The C aquifer underlies the Little Colorado River Basin and parts of the Verde and Salt River Basins and is named for the primary water-bearing rock unit of the aquifer, the Coconino Sandstone. The areal extent of this aquifer is more than 27,000 square miles. More than 1,000 well and spring sites were identified in the U.S. Geological Survey database for the C aquifer in Arizona and New Mexico. The C aquifer is the most productive aquifer in the Little Colorado River Basin.
\nThe Little Colorado River is the primary surface-water feature in the area, and it has a direct hydraulic connection with the C aquifer in some areas. Spring discharge as base flow from the C aquifer occurs predominantly in the lower 13 miles of the Little Colorado River subsequent to downward leakage into the deeper Redwall-Muav Limestone aquifer. Ground-water mounds or divides exist along the southern and northeastern boundaries of the Little Colorado River Basin. The ground-water divides are significant boundaries of the C aquifer; however, the location and persistence of the divides potentially can be affected by ground-water withdrawals.
\nGround-water development in the C aquifer has increased steadily since the 1940s because population growth has produced an increased need for agricultural, industrial, and public water supply. Ground-water pumpage from the C aquifer during 1995 was about 140,000 acre-feet.
\nGround-water budget components for the C aquifer were evaluated using measured or estimated discharge values. The system was assumed to be in a steady-state condition with respect to natural recharge and discharge, and the stability of discharge from major springs during the past several decades supported the steady-state assumption. Downward leakage to the Redwall-Muav Limestone aquifer is a major discharge component for the ground-water budget. Discharge from the C aquifer is estimated to be 319,000 acre-feet per year.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/wri024026","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Hart, R.J., Ward, J., Bills, D., and Flynn, M., 2002, Generalized hydrogeology and ground-water budget for the C Aquifer, Little Colorado River Basin and parts of the Verde and Salt River Basins, Arizona and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4026, Report: vii, 45 p.; Errata: 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024026.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 45 p.; Errata: 1 p.","numberOfPages":"55","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288437,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288435,"type":{"id":12,"text":"Errata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4026/errata.pdf"},{"id":288436,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4026/report.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Arizona;New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Little Colorado River Basin;Salt River Basin;Verde Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.0,33.0 ], [ -113.0,37.0 ], [ -108.0,37.0 ], [ -108.0,33.0 ], [ -113.0,33.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b13b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, Robert J. bhart@usgs.gov","contributorId":598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Robert","email":"bhart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":239300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, John J.","contributorId":106964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"John J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bills, Donald J. djbills@usgs.gov","contributorId":4180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bills","given":"Donald J.","email":"djbills@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":239302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flynn, Marilyn E. meflynn@usgs.gov","contributorId":1039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Marilyn E.","email":"meflynn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":239301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":39969,"text":"wri024025 - 2002 - Statistical summaries of streamflow in Oklahoma through 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:19","indexId":"wri024025","displayToPublicDate":"2002-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4025","title":"Statistical summaries of streamflow in Oklahoma through 1999","docAbstract":"Statistical summaries of streamflow records through 1999 for gaging stations in Oklahoma and parts of adjacent states are presented for 188 stations with at least 10 years of streamflow record. Streamflow at 113 of the stations is regulated for specific periods. Data for these periods were analyzed separately to account for changes in streamflow due to regulation by dams or other human modification of streamflow.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nA brief description of the location, drainage area, and period of record is given for each gaging station. A brief regulation history also is given for stations with a regulated streamflow record. This descriptive information is followed by tables of mean annual discharges, magnitude and probability of exceedance of annual high flows, magnitude and probability of exceedance of annual instantaneous peak flows, durations of daily mean flow, magnitude and probability of non-exceedance of annual low flows, and magnitude and probability of non-exceedance of seasonal low flows.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024025","usgsCitation":"Tortorelli, R.L., 2002, Statistical summaries of streamflow in Oklahoma through 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4025, 510 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024025.","productDescription":"510 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3659,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024025 ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":170134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e1dd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tortorelli, R. L.","contributorId":105755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tortorelli","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39859,"text":"fs05902 - 2002 - Investigation of the geology and hydrology of the upper and middle Verde River watershed of central Arizona: A project of the Arizona Rural Watershed Initiative","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-13T22:01:47.726695","indexId":"fs05902","displayToPublicDate":"2002-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"059-02","title":"Investigation of the geology and hydrology of the upper and middle Verde River watershed of central Arizona: A project of the Arizona Rural Watershed Initiative","docAbstract":"The upper and middle Verde River watershed in west-central Arizona is an area rich in natural beauty and cultural history and is an increasingly popular destination for tourists, recreationists, and permanent residents seeking its temperate climate. The diverse terrain of the region includes broad desert valleys, upland plains, forested mountain ranges, narrow canyons, and riparian areas along perennial stream reaches. The area is predominantly in Yavapai County, which in 1999 was the fastest-growing rural county in the United States (Woods and Poole Economics, Inc., 1999); by 2050, the population is projected to more than double. Such growth will increase demands on water resources. The domestic, industrial, and recreational interests of the population will need to be balanced against protection of riparian, woodland, and other natural areas and their associated wildlife and aquatic habitats. Sound management decisions will be required that are based on an understanding of the interactions between local and regional aquifers, surface-water bodies, and recharge and discharge areas. This understanding must include the influence of climate, geology, topography, and cultural development on those components of the hydrologic system.
