{"pageNumber":"137","pageRowStart":"3400","pageSize":"25","recordCount":4111,"records":[{"id":5222792,"text":"5222792 - 1990 - Breeding biology and nesting success of palila","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T13:49:05.715915","indexId":"5222792","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:10","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding biology and nesting success of palila","docAbstract":"We studied the breeding biology of Palila (Loxioides bailleui ) at 85 nests from 20 April to 14 September 1988. Eggs were laid over a 139-day period and incubation averaged 16.6 days. The female incubated 85.2% of daylight hours and males fed incubating females. Modal clutch size was 2 (x super(-) = 2.0) and an average of 1.4 nestlings fledged per successful nest. Nestlings were in the nest an average of 25.3 days. Both females and males fed nestlings with the rate of feeding decreasing as the nestlings grew older. Palila nesting success was 25%, reduced primarily by hatching failure and depredation of nestlings. Hatching failure, due to inviable eggs or desertion, occurred in 41% of nests with eggs (55% of nest mortality). Egg depredation was rare (5% of nest mortality). Inbreeding and low food availability are postulated as the major causes for poor hatching success.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1368737","usgsCitation":"Pletschet, S., and Kelly, J., 1990, Breeding biology and nesting success of palila: Condor, v. 92, no. 4, p. 1012-1021, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368737.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1012","endPage":"1021","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503121,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol92/iss4/21","text":"External Repository"},{"id":196281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674fec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pletschet, S.M.","contributorId":8960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pletschet","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelly, J.F.","contributorId":96234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223570,"text":"5223570 - 1990 - Notes on longevity and flightlessness in bristle-thighed curlews","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T11:39:49","indexId":"5223570","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:08","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Notes on longevity and flightlessness in bristle-thighed curlews","docAbstract":"

Bristle-thighed Curlews (Numenius tahitiensis) are among the least-studied shorebirds in the world. They have a highly restricted breeding range in western Alaska and winter exclusively on remote islands in the central and south Pacific (AOU 1983, Kessel 1989). The status of these birds is not known, but they are considered to be rare throughout their range (Johnsgard 1981). We describe two unusual traits of Bristle-thighed Curlews - exceptional longevity and flightlessness during molt-and discuss their significance to the species' migration and nonbreeding ecology.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4088012","usgsCitation":"Marks, J., Redmond, R.L., Hendricks, P., Clapp, R.B., and Gill, R., 1990, Notes on longevity and flightlessness in bristle-thighed curlews: The Auk, v. 107, no. 4, p. 779-781, https://doi.org/10.2307/4088012.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"779","endPage":"781","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479788,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4088012","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":202005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6969e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marks, J.S.","contributorId":63128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marks","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Redmond, R. L.","contributorId":59922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redmond","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hendricks, P.","contributorId":88458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendricks","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clapp, R. B.","contributorId":9371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clapp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":339000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5210860,"text":"5210860 - 1990 - Setting objectives -- A prerequisite of ecosystem management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:31","indexId":"5210860","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Setting objectives -- A prerequisite of ecosystem management","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecosystem management: Rare species and significant habitats, proceedings of the 15th annual Natural Areas Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"New York State Museum","publisherLocation":"Albany","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, R., and Keller, M., 1990, Setting objectives -- A prerequisite of ecosystem management, chap. of Ecosystem management: Rare species and significant habitats, proceedings of the 15th annual Natural Areas Conference, p. 1-4.","productDescription":"viii, 314","startPage":"1","endPage":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202174,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f556a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Mitchell, Richard S. rwmitchell@usgs.gov","contributorId":113282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"Richard","email":"rwmitchell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507222,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheviak, Charles J.","contributorId":113969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheviak","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507223,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leopold, Donald J.","contributorId":82589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507221,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, R.L.","contributorId":79069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keller, M.E.","contributorId":49905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20215,"text":"ofr90503 - 1990 - Digital recordings of aftershocks of the 17 October 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-03T17:38:34.313569","indexId":"ofr90503","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-503","title":"Digital recordings of aftershocks of the 17 October 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"

After the 17 October 1989 Loma Prieta, central California, earthquake (291 00:04:15.25 UTC, Ms=7.1), the U. S. Geological Survey recorded aftershocks at sites of seismologic and engineering interest. This report describes a seismic-waveform dataset collected from 17 October 1989 (291 UTC) to 14 March 1990 (073 UTC) with GEOS digital seismographs deployed from USGS offices in Menlo Park, California. It is a summary of field and data-playback information that is intended to facilitate use of the waveform data in seismologic and engineering studies. It includes station locations, instrumentation histories (trigger parameters, sensor parameters, clock corrections, etc.), listings of waveform records, preliminary seismicity listings, and information about data availability.

Our principal research goal is to understand the influence of seismic-source and wave-propagation phenomena on damaging ground motions, and to use this knowledge to predict hazards from future earthquakes. Source processes encompass the spatial and temporal variations in the excitation of seismic waves at the fault. Wave-propagation processes include amplification and deamplification as seismic energy radiates away from the fault through rocks and soils of variable seismic properties. Since shallow geology at a site (upper tens to hundreds of meters) can exert a relatively great influence on damaging ground motions, it is useful to separate wave-propagation phenomena into whole-path and site parts. In studying these phenomena, aftershock waveform recordings can play an important role. Compared to main shocks, aftershocks are simple earthquakes and aftershock records tend to be relatively dominated by wave-propagation effects. Geometrically, since aftershocks are distributed over the fault zone, aftershock records should resemble part of the main-shock ground motion contributed by localized rupture. This observation forms the basis of the empirical-Green's-function method wherein main-shock ground motion is modeled by summing aftershock records.

The Loma Prieta earthquake provided a rare opportunity that motivated the intensive aftershock-recording effort described in this report. In a seismically noisy urban environment like the San Francisco Bay area, such a large set of high quality seismic data would otherwise be unobtainable.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr90503","usgsCitation":"Mueller, C.C., and Glassmoyer, G., 1990, Digital recordings of aftershocks of the 17 October 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-503, 147 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90503.","productDescription":"147 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":429473,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0503/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152209,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0503/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1119,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nsmp.wr.usgs.gov/GEOS/LPE/OFR_90-503/Loma_Prieta.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Loma Prieta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.90472476015252,\n 37.16521523506998\n ],\n [\n -121.90472476015252,\n 37.08968873122326\n ],\n [\n -121.76847913445323,\n 37.08968873122326\n ],\n [\n -121.76847913445323,\n 37.16521523506998\n ],\n [\n -121.90472476015252,\n 37.16521523506998\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a990","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, Charles C.","contributorId":20348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glassmoyer, Gary","contributorId":28619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassmoyer","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":36158,"text":"b1673 - 1990 - Selected caves and lava-tube systems in and near Lava Beds National Monument, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-23T11:34:45","indexId":"b1673","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1673","title":"Selected caves and lava-tube systems in and near Lava Beds National Monument, California","docAbstract":"

Lava Beds National Monument (fig. 1) lies on the north slope of the huge Medicine Lake shield (fig. 2), a complex volcanic edifice of greater volume than the steep-sided Mount Shasta volcanic cone, which towers as a snowclad land mark 40 mi southwest of the monument (fig. 3).

