Five soya-bean preparations that had been subjected to various physicochemical processing procedures were chemically defined in respect to proximate analysis, amino acid analyses, protease inhibitor activity, soluble oligosaccharides and antigenicity. These soya preparations were then formulated, along with a low-temperature fish meal control, into six isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental diets. The diets were fed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in feeding trials as well as in tests using specially constructed metabolic chambers. Based on the chemical and biological results, we concluded that soya-bean oligosaccharides do not have to be removed or modified for maximum growth or nitrogen utilization by rainbow trout. Likewise, the protease or trypsin inhibitor activity, which was low for all experimental treatments, did not appear to be a major factor in determining fish performance. Although the results regarding naturally occurring soya antigens only suggested allergenicity, it is concluded that more attention should be focused on these heat-stable proteins with antigenic or allergenic potential in fish diets.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8401(93)90152-A","usgsCitation":"Rumsey, G.L., Hughes, S.G., and Winfree, R., 1993, Chemical and nutritional evaluation of soya protein preparations as primary nitrogen sources for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Animal Feed Science and Technology, v. 40, no. 2-3, p. 135-151, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(93)90152-A.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"151","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132115,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e4829","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rumsey, G. L.","contributorId":80604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumsey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hughes, S. G.","contributorId":92200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winfree, Robert","contributorId":33619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winfree","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014591,"text":"1014591 - 1993 - Single-feeding response of chinook salmon fry to potential feed intake modifiers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T14:54:53.610159","indexId":"1014591","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Single-feeding response of chinook salmon fry to potential feed intake modifiers","docAbstract":"A study was conducted to determine the effects of various potential feed intake modifiers on initial feed consumption by spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Feed intake was immediately and significantly influenced when glycine, trimethylamine, or betaine was added to experimental diets. Results support the notion that glycine enhances feed intake, whereas trimethylamine and betaine decrease it. The reduced consumption of diets containing betaine, which has often been described as a feeding attractant, may have been a response to the chemical form of this compound used in this study (betaine hydrochloride) and may not occur if the free form of betaine is used.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1993)055%3C0040:SFROCS%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hughes, S.G., 1993, Single-feeding response of chinook salmon fry to potential feed intake modifiers: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 55, no. 1, p. 40-42, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1993)055%3C0040:SFROCS%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"40","endPage":"42","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132240,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f1744","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, S. G.","contributorId":92200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014798,"text":"1014798 - 1993 - Pre-release stratification tag-recovery models with time dependence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:25","indexId":"1014798","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pre-release stratification tag-recovery models with time dependence","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"93-086/FC","usgsCitation":"Dorazio, R., 1993, Pre-release stratification tag-recovery models with time dependence: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 50, no. 3, p. 535-541.","productDescription":"p. 535-541","startPage":"535","endPage":"541","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db681194","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dorazio, R.M. 0000-0003-2663-0468","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-0468","contributorId":23475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorazio","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014861,"text":"1014861 - 1993 - Osmoregulatory actions of growth hormone and its mode of action in salmonids: A review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-30T15:50:47.24453","indexId":"1014861","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1651,"text":"Fish Physiology and Biochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Osmoregulatory actions of growth hormone and its mode of action in salmonids: A review","docAbstract":"Osmoregulatory actions of growth hormone (GH) and its mode of action in salmonids are reviewed. We present evidence suggesting that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mediates some of the actions of GH on seawater acclimation. Plasma concentration and turnover of GH rise following exposure to seawater. Exogenous GH (in vivo) increases gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and the number of gill chloride cells, and inhibits an increase in plasma osmolarity and ions following transfer of fish to seawater. A single class of high affinity GH receptors is present in the liver, gill, intestine, and kidney. The levels of IGF-I mRNA in the liver, gill and kidney increased after GH-injection. After transfer to seawater, IGF-I mRNA increased in the gill and kidney following the rise in plasma GH, although no significant change was seen in the liver. Injection of IGF-I improved the ability of the fish to maintain plasma sodium levels after transfer to seawater. GH treatment also sensitizes the interrenal to adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), increasing cortisol secretion. Both cortisol and IGF-I may be involved in mediating the action of GH in seawater adaptation, although studies on the effect of GH on osmoregulatory physiology of non-salmonid species are limited. An integrated model of the osmoregulatory actions of GH is presented, and areas in need of research are outlined.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/BF00004562","usgsCitation":"Sakamoto, T., McCormick, S., and Hirano, T., 1993, Osmoregulatory actions of growth hormone and its mode of action in salmonids: A review: Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, v. 11, no. 1-6, p. 155-164, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00004562.