\nIn 1999, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR), initiated a regional investigation of the hydrogeology of the upper and middle Verde River watershed. The project is part of the Rural Watershed Initiative (RWI), a program established by the State of Arizona and managed by the ADWR that addresses water supply issues in rural areas while encouraging participation from stakeholder groups in affected communities. The USGS is performing similar RWI investigations on the Colorado Plateau to the north and in the Mogollon Highlands to the east of the Verde River study area (Parker and Flynn, 2000). The objectives of the RWI investigations are to develop: (1) a single database containing all hydrogeologic data available for the combined areas, (2) an understanding of the geologic units and structures in each area with a focus on how geology influences the storage and movement of ground water, (3) a conceptual model that describes where and how much water enters, flows through, and exits the hydrogeologic system, and (4) a numerical ground-water flow model that can be used to improve understanding of the hydrogeologic system and to test the effects of various scenarios of water-resources development. In 2001, Yavapai County became an additional cooperator in the upper and middle Verde River RWI investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs05902","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arizona Department of Water Resources and Yavapai County","usgsCitation":"Woodhouse, B., Flynn, M., Parker, J.T., and Hoffmann, J.P., 2002, Investigation of the geology and hydrology of the upper and middle Verde River watershed of central Arizona: A project of the Arizona Rural Watershed Initiative: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 059-02, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05902.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":425620,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52136.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":287691,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0059-02/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":287692,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Verde River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.1976,34.3956 ], [ -113.1976,35.8968 ], [ -111.4,35.8968 ], [ -111.4,34.3956 ], [ -113.1976,34.3956 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b2e4b07f02db5310df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodhouse, Betsy","contributorId":92327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodhouse","given":"Betsy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flynn, Marilyn E. meflynn@usgs.gov","contributorId":1039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Marilyn E.","email":"meflynn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parker, John T.C.","contributorId":18766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoffmann, John P. jphoffma@usgs.gov","contributorId":1337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffmann","given":"John","email":"jphoffma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":222445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":50794,"text":"ofr02285 - 2002 - Feasibility of Estimating Constituent Concentrations and Loads Based on Data Recorded by Acoustic Instrumentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:32","indexId":"ofr02285","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-285","title":"Feasibility of Estimating Constituent Concentrations and Loads Based on Data Recorded by Acoustic Instrumentation","docAbstract":"The acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and acoustic Doppler velocity meter (ADVM) were used to estimate constituent concentrations and loads at a sampling site along the Hendry-Collier County boundary in southwestern Florida. The sampling site is strategically placed within a highly managed canal system that exhibits low and rapidly changing water conditions. With the ADCP and ADVM, flow can be gaged more accurately rather than by conventional field-data collection methods. \r\n\r\nAn ADVM velocity rating relates measured velocity determined by the ADCP (dependent variable) with the ADVM velocity (independent variable) by means of regression analysis techniques. The coefficient of determination (R2) for this rating is 0.99 at the sampling site. Concentrations and loads of total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total nitrogen (dependent variables) were related to instantaneous discharge, acoustic backscatter, stage, or water temperature (independent variables) recorded at the time of sampling. Only positive discharges were used for this analysis. Discharges less than 100 cubic feet per second generally are considered inaccurate (probably as a result of acoustic ray bending and vertical temperature gradients in the water column). \r\n\r\nOf the concentration models, only total phosphorus was statistically significant at the 95-percent confidence level (p-value less than 0.05). Total phosphorus had an adjusted R2 of 0.93, indicating most of the variation in the concentration can be explained by the discharge. All of the load models for total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total nitrogen were statistically significant. Most of the variation in load can be explained by the discharge as reflected in the adjusted R2 for total phosphorus (0.98), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (0.99), and total nitrogen (0.99).","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02285","usgsCitation":"Lietz, A., 2002, Feasibility of Estimating Constituent Concentrations and Loads Based on Data Recorded by Acoustic Instrumentation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-285, 10 p. (6 figures, 1 table, 9 p. of text), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02285.","productDescription":"10 p. (6 figures, 1 table, 9 p. of text)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4592,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fl.water.usgs.gov/Abstracts/ofr02_285_lietz.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":179322,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0285/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86348,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0285/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f70d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lietz, A.C.","contributorId":40957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lietz","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39815,"text":"wri024110 - 2002 - Simulation of flow and water quality of the Arroyo Colorado, Texas, 1989-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T10:44:57","indexId":"wri024110","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4110","title":"Simulation of flow and water quality of the Arroyo Colorado, Texas, 1989-99","docAbstract":"A model parameter set for use with the Hydrological Simulation Program—FORTRAN watershed model was developed to simulate flow and water quality for selected properties and constituents for the Arroyo Colorado from the city of Mission to the Laguna Madre, Texas. The model simulates flow, selected water-quality properties, and constituent concentrations. The model can be used to estimate a total maximum daily load for selected properties and constituents in the Arroyo Colorado. The model was calibrated and tested for flow with data measured during 1989–99 at three streamflow-gaging stations. The errors for total flow volume ranged from -0.1 to 29.0 percent, and the errors for total storm volume ranged from -15.6 to 8.4 percent. The model was calibrated and tested for water quality for seven properties and constituents with 1989–99 data. The model was calibrated sequentially for suspended sediment, water temperature, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and orthophosphate. The simulated concentrations of the selected properties and constituents generally matched the measured concentrations available for the calibration and testing periods. The model was used to simulate total point- and nonpoint-source loads for selected properties and constituents for 1989–99 for urban, natural, and agricultural land-use types. About one-third to one-half of the biochemical oxygen demand and nutrient loads are from urban point and nonpoint sources, although only 13 percent of the total land use in the basin is urban.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024110","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission and the Nueces River Authority","usgsCitation":"Raines, T.H., and Miranda, R.M., 2002, Simulation of flow and water quality of the Arroyo Colorado, Texas, 1989-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4110, HTML Document; Report: iv, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024110.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: iv, 56 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":164637,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335464,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4110/pdf/wri02-4110.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.14 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":3555,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri02-4110/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Arroyo Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.44186401367186,\n 26.63150107290847\n ],\n [\n -97.46246337890625,\n 26.64009391980515\n ],\n [\n -97.50640869140625,\n 26.646231271834406\n ],\n [\n -97.57507324218749,\n 26.62045217730122\n ],\n [\n -97.69729614257812,\n 26.57501772243996\n ],\n [\n -97.88131713867188,\n 26.509904531413927\n ],\n [\n -98.074951171875,\n 26.477948705162902\n ],\n [\n -98.25347900390624,\n 26.45950861170239\n ],\n [\n -98.41278076171875,\n 26.474260922876063\n ],\n [\n -98.52401733398438,\n 26.44967268715773\n ],\n [\n -98.56521606445311,\n 26.436146919246013\n ],\n [\n -98.61465454101562,\n 26.352497858154024\n ],\n [\n -98.59130859375,\n 26.298339726417737\n ],\n [\n -98.53500366210938,\n 26.22567887715317\n ],\n [\n -98.4979248046875,\n 26.202269947517024\n ],\n [\n -98.45260620117188,\n 26.173926524048117\n ],\n [\n -98.38119506835938,\n 26.15173990595915\n ],\n [\n -98.3660888671875,\n 26.11721900341594\n ],\n [\n -98.28781127929688,\n 26.07775405403964\n ],\n [\n -98.24111938476562,\n 26.055549170723896\n ],\n [\n -98.09417724609375,\n 26.04444515079636\n ],\n [\n -97.96508789062499,\n 26.054315442680412\n ],\n [\n -97.84149169921875,\n 26.045678982732714\n ],\n [\n -97.811279296875,\n 26.045678982732714\n ],\n [\n -97.77694702148438,\n 26.02593611383701\n ],\n [\n -97.74948120117188,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -97.65609741210938,\n 26.01853168134975\n ],\n [\n -97.60528564453125,\n 25.966687579916506\n ],\n [\n -97.5146484375,\n 26.003721415115685\n ],\n [\n -97.35671997070311,\n 26.045678982732714\n ],\n [\n -97.30453491210938,\n 26.074053532504166\n ],\n [\n -97.30178833007811,\n 26.10982033978212\n ],\n [\n -97.30728149414062,\n 26.15543796871355\n ],\n [\n -97.31552124023438,\n 26.201037768161285\n ],\n [\n -97.34573364257812,\n 26.302033130758726\n ],\n [\n -97.37869262695312,\n 26.37095506595221\n ],\n [\n -97.40341186523436,\n 26.42999831802051\n ],\n [\n -97.41989135742188,\n 26.528336542726354\n ],\n [\n -97.42950439453125,\n 26.587299083638417\n ],\n [\n -97.44186401367186,\n 26.63150107290847\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2e08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, Timothy H. thraines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Timothy","email":"thraines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":222250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miranda, Roger M.","contributorId":71609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miranda","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39816,"text":"wri024122 - 2002 - Water Quality in the Mahoning River and Selected Tributaries in Youngstown, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-17T08:22:04","indexId":"wri024122","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4122","displayTitle":"Water Quality in the Mahoning River and Selected Tributaries in Youngstown, Ohio","title":"Water Quality in the Mahoning River and Selected Tributaries in Youngstown, Ohio","docAbstract":"The lower reaches of the Mahoning River in Youngstown, Ohio, have been characterized by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) as historically having poor water quality. Most wastewater-treatment plants (WWTPs) in the watershed did not provide secondary sewage treatment until the late 1980s. By the late 1990s, the Mahoning River still received sewer-overflow discharges from 101 locations within the city of Youngstown, Ohio. The Mahoning River in Youngstown and Mill Creek, a principal tributary to the Mahoning River in Youngstown, have not met biotic index criteria since the earliest published assessment by OEPA in 1980. Youngstown and the OEPA are working together toward the goal of meeting water-quality standards in the Mahoning River. The U.S. Geological Survey collected information to help both parties assess water quality in the area of Youngstown and to estimate bacteria and inorganic nitrogen contributions from sewer-overflow discharges to the Mahoning River.