\n

Much of the north and south flanks of the Medicine Lake shield were built from molten lava transmitted through lava tubes. These tubes formed beneath the congealing surface of basalt flows in somewhat the same way that a brook may continue to flow beneath a cover of its own winter ice. As molten lava emerges from a vent and flows downslope, congealing lava from the top and sides of the central channel often forms a bridge over the lava stream. The sticking together of bits of lava spatter and fragile lava crusts strengthens the bridge in the manner that thin crusts of floating ice raft together to cover a brook during early stages of a winter freeze. Eruption of basalt lava, however, is a much more violent and spasmodic process than the steady gathering of water that feeds a brook. If liquid lava stops rising from its source deep within the earth, the still-molten lava moving beneath the crusted-over top of a lava flow will continue to drain downhill and may ultimately leave an open lavatube cave-often large enough for people to walk through. It is rare, however, to find such a simple scenario recorded intact among the hundreds of lava-tube caves in the monument. Even before the top and walls of a lava flow have time to cool during a pause in lava supply, a new and violent eruption of lava may refill the open tube, overflow its upper end, and spread a new lava flow beside or on top of the first flow. Even if the original tube is large enough to contain the renewed supply of lava, this tube must deliver the new lava beyond the end of its original flow and thus the lava field extends farther and farther downslope. If the gradient of flow flattens, the tube may subdivide into a number of smaller distributaries, which spread laterally over the more gently sloping ground. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1673","usgsCitation":"Waters, A.C., Donnelly-Nolan, J.M., and Rogers, B.W., 1990, Selected caves and lava-tube systems in and near Lava Beds National Monument, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1673, ix, 102 p.; 6 Plates: 41.40 x 49.12 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1673.","productDescription":"ix, 102 p.; 6 Plates: 41.40 x 49.12 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"116","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":97246,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1673/plate-3.pdf","size":"712","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97247,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1673/plate-4.pdf","size":"873","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97245,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1673/plate-2.pdf","size":"1105","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97248,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1673/plate-5.pdf","size":"1076","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97249,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1673/plate-6.pdf","size":"1192","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":165346,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1673/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":311550,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1673/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97244,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1673/plate-1.pdf","size":"2006","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lava Beds National Monument","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 41.65239288426814\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 41.84808170729207\n ],\n [\n -121.43463134765625,\n 41.84808170729207\n ],\n [\n -121.43463134765625,\n 41.65239288426814\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 41.65239288426814\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa66d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waters, Aaron Clement","contributorId":8081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waters","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"Clement","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, Julie M. 0000-0001-8714-9606 jdnolan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8714-9606","contributorId":3271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"Julie","email":"jdnolan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":215863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rogers, Bruce W.","contributorId":91549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":19639,"text":"ofr88725 - 1990 - Ground-water resources of the Arkansas River basin in Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:43","indexId":"ofr88725","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-725","title":"Ground-water resources of the Arkansas River basin in Arkansas","docAbstract":"The Arkansas River basin in Arkansas lies almost entirely within the Interior Highlands physiographic division. The Interior Highlands consist of hilly to mountainous terrain underlain by sandstone, shale, limestone, and dolomite. That part of the basin southeast of Little Rock lies within the Gulf Coastal Plain and is characterized by flat to hilly topography. Significant water-yielding units within the Arkansas River basin include subsurface Paleozoic units such as the Eminence and Potosi Dolomites, the Gasconade Dolomite, and the Van Buren Formations, and Roubidoux Formation as well as outcrops of Paleozoic rocks, the Sparta Sand, and Quaternary deposits. The quality of groundwater withdrawn from the various aquifers in the study area is generally suitable for most uses, although commonly very hard and highly mineralized. Only the Sparta Sand yields a soft, less mineralized water. Yields from the different water-bearing units are highly variable. Several of the subsurface Paleozoic rocks rarely yield more than 10 gal/min. In the Coastal Plain, the Sparta Sand and the Quaternary deposits yield as much as 2,000 and 2,500 gal/min, respectively. Several studies have indicated substantial bacterial contamination of both wells and springs in this part of the study area. Also, nitrate concentrations that exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary drinking water standards occur in some areas. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr88725","usgsCitation":"Kilpatrick, J.M., and Ludwig, A.H., 1990, Ground-water resources of the Arkansas River basin in Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-725, iv, 45 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88725.","productDescription":"iv, 45 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153325,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0725/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49107,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0725/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae11b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilpatrick, J. M.","contributorId":80706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilpatrick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludwig, A. H.","contributorId":63007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17454,"text":"ofr90538 - 1990 - Origin and ages of mineralization of Bayan Obo, the world's largest rare earth ore deposit, Inner Mongolia, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:19","indexId":"ofr90538","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-538","title":"Origin and ages of mineralization of Bayan Obo, the world's largest rare earth ore deposit, Inner Mongolia, China","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr90538","usgsCitation":"Chao, E., Tatsumoto, M., Erickson, R.L., Minkin, J., Back, J., Buden, R., Okita, P., Zonglin, H., Qingrun, M., Yingchen, R., Weijun, S., McKee, E., Turrin, B.D., Junwen, W., Xibin, L., and Edwards, C., 1990, Origin and ages of mineralization of Bayan Obo, the world's largest rare earth ore deposit, Inner Mongolia, China: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-538, 11p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90538.","productDescription":"11p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0538/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46604,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0538/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a67f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chao, E.C.","contributorId":47358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tatsumoto, Mitsunobu","contributorId":10444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"Mitsunobu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Erickson, R. L.","contributorId":26318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erickson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Minkin, J.A.","contributorId":38588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minkin","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Back, J.M.","contributorId":15639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Buden, R.V.","contributorId":12870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buden","given":"R.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Okita, P.M.","contributorId":63031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okita","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Zonglin, Hou","contributorId":93076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zonglin","given":"Hou","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Qingrun, Meng","contributorId":24372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qingrun","given":"Meng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Yingchen, Ren","contributorId":25586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yingchen","given":"Ren","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Weijun, Sun","contributorId":27874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weijun","given":"Sun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"McKee, E.H.","contributorId":20736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Turrin, B. D.","contributorId":32548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turrin","given":"B.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Junwen, Wang","contributorId":17258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Junwen","given":"Wang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Xibin, Li","contributorId":22378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xibin","given":"Li","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Edwards, C.A.","contributorId":53350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70242605,"text":"70242605 - 1990 - Microbial control of silver mineralization at a sea-floor hydrothermal site on the northern Gorda Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T21:37:26.384742","indexId":"70242605","displayToPublicDate":"1990-11-08T16:30:38","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microbial control of silver mineralization at a sea-floor hydrothermal site on the northern Gorda Ridge","docAbstract":"