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"164","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132249,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a553","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sakamoto, T.","contributorId":31573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sakamoto","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, Stephen D. 0000-0003-0621-6200 smccormick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":139201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"Stephen D.","email":"smccormick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hirano, T.","contributorId":85455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirano","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2000083,"text":"2000083 - 1993 - A model of the productivity of the northern pintail","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T09:57:53","indexId":"2000083","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8,"text":"Biological Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"7","title":"A model of the productivity of the northern pintail","docAbstract":"We adapted a stochastic computer model to simulate productivity of the northern pintail (Anas acuta). Researchers at the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service originally developed the model to simulate productivity of the mallard (A. platyrhynchos). We obtained data and descriptive information on the breeding biology of pintails from a literature review and from discussions with waterfowl biologists. All biological parameters in the productivity component of the mallard model (e.g, initial body weights, weight loss during laying and incubation, incubation time, clutch size, nest site selection characteristics) were compared with data on pintails and adjusted accordingly. The function in the mallard model that predicts nest initiation in response to pond conditions adequately mimicked pintail behavior and did not require adjustment.Recruitment rate was most sensitive to variations in parameters that control nest success, seasonal duckling survival rate, and yearling and adult body weight. We simulated upland and wetland habitat conditions in central North Dakota and compared simulation results with observed data. Simulated numbers were not significantly different from observed numbers of successful nests during wet, average, and dry wetland conditions. The simulated effect of predator barrier fencing in a study area in central North Dakota increased recruitment rate by an average of 18.4%. This modeling synthesized existing knowledge on the breeding biology of the northern pintail, identified necessary research, and furnished a useful tool for the examination and comparison of various management options.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Carlson, J., Clark, W., and Klaas, E., 1993, A model of the productivity of the northern pintail: Biological Report 7, 20 p.","productDescription":"20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.063232421875,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n -99.459228515625,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n -99.459228515625,\n 47.59875528481801\n ],\n [\n -101.063232421875,\n 47.59875528481801\n ],\n [\n -101.063232421875,\n 46.98025235521883\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, J.D. Jr.","contributorId":94006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"J.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, W.R.","contributorId":70716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klaas, Erwin E.","contributorId":21487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaas","given":"Erwin E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2001462,"text":"2001462 - 1993 - Hydraulics of Alaska steeppass fishway model A40","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:55","indexId":"2001462","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":70,"text":"Research Information Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"95","title":"Hydraulics of Alaska steeppass fishway model A40","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"94-114/TF","usgsCitation":"Odeh, M., 1993, Hydraulics of Alaska steeppass fishway model A40: Research Information Bulletin 95, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db6297db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Odeh, M.","contributorId":95413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odeh","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001474,"text":"2001474 - 1993 - Evaluation of habitat suitability index models for riverine life stages of American shad, with proposed models for premigratory juveniles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:59","indexId":"2001474","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8,"text":"Biological Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"14","title":"Evaluation of habitat suitability index models for riverine life stages of American shad, with proposed models for premigratory juveniles","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"94-061/NF","usgsCitation":"Ross, R.M., Backman, T.W., and Bennett, R.M., 1993, Evaluation of habitat suitability index models for riverine life stages of American shad, with proposed models for premigratory juveniles: Biological Report 14, p. 1-26.","productDescription":"p. 1-26","startPage":"1","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92086,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA322728"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fadc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, R. M.","contributorId":39311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Backman, T. W. H.","contributorId":84307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Backman","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, R. M.","contributorId":97852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000807,"text":"1000807 - 1993 - Accumulation of PCBs by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush): an individual-based model approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-05T15:18:22","indexId":"1000807","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accumulation of PCBs by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush): an individual-based model approach","docAbstract":"To explain the variation in growth and in concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) among individual fish, an individual-based model (IBM) was applied to the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) population in Lake Michigan. The IBM accurately represented the variation in growth exhibited by the different age classes of lake trout. Uncertainty analysis of the IBM revealed that mean PCB concentration for the lake trout population was most sensitive to PCB concentration in their prey. The variability in PCB concentration among lake trout individuals was not adequately explained by the IBM, unless variation in prey fish PCBs was included in the model. To accomplish this, the simulated lake trout population was divided into subsets subjected to different levels of PCB concentration in the prey fish. Thus, model results indicated that variability in prey fish PCB concentration was an important component of the variation in PCB concnetration observed among individual lake trout comprising the Lake Michigan population.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/f93-012","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., Carpenter, S.R., Eck, G.W., and Miller, M.A., 1993, Accumulation of PCBs by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush): an individual-based model approach: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 50, no. 1, p. 97-109, https://doi.org/10.1139/f93-012.