Two monitoring networks were established in the lower Mahoning River: the first to evaluate hydrology and microbiological and chemical water quality and the second to assess indices of fish and aquatic-macroinvertebrate-community health. Water samples and water-quality data were collected from May through October 1999 and 2000 to evaluate where, when, and for how long water quality was affected by sewer-overflow discharges. Water samples were collected during dry- and wet-weather flow, and biotic indices were assessed during the first year (1999). The second year of sample collection (2000) was directed toward evaluating changes in water quality during wet-weather flow, and specifically toward assessing the effect of sewer-overflow discharges on water quality in the monitoring network.
Water-quality standards for Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentration and draft criteria for nitrate plus nitrite and total phosphorus were the regulations most commonly exceeded in the Mahoning River and Mill Creek sampling networks. E. coliconcentrations increased during wet-weather flow and remained higher than dry-weather concentrations for 48 hours after peak flow. E. coli concentration criteria were more commonly exceeded during wet-weather flow than during dry-weather flow. Exceedances of nutrient-concentration criteria were not substantially more common during wet-weather flow.
The fish and aquatic macroinvertebrate network included Mill Creek and its tributaries but did not include the main stem of the Mahoning River. Persistent exceedances of chemical water-quality standards in Mill Creek and the presence of nutrient concentrations in excess of draft criteria may have contributed to biotic index scores that on only one occasion met State criteria throughout the fish and aquatic macroinvertebrate sampling network.
Monitored tributary streams did not contribute concentrations of E. coli, nitrate plus nitrite, or total phosphorus to the Mahoning River and Mill Creek that were higher than main-stem concentrations, but monitored WWTP and sewer-overflow discharges did contribute. Twenty-four hour load estimates of sewer-overflow discharge contributions during wet-weather flow indicated that sewer-overflow discharges contributed large loads of bacteria and inorganic nitrogen to the Mahoning River relative to the instream load. The sewer-overflow loads appeared to move as a slug of highly enriched water that passed through Youngstown on the rising limb of the storm hydrograph. The median estimated sewer-overflow load contribution of bacteria was greater than the estimated instream load by a factor of five or more; however, the median estimated sewer-overflow load of inorganic nitrogen was less than half of the estimated instream load.
Sewer-overflow discharges contributed loads of E. coli and nutrients to the Mahoning River and Mill Creek at a point where the streams already did not meet State water-quality regulations. Improvement of water quality of the Mahoning River, Mill Creek, and tributaries at Youngstown would be facilitated by reducing loads from sewer-overflow discharges within Youngstown, by identifying and reducing other sources of E. coli and nutrients within Young-stown, and by reducing discharges of E. coli , nitrate plus nitrite, and total phosphorus to the Mahoning River and Mill Creek upstream from Youngstown.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024122","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Youngstown, Ohio","usgsCitation":"Stoeckel, D.M., and Covert, S., 2002, Water Quality in the Mahoning River and Selected Tributaries in Youngstown, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4122, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024122.","productDescription":"45 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3556,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4122/wri20024122.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.46 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2002-4122"},{"id":164735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4122/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Ohio Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6460 Busch Blvd.
Columbus, OH 43229
The effects of highway-deicer application on ground-water quality were studied at a site in northwestern Indiana using a variety of geochemical indicators. Site characteristics such as high snowfall rates; large quantities of applied deicers; presence of a high-traffic highway; a homogeneous, permeable, and unconfined aquifer; a shallow water table; a known ground-water-flow direction; and minimal potential for other sources of chloride and sodium to complicate source interpretation were used to select a study area where ground water was likely to be affected by deicer application. Forty-three monitoring wells were installed in an unconfined sand aquifer (the Calumet aquifer) near Beverly Shores in northwestern Indiana. Wells were installed along two transects that approximately paralleled groundwater flow in the Calumet aquifer and crossed US–12. US–12 is a highway that receives Indiana’s highest level of maintenance to maintain safe driving conditions. Ground-water quality and water-level data were collected from the monitoring wells, and precipitation and salt-application data were compiled from 1994 through 1997.
The water-quality data indicated that chloride was the most easily traced indicator of highway deicers in ground water. Concentration ratios of chloride to iodide and chloride to bromide and Stiff diagrams of major element concentrations indicated that the principal source of chloride and sodium in ground water from the uppermost one-third to one-half of the Calumet aquifer and downgradient from US–12 was from a halite highway-deicer source. Borehole logs of relative electromagnetic conductivity defined a distinct plume of deicer-affected water in the uppermost 8 feet of aquifer at about 9 feet horizontally from the paved roadway edge and a zone of higher conductivity than background in the lower one-third of the aquifer. Chloride and sodium in the deep parts of the aquifer originated from natural sources.
Chloride and sodium from highway deicers were present in the aquifer throughout the year. The highest concentrations of chloride and sodium in ground water were determined in samples collected during the spring and summer from wells open to the water table within about 9 feet of the highway. Chloride concentrations in ground water that were attributable to highway deicers also were found in tested wells about 400 feet downgradient from US–12 during the fall and winter and at greater depths than in wells closer to US–12.
Chloride concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) secondary maximum contaminant level of 250 milligrams per liter for drinking water at seven wells downgradient from the highway during late winter, spring, and summer samplings. The chloride standard was exceeded only in water from wells with total depths that are less than about 10 feet below land surface. Sodium concentrations in water periodically exceeded the USEPA drinking-water equivalency level of 20 milligrams per liter in both the uppermost (deicer 2 Effects of Highway-Deicer Application on Ground-Water Quality in a Part of the Calumet Aquifer, Northwestern Indiana affected) and lower one-thirds of the aquifer. Sodium concentrations in ground water downgradient from US–12 and in the upper 5 feet of the aquifer also occasionally exceeded drinking-water standards for sodium (160 milligrams per liter) as set by the State of Florida and a standard for taste (200 milligrams per liter) as set by the World Health Organization.
Dispersion was identified by analysis of aquifer-test data, isotopic dating of ground water, and water-quality data to be the process most responsible for reducing concentrations of highway deicers in the aquifer. Chemical analyses of the sand composing the aquifer indicated that cation exchange decreased the mass of deicerrelated sodium in ground water, although the sand has a limited capacity to sustain the process.