THE Sea Cliff hydrothermal field, on the northern Gorda Ridge, contains mounds and chimneys of hydrothermally precipitated sulphide and sulphate minerals typical of sea-floor hydrothermal vent sites1. In addition, large areas of the sea floor are covered by subhorizontal hydrothermal crusts. Samples of the crust recovered by submersible are composed of intensely altered fragments of basalt and basaltic hyaloclastite cemented by amorphous silica and chalcedony with less abundant barite, and minor amounts of base-metal sulphide minerals2. Some surfaces of the crust were formerly colonized by bacterial mats, which are locally preserved by replacement and overgrowth of the bacterial filaments by metal sulphide minerals and amorphous silica. The bacterial filaments are selectively replaced by prousite (Ag3AsS3), pearceite3(Ag14.7–xCu1.3+xAs2S11), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and rarely by galena (PbS). Our observations suggest that bacterially mediated processes selectively precipitate silver, arsenic and copper, and that biological processes may contribute to precious-metal enrichment in some sea-floor hydrothermal base-metal sulphide deposits.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1038/348155a0","usgsCitation":"Zierenberg, R.A., and Schiffman, P., 1990, Microbial control of silver mineralization at a sea-floor hydrothermal site on the northern Gorda Ridge: Nature, v. 348, p. 155-157, https://doi.org/10.1038/348155a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"157","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415550,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Gorda Ridge, Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.03723484807483,\n 40.39689408192942\n ],\n [\n -124.03723484807483,\n 42.8586708153079\n ],\n [\n -127.93026920048419,\n 42.8586708153079\n ],\n [\n -127.93026920048419,\n 40.39689408192942\n ],\n [\n -124.03723484807483,\n 40.39689408192942\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"348","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zierenberg, Robert A.","contributorId":91883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zierenberg","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schiffman, Peter","contributorId":40119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffman","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016141,"text":"70016141 - 1990 - Microbial control of silver mineralization at a sea-floor hydrothermal site on the northern Gorda Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-30T16:39:33.706273","indexId":"70016141","displayToPublicDate":"1990-11-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microbial control of silver mineralization at a sea-floor hydrothermal site on the northern Gorda Ridge","docAbstract":"

The Sea Cliff hydrothermal field, on the northern Gorda Ridge, contains mounds and chimneys of hydrothermally precipitated sulphide and sulphate minerals typical of sea-floor hydrothermal vent sites1. In addition, large areas of the sea floor are covered by subhorizontal hydrothermal crusts. Samples of the crust recovered by submersible are composed of intensely altered fragments of basalt and basaltic hyaloclastite cemented by amorphous silica and chalcedony with less abundant barite, and minor amounts of base-metal sulphide minerals2. Some surfaces of the crust were formerly colonized by bacterial mats, which are locally preserved by replacement and overgrowth of the bacterial filaments by metal sulphide minerals and amorphous silica. The bacterial filaments are selectively replaced by prousite (Ag3AsS3), pearceite3(Ag14.7–xCu1.3+xAs2S11), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and rarely by galena (PbS). Our observations suggest that bacterially mediated processes selectively precipitate silver, arsenic and copper, and that biological processes may contribute to precious-metal enrichment in some sea-floor hydrothermal base-metal sulphide deposits.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/348155a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Zierenberg, R., and Schiffmant, P., 1990, Microbial control of silver mineralization at a sea-floor hydrothermal site on the northern Gorda Ridge: Nature, v. 348, no. 6297, p. 155-157, https://doi.org/10.1038/348155a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"157","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222783,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"348","issue":"6297","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5648e4b0c8380cd6d4aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zierenberg, R.A.","contributorId":8998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zierenberg","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schiffmant, Peter","contributorId":51016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffmant","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70124338,"text":"70124338 - 1990 - A sensitivity analysis of nine diversity and seven similarity indices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-11T12:58:13","indexId":"70124338","displayToPublicDate":"1990-10-01T12:53:36","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3264,"text":"Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A sensitivity analysis of nine diversity and seven similarity indices","docAbstract":"

Indices summarizing community structure are used to evaluate fundamental community ecology, species interaction, biogeographical factors, and environmental stress. Some of these indices are insensitive to gross community changes induced by contaminants of pollution.

\n
\n

Sixteen indices commonly used to assess the status of aquatic communities in water quality studies were evaluated using computer simulation techniques to determine specific index responses. Three communities of different initial structure (19 species, 38 species, and 83 species) were generated using the lognormal equation. Each community was then perturbed in three ways: common species disproportionally reduced, all species proportionally reduced, and rare species disproportionally reduced. The behavior of the indices was analyzed graphically and differential response due to initial community structure and type of community change was documented. Some recommendations of potential sources of error using community levels indices were developed.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Water Pollution Control Federation","publisherLocation":"Alexandria, VA","usgsCitation":"Boyle, T.P., Smillie, G.M., Anderson, J.C., and Beeson, D.R., 1990, A sensitivity analysis of nine diversity and seven similarity indices: Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, v. 62, no. 6, p. 749-762.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"749","endPage":"762","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293726,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5412b99ce4b0239f1986ba01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyle, Terrence P.","contributorId":99480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyle","given":"Terrence","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smillie, Gary M.","contributorId":7635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smillie","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Jana C.","contributorId":62943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Jana","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beeson, David R.","contributorId":12381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015813,"text":"70015813 - 1990 - Climatic influences on species: Evidence from the fossil record","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-12T16:54:14.08935","indexId":"70015813","displayToPublicDate":"1990-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3653,"text":"Trends in Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatic influences on species: Evidence from the fossil record","docAbstract":"The detailed Neogene and Quaternary paleoclimatic reconstructions now available provide a means to test how species respond to environmental change. Paleontologic studies of marine organisms show that climatic change causes evolution (via cladogenesis and anagenesis), ecophenotypic variation, migration, morphologic stasis and extinction. Evolution during climatic change is a rare event relative to the number of climatic cycles that have occurred, but climate-related environmental barriers, usually temperature, may play an important role in the isolation of populations during allopatric speciation.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-5347(90)90080-W","issn":"01695347","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., and Schneider, C., 1990, Climatic influences on species: Evidence from the fossil record: Trends in Ecology and Evolution, v. 5, no. 9, p. 275-279, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(90)90080-W.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"279","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223332,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f667e4b0c8380cd4c746","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneider, C.E.","contributorId":29577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016175,"text":"70016175 - 1990 - Natural occurrence of silicon carbide in a diamondiferous kimberlite from Fuxian","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-30T16:43:15.228093","indexId":"70016175","displayToPublicDate":"1990-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural occurrence of silicon carbide in a diamondiferous kimberlite from Fuxian","docAbstract":"

