We present a tightly controlled and comprehensive set of analytical data for the 250-Ma Siberian flood-basalt province. Consideration of major- and trace-element compositions, along with strontium, lead and neodymium isotopic compositions, strongly supports earlier Russian subdivision of this magmatism into three magmatic cycles, giving rise to three assemblages of eleven basalt suites in the ascending order Ivakinsky-Gudchikhinsky, Khakanchansky-Nadezhdinsky and Morongovsky-Samoedsky. Geochemical and isotopic discontinuities of varying magnitude characterize most of the boundaries between the eleven recognized basalt suites in the Noril'sk area.
Although we conclude that the dominant volume of erupted magma originated from an asthenospheric mantle plume, none of the lavas is interpreted to directly represent asthenospheric melts, which would have been far more magnesian. On the basis of thermal considerations, we consider it unlikely that vast volumes of basaltic melt were produced directly from the continental lithospheric mantle beneath the Siberian craton. Moreover, there is little evidence from mantle xenoliths that the geochemical signatures of such melts would correspond to those of the Siberian flood basalts. Studies of melt migration lead us to conclude that transport of asthenospheric melt through the lithospheric mantle would be rapid, by fracture propagation. Lavas from the Gudchikhinsky suite have negligible Ta-Nb anomalies and positive ϵNd values and their parental magmas presumably interacted little with the continental lithospheric mantle or crust. All other lavas have negative Ta-Nb anomalies and lower ϵNd values that we attribute to interaction with continental crust.
The model that we have developed requires discrete contributions from the plume and complex processing of all erupted magmas in the continental crust. The earliest magmas represent small percentages of melt formed in equilibrium with garnet. Over time, the percentage of melting in the source region and the volume of magma produced increased, and garnet was no longer stable in the plume source. All of the plume-derived melts initially contained more than 20 wt% MgO and became less Mg rich by fractionation of olivine as they traversed the lithospheric mantle. We conclude, however, that the most significant control on the geochemical and isotopic compositions of all the erupted lavas was processing of mantle-derived magma in crustal reservoirs during periodic replenishment, periodic tapping, continuous crystal fractionation and wallrock assimilation. Rapid eruption of an extremely large volume of processed magma that varied little in chemical and isotopic composition produced the sequence of relatively monotonous tholeiitic basalts that constitute the 2,300-m-thick third assemblage of the Siberian flood-basalt province near Noril'sk.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(93)90149-Q","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Wooden, J.L., Czamanske, G., Fedorenko, V., Arndt, N., Chauvel, C., Bouse, R.M., King, B.S., Knight, R.J., and Siems, D.F., 1993, Isotopic and trace-element constraints on mantle and crustal contributions to Siberian continental flood basalts, Noril'sk area, Siberia: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, no. 15, p. 3677-3704, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90149-Q.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"3677","endPage":"3704","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228703,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f9ae4b0c8380cd6465b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czamanske, G.K.","contributorId":26300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fedorenko, V.A.","contributorId":59961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedorenko","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arndt, N.T.","contributorId":95887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arndt","given":"N.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chauvel, C.","contributorId":86914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chauvel","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bouse, R. M.","contributorId":33709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouse","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"King, B. S. W.","contributorId":105438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Knight, R. J.","contributorId":96255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Siems, D. F.","contributorId":101239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siems","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70017878,"text":"70017878 - 1993 - Bridge-scour analysis using the water surface profile (WSPRO) model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017878","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Bridge-scour analysis using the water surface profile (WSPRO) model","docAbstract":"A program was developed to extract hydraulic information required for bridge-scour computations, from the Water-Surface Profile computation model (WSPRO). The program is written in compiled BASIC and is menu driven. Using only ground points, the program can compute average ground elevation, cross-sectional area below a specified datum, or create a Drawing Exchange Format (DXF) fie of cross section. Using both ground points ad hydraulic information form the equal-conveyance tubes computed by WSPRO, the program can compute hydraulic parameters at a user-specified station or in a user-specified subsection of the cross section. The program can identify the maximum velocity in a cross section and the velocity and depth at a user-specified station. The program also can identify the maximum velocity in the cross section and the average velocity, average depth, average ground elevation, width perpendicular to the flow, cross-sectional area of flow, and discharge in a subsection of the cross section. This program does not include any help or suggestions as to what data should be extracted; therefore, the used must understand the scour equations and associated variables to the able to extract the proper information from the WSPRO output.