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267052,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-012"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a35e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, Stephen R.","contributorId":89477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eck, Gary W.","contributorId":106053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eck","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, Michael A.","contributorId":85920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":309498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017936,"text":"70017936 - 1993 - Conductive heat transfer from an isothermal magma chamber and its application to the measured heat flow distribution from mount hood, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70017936","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Conductive heat transfer from an isothermal magma chamber and its application to the measured heat flow distribution from mount hood, Oregon","docAbstract":"A steady-state solution for heat transfer from an isothermal, spherical magma chamber, with an imposed regional geothermal gradient far from the chamber, is developed. The extensive published heat-flow data set for Mount Hood, Oregon, is dominated by conductive heat transfer in the deeper parts of most drill holes and provides an ideal application of such a model. Magma-chamber volumes or depths needed to match the distribution of heat-flow data are larger or shallower than those inferred from geologic evidence.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1993 Annual Meeting on Utilities and Geothermal: An Emerging Partnership","conferenceDate":"10 October 1993 through 13 October 1993","conferenceLocation":"Burlingame, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, United States","issn":"01935933","isbn":"0934412715","usgsCitation":"Nathenson, M., and Tilling, R.I., 1993, Conductive heat transfer from an isothermal magma chamber and its application to the measured heat flow distribution from mount hood, Oregon, in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 17, Burlingame, CA, USA, 10 October 1993 through 13 October 1993, p. 141-148.","startPage":"141","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9bae4b0c8380cd4d756","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536396,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Nathenson, Menuel","contributorId":82477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathenson","given":"Menuel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":377956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000792,"text":"1000792 - 1993 - Individual-based model for dieldrin contamination in lake trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T08:53:18","indexId":"1000792","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Individual-based model for dieldrin contamination in lake trout","docAbstract":"An individual-based model (IBM) was applied to dieldrin contamination in the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) population of Lake Michigan in order to determine if a model structure originally developed for contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Lake Michigan lake trout would also apply to dieldrin contamination. Many different congeners constitute PCBs, whereas dieldrin is a single chemical compound. The model accurately accounted for the variation in dieldrin concentrations exhibited within the Lake Michigan lake trout population. The degree of variability included in dieldrin concentrations of the prey fish was similar to that used for modeling total PCBs. These results supported the argument that any heterogeneity in PCB congener distribution in Lake Michigan contributed relatively little to the observed variability in lake trout total PCB concentrations. Furthermore, these results indicate that the IBM has potential to be applicable to a variety of organochlorine contaminants. The IBM should prove useful for risk assessment of contaminants in fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1007/BF01061092","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., Carpenter, S.R., and Noguchi, G.E., 1993, Individual-based model for dieldrin contamination in lake trout: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 24, no. 1, p. 78-82, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01061092.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"78","endPage":"82","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f23f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, Stephen R.","contributorId":89477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noguchi, George E.","contributorId":42552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noguchi","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018281,"text":"70018281 - 1993 - Aspects of three-dimensional strain at the margin of the extensional orogen, Virgin River depression area, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T13:07:55.379999","indexId":"70018281","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aspects of three-dimensional strain at the margin of the extensional orogen, Virgin River depression area, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona","docAbstract":"The Virgin River depression and surrounding mountains are Neogene features that are partly contiguous with the little-strained rocks of the structural transition to the Colorado Plateau province. This contiguity makes the area ideally suited for evaluating the sense, magnitude, and kinematics of Neogene deformation. Analysis along the strain boundary shows that, compared to the adjacent little-strained area, large-magnitude vertical deformation (both uplift and depression, locally exceeding 10 km) greatly exceeds extensional deformation and that significant amounts of lateral displacement approximately parallel the province boundary. Extensional kinematics, the directions of lateral displacements, and the position and orientation of uplifts and one major depression are such that isostatic rebound following tectonic denudation is an unlikely direct cause of the strong vertical structural relief adjacent to the strain boundary. Instead, the observed structures are first-order features defining a three-dimensional strain field produced by approximately east-west extension, vertical structural attenuation, and extension-normal shortening.
All major structural elements of the strain-boundary strain field are also found in the adjacent Basin and Range. Especially evident is a discontinuous and inhomogeneous distribution of vertical structural relief resulting from uplift and tilting of the footwalls on convex-upward normal faults, combined with formation of extension-parallel folds. Deformation resulted in a bewilderingly complex mixture of coeval folds, normal faults, strike-slip faults, and, in some areas, reverse faults, thrust faults, and thrust faults reactivated as extensional detachment faults. These complexly mixed structures exhibit a tectonically important aspect of scale independence, ranging from micro- structures to mountain-range scale. Many intensely extended domains appear to reflect a process of surface-relief minimization above uplifted and tilted blocks. Some intensely extended zones are depth-limited by relatively undeformed rocks above, and intact tilted blocks below, and are best viewed as subhorizontal zones of accommodation for the uplift and tilt of subjacent blocks. Whether or not the intense deformation extends to the surface, its depth distribution commonly reflects lithologic or paleostructural controls. Whatever the cause for the concentration of extensional strain, many gently dipping zones are more accurately viewed as local features recording small to moderate extension-parallel translations than a regionally interconnected detachment faults recording enormous extension-parallel translations.