Considerable debate surrounds the existence of silicon carbide in nature, mostly owing to the problem of possible contamination by man-made SiC. Recently, Gurney1 reviewed reports of rare SiC inclusions in diamonds, and noted that SiC can only be regarded as a probable rather than proven cogenetic mineral. Here we report our observation of clusters of SiC coexisting with diamond in a kimberlite from Fuxian, China. Macrocrysts of α-SiC are overgrown epitaxially by β-SiC, and both polymorphs are structurally well ordered. We have also measured the carbon isotope compositions of SiC and diamonds from Fuxian. We find that SiC is more enriched in 12C than diamond by 20‰, relative to the PDB standard. Isotope fractionation might have occurred through an isotope exchange reaction in a common carbon reservoir. Silicon carbide may thus ultimately provide information on carbon cycling in the Earth's mantle.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/346352a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Leung, I., Guo, W., Friedman, I., and Gleason, J., 1990, Natural occurrence of silicon carbide in a diamondiferous kimberlite from Fuxian: Nature, v. 346, no. 6282, p. 352-354, https://doi.org/10.1038/346352a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"352","endPage":"354","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223409,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"346","issue":"6282","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6348e4b0c8380cd723e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leung, I.","contributorId":97385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leung","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guo, W.","contributorId":43230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gleason, J.","contributorId":16975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70242824,"text":"70242824 - 1990 - Tectonic erosion along the Japan and Peru convergent margins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-19T14:02:49.648826","indexId":"70242824","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-01T08:56:49","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic erosion along the Japan and Peru convergent margins","docAbstract":"

The volume of material removed by subduction erosion can be estimated quantitatively if the position of the volcanic arc, the position of the paleotrench axis, and a paleo-depth reference surface are known. Estimates based on these parameters along the Japan and Peru Trenches indicate rates of erosion comparable to well-known rates of accretion. Proposed erosional mechanisms along the plate boundary, where horsts on the lower plate abrade the upper one, appear insufficient to handle the minimum volumes of eroded material. Some mechanisms of tectonic erosion at the base of the trench slope can be observed at colliding seamounts and ridges where structures are large enough to be seismically imaged. Local tectonic erosion of the lower slope of the Japan Trench resulted when seamounts entered the subduction zone, uplifted the slope, and oversteepened it. The oversteepened slope failed, debris slumped into the trench axis, and much of it was then subducted. Where a seamount was subducted, a large re-entrant was left in the slope, which filled rapidly by local accretion of abundant sediment. Subduction of the oblique-trending Nazca Ridge off Peru produced many similar structures. Erosion is dominated by uplift and breakup of the lower slope, with subduction of the debris rather than abrasion under high-stress conditions.

Another form of tectonic erosion occurs along the base of the upper plate. Its magnitude is indicated by massive subsidence along the margin; however, because of deep burial, the structure resulting from basal erosion is rarely imaged in seismic records. The volume of material eroded along the base of the upper plate exceeds that eroded from the front of the lower slope.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0704:TEATJA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"von Huene, R., and Lallemand, S., 1990, Tectonic erosion along the Japan and Peru convergent margins: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 102, no. 6, p. 704-720, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0704:TEATJA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"704","endPage":"720","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416003,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan, Peru","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.47242597313533,\n -2.857289883368267\n ],\n [\n -82.66403469777293,\n -6.021402164526933\n ],\n [\n -81.2874673968782,\n -10.441194124639381\n ],\n [\n -76.35614126589707,\n -16.701951323453542\n ],\n [\n -72.06930636609356,\n -19.66468414596271\n ],\n [\n -69.9321479859201,\n -18.05478605965739\n ],\n [\n -72.40941240735941,\n -16.027114429955972\n ],\n [\n -75.03044481825587,\n -14.67015241343124\n ],\n [\n -77.66726973521375,\n -9.622634606761352\n ],\n [\n -79.8316767504644,\n -6.2536580932955275\n ],\n [\n -80.6223506314949,\n -4.6778081594802785\n ],\n [\n -80.16102148395181,\n -3.3298885919120096\n ],\n [\n -82.47242597313533,\n -2.857289883368267\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 142.50009707708466,\n 33.533081761826296\n ],\n [\n 144.58272627012775,\n 37.28542168117065\n ],\n [\n 145.6203713889073,\n 40.59214120093574\n ],\n [\n 154.7438681337244,\n 44.97503996482203\n ],\n [\n 158.2740946740456,\n 48.432723118341244\n ],\n [\n 153.8179187823913,\n 50.08287065104034\n ],\n [\n 148.83825093438804,\n 46.895710927399904\n ],\n [\n 143.17413875098669,\n 44.226888441514774\n ],\n [\n 140.30271664797624,\n 42.41323748798871\n ],\n [\n 140.81552958133136,\n 39.62703920564985\n ],\n [\n 139.25984559703352,\n 35.75213031529371\n ],\n [\n 130.55892764328632,\n 32.43952535443346\n ],\n [\n 129.37935019035763,\n 28.65677618245161\n ],\n [\n 132.3802511647142,\n 26.30953088138986\n ],\n [\n 134.44918548064834,\n 30.568987401165828\n ],\n [\n 142.50009707708466,\n 33.533081761826296\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"von Huene, Roland 0000-0003-1301-3866","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":208085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","affiliations":[{"id":37709,"text":"USGS, emeritus, 800 Blossom Hill Road, Los Gatos, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":869890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lallemand, S.","contributorId":99703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lallemand","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70242783,"text":"70242783 - 1990 - Eocene diatom chert from Adak Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-17T20:53:19.124184","indexId":"70242783","displayToPublicDate":"1990-03-01T15:38:14","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eocene diatom chert from Adak Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"

Bedded quartz cherts that contain recognizable diatoms are rare in the geologic record and are described here for the first time. The Eocene Andrew Lake Formation on Adak Island, Alaska consists of about 800 m of sedimentary and volcanogenic rocks. Quartz cherts containing diatoms occur in the upper part of the Andrew Lake Formation and crop out on the northern part of the island. The quartz chert formed at about 70 degrees C as determined by its oxygen isotopic composition. The diatoms were preserved in the chert because early and rapid alteration of ubiquitous volcanic glass in the section released silica and saturated the pore waters with respect to opal-A. Then, temperature rapidly increased with burial and the pore waters became undersaturated with respect to opal-A (biogenic silica), which occurred at a temperature greater than that needed to convert opal-CT to quartz. At this stage, delicate species of diatoms dissolved and quartz precipitated around the remaining more robust diatoms, forming diatom theft. Subsequently, grain-growth occurred and quartz replaced the frustules on a very fine scale.

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Hseuh-Wen","contributorId":304219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yeh","given":"Hseuh-Wen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barron, John A. 0000-0002-9309-1145 jbarron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9309-1145","contributorId":2222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barron","given":"John","email":"jbarron@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":869767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70241999,"text":"70241999 - 1990 - Chapter 5: Petrology and geochemistry of the metaluminous to peraluminous Chemehuevi Mountains Plutonic Suite, southeastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-03T21:54:35.696578","indexId":"70241999","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T16:37:44","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Chapter 5: Petrology and geochemistry of the metaluminous to peraluminous Chemehuevi Mountains Plutonic Suite, southeastern California","docAbstract":"

Structural relief resulting from middle Tertiary extensional deformation in the Chemehuevi Mountains exposes a unique cross section through a temporally and compositionally zoned (both vertically and horizontally), laccolith-shaped intrusion of Late Cretaceous age. The calc-alkalic, metaluminous to peraluminous Chemehuevi Mountains Plutonic Suite exhibits crude normal, vertical, and temporal zonation. The zones are progressively younger and more felsic away from the roof and walls; the most differentiated material is concentrated toward the center and floor of the intrusion. Hornblende-biotite- and biotite granodiorite are metaluminous and form the outer margin of the intrusion along the northern and southern walls, and sill-like bodies in an older suite of granitoids and Proterozoic basement rocks. Locally these rocks bear a sub-horizontal, southwest-trending, mylonitic lineation, considered to be synchronous with regional mylonitic deformation. Later and more evolved units are subequigranular to porphyritic, metaluminous to weakly peraluminous biotite granodiorite to granite, and make up the greatest proportion of the intrusion. The youngest, most leucocratic members of the suite are undeformed, locally garnetiferous muscovite granite and granodiorite that form the central part of the intrusion.

