The system dynamics model described in this report is the result of a collaboration between U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists and National Park Service (NPS) San Francisco Bay Area Network (SFAN) staff, whose goal was to develop a methodology to integrate inventory and monitoring data to better understand ecosystem dynamics and trends using salmon in Olema Creek, Marin County, California, as an example case. The SFAN began monitoring multiple life stages of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Olema Creek during 2003 (Carlisle and others, 2013), building on previous monitoring of spawning fish and redds. They initiated water-quality and habitat monitoring, and had access to flow and weather data from other sources.
\nThis system dynamics model of the freshwater portion of the coho salmon life cycle in Olema Creek integrated 8 years of existing monitoring data, literature values, and expert opinion to investigate potential factors limiting survival and production, identify data gaps, and improve monitoring and restoration prescriptions. A system dynamics model is particularly effective when (1) data are insufficient in time series length and/or measured parameters for a statistical or mechanistic model, and (2) the model must be easily accessible by users who are not modelers. These characteristics helped us meet the following overarching goals for this model:
\nSummarize and synthesize NPS monitoring data with data and information from other sources to describe factors and processes affecting freshwater survival of coho salmon in Olema Creek.
\nProvide a model that can be easily manipulated to experiment with alternative values of model parameters and novel scenarios of environmental drivers.
\nAlthough the model describes the ecological dynamics of Olema Creek, these dynamics are structurally similar to numerous other coastal streams along the California coast that also contain anadromous fish populations. The model developed for Olema can be used, at least as a starting point, for other watersheds. This report describes each of the model elements with sufficient detail to guide the primary target audience, the NPS resource specialist, to run the model, interpret the results, change the input data to explore hypotheses, and ultimately modify and improve the model. Running the model and interpreting the results does not require modeling expertise on the part of the user. Additional companion publications will highlight other aspects of the model, such as its development, the rationale behind the methodological approach, scenario testing, and discussions of its use.
\nSystem dynamics models consist of three basic elements: stocks, flows, and converters. Stocks are measurable quantities that can change over time, such as animal populations. Flows are any processes or conditions that change the quantity in a stock over time (Ford, 1999), are expressed in the model as a rate of change, and are diagrammed as arrows to or from stocks. Converters are processes or conditions that change the rate of flows. A converter is connected to a flow with an arrow indicating that it alters the rate of change. Anything that influences the rate of change (such as different environmental conditions, other external factors, or feedbacks from other stocks or flows) is modeled as a converter. For example, the number of fish in a population is appropriately modeled as a stock. Mortality is modeled as a flow because it is a rate of change over time used to determine the number of fish in the population. The density-dependent effect on mortality is modeled as a converter because it influences the rate of morality. Together, the flow and converter change the number, or stock, of juvenile coho. The instructions embedded in the stocks, flows, converters, and the sequence in which they are linked are processed by the simulation software with each completed sequence composing a model run. At each modeled time step within the model run, the stock counts will go up, down, or stay the same based on the modeled flows and the influence of converters on those flows.
\nThe model includes a user-friendly interface to change model parameters, which allows park staff and others to conduct sensitivity analyses, incorporate future knowledge, and implement scenarios for various future conditions. The model structure incorporates place holders for relationships that we hypothesize are significant but data are currently lacking. Future climate scenarios project stream temperatures higher than any that have ever been recorded at Olema Creek. Exploring climate change impacts on coho survival is a high priority for park staff, therefore the model provides the user with the option to experiment with hypothesized effects and to incorporate effects based on future observations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141131","issn":"2331-1258","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Woodward, A., Torregrosa, A.A., Madej, M.A., Reichmuth, M., and Fong, D., 2014, Users' guide to system dynamics model describing Coho salmon survival in Olema Creek, Point Reyes National Seashore, Marin County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1131, Report: iv, 58 p.; Olema Creek system dynamic simulation model; Input file, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141131.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 58 p.; Olema Creek system dynamic simulation model; Input file","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052935","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289408,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141131.jpg"},{"id":289404,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1131/"},{"id":289406,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1131/downloads/ofr2014-1131_Olema-Stella10.zip"},{"id":289405,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1131/pdf/ofr2014-1131.pdf"},{"id":289407,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1131/downloads/ofr2014-1131_Olema-Stella-Input.xlsx"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Marin County","otherGeospatial":"Olema Creek;Point Reyes National Seashore","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.028633,37.896415 ], [ -123.028633,38.244664 ], [ -122.701214,38.244664 ], [ -122.701214,37.896415 ], [ -123.028633,37.896415 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b27ee4b0388651d91989","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, Andrea 0000-0003-0604-9115 awoodward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0604-9115","contributorId":3028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Andrea","email":"awoodward@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Torregrosa, Alicia A. 0000-0001-7361-2241 atorregrosa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7361-2241","contributorId":3471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torregrosa","given":"Alicia","email":"atorregrosa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Madej, Mary Ann 0000-0003-2831-3773 mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2831-3773","contributorId":40304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madej","given":"Mary","email":"mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reichmuth, Michael","contributorId":97429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichmuth","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fong, Darren","contributorId":17715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"Darren","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70115377,"text":"70115377 - 2014 - Large-scale climate variation modifies the winter grouping behavior of endangered Indiana bats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-02T15:00:49","indexId":"70115377","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-02T14:56:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale climate variation modifies the winter grouping behavior of endangered Indiana bats","docAbstract":"Power laws describe the functional relationship between 2 quantities, such as the frequency of a group as the multiplicative power of group size. We examined whether the annual size of well-surveyed wintering populations of endangered Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) followed a power law, and then leveraged this relationship to predict whether the aggregation of Indiana bats in winter was influenced by global climate processes. We determined that Indiana bat wintering populations were distributed according to a power law (mean scaling coefficient α = −0.44 [95% confidence interval {95% CI} = −0.61, −0.28). The antilog of these annual scaling coefficients ranged between 0.67 and 0.81, coincident with the three-fourths power found in many other biological phenomena. We associated temporal patterns in the annual (1983–2011) scaling coefficient with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index in August (βNAOAugust = −0.017 [90% CI = −0.032, −0.002]), when Indiana bats are deciding when and where to hibernate. After accounting for the strong effect of philopatry to habitual wintering locations, Indiana bats aggregated in larger wintering populations during periods of severe winter and in smaller populations in milder winters. The association with August values of the NAO indicates that bats anticipate future winter weather conditions when deciding where to roost, a heretofore unrecognized role for prehibernation swarming behavior. Future research is needed to understand whether the three-fourths–scaling patterns we observed are related to scaling in metabolism.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","doi":"10.1644/13-MAMM-A-098","usgsCitation":"Thogmartin, W.E., and McKann, P., 2014, Large-scale climate variation modifies the winter grouping behavior of endangered Indiana bats: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 95, no. 1, p. 117-127, https://doi.org/10.1644/13-MAMM-A-098.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"127","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-041967","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289403,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289391,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1644/13-MAMM-A-098"}],"volume":"95","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-02-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b195e4b0388651d917e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thogmartin, Wayne E. 0000-0002-2384-4279 wthogmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":2545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"Wayne","email":"wthogmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKann, Patrick C.","contributorId":14940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKann","given":"Patrick C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70104302,"text":"fs20143049 - 2014 - Birds of a feather","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-03T08:35:32","indexId":"fs20143049","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-02T14:25:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-3049","title":"Birds of a feather","docAbstract":"Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasiunus, hereafter sage-grouse) are broadly distributed, occupy a diversity of sagebrush habitats, and face multiple threats. As a result of these threats, sage-grouse populations are declining and are now absent from almost one-half of their estimated range prior to Euro-American settlement. The risks to sage-grouse are significant enough to merit candidate status for this species for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (Federal Register Notice, March 5, 2010). According to this decision by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 2010, population and habitat fragmentation coupled with lack of regulatory mechanisms warranted listing, although implementation of actions has been precluded by other priorities.