Although the total Neogene strain field in the Nevada-Utah-Arizona tricorner area has unique aspects, other parts of the Basin and Range contain generally similar structures that presumably formed from similar processes. These processes include lateral mass transfer, probably by viscoelastic flow, of the material needed to inflate areas of strong uplift and to translate blocks laterally by tectonic rafting. Directions of mass transfer vary but are commonly both parallel and normal to the direction of extension or parallel to the boundaries of extended areas. Much of the strong vertical structural relief probably reflects boundary-condition or localized perturbations (in the form of restraints or releases) of the lateral flow system. These conclusions are consistent with modern concepts of the flexural strength and rheological stratification of the crust in regions undergoing extension.
Manipulations of size at stocking and timing of stocking have already been used to improve survival of stocked salmonines in the Great Lakes. It should be possible to stock salmonines into the Great Lakes in a way that reduces the rate of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) accumulation in these fishes. An individual-based model (IBM) was used to investigate the effects of size at stocking and timing of stocking on PCB accumulation by lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Michigan. The individual-based feature of the model allowed lake trout individuals to encounter prey fish individuals and then consume sufficiently small prey fish. The IBM accurately accounted for the variation in PCB concentrations observed within the Lake Michigan lake trout population. Results of the IBM simulations revealed that increasing the average size at stocking from 110 to 160 mm total length led to an increase in the average PCB concentration in the stocked cohort at age 5, after the fish had spent 4 years in the lake, from 2.33 to 2.65 mg/kg; the percentage of lake trout in the cohort at the end of the simulated time period with PCB concentration of 2 mg/kg or more increased from 62% to 79%. Thus, PCB contamination was reduced when the simulated size at stocking was smallest. An overall stocking strategy for lake trout into Lake Michigan should weigh this advantage regarding PCB contamination against the poor survival of lake trout that may occur if the trout are stocked at too small a size.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0492:SOTEOT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., and Carpenter, S.R., 1993, Simulation of the effects of time and size at stocking on PCB accumulation in lake trout: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 122, no. 3, p. 492-499, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<0492:SOTEOT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"492","endPage":"499","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d4b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, Stephen R.","contributorId":89477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000629,"text":"1000629 - 1993 - Applications of bioenergetics models to fish ecology and management: where do we go from here?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-05T11:37:09","indexId":"1000629","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applications of bioenergetics models to fish ecology and management: where do we go from here?","docAbstract":"Papers and panel discussions given during a 1992 symposium on bioenergetics models are summarized. Bioenergetics models have been applied to a variety of research and management questions related to fish stocks, populations, food webs, and ecosystems. Applications include estimates of the intensity and dynamics of predator-prey interactions, nutrient cycling within aquatic food webs of varying trophic structure, and food requirements of single animals, whole populations, and communities of fishes. As tools in food web and ecosystem applications, bioenergetics models have been used to compare forage consumption by salmonid predators across the Laurentian Great Lakes for single populations and whole communities, and to estimate the growth potential of pelagic predators in Chesapeake Bay and Lake Ontario. Some critics say that bioenergetics models lack sufficient detail to produce reliable results in such field applications, whereas others say that the models are too complex to be useful tools for fishery managers. Nevertheless, bioenergetics models have achieved notable predictive successes. Improved estimates are needed for model parameters such as metabolic costs of activity, and more complete studies are needed of the bioenergetics of larval and juvenile fishes. Future research on bioenergetics should include laboratory and field measurements of key model parameters such as weight-dependent maximum consumption, respiration and activity, and thermal habitats actually occupied by fish. Future applications of bioenergetics models to fish populations also depend on accurate estimates of population sizes and survival rates.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<1019:AOBMTF>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hansen, M.J., Boisclair, D., Brandt, S.B., Hewett, S.W., Kitchell, J.F., Lucas, M.C., and Ney, J.J., 1993, Applications of bioenergetics models to fish ecology and management: where do we go from here?: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 122, no. 5, p. 1019-1030, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<1019:AOBMTF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1019","endPage":"1030","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502587,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1590377","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266991,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<1019:AOBMTF>2.3.CO;2"}],"volume":"122","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a45c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Michael J. 0000-0001-8522-3876 michaelhansen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8522-3876","contributorId":5006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Michael","email":"michaelhansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boisclair, Daniel","contributorId":68265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boisclair","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brandt, Stephen B.","contributorId":62970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hewett, Steven W.","contributorId":6415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hewett","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kitchell, James F.","contributorId":18324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchell","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lucas, Martyn C.","contributorId":18725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"Martyn","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ney, John J.","contributorId":91067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ney","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1000565,"text":"1000565 - 1993 - Sustainability of hatchery-dependent salmonine fisheries in Lake Ontario: The conflict between predator demand and predator supply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-22T12:09:36","indexId":"1000565","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sustainability of hatchery-dependent salmonine fisheries in Lake Ontario: The conflict between predator demand and predator supply","docAbstract":"The offshore fish community of Lake Ontario is presently dominated by intensively managed, nonnative species: Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus and rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax at the planktivore level and stocked salmonines at the piscivore level. Salmonine stocking rates per unit area of Lake Ontario are the highest in the Great Lakes, and fishery managers are concerned about the sustainability of the fishery under present stocking policies, particularly with the recent collapse of the Lake Michigan fishery for chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. In this paper, we describe and present the results of a simulation model that integrates predator demand estimates derived from bioenergetics, prey and predator population dynamics, and a predation model based on the multiple-species functional response, Model reconstructions of historical alewife biomass trends and salmonine diets corresponded reasonably well with existing data for the period 1978–1992. The simulations suggest that current predator demand does not exceed the threshold beyond which alewife biomass cannot be sustained, but they indicate that the sustainability of the prey fish community is extremely sensitive to fluctuations in overwinter survival of alewife; an additional mortality of 25% in a single winter would be sufficient to cause the collapse of the alewife population. The model includes a number of assumptions and simplifications with a limited empirical basis; better estimates of salmonine survival rates, an evaluation of the importance of spatial and temporal interactions among predators and prey, and incorporation of the effects of recently observed declines in system productivity at lower trophic levels would significantly increase confidence in the model's projections.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<1002:SOHDSF>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Jones, M., Koonce, J.F., and O’Gorman, R., 1993, Sustainability of hatchery-dependent salmonine fisheries in Lake Ontario: The conflict between predator demand and predator supply: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 122, no. 5, p. 1002-1018, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<1002:SOHDSF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1002","endPage":"1018","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687fec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Michael L.","contributorId":7219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[{"id":6590,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":308783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koonce, Joseph F.","contributorId":106069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koonce","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Gorman, Robert rogorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Gorman","given":"Robert","email":"rogorman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":308782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018017,"text":"70018017 - 1993 - Continuum-mechanics-based rheological formulation for debris flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:21","indexId":"70018017","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Continuum-mechanics-based rheological formulation for debris flow","docAbstract":"This paper aims to assess the validity of the generalized viscoplastic fluid (GVF) model in the light of both the classical relative-viscosity versus concentration relation and the dimensionless stress versus shear-rate squared relations based on kinetic theory, thereby addressing how to evaluate the rheological parameters of the GVF model using Bagnold's data.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629201","usgsCitation":"Chen, C., and Ling, C., 1993, Continuum-mechanics-based rheological formulation for debris flow, in Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, San Francisco, CA, USA, 25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993.","startPage":"1414","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228362,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa64e4b0c8380cd4daab","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","contributorId":128306,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","id":536417,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Cheng-lung","contributorId":30752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Cheng-lung","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ling, Chi-Hai","contributorId":55154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ling","given":"Chi-Hai","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017452,"text":"70017452 - 1993 - The hydrogeology of Kilauea volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:16:57","indexId":"70017452","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The hydrogeology of Kilauea volcano","docAbstract":"The hydrogeology of Kilauea volcano and adjacent areas has been studied since the turn of this century. However, most studies to date have focused on the relatively shallow, low-salinity parts of the ground-water system, and the deeper hydrothermal system remains poorly understood. The rift zones of adjacent Mauna Loa volcano bound the regional ground-water flow system that includes Kilauea, and the area bounded by the rift zones of Kilauea and the ocean may comprise a partly isolated subsystem. Rates of ground-water recharge vary greatly over the area and discharge is difficult to measure, because streams are ephemeral and most ground-water discharges diffusely at or below sea level. Hydrothermal systems exist at depth in Kilauea's cast and southwest rift zone, as evidenced by thermal springs at the coast and wells in the lower east-rift zone. Available data suggest that dike-impounded, heated ground water occurs at relatively high elevations in the upper east-and southwest-rift zones of Kilauea, and that permeability at depth in the rift zones (probably < 10-15 m2) is much lower than that of unaltered basalt flows closer to the surface (> 10 10 m2). Substantial variations in permeability and the presence of magmatic heat sources influence the structure of the fresh water-salt water interface, so the Ghyben-Herzberg model will often fail to predict its position. Numerical modeling studies have considered only subsets of the hydrothermal system, because no existing computer code solves the coupled fluid-flow, heat- and solute-transport problem over the temperature and salinity range encountered at Kilauea. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(93)90003-6","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Ingebritsen, S.E., and Scholl, M.A., 1993, The hydrogeology of Kilauea volcano: Geothermics, v. 22, no. 4, p. 255-270, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(93)90003-6.","startPage":"255","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228419,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268153,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(93)90003-6"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacc7e4b08c986b32372b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, M. A.","contributorId":86365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018346,"text":"70018346 - 1993 - Kinematic stratification in the hinterland of the central Scandinavian Caledonides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-10T00:00:29.898034","indexId":"70018346","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinematic stratification in the hinterland of the central Scandinavian Caledonides","docAbstract":"A transect through west-central Norway illustrates the changing geometry and kinematics of collision in the hinterland of the central Scandinavian Caledonides. A depth section through the crust is exposed on Fosen Peninsula, comprising three tectonic units separated by two shear zones. The lowest unit, exposed in the Roan window, is a modestly deformed, Caledonian granulite complex framed by a subhorizontal décollement, with NW-SE oriented lineations and kinematic indicators showing top-to-the-northwest transport. The middle unit, the Vestranden gneiss complex, contains relict granulites, but was penetratively deformed at amphibolite facies to produce an orogen-parallel family of structures during translation on the décollement. Shallow plunging lineations on steep schistosities are subparallel to fold axes of the dominant, upright, non-cylindrical folds. A small component of sinistral strike slip is also recorded. In contrast, southernmost Fosen Peninsula contains an abundance of cover rocks infolded with Proterozoic basement in a fold nappe, with shallow, E-dipping schistosities, down-dip lineations, and orogen-oblique, top-to-the-west shear sense indicators. A NE-striking, sinistral shear zone separates the gneisses from southern Fosen. Deformation in the Scandian hinterland was partitioned both in space and time, with orogen-parallel extension and shear at middle structural levels and orogen-oblique transport at shallower levels.
A paradigm of cohesive sediment transport research is that erosion and deposition are mutually exclusive. Many laboratory studies have shown that there is a velocity/stress threshold below which erosion does not occur and a lower threshold above which deposition does not occur. In contrast, a deposition threshold is not included in standard noncohesive sediment transport models, allowing erosion and deposition to occur simultaneously. Several researchers have also modeled erosion and deposition of mud without a deposition threshold. This distinction can have important implications for suspended sediment transport predictions and for data interpretation.
Model-data comparisons based on observations of in situ erosion and deposition of upper Chesapeake Bay mud indicate poor agreement when the sediments are modeled as a single resuspended particle class and mutually exclusive erosion and deposition is assumed. The total resuspended sediment load increases in conjunction with increasing bottom shear stress as anticipated, but deposition is initiated soon after the shear stress begins to decrease and long before the stress falls below the value at which erosion had previously begun. Models assuming no critical stress for deposition, with continuous deposition proportional to the near bottom resuspended sediment concentration, describe the data better. Empirical parameter values estimated from these model fits are similar to other published values for estuarine cohesive sediments, indicating significantly greater erodability for higher water content surface sediments and settling velocities appropriate for large estuarine flocs.
The apparent failure of the cohesive paradigm when applied to in situ data does not mean that the concept of a critical stress for deposition is wrong. Two possibilities for explaining the observed discrepancies are that certain aspects of in situ conditions have not been replicated in the laboratory experiments underlying the cohesive paradigm, and that in situ sediment behavior is better described as a sequence of particle classes than as the single particle class modeled here. However, the in situ measurements needed to resolve these questions are very difficult and data generally are not available. For practical modeling purposes, allowing continuous deposition of a single resuspended particle class may often give quite satisfactory results.
A semi-analytical model is developed to determine transmissivity and storativity from the interpretation of transient flow in an observation well due to pumping in a source well where the two wells are connected by a single fracture. Flow rate can be determined using a heat-pulse flowmeter located above the intersection of the fracture in the observation well. The results of a field experiment were interpreted using the new model and compared with drawdown data from the same test. Good agreement between the transmissivity estimates was observed whereas estimates of storativity were found to be better determined from the analysis of flow rate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(93)90237-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Lapcevic, P., Novakowski, K., and Paillet, F.L., 1993, Analysis of flow in an observation well intersecting a single fracture: Journal of Hydrology, v. 151, no. 2-4, p. 229-239, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90237-4.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"239","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"151","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb14e4b0c8380cd48bdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lapcevic, P.A.","contributorId":24508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapcevic","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Novakowski, K.S.","contributorId":96851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novakowski","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018221,"text":"70018221 - 1993 - Calculation of the vapor-saturated liquidus for the NaCl-CO2-H2O system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T17:52:28.961219","indexId":"70018221","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Calculation of the vapor-saturated liquidus for the NaCl-CO2-H2O system","title":"Calculation of the vapor-saturated liquidus for the NaCl-CO2-H2O system","docAbstract":"The polybaric liquidus surface for the H2O-rich corner of the NaCl-CO2-H2O ternary is calculated, relying heavily on
(1) a Henry's law equation for CO2 in brines (modified from Drummond, 1981),
(2) the assumption that the contributions of dissolved NaCl and CO2 in lowering the activity of H2O are additive, and
(3) data on the CO2 clathrate solid solution (nominally CO2 · 7.3H2O, but ranging from 5.75 to 8 or 9 H2O) from Bozzo et al. (1975).