Major, trace, and rare earth element data indicate that the magmas of the Cheme-huevi Mountains Plutonic Suite became progressively enriched in Si, K, Rb, Mn, Y, U, and heavy rare earth elements (REE). Fractional crystallization of some REE–rich accessory minerals was important in producing some of these trends. Although modest compositional breaks occur across internal contacts, the general continuity of trends from field, modal, and chemical data suggests that these rocks constitute a comagmatic intrusive suite. Estimates for the pressure of emplacement of the suite vary from 4 to 6 kbar, or a minimum depth of 12 km. Preliminary Pb-, Sr-, and oxygen-isotopic data, together with the REE chemistry, suggest that the Chemehuevi Mountains Plutonic Suite was derived from a heterogeneous crustal source. Compositional variations within the plutonic suite are consistent with open-system fractionation, involving fractional crystallization of discrete batches of magma derived from the melting of a heterogeneous crustal source under H2O-saturated conditions.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The nature and origin of Cordilleran magmatism","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM174-p71","usgsCitation":"John, B.E., and Wooden, J., 1990, Chapter 5: Petrology and geochemistry of the metaluminous to peraluminous Chemehuevi Mountains Plutonic Suite, southeastern California, chap. of The nature and origin of Cordilleran magmatism, v. 174, p. 71-98, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM174-p71.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"98","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415133,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Chemehuevi Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.46082867553369,\n 34.561225468139256\n ],\n [\n -114.46015387037409,\n 34.57713413095348\n ],\n [\n -114.43349937348641,\n 34.59907755802199\n ],\n [\n -114.42607660220145,\n 34.60074391063107\n ],\n [\n -114.42607660220145,\n 34.612407442737066\n ],\n [\n -114.44058474607668,\n 34.6215704971207\n ],\n [\n -114.44159694216104,\n 34.6396159787746\n ],\n [\n -114.44834491605663,\n 34.64822090287066\n ],\n [\n -114.45880427559503,\n 34.659322711159206\n ],\n [\n -114.449357112141,\n 34.6665380891303\n ],\n [\n -114.45543028864724,\n 34.67375283876339\n ],\n [\n -114.45779207951065,\n 34.67791490847833\n ],\n [\n -114.46723924296434,\n 34.69622553015962\n ],\n [\n -114.4685888377434,\n 34.707320905398745\n ],\n [\n -114.47364981816526,\n 34.71453210138439\n ],\n [\n -114.48613356987208,\n 34.715918797763635\n ],\n [\n -114.49996691635793,\n 34.71564146034778\n ],\n [\n -114.56609706053477,\n 34.69511591080456\n ],\n [\n -114.60658490390834,\n 34.685960983477514\n ],\n [\n -114.63728818513349,\n 34.688457882255165\n ],\n [\n -114.60894669477175,\n 34.63267587343876\n ],\n [\n -114.61839385822528,\n 34.615667211897716\n ],\n [\n -114.60186132218098,\n 34.59233942528701\n ],\n [\n -114.58532878613669,\n 34.54760952204401\n ],\n [\n -114.57250763573519,\n 34.51759088810563\n ],\n [\n -114.54382874667877,\n 34.50730423781579\n ],\n [\n -114.52797100802418,\n 34.50980651287003\n ],\n [\n -114.52662141324512,\n 34.52454060856637\n ],\n [\n -114.46082867553369,\n 34.561225468139256\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"174","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"John, Barbara E 0000-0002-7518-8736","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7518-8736","contributorId":207192,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"John","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[{"id":36628,"text":"University of Wyoming","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":868484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooden, Joe","contributorId":14313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joe","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70242100,"text":"70242100 - 1990 - Geochemistry of highly fractionated I- and S-type granites from the tin-tungsten province of western Tasmania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-06T16:34:21.889197","indexId":"70242100","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T11:26:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Geochemistry of highly fractionated I- and S-type granites from the tin-tungsten province of western Tasmania","docAbstract":"

The Devonian batholiths of western Tasmania represent a diverse assemblage of highly fractionated intrusions (70 to 77 percent SiO2) that are the products of different source materials. The Housetop batholith exhibits compositional affinities to a fluorine-rich I-type magma. The Meredith batholith also has characteristics indicative of I-type source materials. The Heemskirk batholith is composite, and consists of a volatile (F, B, H2O)–rich S-type granite underlying an I-type granite. The Three Hummock Island, Interview River, Sandy Cape, and Conical Rocks plutons probably have an S-type source and are grouped together as the Sandy Cape Suite. Rapakivi texture is common in the Housetop, Meredith, and Heemkirk batholiths. Quartz-tourmaline nodules are found in the Conical Rocks pluton and the S-type portion of the Heemskirk batholith.

The Conical Rocks and Interview River plutons yield high initial Sr isotopic ratios of 0.74242 and 0.76009, respectively. The Housetop and Meredith batholiths yield the lowest initial Sr isotopic ratios of 0.71041 and 0.71445, respectively. The S-type portion of the Heemskirk batholith has an initial Sr isotopic ratio of 0.76387. The 40Ar/39Ar release spectrum and Rb/Sr mineral isochron analyses corroborate previously reported Devonian to Carboniferous age estimates for these batholiths. A relatively low-temperature thermal event (<200°C) caused argon loss from the K-feldspars at about 105 Ma. This heating event is probably related to the continental breakup of Australia from Antarctica.