\nCandidate status for listing under the Endangered Species Act and possible regulatory action in the near future provide strong motivation to better understand the dynamics of sage-grouse populations and their habitat requirements. The general approach currently taken by managers focuses on maintaining or enhancing sage-grouse populations across their distribution in regions containing the highest densities of breeding birds and their important seasonal habitats, also known as priority areas for conservation (PACs). The rationale behind this approach is that it permits limited resources to be applied in regions that have the greatest potential to benefit the largest proportion of sage-grouse. Development and other forms of land use can then proceed under standard regulations in areas outside PACs. Implementation of this approach requires detailed information about habitat, connections among sage-grouse populations, and approaches to restore and maintain sagebrush. These are important topics of study by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and its research partners.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20143049","usgsCitation":"Knick, S.T., and Gondhaleker, C., 2014, Birds of a feather: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3049, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143049.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053797","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289398,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20143049.JPG"},{"id":289396,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3049/"},{"id":289397,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3049/pdf/fs2014-3049.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Idaho;Nevada;Oregon;Utah;Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.08,36.93 ], [ -120.08,49.04 ], [ -109.0,49.04 ], [ -109.0,36.93 ], [ -120.08,36.93 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b67b69e4b014fc094d545c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knick, Steven T. 0000-0003-4025-1704 steve_knick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-1704","contributorId":159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knick","given":"Steven","email":"steve_knick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gondhaleker, Carmen","contributorId":107613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gondhaleker","given":"Carmen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70111684,"text":"sir20145104 - 2014 - Scaling up watershed model parameters: flow and load simulations of the Edisto River Basin, South Carolina, 2007-09","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-06T12:41:18","indexId":"sir20145104","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-02T13:20:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5104","title":"Scaling up watershed model parameters: flow and load simulations of the Edisto River Basin, South Carolina, 2007-09","docAbstract":"As part of an ongoing effort by the U.S. Geological Survey to expand the understanding of relations among hydrologic, geochemical, and ecological processes that affect fish-tissue mercury concentrations within the Edisto River Basin, analyses and simulations of the hydrology of the Edisto River Basin were made using the topography-based hydrological model (TOPMODEL). A primary focus of the investigation was to assess the potential for scaling up a previous application of TOPMODEL for the McTier Creek watershed, which is a small headwater catchment to the Edisto River Basin. Scaling up was done in a step-wise manner, beginning with applying the calibration parameters, meteorological data, and topographic-wetness-index data from the McTier Creek TOPMODEL to the Edisto River TOPMODEL. Additional changes were made for subsequent simulations, culminating in the best simulation, which included meteorological and topographic wetness index data from the Edisto River Basin and updated calibration parameters for some of the TOPMODEL calibration parameters. The scaling-up process resulted in nine simulations being made. Simulation 7 best matched the streamflows at station 02175000, Edisto River near Givhans, SC, which was the downstream limit for the TOPMODEL setup, and was obtained by adjusting the scaling factor, including streamflow routing, and using NEXRAD precipitation data for the Edisto River Basin. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of model-fit efficiency and Pearson’s correlation coefficient for simulation 7 were 0.78 and 0.89, respectively. Comparison of goodness-of-fit statistics between measured and simulated daily mean streamflow for the McTier Creek and Edisto River models showed that with calibration, the Edisto River TOPMODEL produced slightly better results than the McTier Creek model, despite the substantial difference in the drainage-area size at the outlet locations for the two models (30.7 and 2,725 square miles, respectively).
\nAlong with the TOPMODEL hydrologic simulations, a visualization tool (the Edisto River Data Viewer) was developed to help assess trends and influencing variable in the stream ecosystem. Incorporated into the visualization tool were the water-quality load models TOPLOAD, TOPLOAD–H, and LOADEST. Because the focus of this investigation was on scaling up the models from McTier Creek, water-quality concentrations that were previously collected in the McTier Creek Basin were used in the water-quality load models.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145104","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Feaster, T., Benedict, S., Clark, J.M., Bradley, P.M., and Conrads, P., 2014, Scaling up watershed model parameters: flow and load simulations of the Edisto River Basin, South Carolina, 2007-09: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5104, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145104.","productDescription":"34 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-052559","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289389,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145104.jpg"},{"id":289387,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5104/"},{"id":289388,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5104/pdf/sir2014-5104.pdf"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Edisto River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.0,32.25 ], [ -82.0,34.0 ], [ -80.0,34.0 ], [ -80.0,32.25 ], [ -82.0,32.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b20ae4b0388651d918c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feaster, Toby D. 0000-0002-5626-5011 tfeaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5626-5011","contributorId":1109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feaster","given":"Toby D.","email":"tfeaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benedict, Stephen T. benedict@usgs.gov","contributorId":3198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benedict","given":"Stephen T.","email":"benedict@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, Jimmy M. 0000-0002-3138-5738 jmclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3138-5738","contributorId":4773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Jimmy","email":"jmclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70111685,"text":"ofr20141113 - 2014 - Low-flow frequency and flow duration of selected South Carolina streams in the Catawba-Wateree and Santee River Basins through March 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T16:48:23","indexId":"ofr20141113","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-02T12:06:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1113","title":"Low-flow frequency and flow duration of selected South Carolina streams in the Catawba-Wateree and Santee River Basins through March 2012","docAbstract":"Part of the mission of both the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control and the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources is to protect and preserve South Carolina’s water resources. Doing so requires an ongoing understanding of streamflow characteristics of the rivers and streams in South Carolina. A particular need is information concerning the low-flow characteristics of streams, which is especially important for effectively managing the State’s water resources during critical flow periods, such as during the historic droughts that South Carolina has experienced in the past few decades.
\nIn 2008, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, initiated a study to update low-flow statistics at continuous-record streamgaging stations operated by the U.S. Geological Survey in South Carolina. This report presents the low-flow statistics for 11 selected streamgaging stations in the Catawba-Wateree and Santee River Basins in South Carolina and 2 in North Carolina. For five of the streamgaging stations, low-flow statistics include daily mean flow durations or the 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 75-, 90-, and 95-percent probability of exceedance and the annual minimum 1-, 3-, 7-, 14-, 30-, 60-, and 90-day mean flows with recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 years, depending on the length of record available at the streamgaging station. For the other eight streamgaging stations, only daily mean flow durations and (or) exceedance percentiles of annual minimum 7-day average flows are provided due to regulation. In either case, the low-flow statistics were computed from records available through March 31, 2012.
\nOf the five streamgaging stations for which recurrence interval computations were made, three streamgaging stations in South Carolina were compared to low-flow statistics that were published in previous U.S. Geological Survey reports. A comparison of the low-flow statistics for the annual minimum 7-day average streamflow with a 10-year recurrence interval (7Q10) from this study with the most recently published values indicated that two of the streamgaging stations had values lower than the previous values and the 7Q10 for the third station remained unchanged at zero. Low-flow statistics are influenced by length of record, hydrologic regime under which the data were collected, analytical techniques used, and other factors, such as urbanization, diversions, and droughts that may have occurred in the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141113","issn":"2331-1258","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control","usgsCitation":"Feaster, T., and Guimaraes, W.B., 2014, Low-flow frequency and flow duration of selected South Carolina streams in the Catawba-Wateree and Santee River Basins through March 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1113, vi, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141113.","productDescription":"vi, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalEnd":"2012-03-31","ipdsId":"IP-054453","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289382,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141113.jpg"},{"id":289380,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b19ce4b0388651d917f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feaster, Toby D. 0000-0002-5626-5011 tfeaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5626-5011","contributorId":1109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feaster","given":"Toby D.","email":"tfeaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guimaraes, Wladmir B. wbguimar@usgs.gov","contributorId":3818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guimaraes","given":"Wladmir","email":"wbguimar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70115359,"text":"70115359 - 2014 - Prioritizing bird conservation actions in the Prairie Hardwood transition of the Midwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-02T11:43:06","indexId":"70115359","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-02T11:38:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prioritizing bird conservation actions in the Prairie Hardwood transition of the Midwestern United States","docAbstract":"Large-scale planning for the conservation of species is often hindered by a poor understanding of factors limiting populations. In regions with declining wildlife populations, it is critical that objective metrics of conservation success are developed to ensure that conservation actions achieve desired results. Using spatially explicit estimates of bird abundance, we evaluated several management alternatives for conserving bird populations in the Prairie Hardwood Transition of the United States. We designed landscapes conserving species at 50% of their current predicted abundance as well as landscapes attempting to achieve species population targets (which often required the doubling of current abundance). Conserving species at reduced (half of current) abundance led to few conservation conflicts. However, because of extensive modification of the landscape to suit human use, strategies for achieving regional population targets for forest bird species would be difficult under even ideal circumstances, and even more so if maintenance of grassland bird populations is also desired. Our results indicated that large-scale restoration of agricultural lands to native grassland and forest habitats may be the most productive conservation action for increasing bird population sizes but the level of landscape transition required to approach target bird population sizes may be societally unacceptable.