The variation with composition of the activity of CO2·7.3H2O, or any other composition within the clathrate field, is small, thereby simplifying the calculations appreciably. Ternary invariant points are
(1) ternary eutectic at −21.5°C, with ice + clathrate + hydrohalite NaCl-·H2O + brine mNaCl = 5.15, mco2 = 0.22 + vaporPtotal ≈ Pco2 = 5.7 atm;
(2) peritectic at −9.6°C, with clathrate + hydrohalite + liquid CO2 + brine mNaCl = 5.18, mco2 = 0.55 + vapor (Ptotal ≈ Pco2 = 26.47 atm); and
(3) peritectic slightly below +0.1 °C, with halite + hydrohalite + liquid CO2 + brine (mNaCl ≈ 5.5, mco2 ≈ 0.64) + vapor (Ptotal ≈ Pco2 ≈ 34 atm).
CO2 isobars have been contoured on the ternary liquidus and also on the 25°C isotherm. An important caveat regarding the application of this information to the interpretation of the freezing-thawing behavior of fluid inclusions is that metastable behavior is a common characteristic of the clathrate.
Banded, epithermal quartz-adularia veins have produced about 1.5 million ounces of gold and 7 million ounces of silver from the Bodie mining district, eastern California. The veins cut dacitic lava flows, pyroclastic rocks and intrusions. Sinter boulders occur in a graben structure at the top of Bodie Bluff and fragments of sinter and mineralized quartz veins occur in hydrothermal breccias nearby. Explosive venting evidently was part of the evolution of the ore-forming geothermal systems which, at one time, must had reached the paleosurface. Previous reconnaissance studies at Bodie Bluff suggested that the geometry of alteration mineral assemblages and distribution of some of the major and trace elements throughout the system correspond to those predicted by models of hot-spring, volcanic rock hosted precious metal deposits (Silberman, 1982; Silberman and Berger, 1985). The current study was undertaken to evaluate these sugestions further.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(93)90007-9","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Herrera, P., Closs, L., and Silberman, M., 1993, Alteration and geochemical zoning in Bodie Bluff, Bodie mining district, eastern California: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 48, no. 2, p. 259-275, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(93)90007-9.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"275","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228751,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e976e4b0c8380cd482ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herrera, P.A.","contributorId":42377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrera","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Closs, L.G.","contributorId":14137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Closs","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Silberman, M.L.","contributorId":10013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silberman","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017426,"text":"70017426 - 1993 - Isotopic and trace-element constraints on mantle and crustal contributions to Siberian continental flood basalts, Noril'sk area, Siberia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T17:38:43.768487","indexId":"70017426","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic and trace-element constraints on mantle and crustal contributions to Siberian continental flood basalts, Noril'sk area, Siberia","docAbstract":"We present a tightly controlled and comprehensive set of analytical data for the 250-Ma Siberian flood-basalt province. Consideration of major- and trace-element compositions, along with strontium, lead and neodymium isotopic compositions, strongly supports earlier Russian subdivision of this magmatism into three magmatic cycles, giving rise to three assemblages of eleven basalt suites in the ascending order Ivakinsky-Gudchikhinsky, Khakanchansky-Nadezhdinsky and Morongovsky-Samoedsky. Geochemical and isotopic discontinuities of varying magnitude characterize most of the boundaries between the eleven recognized basalt suites in the Noril'sk area.
Although we conclude that the dominant volume of erupted magma originated from an asthenospheric mantle plume, none of the lavas is interpreted to directly represent asthenospheric melts, which would have been far more magnesian. On the basis of thermal considerations, we consider it unlikely that vast volumes of basaltic melt were produced directly from the continental lithospheric mantle beneath the Siberian craton. Moreover, there is little evidence from mantle xenoliths that the geochemical signatures of such melts would correspond to those of the Siberian flood basalts. Studies of melt migration lead us to conclude that transport of asthenospheric melt through the lithospheric mantle would be rapid, by fracture propagation. Lavas from the Gudchikhinsky suite have negligible Ta-Nb anomalies and positive ϵNd values and their parental magmas presumably interacted little with the continental lithospheric mantle or crust. All other lavas have negative Ta-Nb anomalies and lower ϵNd values that we attribute to interaction with continental crust.