Major-element compositions of the western Tasmanian granites are very similar. The highly fractionated Sandy Cape Suite leucogranites exhibit high Ga/Al ratios typical of A-type granites, but not their extreme Zr, Y, or Ce enrichments. A distinctive feature of the Sandy Cape Suite is the increase in P2O5 concentration with fractionation. The increase in P2O5 with fractionation is apparently due to extremely low Ca activity, which precludes the formation of apatite, thus allowing P2O5 to behave incompatibly in the melt. All of the granitoids have LREE–enriched chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns. REE fractionation within the individual granitoids can be summarized by two trends: those with LREE >> HREE depletion (Housetop, Meredith, and Heemskirk batholiths), and those with LREE = HREE depletion (Sandy Cape Suite). The first trend is caused by the initial undersaturation of accessory mineral assemblage that resulted from high concentrations of volatiles and/or alkali complexes. The second trend is caused by early saturation of accessory phases and/or refractory accessory phases.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ore-bearing granite systems; petrogenesis and mineralizing processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE246-p161","usgsCitation":"Sawka, W.N., Heizler, M., Kistler, R.W., and Chappell, B.W., 1990, Geochemistry of highly fractionated I- and S-type granites from the tin-tungsten province of western Tasmania, chap. of Ore-bearing granite systems; petrogenesis and mineralizing processes: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 246, p. 161-180, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE246-p161.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"180","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415345,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia","state":"Tasmania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 145.39023502074014,\n -42.924046670787085\n ],\n [\n 146.4009772082385,\n -42.907954935315956\n ],\n [\n 146.35703189573798,\n -41.103979907033214\n ],\n [\n 145.35727603636406,\n -40.80528184932509\n ],\n [\n 145.34628970823962,\n -40.705415624950284\n ],\n [\n 145.11557681761525,\n -40.68875667127033\n ],\n [\n 144.9617682238648,\n -40.312829649092045\n ],\n [\n 144.62119205199053,\n -40.47181134072364\n ],\n [\n 144.55527408323843,\n -40.93820338749863\n ],\n [\n 144.67612369261553,\n -41.450751481905776\n ],\n [\n 144.87387759886377,\n -41.771102800345915\n ],\n [\n 145.14853580198866,\n -42.049084666908406\n ],\n [\n 145.11557681761525,\n -42.18762149297865\n ],\n [\n 145.39023502074014,\n -42.924046670787085\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"246","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stein, Holly J.","contributorId":46959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Holly J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868901,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hannah, Judith L.","contributorId":156397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hannah","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":20340,"text":"Colorado State University and CEED Centre of Excellence, University of Oslo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":868902,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Sawka, Wayne N.","contributorId":40592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawka","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heizler, M.T.","contributorId":94799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heizler","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kistler, R. W.","contributorId":36112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kistler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chappell, B. W.","contributorId":72444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chappell","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70168524,"text":"70168524 - 1990 - Intermediate-term earthquake prediction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-18T15:46:02","indexId":"70168524","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intermediate-term earthquake prediction","docAbstract":"

The problems in predicting earthquakes have been attacked by phenomenological methods from pre-historic times to the present. The associations of presumed precursors with large earthquakes often have been remarked upon. the difficulty in identifying whether such correlations are due to some chance coincidence or are real precursors is that usually one notes the associations only in the relatively short time intervals before the large events. Only rarely, if ever, is notice taken of whether the presumed precursor is to be found in the rather long intervals that follow large earthquakes, or in fact is absent in these post-earthquake intervals. If there are enough examples, the presumed correlation fails as a precursor in the former case, while in the latter case the precursor would be verified. Unfortunately, the observer is usually not concerned with the 'uniteresting' intervals that have no large earthquakes. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Knopoff, L., 1990, Intermediate-term earthquake prediction: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 22, no. 5, p. 206-208.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"206","endPage":"208","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318127,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c6f941e4b0946c65240738","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knopoff, L.","contributorId":63952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopoff","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016308,"text":"70016308 - 1990 - Formation of anorthosite-Gabbro rhythmic phase layering: an example at North Arm Mountain, Bay of Isands ophiolite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-04T21:12:38.257063","indexId":"70016308","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of anorthosite-Gabbro rhythmic phase layering: an example at North Arm Mountain, Bay of Isands ophiolite","docAbstract":"

Rhythmically layered anorthosite and gabbro are exposed in a 4–10-m thick interval at the base of the layered gabbro unit on North Arm Mountain, one of four massifs that compose the Bay of Islands ophiolite, Newfoundland. Within the rhythmically layered interval, up to 37 anorthosite layers 1–2 cm thick alternate with gabbroic layers 7–10 cm thick. Anorthosites are adcumulates (most contain <6ppm Zr) with 98–99% plagioclase (Plag) and 1–2% intergranular clinopyroxene (Cpx), whereas gabbros are adcumulates to mesocumulates (<6–20ppm Zr) with 35–55% Plag, and the balance olivine (Ol) + Cpx ± orthopyroxene (Opx). Average mineral compositions are: Ol mg-number [100 ×Mg/(Mg + Fe)]=84·9, NiO=0·13wt. % Plag An = 87·9; Cpx mg-number = 88·3, TiO2=0·20 wt %; and Opx mg-number = 85·7. Rare earth element (REE) concentrations in clinopyroxene and plagioclase are low throughout the rhythmically layered interval (<5 times chondrites). The rhythmically layered interval is sandwiched between thick layers of adcumulate to orthocumulate uniform gabbro with average modal proportions of 54% Plag-39% Cpx-3% Ol-4% Opx. Average mineral compositions are: Ol mg-number = 75·5, NiO = 0·08 wt. %; Plag An=69%6; Cpx mg-number = 81·2, TiO2 =0·53 wt. %, and Opx mg-number = 77·5. Clinopyroxene and plagioclase REE abundances are systematically higher in the uniform gabbro interval than in the rhythmically layered interval. Calculated fractional crystallization paths and correlated cryptic variation patterns suggest that uniform and rhythmically layered gabbros represent 20–30% in situ crystallization of two distinct magma batches, one more evolved and the other more primitive. When the more primitive magma entered the crystallization site of the NA300–301 gabbros, it is estimated to have been ∼40°C hotter than the resident evolved magma, and may have been chilled by contact with a magma chamber margin composed of uniform gabbro. In this model, chilling caused the liquid to become supercooled with respect to plagioclase nucleation temperatures, resulting in crystallization of gabbro deficient in plagioclase relative to equilibrium cotectic proportions. Subtraction of a plagioclase-poor melagabbro enriched the liquid in normative plagioclase, which in turn led to crystallization of an anorthosite layer. Alternating anorthosite and gabbro layers in the rhythmically layered interval built up by coupled and sustained variations in crystal nucleation and growth rates, and associated variations in liquid compositions at the crystallization front. Relatively stagnant magma-flow conditions may be required to accumulate substantial thicknesses of rhythmically layered cumulates by sustained oscillatory crystallization. The rarity of anorthosite-gabbro rhythmic phase layering on North Arm Mountain may indicate that convective magma currents in the Bay of Islands magma chamber were too vigorous for oscillatory crystallization to commonly occur.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/31.1.1","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Komor, S., and Elthon, D., 1990, Formation of anorthosite-Gabbro rhythmic phase layering: an example at North Arm Mountain, Bay of Isands ophiolite: Journal of Petrology, v. 31, no. 1, p. 1-50, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/31.1.1.","productDescription":"50 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"50","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223312,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a134ee4b0c8380cd545dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Komor, S.C.","contributorId":21182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komor","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elthon, D.","contributorId":107434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elthon","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":7000008,"text":"7000008 - 1990 - Eruptions of Mount St. Helens : Past, present, and future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-11T13:48:10","indexId":"7000008","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Eruptions of Mount St. Helens : Past, present, and future","docAbstract":"Mount St. Helens, located in southwestern Washington about 50 miles northeast of Portland, Oregon, is one of several lofty volcanic peaks that dominate the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest; the range extends from Mount Garibaldi in British Columbia, Canada, to Lassen Peak in northern California. Geologists call Mount St. Helens a composite volcano (or stratovolcano), a term for steepsided, often symmetrical cones constructed of alternating layers of lava flows, ash, and other volcanic debris. Composite volcanoes tend to erupt explosively and pose considerable danger to nearby life and property. In contrast, the gently sloping shield volcanoes, such as those in Hawaii, typically erupt nonexplosively, producing fluid lavas that can flow great distances from the active vents. Although Hawaiian-type eruptions may destroy property, they rarely cause death or injury. Before 1980, snow-capped, gracefully symmetrical Mount St. Helens was known as the \"Fujiyama of America.\" Mount St. Helens, other active Cascade volcanoes, and those of Alaska form the North American segment of the circum-Pacific \"Ring of Fire,\" a notorious zone that produces frequent, often destructive, earthquake and volcanic activity.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/7000008","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., Topinka, L.J., and Swanson, D., 1990, Eruptions of Mount St. Helens : Past, present, and future (Revised Edition - 1990; Version 1.01 March 19, 2002): General Interest Publication, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/7000008.","productDescription":"HTML Document","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":134286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265542,"type":{"id":12,"text":"Errata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/msh/revision.html"},{"id":265565,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/msh/title.html"},{"id":265566,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/msh/contents.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Skamania","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.2501,45.5477 ], [ -122.2501,46.3892 ], [ -121.5148,46.3892 ], [ -121.5148,45.5477 ], [ -122.2501,45.5477 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revised Edition - 1990; Version 1.01 March 19, 2002","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fde92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":343956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Topinka, Lyn J.","contributorId":102850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topinka","given":"Lyn","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swanson, Donald A. 0000-0002-1680-3591","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":22303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Donald A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015764,"text":"70015764 - 1990 - The Bayan Obo iron-rare-earth-niobium deposits, Inner Mongolia, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T15:50:25","indexId":"70015764","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2588,"text":"LITHOS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Bayan Obo iron-rare-earth-niobium deposits, Inner Mongolia, China","docAbstract":"