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2014.06.002","usgsCitation":"Thogmartin, W.E., Crimmins, S.M., and Pearce, J., 2014, Prioritizing bird conservation actions in the Prairie Hardwood transition of the Midwestern United States: Biological Conservation, v. 176, p. 212-223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.06.002.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"212","endPage":"223","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-056319","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289375,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289364,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.06.002"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois;Indiana;Iowa;Michigan;Minnesota;Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.24,40.51 ], [ -97.24,49.38 ], [ -82.35,49.38 ], [ -82.35,40.51 ], [ -97.24,40.51 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"176","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b1f0e4b0388651d9187a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thogmartin, Wayne E. 0000-0002-2384-4279 wthogmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":2545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"Wayne","email":"wthogmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crimmins, Shawn M. 0000-0001-6229-5543 scrimmins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6229-5543","contributorId":5498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crimmins","given":"Shawn","email":"scrimmins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pearce, Jennie","contributorId":19878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"Jennie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70115224,"text":"70115224 - 2014 - Forster's tern chick survival in response to a managed relocation of predatory California gulls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-30T11:28:53","indexId":"70115224","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-02T10:58:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forster's tern chick survival in response to a managed relocation of predatory California gulls","docAbstract":"Gull populations can severely limit the productivity of waterbirds. Relocating gull colonies may reduce their effects on nearby breeding waterbirds, but there are few examples of this management strategy. We examined gull predation and survival of Forster's tern (Sterna forsteri) chicks before (2010) and after (2011) the managed relocation of the largest California gull (Larus californicus) colony (24,000 adults) in San Francisco Bay, California. Overall, survival of radio-marked Forster's tern chicks from hatching to fledging was 0.22 ± 0.03 (mean ± SE), and daily survival rates increased with age. Gulls were the predominant predator of tern chicks, potentially causing 54% of chick deaths. Prior to the gull colony relocation, 56% of radio-marked and 20% of banded tern chicks from the nearest tern colony were recovered dead in the gull colony, compared to only 15% of radio-marked and 4% of banded chicks recovered dead from all other tern colonies. The managed relocation of the gull colony substantially increased tern chick survival (by 900%) in the nearby (<1 km) colony from 0.04 ± 0.02 in 2010 to 0.40 ± 0.12 in 2011 but not at the more distant (>3.8 km) reference tern colony (0.29 ± 0.10 in 2010 and 0.25 ± 0.09 in 2011). Among 19 tern nesting islands, fledging success was higher when gull abundance was lower at nearby colonies and when gull colonies were farther from the tern colony. Our results indicate that the managed relocation of gull colonies away from preferred nesting areas of sensitive waterbirds can improve local reproductive success, but this conservation strategy may shift gull predation pressure to other areas or species.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.728","usgsCitation":"Ackerman, J., Herzog, M., Hartman, C., and Herring, G., 2014, Forster's tern chick survival in response to a managed relocation of predatory California gulls: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 78, no. 5, p. 818-829, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.728.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"818","endPage":"829","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-049218","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289372,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289355,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.728"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.192823,37.402655 ], [ -122.192823,37.55755 ], [ -121.919814,37.55755 ], [ -121.919814,37.402655 ], [ -122.192823,37.402655 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"78","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b13de4b0388651d91736","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ackerman, Joshua T. 0000-0002-3074-8322 jackerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-8322","contributorId":147078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"Joshua T.","email":"jackerman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herzog, Mark P. mherzog@usgs.gov","contributorId":3965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"Mark P.","email":"mherzog@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hartman, C. Alex","contributorId":48851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"C. Alex","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herring, Garth 0000-0003-1106-4731 gherring@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1106-4731","contributorId":4403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herring","given":"Garth","email":"gherring@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70125292,"text":"70125292 - 2014 - Movement-based estimation and visualization of space use in 3D for wildlife ecology and conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-16T10:40:26","indexId":"70125292","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-02T10:39:22","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement-based estimation and visualization of space use in 3D for wildlife ecology and conservation","docAbstract":"Advances in digital biotelemetry technologies are enabling the collection of bigger and more accurate data on the movements of free-ranging wildlife in space and time. Although many biotelemetry devices record 3D location data with x, y, and z coordinates from tracked animals, the third z coordinate is typically not integrated into studies of animal spatial use. Disregarding the vertical component may seriously limit understanding of animal habitat use and niche separation. We present novel movement-based kernel density estimators and computer visualization tools for generating and exploring 3D home ranges based on location data. We use case studies of three wildlife species – giant panda, dugong, and California condor – to demonstrate the ecological insights and conservation management benefits provided by 3D home range estimation and visualization for terrestrial, aquatic, and avian wildlife research.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"PLoS ONE","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0101205","usgsCitation":"Tracey, J.A., Sheppard, J., Zhu, J., Wei, F., Swaisgood, R.R., and Fisher, R.N., 2014, Movement-based estimation and visualization of space use in 3D for wildlife ecology and conservation: PLoS ONE, v. 9, no. 7, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101205.","productDescription":"HTML Document","ipdsId":"IP-055995","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472891,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101205","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":293916,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293874,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101205"}],"volume":"9","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54195148e4b091c7ffc8e78b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tracey, Jeff A. 0000-0002-1619-1054 jatracey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-1054","contributorId":5780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tracey","given":"Jeff","email":"jatracey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheppard, James","contributorId":45232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheppard","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhu, Jun","contributorId":73485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Jun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wei, Fu-Wen","contributorId":26605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wei","given":"Fu-Wen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swaisgood, Ronald R.","contributorId":69490,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swaisgood","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12762,"text":"San Diego Zoo Institure for Conservation Research","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":501157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240 rfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":1529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"rfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70115405,"text":"70115405 - 2014 - Status and trends of Caribbean coral reefs: 1970-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-04T13:06:40","indexId":"70115405","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-02T09:33:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Status and trends of Caribbean coral reefs: 1970-2012","docAbstract":"This it the 9th status report since the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) was founded in 1995 was the data arm of the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) to document the ecological condition or corral reefs, strengthen monitoring efforts, and link existing organizations and people working on reefs worldwide. The US Government provided the initial funding to help set up a global network of coral reef workers and has continued to provide core support. Since then, the series of reports have aimed to present the current status of coral reefs of the world or particular regions, the major threats to reefs and their consequences, and any initiative undertaken under the auspices of ICRI or other bodies to arrest or reverse the decline of coral reefs.
IUCN assumed responsibility for hosting the global coordination of the GCRMN in 2010 under the scientific direction of Jeremy Jackson with the following objectives:
1. Document quantitatively the global status and trends for corals, macroalgae, sea urchins, and fishes based on available data from individual scientists as well as the peer reviewed scientific literature, monitoring programs, and report.
2. Bring together regional experts in a series of workshops to involve them in data compilation, analysis, and synthesis.
3. Integrate coral reef status and trends with independent environmental, management, and socioeconomic data to better understand the primary factors responsible for coral reef decline, the possible synergies among factors that may further magnify their impacts, and how these stresses may be more effectively alleviated.
Work with GCRMN partners to establish simple and practical standardized protocols for future monitoring and assessment.
Disseminate information and results to help guide member state policy and actions.
The overarching objective is to understand why some reefs are much healthier than others, to identify what kinds of actions have been particularly beneficial or harmful, and to vigorously communicate results in simple and straightforward terms to foster more effective conservation and management.
This and subsequent reports will focus on separate biogeographic regions in a stepwise fashion and combine all of the results for a global synthesis in the coming years. We began in the wide Caribbean region because the historical data are so extensive and to refine methods of analysis before moving on to other regions. This report documents quantitative trends for Caribbean reef corals, macroalgae, sea urchins, and fishes based on data from 90 reef locations over the past 43 tears. This is the first report to combine all these disparate kinds of data in a single place to explore how the different major components of coral reef ecosystems interact on a broadly regional oceanic scale.