The model that we have developed requires discrete contributions from the plume and complex processing of all erupted magmas in the continental crust. The earliest magmas represent small percentages of melt formed in equilibrium with garnet. Over time, the percentage of melting in the source region and the volume of magma produced increased, and garnet was no longer stable in the plume source. All of the plume-derived melts initially contained more than 20 wt% MgO and became less Mg rich by fractionation of olivine as they traversed the lithospheric mantle. We conclude, however, that the most significant control on the geochemical and isotopic compositions of all the erupted lavas was processing of mantle-derived magma in crustal reservoirs during periodic replenishment, periodic tapping, continuous crystal fractionation and wallrock assimilation. Rapid eruption of an extremely large volume of processed magma that varied little in chemical and isotopic composition produced the sequence of relatively monotonous tholeiitic basalts that constitute the 2,300-m-thick third assemblage of the Siberian flood-basalt province near Noril'sk.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(93)90149-Q","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Wooden, J.L., Czamanske, G., Fedorenko, V., Arndt, N., Chauvel, C., Bouse, R.M., King, B.S., Knight, R.J., and Siems, D.F., 1993, Isotopic and trace-element constraints on mantle and crustal contributions to Siberian continental flood basalts, Noril'sk area, Siberia: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, no. 15, p. 3677-3704, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90149-Q.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"3677","endPage":"3704","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228703,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f9ae4b0c8380cd6465b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czamanske, G.K.","contributorId":26300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fedorenko, V.A.","contributorId":59961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedorenko","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arndt, N.T.","contributorId":95887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arndt","given":"N.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chauvel, C.","contributorId":86914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chauvel","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bouse, R. M.","contributorId":33709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouse","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"King, B. S. W.","contributorId":105438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Knight, R. J.","contributorId":96255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Siems, D. F.","contributorId":101239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siems","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70018215,"text":"70018215 - 1993 - Stable isotope study of fluid inclusions in fluorite from Idaho: Implications for continental climates during the Eocene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T13:08:53.004011","indexId":"70018215","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope study of fluid inclusions in fluorite from Idaho: Implications for continental climates during the Eocene","docAbstract":"Isotopic studies of fluid inclusions from meteoric water-dominated epithermal ore deposits offer a unique opportunity to study paleoclimates because the fluids can provide direct samples of ancient waters. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of meteoric waters vary because of changes in climatic variables such as mean annual temperature of precipitation, relative humidity, origin and history of air masses, and the isotope composition of the oceans. Inclusion fluids found in fluorite (CaF2) are especially useful because their host is devoid of oxygen or hydrogen, thus precluding postentrapment isotope exchange. Fluorite-hosted fluid inclusions from the Eocene (51-50 Ma) epithermal deposits of the Bayhorse mining district, northeastern Idaho, have low salinities, most less than 0.6 equivalent wt% NaCl, and low to moderate homogenization temperatures (98 to 146 °C), indicating meteoric origins for the fluids. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data on inclusion fluids are almost identical to those of modern meteoric waters in the area. The equivalence of the isotope composition of the Eocene inclusion fluids and modern meteoric waters indicates that the Eocene climatic conditions were similar to those today. This conclusion supports the climate modeling of Sloan and Barron, who suggested that the climates of continental interiors do not reflect the magnitude of warming preserved by the deep-ocean paleoclimate record during the Eocene.
Previous investigations have not well defined the controls on the development of minable coals in fluvial environments. This study was undertaken to provide a clearer understanding of these controls, particularly in of the lower Tertiary coal-bearing deposits of the Raton and Powder River basins in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States. In this region, large amounts of coals accumulated in swamps formed in the flow-through fluvial systems that infilled these intermontane basins. Extrabasinal and intrabasinal tectonism partly controlled the stratigraphic and facies distributions of minable coal deposits. The regional accumulation of coals was favored by the rapid basin subsidence coupled with minimal uplift of the source area. During these events, coals developed in swamps associated with anastomosed and meandering fluvial systems and alluvial fans. The extensive and high rate of sediment input from these fluvial systems promoted the formation of ombrotrophic, raised swamps, which produced low ash and anomalously thick coals. The petrology and palynology of these coals, and the paleobotany of the associated sediments, suggest that ombrotrophic, raised swamps were common in the Powder River Basin, where the climate during the early Tertiary was paratropical. The paleoecology of these swamps is identical to that of the modern ombrotrophic, raised swamps of the Baram and Mahakam Rivers of Borneo.