Automated daily measurements of specific conductance, correlated to chloride concentrations, indicated that some deicer is retained in the aquifer near the highway throughout the entire year and acts as a continuous chloride source for ground water. Peak concentrations of deicerrelated constituents occasionally were detected by the daily, automated measurements of specific conductance that were made between the monthly samplings of ground water. Data analysis indicated that more frequent sampling than monthly intervals would be necessary if maximum chloride concentrations were to be measured.
Some deicer may be retained in the aquifer and unsaturated zone between annual salt-application periods. Chloride concentrations at wells 1-DG-WT and 2-DG-WT remained greater than background through much or all of the year. The estimated masses of chloride transported in ground water past 2-DG in 1995 and 1996 were either slightly greater than (1995) or less than (1996) the masses of chloride applied to US–12 during the study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014260","usgsCitation":"Watson, L.R., Bayless, E.R., Buszka, P.M., and Wilson, J.T., 2002, Effects of highway-deicer application on ground-water quality in a part of the Calumet Aquifer, northwestern Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001–4260, Report: vi, 148 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014260.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 148 p.","numberOfPages":"153","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3551,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4260/wri20014260.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.12 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRi 2001-4260"},{"id":164540,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4260/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Calumet Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.00159072875977,\n 41.65944700578406\n ],\n [\n -86.96794509887694,\n 41.65944700578406\n ],\n [\n -86.96794509887694,\n 41.675219790652385\n ],\n [\n -87.00159072875977,\n 41.675219790652385\n ],\n [\n -87.00159072875977,\n 41.65944700578406\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5957 Lakeside Blvd.
Indianapolis, IN 46278
The Red River of the North is a complex river system in the north-central plains of the United States. The river continues to affect the people and property within its basin. During June of 2002, major flooding occurred for the third time in 5 years in the Red River of the North Basin, especially on tributaries in northwestern Minnesota. The worst damage occurred in Roseau, Minn., where about 95 percent of the town was inundated. Extensive damage to roads, bridges, and crops occurred throughout the flooded area in northwestern Minnesota and northeastern North Dakota. Roseau County, Minn., was designated a major disaster area on June 14, 2002, by President Bush and later twelve more counties were added to the disaster declaration. Unlike the 1997 floods, which were the result of record-high, region-wide snowpacks and a late spring blizzard, the June 2002 floods were the result of heavy rainfall that swept across the region on June 9-10 and again on June 22-24, 2002.
\nFlooding in the Red River of the North Basin commonly is caused by spring snowmelt, and the severity of the flooding is affected by (1) substantial precipitation in the fall that produces high levels of soil moisture; (2) above-normal snowfall in the winter; (3) moist, frozen ground that prohibits infiltration of moisture; (4) a late spring thaw; (5) above-normal precipitation during spring thaw; and (6) ice jams (temporary dams of ice) on rivers and streams. Flooding during June 2002, however, was not caused by most factors usually associated with major flooding in the Red River Basin. In fact, precipitation had been below normal since late last summer and as of June 1, 2002, the flooded area was in a moderate drought based on the Palmer Drought Severity Index.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), one of the principal Federal agencies responsible for the collection and interpretation of water-resources data, works with other Federal, State, and local agencies to ensure that accurate and timely data are available for making decisions regarding the public's welfare (a listing of cooperators in the Red River Basin is given at the end of this report). This report presents preliminary meteorologic data provided by the National Weather Service, Grand Forks Office and water-resources 2002 flood data that were obtained from selected streamflow-gaging stations located in the Red River of the North Basin (fig. 1).
\nHistorical peak stages and peak discharges and the June 2002 peak stages, peak discharges, and recurrence intervals are shown in table 1. The streamflow-gaging stations are listed in downstream order by station number, and station locations are shown in figure 1. The June 2002 peak stages and peak discharges given in this preliminary report may be revised as site surveys are completed and additional field data are reviewed in the upcoming months. The peak discharges are used to determine the probability, often expressed in recurrence intervals, that a given discharge will be exceeded in the future. For example, a flood that has a 1-percent chance of exceedance in any given year would, on the long-term average, be expected to occur only about once a century; therefore, the flood would be termed a \"100-year flood.\" However, the chance of such a flood occurring in any given year is 1 percent. Thus, a 100-year flood can occur in successive years at the same location. In some instances, recurrence interval estimates can be based on periods of regulated flow or made with historic adjustments when historic data are available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02278","usgsCitation":"Wiche, G.J., Guttormson, K., Robinson, S., Mitton, G., and Bramer, B., 2002, June 2002 floods in the Red River of the North basin in northeastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-278, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02278.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3630,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr02278/ofr02278.pdf","text":"Report","size":"342 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":319951,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02278.JPG"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Red River of the North basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.4052734375, 49.001843917978526 ], [ -99.99755859375, 48.99463598353408 ], [ -99.964599609375, 48.915279853443806 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.88639177703194 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.719961222646276 ], [ -99.86572265625, 48.61112192003074 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.46563710044979 ], [ -99.68994140625, 48.356249029540706 ], [ -99.6240234375, 48.22467264956519 ], [ -99.700927734375, 48.122101028190805 ], [ -99.82177734375, 48.004625021133904 ], [ -99.99755859375, 47.98256841921402 ], [ -100.338134765625, 47.98256841921402 ], [ -100.294189453125, 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Gregg J. gjwiche@usgs.gov","contributorId":1675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"Gregg","email":"gjwiche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guttormson, K.G.","contributorId":78359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guttormson","given":"K.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, S.M.","contributorId":79162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mitton, G.B.","contributorId":104517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitton","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bramer, B.J.","contributorId":42093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bramer","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":39800,"text":"wri024059 - 2002 - Effectiveness of three best management practices for highway-runoff quality along the Southeast Expressway, Boston, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:35","indexId":"wri024059","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4059","title":"Effectiveness of three best management practices for highway-runoff quality along the Southeast Expressway, Boston, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Best management practices (BMPs) near highways are designed to reduce the amount of suspended sediment and associated constituents, including debris and litter, discharged from the roadway surface. The effectiveness of a deep-sumped hooded catch basin, three 2-chambered 1,500-gallon oil-grit separators, and mechanized street sweeping in reducing sediment and associated constituents was examined along the Southeast Expressway (Interstate Route 93) in Boston, Massachusetts. Repeated observations of the volume and distribution of bottom material in the oil-grit separators, including data on particle-size distributions, were compared to data from bottom material deposited during the initial 3 years of operation. The performance of catch-basin hoods and the oil-grit separators in reducing floating debris was assessed by examining the quantity of material retained by each structural BMP compared to the quantity of material retained by and discharged from the oil-grit separators, which received flow from the catch basins. The ability of each structural BMP to reduce suspended-sediment loads was assessed by examining (a) the difference in the concentrations of suspended sediment in samples collected simultaneously from the inlet and outlet of each BMP, and (b) the difference between inlet loads and outlet loads during a 14-month monitoring period for the catch basin and one separator, and a 10-month monitoring period for the second separator. The third separator was not monitored continuously; instead, samples were collected from it during three visits separated in time by several months. Suspended-sediment loads for the entire study area were estimated on the basis of the long-term average annual precipitation and the estimated inlet and outlet loads of two of the separators. The effects of mechanized street sweeping were assessed by evaluating the differences between suspended-sediment loads before and after street sweeping, relative to storm precipitation totals, and by comparing the particle-size distributions of sediment samples collected from the sweepers to bottom-material samples collected from the structural BMPs. A mass-balance calculation was used to quantify the accuracy of the estimated sediment-removal efficiency for each structural BMP. The ability of each structural BMP to reduce concentrations of inorganic and organic constituents was assessed by determining the differences in concentrations between the inlets and outlets of the BMPs for four storms. The inlet flows of the separators were sampled during five storms for analysis of fecal-indicator bacteria. The particle-size distribution of bottom material found in the first and second chambers of the separators was similar for all three separators. Consistent collection of floatable debris at the outlet of one separator during 12 storms suggests that floatable debris were not indefinitely retained.Concentrations of suspended sediment in discrete samples of runoff collected from the inlets of the two separators ranged from 8.5 to 7,110 mg/L. Concentrations of suspended sediment in discrete samples of runoff collected from the outlets of the separators ranged from 5 to 2,170 mg/L. The 14-month sediment-removal efficiency was 35 percent for one separator, and 28 percent for the second separator. In