We obtained data from more than 35,000 ecological surveys carried out by 78 principal investigators (PIs) and some 200 colleagues working in 34 countries, states, and territories throughout the wide Caribbean region. We conducted two workshops in Panama and Brisbane, Australia to bring together people who provided the data to assist in data quality control, analysis, and synthesis. The first workshop at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in the Republic of Panama 29 April to 5 May, 2012 included scientists from 18 countries and territories to verify and expand the database and to conduct exploratory analyses of status and trends. Preliminary results based on the Panama workshop were presented to the DC Marine Community and Smithsonian Institution Senate of Scientists in May 2012 and at the International Coral Reef Symposium (ICRS) and annual ICRI meeting in Cairns, Australia in July 2012. The second workshop in Brisbane, Australia in December 2012 brought together eight coral reef scientists for more detailed data analysis and organization of results for this report and subsequent publications. Subsequent presentations to solicit comments while the report was being finalized were made in 2013-2014 at the ICRI General meeting in Belize, the biennial meeting of the Association of Island Marine Laboratories in Jamaica, the Panamerican Coral Reef Congress in Merida, Mexico, the annual meeting of he Western Society of Naturalists, and numerous universities in Costa Rica, the USA and Europe.
The main body of the report is in two sections. Part I provides an overview of overall status and trends and detailed analyses of the multiple factors responsible for the decline of reef corals throughout the entire wider Caribbean region. The editors are grateful to all the people who have so generously provided data and expertise, but we assume responsibility for the many statements, conclusions and recommendations and final wording of the text. Part II provides a more detailed analysis of the status and trends of coral reef ecosystems in the 32 countries, states, and territories for which we have data. The format includes maps indicating all locations sampled, a detailed table of data sources and sites surveyed, timelines of ecologically important evens, and relevant references. Each of these reports was compiled in consultation with local experts and all those who provided data and advice are listed as authors of each country report.
","language":"English","publisher":"Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"2014, Status and trends of Caribbean coral reefs: 1970-2012, 304 p.","productDescription":"304 p.","numberOfPages":"306","ipdsId":"IP-052859","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289451,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://www.icriforum.org/icri-documents/icri-publications-reports-and-posters/status-and-trends-caribbean-coral-reefs-1970-20"},{"id":293054,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.iucn.org/content/status-and-trends-caribbean-coral-reefs-1970-2012"}],"otherGeospatial":"Caribbean","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.17,9.99 ], [ -85.17,27.26 ], [ -59.42,27.26 ], [ -59.42,9.99 ], [ -85.17,9.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bbc184e4b084059e8bfefc","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Jackson, Jeremy","contributorId":10331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Jeremy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695437,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donovan, Mary","contributorId":78648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donovan","given":"Mary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695438,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cramer, Katie","contributorId":41341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cramer","given":"Katie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695439,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lam, Vivian","contributorId":44076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lam","given":"Vivian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695440,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70112487,"text":"fs20143054 - 2014 - Niobium and tantalum: indispensable twins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-02T09:46:05","indexId":"fs20143054","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-02T08:38:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-3054","title":"Niobium and tantalum: indispensable twins","docAbstract":"Niobium and tantalum are transition metals almost always paired together in nature. These “twins” are difficult to separate because of their shared physical and chemical properties. In 1801, English chemist Charles Hatchett uncovered an unknown element in a mineral sample of columbite; John Winthrop found the sample in a Massachusetts mine and sent it to the British Museum in London in 1734. The name columbium, which Hatchet named the new element, came from the poetic name for North America—Columbia—and was used interchangeably for niobium until 1949, when the name niobium became official. Swedish scientist Anders Ekberg discovered tantalum in 1802, but it was confused with niobium, because of their twinned properties, until 1864, when it was recognized as a separate element. Niobium is a lustrous, gray, ductile metal with a high melting point, relatively low density, and superconductor properties. Tantalum is a dark blue-gray, dense, ductile, very hard, and easily fabricated metal. It is highly conductive to heat and electricity and renowned for its resistance to acidic corrosion. These special properties determine their primary uses and make niobium and tantalum indispensable.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20143054","collaboration":"USGS Mineral Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Schulz, K., and Papp, J., 2014, Niobium and tantalum: indispensable twins: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3054, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143054.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045685","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289359,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20143054.jpg"},{"id":289357,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3054/"},{"id":289358,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3054/pdf/fs2014-3054.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b1c5e4b0388651d91841","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schulz, Klaus","contributorId":41519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Klaus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Papp, John","contributorId":90222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papp","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70217556,"text":"70217556 - 2014 - Geochemical and Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic evolution of metabasites from rifting of continental lithosphere, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, and implications for paleogeographic reconstruction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-22T12:55:23.890927","indexId":"70217556","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-01T16:15:16","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geochemical and Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic evolution of metabasites from rifting of continental lithosphere, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, and implications for paleogeographic reconstruction","docAbstract":"","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reconstruction of a Late Proterozoic to Devonian continental margin sequence, northern Alaska, its paleogeographic significance, and contained base-metal sulfide deposits","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2014.2506(05)","usgsCitation":"Ayuso, R.A., and Till, A., 2014, Geochemical and Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic evolution of metabasites from rifting of continental lithosphere, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, and implications for paleogeographic reconstruction, chap. of Reconstruction of a Late Proterozoic to Devonian continental margin sequence, northern Alaska, its paleogeographic significance, and contained base-metal sulfide deposits, p. 133-172, https://doi.org/10.1130/2014.2506(05).","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"172","ipdsId":"IP-054555","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382467,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Seward Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.662109375,\n 64.18724867664994\n ],\n [\n -159.6533203125,\n 64.18724867664994\n ],\n [\n -159.6533203125,\n 66.69213122233872\n ],\n [\n -168.662109375,\n 66.69213122233872\n ],\n [\n -168.662109375,\n 64.18724867664994\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayuso, Robert A. 0000-0002-8496-9534 rayuso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-9534","contributorId":2654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"Robert","email":"rayuso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Till, Alison 0000-0002-6640-6877","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6640-6877","contributorId":247882,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Till","given":"Alison","affiliations":[{"id":12545,"text":"USGS retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70107000,"text":"sir20145099 - 2014 - Assessing potential effects of highway runoff on receiving-water quality at selected sites in Oregon with the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-01T16:14:17","indexId":"sir20145099","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-01T16:05:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5099","title":"Assessing potential effects of highway runoff on receiving-water quality at selected sites in Oregon with the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM)","docAbstract":"In 2012, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Oregon Department of Transportation began a cooperative study to demonstrate use of the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM) for runoff-quality analyses in Oregon. SELDM can be used to estimate stormflows, constituent concentrations, and loads from the area upstream of a stormflow discharge site, from the site of interest and in the receiving waters downstream of the discharge. SELDM also can be used to assess the potential effectiveness of best management practices (BMP) for mitigating potential effects of runoff in receiving waters. Nominally, SELDM is a highway-runoff model, but it is well suited for analysis of runoff from other land uses as well.
\nThis report provides case studies and examples to demonstrate stochastic-runoff modeling concepts and to demonstrate application of the model. Basin characteristics from six Oregon highway study sites were used to demonstrate various applications of the model. The highway catchment and upstream basin drainage areas of these study sites ranged from 3.85 to 11.83 acres and from 0.16 to 6.56 square miles, respectively. The upstream basins of two sites are urbanized, and the remaining four sites are less than 5 percent impervious.
\nSELDM facilitates analysis by providing precipitation, pre-storm streamflow, and other variables by region or from hydrologically similar sites. In Oregon, there can be large variations in precipitation and streamflow among nearby sites. Therefore, spatially interpolated geographic information system data layers containing storm-event precipitation and pre-storm streamflow statistics specific to Oregon were created for the study using Kriging techniques.
\nConcentrations and loads of cadmium, chloride, chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel, phosphorus, and zinc were simulated at the six Oregon highway study sites by using statistics from sites in other areas of the country. Water‑quality datasets measured at hydrologically similar basins in the vicinity of the study sites in Oregon were selected and compiled to estimate stormflow-quality statistics for the upstream basins. The quality of highway runoff and some upstream stormflow constituents were simulated by using statistical moments (average, standard deviation, and skew) of the logarithms of data. Some upstream stormflow constituents were simulated by using transport curves, which are relations between stormflow and constituent concentrations.
\nStochastic analyses were done by using SELDM to demonstrate use of the model and to illustrate the types of information that stochastic analyses may provide:
\n1. An analysis was done to demonstrate use of dilution factors as an initial reconnaissance tool for comparing relative risk among sites.
\n2. An analysis of hardness-dependent, water-quality criteria was done to illustrate the effects of variations in hardness and flow on the application and interpretation of such criteria. This analysis shows that hardness-dependent criteria can vary by an order of magnitude among storm events because hardness is diluted by stormflows.
\n3. An analysis of uncertainties in input and output values was done to demonstrate that properly selected robust datasets are needed to represent conditions at a site of interest. This analysis shows that the rate of water-quality exceedances that are measured or simulated may depend on sample size and the luck of the draw.