The plate tectonic setting, regional geology and certain aspects of the economic geology of the iron-rare-earth-niobium ore bodies at Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, China, were studied by a team of geologists from the Tianjin Geologic Research Academy and the U.S. Geological Survey between 1987 and 1989. These ore bodies were formed by hydrothermal replacement of Middle Proterozoic dolomite in an intra-continental rift setting. A variety of veins and/or dikes that have a carbonatitelike mineralogy cut the footwall clastic rocks and migmatites. A stockwork of veins occurs at several locations in the footwall. The hanging wall is a shale that has been converted to a K-metasomatite and has microcrystalline potassium feldspar as its principal constituent. This shale served as a sealing caprock that contained the chemical solutions that reacted with the dolomite and created the enormous concentration of mineralized rock in an 18-kilometer-long syncline. The rocks that host these ore bodies and the associated mineralized areas occur today as roof pendants in granitoid rocks of Permian age that were emplaced during a continent-to-continent collision during that period.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0024-4937(90)90040-8","issn":"00244937","usgsCitation":"Drew, L.J., Qingrun, M., and Weijun, S., 1990, The Bayan Obo iron-rare-earth-niobium deposits, Inner Mongolia, China: LITHOS, v. 26, no. 1-2, p. 43-65, https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(90)90040-8.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba698e4b08c986b3211fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drew, Lawrence J. ldrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":2635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"Lawrence","email":"ldrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Qingrun, Meng","contributorId":24372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qingrun","given":"Meng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weijun, Sun","contributorId":27874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weijun","given":"Sun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015797,"text":"70015797 - 1990 - Combustion and leaching behavior of elements in the argonne premium coal samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T00:53:04.674835","indexId":"70015797","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1506,"text":"Energy & Fuels","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combustion and leaching behavior of elements in the argonne premium coal samples","docAbstract":"Eight Argonne Premium Coal samples and two other coal samples were used to observe the effects of combustion and leaching on 30 elements. The results were used to infer the modes of occurrence of these elements. Instrumental neutron activation analysis indicates that the effects of combustion and leaching on many elements varied markedly among the samples. As much as 90% of the selenium and bromine is volatilized from the bituminous coal samples, but substantially less is volatilized from the low-rank coals. We interpret the combustion and leaching behavior of these elements to indicate that they are associated with the organic fraction. Sodium, although nonvolatile, is ion-exchangeable in most samples, particularly in the low-rank coal samples where it is likely to be associated with the organic constituents. Potassium is primarily in an ion-exchangeable form in the Wypdak coal but is in HF-soluble phases (probably silicates) in most other samples. Cesium is in an unidentified HNO3-soluble phase in most samples. Virtually all the strontium and barium in the low-rank coal samples is removed by NH4OAc followed by HCl, indicating that these elements probably occur in both organic and inorganic phases. Most tungsten and tantalum are in insoluble phases, perhaps as oxides or in organic association. Hafnium is generally insoluble, but as much as 65% is HF soluble, perhaps due to the presence of very fine grained or metamict zircon. We interpret the leaching behavior of uranium to indicate its occurrence in chelates and its association with silicates and with zircon. Most of the rare-earth elements (REE) and thorium appear to be associated with phosphates. Differences in textural relationships may account for some of the differences in leaching behavior of the REE among samples. Zinc occurs predominantly in sphalerite. Either the remaining elements occur in several different modes of occurrence (scandium, iron), or the leaching data are equivocal (arsenic, antimony, chromium, cobalt, and nickel). The results of these combustion and leaching experiments indicate that some previously held assumptions concerning modes of occurrence of elements in coal should be reconsidered.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ef00024a024","issn":"08870624","usgsCitation":"Finkelman, R.B., Palmer, C., Krasnow, M., Aruscavage, P.J., Sellers, G., and Dulong, F., 1990, Combustion and leaching behavior of elements in the argonne premium coal samples: Energy & Fuels, v. 4, no. 6, p. 755-766, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00024a024.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"755","endPage":"766","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223125,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7e2e4b0c8380cd4cd54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmer, C.A.","contributorId":81894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krasnow, M.R.","contributorId":25952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krasnow","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aruscavage, P. J.","contributorId":41411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aruscavage","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sellers, G.A.","contributorId":21690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sellers","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dulong, F.T.","contributorId":81490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dulong","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70015799,"text":"70015799 - 1990 - Distribution and dispersal of suspended particulate matter on the Ebro continental shelf, northwestern Mediterranean Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-01T11:26:40.905564","indexId":"70015799","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and dispersal of suspended particulate matter on the Ebro continental shelf, northwestern Mediterranean Sea","docAbstract":"
Hydrographic data, water and bottom-sediment samples, and a GEOPROBE tripod experiment were used to examine the distribution and dynamics of suspended particulate matter on the Ebro shelf in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea.
In the absence of strong winds and storms, primary sediment supply from the Ebro River is dispersed along the shelf by a general southward flow. In such calm conditions, suspended-matter concentrations on the shelf are lower than 3 mg/l and transfer of material from the shelf to the slope takes place principally over the shelf edge north of the Columbretes Islands.