the combined-treatment system in this study, where catch basins provided primary suspended-sediment treatment, the separators reduced the mass of the suspended sediment from the pavement by about an additional 18 percent. The concentrations of suspended sediment in discrete samples of runoff collected from the inlet of the catch basin ranged from 32 to 13,600 mg/L. Concentrations of suspended sediment in discrete samples of runoff collected from the outlet of the catch basin ranged from 25.7 to 7,030 mg/L. The sediment-removal efficiency for individual storms during the 14-month monitoring period for the deep-sumped hooded catch basin was 39 percent.The concentrations of 29 in","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024059","usgsCitation":"Smith, K.P., 2002, Effectiveness of three best management practices for highway-runoff quality along the Southeast Expressway, Boston, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4059, 62 p., one CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024059.","productDescription":"62 p., one CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3544,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024059","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625299","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Kirk P. 0000-0003-0269-474X kpsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-474X","contributorId":1516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kirk","email":"kpsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39802,"text":"wri024107 - 2002 - Effects of wastewater and combined sewer overflows on water quality in the Blue River basin, Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas, July 1998-October 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T20:37:16.268822","indexId":"wri024107","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4107","title":"Effects of wastewater and combined sewer overflows on water quality in the Blue River basin, Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas, July 1998-October 2000","docAbstract":"Samples were collected from 16 base-flow\r\nevents and a minimum of 10 stormflow events\r\nbetween July 1998 and October 2000 to characterize\r\nthe effects of wastewater and combined sewer\r\noverflows on water quality in the Blue River\r\nBasin, Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas. Waterquality\r\neffects were determined by analysis of\r\nnutrients, chloride, chemical and biochemical oxygen\r\ndemand, and suspended sediment samples\r\nfrom three streams (Blue River, Brush Creek, and\r\nIndian Creek) in the basin as well as the determination\r\nof a suite of compounds known to be indicative\r\nof wastewater including antioxidants,\r\ncaffeine, detergent metabolites, antimicrobials,\r\nand selected over-the-counter and prescription\r\npharmaceuticals. Constituent loads were determined\r\nfor both hydrologic regimes and a measure\r\nof the relative water-quality impact of selected\r\nstream reaches on the Blue River and Brush Creek\r\nwas developed. Genetic fingerprint patterns of\r\nEscherichia coli bacteria from selected stream\r\nsamples were compared to a data base of knownsource\r\npatterns to determine possible sources of\r\nbacteria.\r\nWater quality in the basin was affected by\r\nwastewater during both base flows and stormflows;\r\nhowever, there were two distinct sources\r\nthat contributed to these effects. In the Blue River\r\nand Indian Creek, the nearly continuous discharge\r\nof treated wastewater effluent was the primary\r\nsource of nutrients, wastewater indicator compounds,\r\nand pharmaceutical compounds detected\r\nin stream samples. Wastewater inputs into Brush\r\nCreek were largely the result of intermittent stormflow\r\nevents that triggered the overflow of combined\r\nstorm and sanitary sewers, and the\r\nsubsequent discharge of untreated wastewater into\r\nthe creek. A portion of the sediment, organic matter,\r\nand associated constituents from these events\r\nwere trapped by a series of impoundments constructed\r\nalong Brush Creek where they likely continued\r\nto affect water quality during base flow.\r\nConcentrations and loads of most wastewater\r\nconstituents in the Blue River and Indian Creek were\r\nsignificantly greater than in Brush Creek, especially\r\nduring base flow. However, wastewater indicator\r\ncompound concentrations were sometimes greater\r\nin some Brush Creek stormflow samples. Selected\r\nstream reaches along the mid-portion of Brush\r\nCreek showed higher effects relative to other sites,\r\nprimarily because these sites were in impounded\r\nreaches with the greatest density of wastewater\r\ninputs, or had relatively small drainage areas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024107","usgsCitation":"Wilkison, D.H., Armstrong, D., and Blevins, D.W., 2002, Effects of wastewater and combined sewer overflows on water quality in the Blue River basin, Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas, July 1998-October 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4107, iv, 162 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024107.","productDescription":"iv, 162 p.","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":413784,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52033.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8500,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4107/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":172592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri","city":"Kansas City","otherGeospatial":"Blue River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.875,\n 38.750\n ],\n [\n -94.875,\n 39.125\n ],\n [\n -94.5667,\n 39.125\n ],\n [\n -94.5667,\n 38.750\n ],\n [\n -94.875,\n 38.750\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fc33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilkison, Donald H. wilkison@usgs.gov","contributorId":3824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkison","given":"Donald","email":"wilkison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armstrong, Daniel J. armstron@usgs.gov","contributorId":3823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Daniel J.","email":"armstron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blevins, Dale W. dblevins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blevins","given":"Dale","email":"dblevins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":222222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":39921,"text":"ofr02240 - 2002 - Preliminary data from analysis of base-flow separation in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:35","indexId":"ofr02240","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-240","title":"Preliminary data from analysis of base-flow separation in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02240","usgsCitation":"Landon, M.K., and McGuire, V.L., 2002, Preliminary data from analysis of base-flow separation in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-240, 7 p. plus electronic files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02240.","productDescription":"7 p. plus electronic files","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172382,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c6a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, Virginia L. 0000-0002-3962-4158 vlmcguir@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3962-4158","contributorId":404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"Virginia","email":"vlmcguir@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39887,"text":"ofr2002319 - 2002 - Rainfall, Streamflow, and Water-Quality Data During Stormwater Monitoring, Halawa Stream Drainage Basin, Oahu, Hawaii, July 1, 2001 to June 30, 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"ofr2002319","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-319","title":"Rainfall, Streamflow, and Water-Quality Data During Stormwater Monitoring, Halawa Stream Drainage Basin, Oahu, Hawaii, July 1, 2001 to June 30, 2002","docAbstract":"The State of Hawaii Department of Transportation Stormwater Monitoring Program was implemented on January 1, 2001. The program includes the collection of rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data at selected sites in the Halawa Stream drainage basin. Rainfall data were collected at two sites, and streamflow data were collected at 3 sites for the year July 1, 2001 to June 30, 2002. Water-quality data were collected at five sites, which include the three streamflow sites.\r\n\r\nSix storms were sampled during the year July 1, 2001 to June 30, 2002, for a total of 44 samples. For each storm event, grab samples were collected nearly simultaneously at all five sites, and flow-weighted, time-composite samples were collected at the three sites equipped with automatic samplers. Samples were analyzed for nutrients, trace metals, oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons, fecal coliform, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and total dissolved solids. Quality assurance samples were also collected to verify analytical procedures and insure proper cleaning of equipment.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr2002319","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Presley, T.K., 2002, Rainfall, Streamflow, and Water-Quality Data During Stormwater Monitoring, Halawa Stream Drainage Basin, Oahu, Hawaii, July 1, 2001 to June 30, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-319, vi, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2002319.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p.","temporalStart":"2001-07-01","temporalEnd":"2002-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3598,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hi.water.usgs.gov/publications/pubs/ofr/ofr02-319.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124015,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2002_319.jpg"},{"id":13738,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/319/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -157.96666666666667,21.333333333333332 ], [ -157.96666666666667,21.466666666666665 ], [ -157.8,21.466666666666665 ], [ -157.8,21.333333333333332 ], [ -157.96666666666667,21.333333333333332 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d6a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Presley, Todd K. 0000-0001-5851-0634 tkpresle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5851-0634","contributorId":2671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presley","given":"Todd","email":"tkpresle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":222512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32986,"text":"wri024105 - 2002 - Preliminary hydrogeologic assessment and study plan for a regional ground-water resource investigation of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont provinces of North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-08T13:31:02","indexId":"wri024105","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4105","title":"Preliminary hydrogeologic assessment and study plan for a regional ground-water resource investigation of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont provinces of North Carolina","docAbstract":"Prolonged drought, allocation of surface-water flow, and increased demands on ground-water supplies resulting from population growth are focuses for the need to evaluate ground-water resources in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Provinces of North Carolina. Urbanization and certain aspects of agricultural production also have caused increased concerns about protecting the quality of ground water in this region.