\n4. An analysis was done to demonstrate that SELDM and other Monte Carlo models may generate extreme values from input statistics, which may or may not be feasible based on physicochemical or hydrological limits.
\n5. An analysis of BMP modeling methods was done to demonstrate use of the model for estimating treatment requirements for meeting water-quality objectives.
\n6. An analysis of the use of grab sampling and nonstochastic upstream modeling methods was done to evaluate the potential effects on modeling outcomes.
Additional analyses using surrogate water-quality datasets for the upstream basin and highway catchment were provided for six Oregon study sites to illustrate the risk-based information that SELDM will produce. These analyses show that the potential effects of highway runoff on receiving-water quality downstream of the outfall depends on the ratio of drainage areas (dilution), the quality of the receiving water upstream of the highway, and the concentration of the criteria of the constituent of interest. These analyses also show that the probability of exceeding a water-quality criterion may depend on the input statistics used, thus careful selection of representative values is important.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145099","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Oregon Department of Transportation and the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Risley, J.C., and Granato, G., 2014, Assessing potential effects of highway runoff on receiving-water quality at selected sites in Oregon with the Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5099, Report: ix, 73 p.; GIS Data Layers; Appendix Tables B1-B3, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145099.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 73 p.; GIS Data Layers; Appendix Tables B1-B3","numberOfPages":"88","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049582","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289354,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145099.jpg"},{"id":289349,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5099/pdf/sir2014-5099.pdf"},{"id":289348,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5099/"},{"id":289350,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5099/downloads/GIS_Data_Layers.zip"},{"id":289351,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5099/downloads/sir2014-5099_AppTableB1.xlsx"},{"id":289352,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5099/downloads/sir2014-5099_AppTableB2.xlsx"},{"id":289353,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5099/downloads/sir2014-5099_AppTableB3.xlsx"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.61,41.99 ], [ -124.61,46.29 ], [ -116.46,46.29 ], [ -116.46,41.99 ], [ -124.61,41.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b3ca51e4b07c5f79a7f30f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risley, John C. 0000-0002-8206-5443 jrisley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8206-5443","contributorId":2698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risley","given":"John","email":"jrisley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Granato, Gregory E. 0000-0002-2561-9913 ggranato@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2561-9913","contributorId":1692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granato","given":"Gregory E.","email":"ggranato@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":493849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70118976,"text":"70118976 - 2014 - Improving the precision of lake ecosystem metabolism estimates by identifying predictors of model uncertainty","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-21T09:07:04","indexId":"70118976","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-01T15:57:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2622,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography: Methods","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving the precision of lake ecosystem metabolism estimates by identifying predictors of model uncertainty","docAbstract":"Diel changes in dissolved oxygen are often used to estimate gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) in aquatic ecosystems. Despite the widespread use of this approach to understand ecosystem metabolism, we are only beginning to understand the degree and underlying causes of uncertainty for metabolism model parameter estimates. Here, we present a novel approach to improve the precision and accuracy of ecosystem metabolism estimates by identifying physical metrics that indicate when metabolism estimates are highly uncertain. Using datasets from seventeen instrumented GLEON (Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network) lakes, we discovered that many physical characteristics correlated with uncertainty, including PAR (photosynthetically active radiation, 400-700 nm), daily variance in Schmidt stability, and wind speed. Low PAR was a consistent predictor of high variance in GPP model parameters, but also corresponded with low ER model parameter variance. We identified a threshold (30% of clear sky PAR) below which GPP parameter variance increased rapidly and was significantly greater in nearly all lakes compared with variance on days with PAR levels above this threshold. The relationship between daily variance in Schmidt stability and GPP model parameter variance depended on trophic status, whereas daily variance in Schmidt stability was consistently positively related to ER model parameter variance. Wind speeds in the range of ~0.8-3 m s–1 were consistent predictors of high variance for both GPP and ER model parameters, with greater uncertainty in eutrophic lakes. Our findings can be used to reduce ecosystem metabolism model parameter uncertainty and identify potential sources of that uncertainty.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lom.2014.12.303","usgsCitation":"Rose, K., Winslow, L., Read, J.S., Read, E., Solomon, C.T., Adrian, R., and Hanson, P.C., 2014, Improving the precision of lake ecosystem metabolism estimates by identifying predictors of model uncertainty: Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, v. 12, no. 5, p. 303-312, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2014.12.303.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"303","endPage":"312","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-051184","costCenters":[{"id":160,"text":"Center for Integrated Data Analytics","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2014.12.303","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":291540,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291537,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lom.2014.12.303"}],"volume":"12","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53dca9c3e4b0761578637726","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rose, Kevin C.","contributorId":64580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Kevin C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winslow, Luke A.","contributorId":9947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winslow","given":"Luke A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Read, Jordan S. 0000-0002-3888-6631 jread@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3888-6631","contributorId":4453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Read","given":"Jordan","email":"jread@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":160,"text":"Center for Integrated Data Analytics","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5054,"text":"Office of Water Information","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Read, Emily K.","contributorId":56570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Read","given":"Emily K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Solomon, Christopher T.","contributorId":34014,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Solomon","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6646,"text":"McGill University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":497542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Adrian, Rita","contributorId":8007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adrian","given":"Rita","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hanson, Paul C.","contributorId":35634,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanson","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12951,"text":"Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":497543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70058880,"text":"70058880 - 2014 - Maps showing seismic landslide hazards in Anchorage, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-21T13:43:54","indexId":"70058880","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-01T15:52:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Maps showing seismic landslide hazards in Anchorage, Alaska","docAbstract":"The devastating landslides that accompanied the great 1964 Alaska earthquake showed that seismically triggered landslides are one of the greatest geologic hazards in Anchorage. Maps quantifying seismic landslide hazards are therefore important for planning, zoning, and emergency-response preparation. The accompanying maps portray seismic landslide hazards for the following conditions: (1) deep, translational landslides, which occur only during great subduction-zone earthquakes that have return periods of =300-900 yr; (2) shallow landslides for a peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.69 g, which has a return period of 2,475 yr, or a 2 percent probability of exceedance in 50 yr; and (3) shallow landslides for a PGA of 0.43 g, which has a return period of 475 yr, or a 10 percent probability of exceedance in 50 yr. Deep, translational landslide hazards were delineated based on previous studies of such landslides, with some modifications based on field observations of locations of deep landslides. Shallow-landslide hazards were delineated using a Newmark-type displacement analysis for the two probabilistic ground motions modeled.