Very fine sediment deposited in a mid-shelf mud belt (30–80 m deep) is cohesive and resistant to erosion. Only relatively rare, strong storms are able to resuspend particles from the deeper, central region of this cohesive deposit. When resuspension takes place, suspended-particulate-matter concentration increases and the general dispersal pattern of suspended matter is altered. Near the seafloor, distribution of suspended matter is greatly influenced by the distribution of the mid-shelf muds from which particles are resuspended. Resuspension occurs more intensively and frequently along the shallower (20–40 m) edge of the cohesive deposit and near the delta.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(90)90116-2","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Palanques, A., and Drake, D., 1990, Distribution and dispersal of suspended particulate matter on the Ebro continental shelf, northwestern Mediterranean Sea: Marine Geology, v. 95, no. 3-4, p. 193-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(90)90116-2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223175,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0288e4b0c8380cd500b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palanques, A.","contributorId":61155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palanques","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015879,"text":"70015879 - 1990 - Alkaline igneous rocks of Magnet Cove, Arkansas: Mineralogy and geochemistry of syenites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-22T20:31:36","indexId":"70015879","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2588,"text":"LITHOS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alkaline igneous rocks of Magnet Cove, Arkansas: Mineralogy and geochemistry of syenites","docAbstract":"Syenites from the Magnet Cove alkaline igneous complex form a diverse mineralogical and geochemical suite. Compositional zoning in primary and late-stage minerals indicates complex, multi-stage crystallization and replacement histories. Residual magmatic fluids, rich in F, Cl, CO2 and H2O, reacted with primary minerals to form complex intergrowths of minerals such as rinkite, fluorite, V-bearing magnetite, F-bearing garnet and aegirine. Abundant sodalite and natrolite formed in pegmatitic segregations within nepheline syenite where Cl- and Na-rich fluids were trapped. During autometasomatism compatible elements such as Mn, Ti, V and Zr were redistributed on a local scale and concentrated in late-stage minerals. Early crystallization of apatite and perovskite controlled the compatible behavior of P and Ti, respectively. The formation of melanite garnet also affected the behaviour of Ti, as well as Zr, Hf and the heavy rare-earth elements. Pseudoleucite syenite and garnet-nepheline syenite differentiated along separate trends, but the two groups are related to the same parental magma by early fractionation of leucite, the presumed precursor of intergrowths of K-feldspar and nepheline. The Diamond Jo nepheline syenite group defines a different differentiation trend. Sphene-nepheline syenite, alkali syenite and several miscellaneous nepheline syenites do not consistently plot with the other syenite groups or each other on element and oxide variation diagrams, indicating that they were derived from still other parental syenite magmas. Mineral assemblages indicate that relatively high f{hook};O2, at or above the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer, prevailed throughout the crystallization history of the syenites. ?? 1990.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"LITHOS","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0024-4937(90)90041-X","issn":"00244937","usgsCitation":"Flohr, M., and Ross, M., 1990, Alkaline igneous rocks of Magnet Cove, Arkansas: Mineralogy and geochemistry of syenites: LITHOS, v. 26, no. 1-2, p. 67-98, https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(90)90041-X.","startPage":"67","endPage":"98","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267965,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(90)90041-X"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e967e4b0c8380cd48262","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flohr, M.J.K.","contributorId":73753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flohr","given":"M.J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ross, M.","contributorId":8026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015906,"text":"70015906 - 1990 - Relations of zoned pegmatites to other pegmatites, granite, and metamorphic rocks in the southern Black Hills, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:46","indexId":"70015906","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations of zoned pegmatites to other pegmatites, granite, and metamorphic rocks in the southern Black Hills, South Dakota","docAbstract":"The pegmatite field and the Harney Peak Granite of the southern Black Hills, South Dakota, form an igneous system that progresses from slightly biotitic muscovite granite through layered pegmatitic granite, with alternating sodic and potassic rocks, to simple plagioclase-quartz-perthite pegmatites, and on to zoned pegmatites. Most of the country rocks are Lower Proterozoic mica schists. At 1700 Ga, intrusion of the Harney Peak Granite created a large dome in these rocks, a thermal aureole with a staurolite, a first sillimanite isograd, and a small area of metamorphism above the second sillimanite isograd. The zoned pegmatites have a strong tendency to occur in clusters, and the types of pegmatites are different in different clusters. A less obvious tendency is a regional zonation in which rare-mineral pegmatites become more abundant and muscovite pegmatites less abundant toward the outskirts of the region. The composition of the granite indicates that its magma originated by partial melting of metasedimentary mica schists similar to those at the present surface. The pegmatitic nature of most of the granite probably reflects exsolution of an aqueous phase. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Norton, J., and Redden, J., 1990, Relations of zoned pegmatites to other pegmatites, granite, and metamorphic rocks in the southern Black Hills, South Dakota: American Mineralogist, v. 75, no. 5-6, p. 631-655.","startPage":"631","endPage":"655","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223135,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a727e4b0e8fec6cdc3c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norton, J.J.","contributorId":25573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Redden, J. A.","contributorId":62215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redden","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015934,"text":"70015934 - 1990 - Transmission electron microscopy of subsolidus oxidation and weathering of olivine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:57","indexId":"70015934","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transmission electron microscopy of subsolidus oxidation and weathering of olivine","docAbstract":"Olivine crystals in basaltic andesites which crop out in the Abert Rim, south-central Oregon have been studied by high-resolution and analytical transmission electron microscopy. The observations reveal three distinct assemblages of alteration products that seem to correspond to three episodes of olivine oxidation. The olivine crystals contain rare, dense arrays of coherently intergrown Ti-free magnetite and inclusions of a phase inferred to be amorphous silica. We interpret this first assemblage to be the product of an early subsolidus oxidation event in the lava. The second olivine alteration assemblage contains complex ordered intergrowths on (001) of forsterite-rich olivine and laihunite (distorted olivine structure with Fe3+ charge balanced by vacancies). Based on experimental results for laihunite synthesis (Kondoh et al. 1985), these intergrowths probably formed by olivine oxidation between 400 and 800??C. The third episode of alteration involves the destruction of olivine by low-temperature hydrothermal alteration and weathering. Elongate etch-pits and channels in the margins of fresh olivine crystals contain semi-oriented bands of smectite. Olivine weathers to smectite and hematite, and subsequently to arrays of oriented hematite crystals. The textures resemble those reported by Eggleton (1984) and Smith et al. (1987). We find no evidence for a metastable phase intermediate between olivine and smectite (\"M\" - Eggleton 1984). The presence of laihunite exerts a strong control on the geometry of olivine weathering. Single laihunite layers and laihunite-forsteritic olivine intergrowths increase the resistance of crystals to weathering. Preferential development of channels between laihunite layers occurs where growth of laihunite produced compositional variations in olivine, rather than where coherency-strain is associated with laihunite-olivine interfaces. ?? 1990 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00306412","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Banfield, J., Veblen, D., and Jones, B., 1990, Transmission electron microscopy of subsolidus oxidation and weathering of olivine: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 106, no. 1, p. 110-123, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00306412.","startPage":"110","endPage":"123","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205384,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306412"},{"id":223540,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb727e4b08c986b3270b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banfield, J.F.","contributorId":48710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banfield","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Veblen, D.R.","contributorId":25300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veblen","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, B.F.","contributorId":52156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}