More than 75 percent of the State's population resides in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Provinces in an area that covers 30,544 square miles and 65 counties. Between 1940 and 2000, the population in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces increased from 2.66 to 6.11 million; most of this increase occurred in the Piedmont. Of the total population, an estimated 1.97 million people, or 32.3 percent (based on the 1990 census), relied on ground water for a variety of uses, including commercial, industrial, and most importantly, potable supplies.
Ground water in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont traditionally has not been considered as a source for large supplies, primarily because of readily available and seemingly limitless surface-water supplies, and the perception that ground water in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Provinces occurs in a complex, generally heterogeneous geologic environment. Some reluctance to use ground water for large supplies derives from the reputation of aquifers in these provinces for producing low yields to wells, and the few high-yield wells that are drilled seem to be scattered in areas distant from where they are needed. Because the aquifers in these provinces are shallow, they also are susceptible to contamination by activities on the land surface.
In response to these issues, the North Carolina Legislature supported the creation of a Resource Evaluation Program to ensure the long-term availability, sustainability, and quality of ground water in the State. As part of the Resource Evaluation Program, the North Carolina Division of Water Quality, Groundwater Section, in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, initiated a multiyear study of ground water in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Provinces. The study began in 1999.
Most of the study area is underlain by a complex, two-part, regolith-fractured crystalline rock aquifer system. Thickness of the regolith throughout the study area is highly variable and ranges from 0 to more than 150 feet. The regolith consists of an unconsolidated or semiconsolidated mixture of clay and fragmental material ranging in grain size from silt to boulders. Because porosities range from 35 to 55 percent, the regolith provides the bulk of the water storage within the Blue Ridge and Piedmont ground-water system. At the base of the regolith is the transition zone where saprolite grades into unweathered bedrock. The transition zone has been identified as a potential conduit for rapid ground-water flow. If this is the case, the transition zone also may serve as a conduit for rapid movement of contaminants to nearby wells or to streams with channels that cut into 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Raleigh, North Carolina. 2 North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality, Groundwater Section. or through the transition zone. How rapidly a contaminant moves through the system largely may be a function of the characteristics of the transition zone. The transition zone is one of several topics identified during the literature review and data synthesis, for which there is a deficiency in data and understanding of the processes involved in the movement of ground water to surface water.
Because the Blue Ridge and Piedmont study area is so large, and the hydrogeology diverse, it is not feasible to study all of the area in detail. A more feasible approach is to select areas that are most representative of the land use, geology, and hydrology to obtain an understanding of the hydrologic processes in the selected areas, and transfer the knowledge from these local \"type areas\" to similar regional hydrogeologic areas.
For the purpose of this study, the term \"type area\" applies to a 10- to 100-square mile area within a hydrogeologic terrane where information is sufficient to develop and test a concept of ground-water flow by using analytical or numerical methods that can be validated by field measurements. Ideally, these type areas are selected to be representative of the flow system that is present wherever a particular hydrogeologic terrane is present.
This report consists of two basic parts. The first part describes the results of a comprehensive review and synthesis of information and literature that provides the basic background for the study. This includes current (2002) knowledge regarding general geology and the hydrogeologic framework of the fractured-rock aquifer system that underlies the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Provinces. In spite of the quantity of information identified during the literature review and the amount of past work that has been documented, there are still research needs to be met.
The second part of the report describes State ground-water issues and problems, available data, and data deficiencies. It also describes the design and implementation of efforts to characterize ground-water quality and to quantify factors that influence the movement and availability of ground water in the hydrogeologic terranes characterized by (1) massive or foliated crystalline rocks overlain by thick regolith and (2) massive or foliated crystalline rocks overlain by thin regolith.
As of September 2001, seven sites had been identified as potential study sites to be used to characterize the hydrogeology and water quality of ype areas considered representative of the larger terranes. Detailed geologic mapping, core drilling, well installation, and surface and borehole geophysical surveys are in progress at four of the sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024105","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Groundwater Section of the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality","usgsCitation":"Daniel, C.C., and Dahlen, P.R., 2002, Preliminary hydrogeologic assessment and study plan for a regional ground-water resource investigation of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont provinces of North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4105, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024105.","productDescription":"60 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3154,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4105/wri20024105.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.36 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 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U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
Operation of the Garrison Diversion Unit in North Dakota may have various effects on the quantity and quality of streamflow in the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North. To model the effects that the Garrison Diversion Unit could have on water quality, gaged and estimated historic streamflow data and estimated unregulated streamflow data were compiled to develop a complete monthly streamflow record for January 1931 through September 1999 (the data-development period) for 35 sites in the Red River of the North Basin in North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota.
During the entire data-development period, gaged streamflow data were available for only 4 of the 35 sites, incomplete data of various length were available for 10 sites, and no data were available for 21 sites. Drainage- area ratio and Maintenance of Variance Extension Type 1 methods were used to estimate the historic streamflow for months when no data were available.
Unregulated streamflow for the 35 sites was estimated by eliminating the hydrologic effects of Orwell Reservoir, Lake Traverse, Mud Lake, Lake Ashtabula, and surface-water withdrawals. Modeled flows at the Red River of the North at Wahpeton by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were used to eliminate the effects of Orwell Reservoir, Lake Traverse, and Mud Lake, and water-balance procedures were used to eliminate the effects of Lake Ashtabula.
