obtained from all possible combinations of six points and six visits (i.e., 36 means/stand). These bootstrap estimates were subjected to ANOVA; we modelled cumulative number of species as a function of the number of points visited, the number of visits to each point, and their interaction. As part of the same ANOVA we made an a priori, simultaneous comparison of the 15 possible reciprocal treatments (i.e., 1 point-2 visits vs. 2 points-1 visit, etc.). Results of analyses for each year were similar. Although no interaction was detected between the number of points and the number of visits, when reciprocals were compared, more points visited yielded significantly greater cumulative number of species than more visits to each point. Significant differences were detected among both the number of points visited and among the number of visits to a point. Scheffe's test of differences among means indicated that the cumulative number of species increased significantly with each added point, through five points, but six points did not differ from five points in 1991. Similarly, the cumulative number of species increased significantlywith each revisit, up to four visits, but four visits did not differ significantly from five visits. Starting with one point, which yielded about 33 percent of the total species pool when averaged among one through six points, each subsequent point resulted in an increase of about 9 percent, 5 percent, 3 percent, and 3 percent, respectively. Each sequential increase in the number of visits, however, only resulted in increases of 7 percent, 4 percent, 2 percent, and 2 percent of the total species pool.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fourth meeting of the Southeast Management Working Group Partners in Flight","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"New Orleans, LA","collaboration":"OCLC 34795517 Held Nov. 12-14 : Memphis, Tenn.","usgsCitation":"Twedt, D., Smith, W., Cooper, R., Ford, R., Hamel, P., and Wiedenfeld, D., 1993, Sampling bird communities in bottomland hardwood forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley: Number of points visited versus number of visits to a point, chap. of Fourth meeting of the Southeast Management Working Group Partners in Flight.","productDescription":"20","startPage":"16 (abs)","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa2b2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Smith, Winston Paul","contributorId":112384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Winston","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507278,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Twedt, D.J. 0000-0003-1223-5045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":105009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, W.P.","contributorId":97217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooper, R.J.","contributorId":89077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ford, R.P.","contributorId":30325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hamel, P.B.","contributorId":88444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamel","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wiedenfeld, D.A.","contributorId":25518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiedenfeld","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5210890,"text":"5210890 - 1993 - Species richness and relative abundance of breeding birds in forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:28","indexId":"5210890","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Species richness and relative abundance of breeding birds in forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","docAbstract":"In 1992, the Vicksburg Field Research Station of the National Wetlands Research Center initiated research on the ecology of migratory birds within forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV). The MAV was historically a nearly contiguous bottomland hardwood forest, however, only remnants remain. These remnants are fragmented and often influenced by drainage projects, silviculture, agriculture, and urban development. Our objectives are to assess species richness and relative abundance, and to relate these to the size, quality, and composition of forest stands. Species richness and relative abundance were estimated for 53 randomly selected forest sites using 1 to 8 point counts per site, depending on the size of the forest fragment. However, statistical comparisons among sites will be restricted to an equal number ofpoint counts within the sites being compared. Point counts, lasting five minutes, were conducted from 11 May to 29 June 1992, foltowing Ralph, Sauer, and Droege (Point Count Standards; memo dated 9 March 1992). Vegetation was measured at the first three points on each site using a modification of the methods employed by Martin and Roper (Condor 90: 5 1-57; 1988). During 252 counts, 7 1 species were encountered, but only 62 species were encountered within a 50-m radius of point center. The mean number of species encountered within 50 m of a point, was 7.3 (s.d. = 2.7) and the mean number of individuals was 11.2 (s.d. = 4.2). The mean number of species detected at any distance was 9.6 (s.d, = 2.8) and the mean number of individuals was 15.6 (s.d. = 7.9). The most frequently encountered warblers in the MAV were Prothonotary Warbler and Northern Parula. Rarely encountered warblers were American Redstart and Worm-eating Warbler. The genera, Quercus, Ulmus, Carya, and Celtis were each encountered at 80 or more of the 152 points at which vegetation was sampled. Species most frequentlyencountered were: sugarberry (Celtis laevagata), water hickory (Caqa aquatica), American elm (Ulmus arnericana), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) and willow oak (Quercus phellos) The mean basal area of all trees 10 cm diameter-at-breast height (dbh) was 28 m2 /ha (range 7-70). The mean canopy cover was 87 percent, mean canopy height was 20 m, ground cover was 60 percent, and vegetation density (2-7 m) was 47 percent. The most frequently encountered understory species were sugarberry, ash (Fraxinus spp.), maple (Acer spp.), and elm (Ulnrus spp.). A cooperative GIs effort among the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Nature Conservancy, and the University of Arkansas is currently classifying forested habitats within the MAV. This effort will provide information on stand size and topology which will be used in concert with our current data, and data from visits to additional forest stands in 1993, to assess the relationship between the size, quatity, and composition of forests within the MAV and their breeding bird community.