","conferenceTitle":"10th National Conference on Earthquake Engineering","conferenceDate":"2014-07-19T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geographic Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70058880","usgsCitation":"Jibson, R.W., 2014, Maps showing seismic landslide hazards in Anchorage, Alaska, 10th National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Anchorage, AK, 2014-07-19T00:00:00, iv, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70058880.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p.","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-052495","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289424,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150.2863,60.7338 ], [ -150.2863,61.4839 ], [ -148.46,61.4839 ], [ -148.46,60.7338 ], [ -150.2863,60.7338 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b67b78e4b014fc094d546b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jibson, Randall W. 0000-0003-3399-0875 jibson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3399-0875","contributorId":2985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jibson","given":"Randall","email":"jibson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70124441,"text":"70124441 - 2014 - Methane oxidation linked to chlorite dismutation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-11T15:46:04","indexId":"70124441","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-01T15:39:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1702,"text":"Frontiers in Microbiology","onlineIssn":"1664-302X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methane oxidation linked to chlorite dismutation","docAbstract":"We examined the potential for CH4 oxidation to be coupled with oxygen derived from the dissimilatory reduction of perchlorate, chlorate, or via chlorite (ClO−2) dismutation. Although dissimilatory reduction of ClO−4 and ClO−3 could be inferred from the accumulation of chloride ions either in spent media or in soil slurries prepared from exposed freshwater lake sediment, neither of these oxyanions evoked methane oxidation when added to either anaerobic mixed cultures or soil enriched in methanotrophs. In contrast, ClO−2 amendment elicited such activity. Methane (0.2 kPa) was completely removed within several days from the headspace of cell suspensions of Dechloromonas agitata CKB incubated with either Methylococcus capsulatus Bath or Methylomicrobium album BG8 in the presence of 5 mM ClO−2. We also observed complete removal of 0.2 kPa CH4 in bottles containing soil enriched in methanotrophs when co-incubated with D. agitata CKB and 10 mM ClO−2. However, to be effective these experiments required physical separation of soil from D. agitata CKB to allow for the partitioning of O2 liberated from chlorite dismutation into the shared headspace. Although a link between ClO−2 and CH4 consumption was established in soils and cultures, no upstream connection with either ClO−4 or ClO−3 was discerned. This result suggests that the release of O2 during enzymatic perchlorate reduction was negligible, and that the oxygen produced was unavailable to the aerobic methanotrophs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Frontiers in Microbiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers Research Foundation","publisherLocation":"Lausanne, Switzerland","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2014.00275","usgsCitation":"Miller, L., Baesman, S., Carlstrom, C.I., Coates, J.D., and Oremland, R.S., 2014, Methane oxidation linked to chlorite dismutation: Frontiers in Microbiology, v. 5, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00275.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"8","ipdsId":"IP-056702","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00275","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":293779,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293778,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00275"}],"volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5412b9b1e4b0239f1986baa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Laurence G. 0000-0002-7807-3475 lgmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7807-3475","contributorId":2460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Laurence G.","email":"lgmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baesman, Shaun M.","contributorId":34407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baesman","given":"Shaun M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlstrom, Charlotte I.","contributorId":28908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlstrom","given":"Charlotte","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coates, John D.","contributorId":107667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oremland, Ronald S. 0000-0001-7382-0147 roremlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-0147","contributorId":931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ronald","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70114296,"text":"70114296 - 2014 - Shaking up volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-13T10:55:54","indexId":"70114296","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-01T15:12:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shaking up volcanoes","docAbstract":"Most volcanic eruptions that occur shortly after a large distant earthquake do so by random chance. A few compelling cases for earthquake-triggered eruptions exist, particularly within 200 km of the earthquake, but this phenomenon is rare in part because volcanoes must be poised to erupt in order to be triggered by an earthquake (1). Large earthquakes often perturb volcanoes in more subtle ways by triggering small earthquakes and changes in spring discharge and groundwater levels (1, 2). On page 80 of this issue, Brenguier et al. (3) provide fresh insight into the interaction of large earthquakes and volcanoes by documenting a temporary change in seismic velocity beneath volcanoes in Honshu, Japan, after the devastating Tohoku-Oki earthquake in 2011.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.1256196","usgsCitation":"Prejean, S.G., and Haney, M., 2014, Shaking up volcanoes: Science, v. 345, no. 6192, p. 39-39, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1256196.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"1","ipdsId":"IP-057459","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294938,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"345","issue":"6192","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542fbaabe4b092f17df61dce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prejean, Stephanie G. sprejean@usgs.gov","contributorId":2602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prejean","given":"Stephanie","email":"sprejean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haney, Matthew M.","contributorId":61356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"Matthew M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70110746,"text":"70110746 - 2014 - Seismic‐wave attenuation determined from tectonic tremor in multiple subduction zones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-10T16:52:25","indexId":"70110746","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-01T15:07:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic‐wave attenuation determined from tectonic tremor in multiple subduction zones","docAbstract":"Tectonic tremor provides a new source of observations that can be used to constrain the seismic attenuation parameter for ground‐motion prediction and hazard mapping. Traditionally, recorded earthquakes of magnitude ∼3–8 are used to develop ground‐motion prediction equations; however, typical earthquake records may be sparse in areas of high hazard. In this study, we constrain the distance decay of seismic waves using measurements of the amplitude decay of tectonic tremor, which is plentiful in some regions. Tectonic tremor occurs in the frequency band of interest for ground‐motion prediction (i.e., ∼2–8 Hz) and is located on the subducting plate interface, at the lower boundary of where future large earthquakes are expected. We empirically fit the distance decay of peak ground velocity from tremor to determine the attenuation parameter in four subduction zones: Nankai, Japan; Cascadia, United States–Canada; Jalisco, Mexico; and southern Chile. With the large amount of data available from tremor, we show that in the upper plate, the lower crust is less attenuating than the upper crust. We apply the same analysis to intraslab events in Nankai and show the possibility that waves traveling from deeper intraslab events experience more attenuation than those from the shallower tremor due to ray paths that pass through the subducting and highly attenuating oceanic crust. This suggests that high pore‐fluid pressure is present in the tremor source region. These differences imply that the attenuation parameter determined from intraslab earthquakes may underestimate ground motion for future large earthquakes on the plate interface.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120140032","usgsCitation":"Yabe, S., Baltay Sundstrom, A.S., Ide, S., and Beroza, G.C., 2014, Seismic‐wave attenuation determined from tectonic tremor in multiple subduction zones: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 104, no. 4, p. 2043-2059, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120140032.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2043","endPage":"2059","numberOfPages":"17","ipdsId":"IP-054237","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294935,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294934,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120140032"}],"country":"Canada, Chile, Japan, Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"Cascadia","volume":"104","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542fbaabe4b092f17df61dc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yabe, Suguru","contributorId":38921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yabe","given":"Suguru","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baltay Sundstrom, Annemarie S. 0000-0002-6514-852X abaltay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6514-852X","contributorId":4932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baltay Sundstrom","given":"Annemarie","email":"abaltay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ide, Satoshi","contributorId":106037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ide","given":"Satoshi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beroza, Gregory C.","contributorId":23866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beroza","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70111970,"text":"70111970 - 2014 - Residual shear strength variability as a primary control on movement of landslides reactivated by earthquake-induced ground motion: Implications for coastal Oregon, U.S.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T13:52:07","indexId":"70111970","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-01T14:17:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Residual shear strength variability as a primary control on movement of landslides reactivated by earthquake-induced ground motion: Implications for coastal Oregon, U.S.","docAbstract":"Most large seismogenic landslides are reactivations of preexisting landslides with basal shear zones in the residual strength condition. Residual shear strength often varies during rapid displacement, but the response of residual shear zones to seismic loading is largely unknown. We used a ring shear apparatus to perform simulated seismic loading tests, constant displacement rate tests, and tests during which shear stress was gradually varied on specimens from two landslides to improve understanding of coseismic landslide reactivation and to identify shear strength models valid for slow gravitational failure through rapid coseismic failure. The landslides we studied represent many along the Oregon, U.S., coast. Seismic loading tests resulted in (1) catastrophic failure involving unbounded displacement when stresses represented those for the existing landslides and (2) limited to unbounded displacement when stresses represented those for hypothetical dormant landslides, suggesting that coseismic landslide reactivation may be significant during future great earthquakes occurring near the Oregon Coast. Constant displacement rate tests indicated that shear strength decreased exponentially during the first few decimeters of displacement but increased logarithmically with increasing displacement rate when sheared at 0.001 cm s−1 or greater. Dynamic shear resistance estimated from shear strength models correlated well with stresses observed during seismic loading tests, indicating that displacement rate and amount primarily controlled failure characteristics. We developed a stress-based approach to estimate coseismic landslide displacement that utilizes the variable shear strength model. The approach produced results that compared favorably to observations made during seismic loading tests, indicating its utility for application to landslides.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1002/2014JF003088","usgsCitation":"Schulz, W., and Wang, G., 2014, Residual shear strength variability as a primary control on movement of landslides reactivated by earthquake-induced ground motion: Implications for coastal Oregon, U.S.: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 119, no. 7, p. 1617-1635, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JF003088.