The U.S. Geological Survey conducted an integrated geophysical and hydraulic investigation at the Norden Systems, Inc. site in Norwalk, Connecticut, where chlorinated solvents have contaminated a fractured-rock aquifer. Borehole, borehole-to-borehole, surface-geophysical, and hydraulic methods were used to characterize the site bedrock lithology and structure, fractures, and transmissive zone hydraulic properties. The geophysical and hydraulic methods included conventional logs, borehole imagery, borehole radar, flowmeter under ambient and stressed hydraulic conditions, and azimuthal square-array direct-current resistivity soundings.
\nIntegrated interpretation of geophysical logs at borehole and borehole-to-borehole scales indicates that the bedrock foliation strikes northwest and dips northeast, and strikes north-northeast to northeast and dips both southeast and northwest. Although steeply dipping fractures that cross-cut foliation are observed, most fractures are parallel or sub-parallel to foliation. Steeply dipping reflectors observed in the radar reflection data from three boreholes near the main building delineate a north-northeast trending feature interpreted as a fracture zone. Results of radar tomography conducted close to a suspected contaminant source area indicate that a zone of low electromagnetic (EM) velocity and high EM attenuation is present above 50 ft in depth - the region containing the highest density of fractures. Flowmeter logging was used to estimate hydraulic properties in the boreholes. Thirty-three transmissive fracture zones were identified in 11 of the boreholes. The vertical separation between transmissive zones typically is 10 to 20 ft.
\nOpen-hole and discrete-zone transmissivity was estimated from heat-pulse flowmeter data acquired under ambient and stressed conditions. The open-hole transmissivity ranges from 2 to 86 ft2/d. The estimated transmissivity of individual transmissive zones ranges from 0.4 to 68 ft2/d. Drawdown monitoring in nearby boreholes under pumping conditions identified hydraulic connections along a northeast-southwest trend between boreholes as far as 560 ft apart. The vertical distribution of fractures can be described by power law functions, which suggest that the fracture network contains transmissive zones consisting of closely spaced fractures surrounded by a less fractured and much less permeable rock mass.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014133","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with United Technologies Corporation","usgsCitation":"Lane, J., Williams, J., Johnson, C., Savino, D., and Haeni, F., 2002, An integrated geophysical and hydraulic investigation to characterize a fractured-rock aquifer, Norwalk, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4133, v, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014133.","productDescription":"v, 22 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163905,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":310679,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/bgas/publications/wri014133/wri014133-p1-30.pdf"}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","city":"Norwalk","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.375000,\n 41.125\n ],\n [\n -73.4000,\n 41.125\n ],\n [\n -73.4000,\n 41.1000\n ],\n [\n -73.375000,\n 41.1000\n ],\n [\n -73.375000,\n 41.125\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683b3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":66723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, J.H.","contributorId":29482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, C. D.","contributorId":8120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savino, D.M.","contributorId":6914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savino","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":33026,"text":"wri014214 - 2002 - Prediction of velocities for a range of streamflow conditions in Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-26T15:39:50","indexId":"wri014214","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4214","title":"Prediction of velocities for a range of streamflow conditions in Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"A regression equation that is used nationwide to predict traveltime in streams during periods of low and moderate flow was developed by H.E. Jobson in 1996. Because none of the data used in the development of the equation were from streams in Pennsylvania, velocities for low and moderate flows predicted by the equation were compared to velocities measured during time-of-travel studies on the Susquehanna, Delaware, and Lehigh Rivers. Although these comparisons showed good agreement, a similar comparison using velocities for higher flows indicated an overestimate by this regression equation. Because of the need for a method of computing traveltimes for periods of high flows, a new regression equation was developed using data from three sources: (1) time-of-travel studies conducted at low and moderate flow, (2) slop-area measurements of flood flows, and (3) velocities of the 100-year floodway as reported in various flood-insurance studies.
The new regression equation can be used for predicting velocities associated with flows up to the 100-year flood for Pennsylvania streams. It has standard errors of estimate of 0.18 feet per second, 0.37 feet per second; and 0.31 feet per second, for time-of-travel studies in the Susquehanna, Delaware, and Lehigh Rivers, respectively. The standard error of estimate is 1.71 feet per second for velocities determined from the slope-area measurements and 1.22 feet per second for velocities determined from the flood-insurance studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014214","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Reed, L.A., and Stuckey, M.H., 2002, Prediction of velocities for a range of streamflow conditions in Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4214, iv, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014214.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351035,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4214/wri20014214.pdf","text":"Report","size":"440 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4214"},{"id":160541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4214/coverthb.jpg"}],"scale":"1","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
We have collected about 150 magnetotelluric (MT) soundings in northeastern Nevada in the region of the Ruby Mountains metamorphic core complex uplift and southern Carlin mineral trend, in an effort to illuminate controls on core complex evolution and deposition of world-class gold deposits. The region has experienced a broad range of tectonic events including several periods of compressional and extensional deformation, which have contributed to the total expression of electrical resistivity. Most of the soundings are in three east-west profiles across increasing degrees of core uplift to the north (Bald Mountain, Harrison Pass and Secret Pass latitudes). Two shorter lines cross a prominent east-west structure to the north of the northern profile. MT impedance tensor and vertical magnetic field rotations imply a N-NNE average regional geoelectric strike, similar to surface geologic trends. Model resistivity cross sections were derived using a 2-D inversion algorithm, which damps departures of model parameters from an a priori structure, emphasizing the transverse magnetic (TM) mode and vertical magnetic field data. Geological interpretation of the resistivity combines previous seismic, potential field and isotope models, structural and petrological models for regional compression and extension, and detailed structural/stratigraphic interpretations incorporating drilling for petroleum and mineral exploration. To first order, the resistivity structure is one of a moderately conductive, Phanerozoic sedimentary section fundamentally disrupted by intrusion and uplift of resistive crystalline rocks. Late Devonian and early Mississippian shales of the Pilot and Chainman Formations together form an important conductive marker sequence in the stratigraphy and show pronounced increases in conductance (conductivity-thickness product) from east to west. These increases in conductance are attributed to graphitization caused by Elko-Sevier era compressional shear deformation and possibly by intrusive heating. The resistive crystalline central massifs adjoin the host stratigraphy across crustal-scale, subvertical fault zones. These zones provide electric current pathways to the lower crust for heterogeneous, upper crustal induced current flow. Resistive core complex crust may be steeply bounded under the middle of the neighboring grabens and not deepen at a shallow angle to arbitrary distances to the west. The numerous crustal breaks imaged with MT may contribute to the low effective elastic thickness estimated regionally for the Great Basin and exemplify the mid-crustal, steeply dipping slip zones in which major earthquakes nucleate. An east-west oriented conductor in the crystalline upper crust spans the East Humboldt Range and northern Ruby Mountains. The conductor may be related to an inferred ArcheanProterozoic suture or nearby graphitic metasediments, with possible alteration by middle Tertiary magmatic activity. Lower crustal resistivity everywhere under the profiles is low and appears quasi one-dimensional. It is consistent with a low rock porosity (