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fourth meeting of the Southeast Management Working Group Partners in Flight","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"New Orleans, LA.","collaboration":"OCLC 34795517. Held Nov. 12-14 : Memphis, Tenn.","usgsCitation":"Nelms, C., and Twedt, D., 1993, Species richness and relative abundance of breeding birds in forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, chap. of Fourth meeting of the Southeast Management Working Group Partners in Flight.","productDescription":"20","startPage":"17 (abs)","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4e3c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Smith, Winston Paul","contributorId":112384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Winston","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507277,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Nelms, C.O.","contributorId":41554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelms","given":"C.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Twedt, D.J. 0000-0003-1223-5045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":105009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210628,"text":"5210628 - 1993 - Survival rate estimation in the presence of tag loss using joint analysis of capture-recapture and resighting data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:17","indexId":"5210628","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Survival rate estimation in the presence of tag loss using joint analysis of capture-recapture and resighting data","docAbstract":"Studies using resightings of marked birds typically make use of readily-observable tags that are not retained as well as metal legbands. We review methods for estimating survival rate with open capture-recapture / resighting models when tag loss is not negligible. All methods rely on data from double-banding studies, usually carried out as part of the resighting study by application of metal legbands to all birds marked with alternative markers. When tag loss is homogeneous, the methods of Arnason and Mills (1981) and Pollock (1981) can be used. When rates of tag loss depend on time since marking, then a cohort approach can be used and is similar to the methods appropriate for homogeneous tag loss. In addition, Kremers (1987) and Nichols et al. (1992) developed models for the joint analysis of recapture and resighting data in the presence of tag loss. We emphasize the importance of obtaining recapture data in observation-based studies in which tag loss is likely to be a problem. We discuss the allocation of effort to recaptures and resightings for such studies.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marked Individuals in the Study of Bird Population","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Birkhauser Verlag","publisherLocation":"Basel, Switzerland and Boston","collaboration":"OCLC: 27769889","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., and Hines, J., 1993, Survival rate estimation in the presence of tag loss using joint analysis of capture-recapture and resighting data, chap. of Marked Individuals in the Study of Bird Population, p. 229-243.","productDescription":"xviii, 397","startPage":"229","endPage":"243","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200634,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688114","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lebreton, J.-D.","contributorId":113627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lebreton","given":"J.-D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506825,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"North, P.M.","contributorId":35852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"North","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506824,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":328866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210546,"text":"5210546 - 1993 - Population trends of quails in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5210546","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Population trends of quails in North America","docAbstract":"We used North American Breeding Bird Survey data (1966-91) to estimate distribution, relative abundance, and populatiori trends of quails. Population trends in grassland/shrub birds sympatric with northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) were also examined. Northern bobwhite and scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) populations have declined since 1966. Rates of decline for these quails have increased during the past decade. California quail (C. californica), Gambel's quail (C. gambeliI), and mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus) populations have been stable over the long-term (1966-91). However, the short-term (1982-91) trend for California quail is positive, whereas Gambel's quail appear to be declining. Patterns in trends indicate similar factors may be negatively affecting breeding populations of grassland/shrub birds throughout the bobwhite's range. We discuss plausible hypotheses to explain population trends and recommend future action.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quail III: National Quail Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks","publisherLocation":"Pratt, Kansas","collaboration":"OCLC 30591535.","usgsCitation":"Church, K., Sauer, J., and Droege, S., 1993, Population trends of quails in North America, chap. of Quail III: National Quail Symposium, p. 44-54.","productDescription":"xii, 202","startPage":"44","endPage":"54","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685bc9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Church, K.E.","contributorId":46660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506654,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Daley, T.V.","contributorId":112602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daley","given":"T.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506655,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Church, K.E.","contributorId":46660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Droege, Sam 0000-0003-4393-0403","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-0403","contributorId":64185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droege","given":"Sam","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":328666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}