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1617","endPage":"1635","numberOfPages":"19","ipdsId":"IP-057408","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jf003088","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294927,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294926,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014JF003088"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","county":"Lincoln County","volume":"119","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542fbaaae4b092f17df61db0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schulz, William H.","contributorId":14324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"William H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Gonghui","contributorId":24713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Gonghui","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70127480,"text":"70127480 - 2014 - Climate change and plant community composition in national parks of the southwestern US: forecasting regional, long-term effects to meet management needs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-02T14:26:14","indexId":"70127480","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-01T14:06:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3561,"text":"The George Wright Forum","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate change and plant community composition in national parks of the southwestern US: forecasting regional, long-term effects to meet management needs","docAbstract":"The National Park Service (NPS) faces tremendous management challenges in the future as climates alter the abundance and distribution of plant species. These challenges will be especially daunting in the southwestern U.S., where large increases in aridity are forecasted. The expected reduction in water availability will negatively affect plant growth and may result in shifts of plant community composition. Synthesis of climate and plant vital sign data from National Park Service Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) networks is essential to provide park managers with important insights into contemporary climate responses and a sound basis to forecast likely future changes at species, community, and ecosystem scales. We describe a collaboration between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and NPS in which we have conducted regional cross-site assessments across the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts to understand plant species responses to past climate and forecast future plant community composition. We also determined whether a widely-implemented vegetation monitoring protocol in these deserts is suitable to track long-term vegetation changes caused by climate and other factors. Our results from these analyses are intended to help natural resource managers identify and prepare for changes in plant cover and community composition and evaluate the efficacy of current monitoring programs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The George Wright Forum","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"George Wright Society","usgsCitation":"Munson, S.M., Belnap, J., Webb, R., Hubbard, J.A., Reiser, M., and Gallo, K., 2014, Climate change and plant community composition in national parks of the southwestern US: forecasting regional, long-term effects to meet management needs: The George Wright Forum, v. 31, no. 2, p. 137-148.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-056339","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294872,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294579,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.georgewright.org/node/9643"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, New Mexico, Texas","volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e6946e4b092f17df5a780","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Munson, Seth M. 0000-0002-2736-6374 smunson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2736-6374","contributorId":1334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munson","given":"Seth","email":"smunson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":502347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hubbard, J. Andrew","contributorId":68236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reiser, M. Hildegard","contributorId":15125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiser","given":"M. Hildegard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gallo, Kirsten","contributorId":81037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallo","given":"Kirsten","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70115119,"text":"70115119 - 2014 - Modeling vegetation heights from high resolution stereo aerial photography: an application for broad-scale rangeland monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-01T14:07:39","indexId":"70115119","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-01T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2258,"text":"Journal of Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling vegetation heights from high resolution stereo aerial photography: an application for broad-scale rangeland monitoring","docAbstract":"Vertical vegetation structure in rangeland ecosystems can be a valuable indicator for assessing rangeland health and monitoring riparian areas, post-fire recovery, available forage for livestock, and wildlife habitat. Federal land management agencies are directed to monitor and manage rangelands at landscapes scales, but traditional field methods for measuring vegetation heights are often too costly and time consuming to apply at these broad scales. Most emerging remote sensing techniques capable of measuring surface and vegetation height (e.g., LiDAR or synthetic aperture radar) are often too expensive, and require specialized sensors. An alternative remote sensing approach that is potentially more practical for managers is to measure vegetation heights from digital stereo aerial photographs. As aerial photography is already commonly used for rangeland monitoring, acquiring it in stereo enables three-dimensional modeling and estimation of vegetation height. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility and accuracy of estimating shrub heights from high-resolution (HR, 3-cm ground sampling distance) digital stereo-pair aerial images. Overlapping HR imagery was taken in March 2009 near Lake Mead, Nevada and 5-cm resolution digital surface models (DSMs) were created by photogrammetric methods (aerial triangulation, digital image matching) for twenty-six test plots. We compared the heights of individual shrubs and plot averages derived from the DSMs to field measurements. We found strong positive correlations between field and image measurements for several metrics. Individual shrub heights tended to be underestimated in the imagery, however, accuracy was higher for dense, compact shrubs compared with shrubs with thin branches. Plot averages of shrub height from DSMs were also strongly correlated to field measurements but consistently underestimated. Grasses and forbs were generally too small to be detected with the resolution of the DSMs. Estimates of vertical structure will be more accurate in plots having low herbaceous cover and high amounts of dense shrubs. Through the use of statistically derived correction factors or choosing field methods that better correlate with the imagery, vegetation heights from HR DSMs could be a valuable technique for broad-scale rangeland monitoring needs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.028","usgsCitation":"Gillan, J.K., Karl, J., Duniway, M., and Elaksher, A., 2014, Modeling vegetation heights from high resolution stereo aerial photography: an application for broad-scale rangeland monitoring: Journal of Environmental Management, v. 144, p. 226-235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.028.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"226","endPage":"235","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-042947","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289335,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289307,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.028"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Lake Mead;Mojave National Preserve","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.8667,35.1244 ], [ -115.8667,36.6531 ], [ -114.0423,36.6531 ], [ -114.0423,35.1244 ], [ -115.8667,35.1244 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"144","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b3ca54e4b07c5f79a7f319","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillan, Jeffrey K.","contributorId":51656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillan","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karl, Jason W.","contributorId":22616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Jason W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duniway, Michael","contributorId":52083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duniway","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elaksher, Ahmed","contributorId":72305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elaksher","given":"Ahmed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70116360,"text":"70116360 - 2014 - Thresholds for protecting Pacific Northwest ecosystems from atmospheric deposition of nitrogen: state of knowledge report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-25T14:02:43","indexId":"70116360","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-01T13:59:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":53,"text":"Natural Resource Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/PWRO/NRR--2014/823","title":"Thresholds for protecting Pacific Northwest ecosystems from atmospheric deposition of nitrogen: state of knowledge report","docAbstract":"The National Park Service and U.S. Forest Service manage areas in the states of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington – collectively referred to in this report as the Pacific Northwest - that contain significant natural resources and provide many recreational opportunities. The agencies are mandated to protect the air quality and air pollution-sensitive resources on these federal lands. Human activity has greatly increased the amount of nitrogen emitted to the atmosphere, resulting in elevated amounts of nitrogen being deposited in park and forest ecosystems. There is limited information in the Pacific Northwest about the levels of nitrogen that negatively affect natural systems, i.e., the critical loads. The National Park Service and U.S. Forest Service, with scientific input from the U.S. Geological Survey, have developed an approach for accumulating additional nitrogen critical loads information in the Pacific Northwest and using the data in planning and regulatory arenas. As a first step in that process, this report summarizes the current state of knowledge about nitrogen deposition, effects, and critical loads in the region. It also describes ongoing research efforts and identifies and prioritizes additional data needs.","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Cummings, T., Blett, T., Porter, E., Geiser, L., Graw, R., McMurray, J., Perakis, S.S., and Rochefort, R., 2014, Thresholds for protecting Pacific Northwest ecosystems from atmospheric deposition of nitrogen: state of knowledge report: Natural Resource Report NPS/PWRO/NRR--2014/823, v. 2014/823, vii, 45 p.","productDescription":"vii, 45 p.","numberOfPages":"57","ipdsId":"IP-055969","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294545,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289759,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://irma.nps.gov/App/Reference/Profile/2211363"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Oregon;Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.79,41.96 ], [ -124.79,49.0 ], [ -111.07,49.0 ], [ -111.07,41.96 ], [ -124.79,41.96 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"2014/823","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54252ed9e4b0e641df8a71ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cummings, Tonnie","contributorId":41760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cummings","given":"Tonnie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blett, Tamara","contributorId":61070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blett","given":"Tamara","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Porter, Ellen","contributorId":102817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Ellen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Geiser, Linda","contributorId":26721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geiser","given":"Linda","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Graw, Rick","contributorId":77824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graw","given":"Rick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McMurray, Jill","contributorId":23085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMurray","given":"Jill","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Perakis, Steven S. sperakis@usgs.gov","contributorId":3117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perakis","given":"Steven","email":"sperakis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rochefort, Regina","contributorId":29751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rochefort","given":"Regina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70204954,"text":"70204954 - 2014 - Barcodes are a useful tool for labeling and tracking ecological samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-26T14:06:12","indexId":"70204954","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-01T13:54:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1121,"text":"Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Barcodes are a useful tool for labeling and tracking ecological samples","docAbstract":"Barcodes are used to label and track just about everything these days. Look around your office, in your medicine cabinet, at the package you just received in the mail, or on the shelves of any shop in town, and you will immediately grasp the ubiquity of their use. Interestingly, railroads and supermarkets were the early pioneers of barcode development: the former needing a way to track railway car location and ownership on a national scale, the latter needing a way to track a diverse array of products and to decrease checkout times (Nelson 1997). Barcodes first came to use in the sciences via the field of medicine, and the medical literature contains hundreds of publications describing how this technology has reduced errors in patient specimen identification and handling, where error mitigation is crucial. In short, barcodes have been adopted by many industries, and in many fields they are now synonymous with asset tracking.
In spite of their potential to efficiently organize “assets” (i.e., samples) and minimize human error, the use of barcodes has yet to gain widespread application in ecology. In an age where students take notes on laptops instead of paper, and where “text messaging” involves a smartphone rather than a ball‐point pen, why do otherwise tech‐savvy ecologists persist in hand‐labeling samples? Why do we repeatedly transcribe long and unique identifiers at each step in the process of sample analysis, thereby wasting time and creating opportunities for transcription errors and data loss? Why are most sample storage areas only successfully navigable by the lab manager who personally shelved the samples? In the case of our large ecology lab—and, we suspect, in many others as well—the answer to these questions was perpetually, “bar‐coding won't be worth the trouble.” Recently, however, we realized this was no longer a sufficient answer when we started a new research project that involved collecting an additional thousands of samples each year; we decided to embrace the tangible benefits of an electronic labeling system, and implemented barcoding in our lab.