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02214","usgsCitation":"Wannamaker, P.E., Doerner, W.M., Stodt, J.A., Sodergen, T.L., and Rodriguez, B.D., 2002, Analysis of magnetotelluric profile data from the Ruby Mountains metamorphic core complex and southern Carlin Trend region, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-214, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02214.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3179,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0214/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":163262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0214/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60881,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0214/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680442","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wannamaker, Philip E.","contributorId":86398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wannamaker","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doerner, William M.","contributorId":17662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doerner","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stodt, John A.","contributorId":79533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stodt","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sodergen, Timothy L.","contributorId":63071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sodergen","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rodriguez, Brian D. 0000-0002-2263-611X brod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2263-611X","contributorId":836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Brian","email":"brod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":33007,"text":"ofr02205 - 2002 - Merged digital aeromagnetic data for the middle Rio Grande and southern Espanola basins, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T15:38:54","indexId":"ofr02205","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-205","title":"Merged digital aeromagnetic data for the middle Rio Grande and southern Espanola basins, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently conducted a multi-disciplinary study of the Middle Rio Grande basin (Bartolino and Cole, 2002; Fig. 1). The main purpose of this study was to gain a better multi-dimensional understanding of the basin's hydrogeologic framework and use this new understanding to construct an improved regional ground-water flow model. The Middle Rio Grande basin fill serves as the primary water resource for Albuquerque and surrounding communities (Thorn and others, 1993). It is composed of poorly consolidated, Tertiary to Quaternary sediments, collectively called the Santa Fe Group. These sediments were deposited during the Tertiary to Quaternary development of the Rio Grande rift (Fig. 1, inset). The strata vary in thickness from 1,000 to more than 4,000 m and range from mudstone to conglomerate (Kelley, 1977; May and Russell, 1994).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr02205","usgsCitation":"Sweeney, R.E., Grauch, V.J., and Phillips, J.D., 2002, Merged digital aeromagnetic data for the middle Rio Grande and southern Espanola basins, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-205, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02205.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3178,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0205/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624eb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweeney, Ronald E.","contributorId":89564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweeney","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grauch, V. J. S. 0000-0002-0761-3489","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":34125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, Jeffrey D. 0000-0002-6459-2821 jeff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":1572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199582,"text":"70199582 - 2002 - Persistence of tidally-oriented vertical migration by zooplankton in a temperate estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T21:34:26","indexId":"70199582","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T21:33:55","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence of tidally-oriented vertical migration by zooplankton in a temperate estuary","docAbstract":"Tidal vertical migration by zooplankton is a common phenomenon in estuaries, usually associated with landward movement of meroplankton or position maintenance of holoplankton. Little is known about the persistence of this behavior, its spatial variability, or its response to changing environmental conditions. We extended a previous study of tidal movements of zooplankton in the low-salinity zone (LSZ) of the San Francisco estuary in 1994 to include data from two additional years with very different hydrology. Freshwater flow during sampling in 1995 was about 7-fold greater than in 1994; the LSZ was about 28 km further seaward, and gravitational circulation in the LSZ was strong. In 1996 freshwater flow and LSZ position were intermediate but, because the LSZ was in shallower water in 1996 than in 1995, gravitational circulation was uncommon. Behavior of copepods in both years was similar to that reported in 1994 with some tidal migration observed during most cruises. An exception was the introduced carnivorous copepodTortanus dextrilobatus, which did not migrate and maintained a position deep in the water column (1995 only). In 1996, mysids mainly stayed near the bottom with evidence for vertical migration from only 1 of 6 data sets, whereas amphipods migrated slightly on a diel schedule; these behaviors contrasted with the tidal migration observed in 1994. The bay shrimpCrangon franciscorum did not appear to migrate, but was more abundant in the water column during both ebb and flood, suggesting passive vertical dispersal. Zooplankton did not appear to maintain position by interactions with lateral circulation cells. The results for copepods suggest rigidity in behavior with little or no relaxation of the vertical movement in 1995 when strong gravitational circulation would have made upstream movement relatively easy. Mysids and amphipods altered their behavior depending on local conditions related to freshwater flow.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02695979","usgsCitation":"Kimmerer, W., Burau, J.R., and Bennett, W., 2002, Persistence of tidally-oriented vertical migration by zooplankton in a temperate estuary: Estuaries, v. 25, no. 3, p. 359-371, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02695979.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"371","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357597,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10f159e4b034bf6a805ab7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimmerer, W.J.","contributorId":23305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimmerer","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burau, Jon R. 0000-0002-5196-5035 jrburau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":1500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"Jon","email":"jrburau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, W.A.","contributorId":100572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":69376,"text":"i2746 - 2002 - Geologic map transecting the highland/lowland boundary zone, Arabia Terra, Mars; quadrangles 30332, 35332, 40332, and 45332","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-28T14:14:50","indexId":"i2746","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2746","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Geologic map transecting the highland/lowland boundary zone, Arabia Terra, Mars; quadrangles 30332, 35332, 40332, and 45332","docAbstract":"Arabia Terra is a large region of cratered terrane extending from about 20° W. longitude eastward across the prime meridian to about 300° W. longitude for an average east-west width of about 5,000 km. The northern boundary ranges from 40° N. to 45° N.; the southern boundary is a poorly defined zone at about 0° N. Thus, the north-south width is about 2,500 km. Except for the westernmost part, Arabia Terra has an albedo higher than surrounding terranes. The four quadrangles mapped (30332, 35332, 40332, 45332) provide a north-south strip from highland terrane in the south to lowland terrane in the north. The northern portion of Arabia Terra is the type region for both fretted terrane and fretted valleys and, along with the immediately adjacent northern plains, is also the site of some of the best examples of putative flow deposits present as aprons around isolated knobs and mesas or as deposits on the floors of fretted valleys and on the lowland surface. Mass wasting, eolian erosion or deposition, glacial scouring, fluvial or shoreline erosion, deposition from an ocean, hydrovolcanism, plateau volcanism, and faulting have all been proposed to account for the topography and crater characteristics in northern Arabia Terra. Although underlain by what appears to be typical highland terrane, Arabia Terra is anomalously low, with elevations generally below the planetary reference. Probably the most important question concerning the global-scale tectonic history of Mars is the origin of the crustal dichotomy. The northern lowland is not only several kilometers lower than the southern highland, it also is surfaced by materials that are significantly younger than surface materials in the southern highland. The young surface materials in the lowland rest unconformably on basement material having an age comparable to the exposed ancient highland terrane to the south. The age of the dichotomy continues to be controversial, as does the mechanism for its formation, as reviewed by McGill and Squyres (1991). Gravity and topography data from Mars Global Surveyor, however, does appear to favor early formation due to internal processes. Because complex depositional and erosional events affected the boundary since its formation, the cause and history of these events must be unraveled before we can directly attack the fundamental question of the reason for the dichotomy.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i2746","collaboration":"Prepared for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"McGill, G.E., 2002, Geologic map transecting the highland/lowland boundary zone, Arabia Terra, Mars; quadrangles 30332, 35332, 40332, and 45332: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2746, 1 Map: 134 x 100 cm, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2746.","productDescription":"1 Map: 134 x 100 cm","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":6325,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2746/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":188012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/i_2746.jpg"}],"scale":"5000000","projection":"Transverse Mercator","otherGeospatial":"Arabia Terra;Mars","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6886d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGill, George E.","contributorId":47462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGill","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}