To be clear, the use of barcoding in ecology is not completely novel, and there have been early adopters of this technology. For example, the Cedar Creek Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) site has been using barcodes since at least the mid‐1990s to track the large number of samples collected in their long‐term experimental grasslands (T. A. Kennedy, personal observation). Overall, however, Cedar Creek is an outlier: in informal e‐mail surveys of LTER sites, only two of eight respondents used barcodes for sample identification or tracking, and even then their use was generally limited to certain samples or certain stages of sample analysis. Our objective in this article is to use our lab as a case study to highlight the potential of barcodes to simplify numerous aspects of sample collection and processing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9623-95.3.293","usgsCitation":"Copp, A.J., Kennedy, T.A., and Muehlbauer, J.D., 2014, Barcodes are a useful tool for labeling and tracking ecological samples: Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, v. 95, no. 3, p. 293-300, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623-95.3.293.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"300","ipdsId":"IP-056502","costCenters":[{"id":322,"text":"Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472896,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623-95.3.293","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":366921,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.82022094726562,\n 36.50853235745396\n ],\n [\n -111.84356689453125,\n 36.51405119943165\n ],\n [\n -111.96716308593749,\n 36.46988944681576\n ],\n [\n -112.0440673828125,\n 36.1822249804225\n ],\n [\n -112.38739013671874,\n 36.39696752441776\n ],\n [\n -112.69226074218749,\n 36.43233216371692\n ],\n [\n -113.873291015625,\n 36.22876574685929\n ],\n [\n -114.0216064453125,\n 36.06908224732973\n ],\n [\n -113.851318359375,\n 35.833401703805094\n ],\n [\n -113.39263916015625,\n 35.69299463209881\n ],\n [\n -113.2635498046875,\n 35.85343961959182\n ],\n [\n -113.280029296875,\n 36.04243673532787\n ],\n [\n -113.0218505859375,\n 36.1822249804225\n ],\n [\n -112.76504516601562,\n 36.274171699242515\n ],\n [\n -112.5933837890625,\n 36.25202575042051\n ],\n [\n -112.38601684570312,\n 36.13232917178139\n ],\n [\n -111.98226928710936,\n 36.01689298881379\n ],\n [\n -111.83258056640625,\n 36.045767917668705\n ],\n [\n -111.77627563476562,\n 36.153400163891945\n ],\n [\n -111.82022094726562,\n 36.50853235745396\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"95","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Copp, Adam J. 0000-0001-7385-0055 acopp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7385-0055","contributorId":5194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Copp","given":"Adam","email":"acopp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":769255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, Theodore A. 0000-0003-3477-3629 tkennedy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3477-3629","contributorId":167537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Theodore","email":"tkennedy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":769256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muehlbauer, Jeffrey D. 0000-0003-1808-580X jmuehlbauer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1808-580X","contributorId":5045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muehlbauer","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jmuehlbauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":769257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70125955,"text":"70125955 - 2014 - Importance of biogeomorphic and spatial properties in assessing a tidal salt marsh vulnerability to sea-level rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-26T17:15:17","indexId":"70125955","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-01T13:31:30","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of biogeomorphic and spatial properties in assessing a tidal salt marsh vulnerability to sea-level rise","docAbstract":"We evaluated the biogeomorphic processes of a large (309 ha) tidal salt marsh and examined factors that influence its ability to keep pace with relative sea-level rise (SLR). Detailed elevation data from 1995 and 2008 were compared with digital elevation models (DEMs) to assess marsh surface elevation change during this time. Overall, 37 % (113 ha) of the marsh increased in elevation at a rate that exceeded SLR, whereas 63 % (196 ha) of the area did not keep pace with SLR. Of the total area, 55 % (169 ha) subsided during the study period, but subsidence varied spatially across the marsh surface. To determine which biogeomorphic and spatial factors contributed to measured elevation change, we collected soil cores and determined percent and origin of organic matter (OM), particle size, bulk density (BD), and distance to nearest bay edge, levee, and channel. We then used Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) model selection to assess those variables most important to determine measured elevation change. Soil stable isotope compositions were evaluated to assess the source of the OM. The samples had limited percent OM by weight (<5.5 %), with mean bulk densities of 0.58 g cm-3, indicating that the soils had high mineral content with a relatively low proportion of pore space. The most parsimonious model with the highest AICc weight (0.53) included distance from bay's edge (i.e., lower intertidal) and distance from levee (i.e., upper intertidal). Close proximity to sediment source was the greatest factor in determining whether an area increased in elevation, whereas areas near landward levees experienced subsidence. Our study indicated that the ability of a marsh to keep pace with SLR varied across the surface, and assessing changes in elevation over time provides an alternative method to long-term accretion monitoring. SLR models that do not consider spatial variability of biogeomorphic and accretion processes may not correctly forecast marsh drowning rates, which may be especially true in modified and urbanized estuaries. In light of SLR, improving our understanding of elevation change in these dynamic marsh systems will play a crucial role in forecasting potential impacts to their sustainability and the survival of these ecosystems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuaries and Coasts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Estuarine Research Federation","publisherLocation":"Port Republic, MD","doi":"10.1007/s12237-013-9725-x","usgsCitation":"Thorne, K.M., Elliott-Fisk, D., Wylie, G.D., Perry, W.M., and Takekawa, J.Y., 2014, Importance of biogeomorphic and spatial properties in assessing a tidal salt marsh vulnerability to sea-level rise: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 37, no. 4, p. 941-951, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9725-x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"941","endPage":"951","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-041606","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9725-x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294176,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294137,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9725-x"}],"volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-11-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541bf438e4b0e96537ddf738","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorne, Karen M. 0000-0002-1381-0657 kthorne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1381-0657","contributorId":4191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorne","given":"Karen","email":"kthorne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott-Fisk, Deborah L.","contributorId":46859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott-Fisk","given":"Deborah L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wylie, Glenn D. 0000-0002-7061-6658 glenn_wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7061-6658","contributorId":3052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Glenn","email":"glenn_wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Perry, William M. 0000-0002-6180-8180 wmperry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-8180","contributorId":5124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"William","email":"wmperry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":501767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70121899,"text":"70121899 - 2014 - Methylmercury-induced changes in gene transcription associated with neuroendocrine disruption in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-14T15:13:06","indexId":"70121899","displayToPublicDate":"2014-07-01T13:28:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1738,"text":"General and Comparative Endocrinology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Methylmercury-induced changes in gene transcription associated with neuroendocrine disruption in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","title":"Methylmercury-induced changes in gene transcription associated with neuroendocrine disruption in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","docAbstract":"Methyl-mercury (MeHg) is a potent neuroendocrine disruptor that impairs reproductive processes in fish. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize transcriptomic changes induced by MeHg exposure in the female largemouth bass (LMB) hypothalamus under controlled laboratory conditions, (2) investigate the health and reproductive impacts of MeHg exposure on male and female largemouth bass (LMB) in the natural environment, and (3) identify MeHg-associated gene expression patterns in whole brain of female LMB from MeHg-contaminated habitats. The laboratory experiment was a single injection of 2.5 μg MeHg/g body weight for 96 h exposure. The field survey compared river systems in Florida, USA with comparably lower concentrations of MeHg (Wekiva, Santa Fe, and St. Johns Rivers) in fish and one river system with LMB that contained elevated concentrations of MeHg (St. Marys River). Microarray analysis was used to quantify transcriptomic responses to MeHg exposure. Although fish at the high-MeHg site did not show overt health or reproductive impairment, there were MeHg-responsive genes and pathways identified in the laboratory study that were also altered in fish from the high-MeHg site relative to fish at the low-MeHg sites. Gene network analysis suggested that MeHg regulated the expression targets of neuropeptide receptor and steroid signaling, as well as structural components of the cell. Disease-associated gene networks related to MeHg exposure, based upon expression data, included cerebellum ataxia, movement disorders, and hypercalcemia. Gene responses in the CNS are consistent with the documented neurotoxicological and neuroendocrine disrupting effects of MeHg in vertebrates.
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