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629201","usgsCitation":"Mueller, D.S., 1993, Bridge-scour analysis using the water surface profile (WSPRO) model, in Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, San Francisco, CA, USA, 25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993, p. 1714-1719.","startPage":"1714","endPage":"1719","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f27ae4b0c8380cd4b1cf","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","contributorId":128306,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","id":536385,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, David S. dmueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"dmueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017383,"text":"70017383 - 1993 - Phosphate rock demand into the next century: Impact on wolld food supply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70017383","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phosphate rock demand into the next century: Impact on wolld food supply","docAbstract":"A vital and indisputable link exists between phosphate rock and world food supply. Phosphate rock is the source of phosphorus used to make phosphatic fertilizers, essential for growing the food needed by humans in the world today and in the future. We modeled the depletion of the known reserves and reserve base (which includes reserves) of phosphate rock based on various scenarios for increasing population and future demand for phosphate. Using these scenarios, the presently known reserves will be depleted within about 50 years, and the remainder of the reserve base will be depleted within the next 100 years. For this model, we used rates of growth of demand for phosphate rock of between 1 and 1.7 percent annually. We also examined demand rates that decrease over time toward demand stasis. Growthrate scenarios that stabilize demand at the year 2100 are little different from unconstrained growth. Demand stabilization by 2025 extends the reserve base by only about 50 years. Additional considerations could affect these depletion scenarios, causing them to be substantially too high or too low. Nonetheless, the incluctable conclusion in a world of continuing phosphate demand is that society, to extend phosphate rock reserves and reserve base beyond the approximate 100 year depletion date, must find additional reserves and/ or reduce the rate of growth of phosphate demand in the future. Society must: 91) increase the efficiency of use of known resources of easily minable phosphate rock; (2) discover new, economically-minable resources; or (3) develop the technology to economically mine the vast but currently uneconomic resources of phosphate rock that exist in the world. Otherwise, the future availability of present-cost phosphate, and the cost or availability of world food will be compromised, perhaps substantially. ?? 1993 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02257917","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Herring, J., and Fantel, R., 1993, Phosphate rock demand into the next century: Impact on wolld food supply: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 2, no. 3, p. 226-246, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02257917.","startPage":"226","endPage":"246","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206147,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257917"},{"id":228747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a78a3e4b0c8380cd78747","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herring, J. R.","contributorId":43348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herring","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fantel, R.J.","contributorId":28393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fantel","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017840,"text":"70017840 - 1993 - Origin and significance of tourmaline-rich rocks in the Broken Hill district, Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:39:10.583577","indexId":"70017840","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin and significance of tourmaline-rich rocks in the Broken Hill district, Australia","docAbstract":"Tourmaline-rich rocks are widespread minor lithologies within the Early Proterozoic Willyama Supergroup in the Broken Hill district, Australia. Tourmaline concentrations occur in strata-bound and local stratiform tourmalinites, clastic metasedimentary rocks, quartz-gahnite lode rocks, stratiform Pb-Zn-Ag sulfide ores, garnet quartzites, strata-bound scheelite deposits, quartz-tourmaline nodules, discordant quartz veins, and granitic pegmatites. Most of the tourmaline-rich rocks are within the Broken Hill Group that hosts the main Pb-Zn-Ag ores.At the Globe mine along the northeast end of the main lodes, tourmalinites are closely associated with Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization and in places are interbedded with Mn-rich garnet quartzites. Galena and other ore minerals occur locally in the cores of recrystallized tourmaline grains in these tourmalinites, indicating that tourmaline and sulfides were present together prior to deformation and high-grade metamorphism. Electron microprobe analyses of tourmalines intergrown with Fe sulfides at the Globe mine show Mg-rich compositions relative to tourmalines in sulfide-free assemblages from the same area, suggesting early (premetamorphic) introduction of boron and Mg enrichment of tourmaline by sulfide-silicate reactions during metamorphism.Combined field and geochemical data indicate that the district tourmalinites represent normal clastic sediments that were metasomatically altered by boron-rich hydrothermal fluids at or below the sediment-water interface. Whole-rock chemical analyses of 33 tourmaline-rich rocks show linear trends of data for major and trace elements that closely resemble the trends observed for unmineralized elastic metasedimentary rocks of the district. Average Fe/Al, Mg/Al, Na/Al, and Ti/Al molar ratios of the tourmaline-rich rocks and clastic metasediments are very similar; the average K/Al molar ratio of the tourmaline-rich rocks is significantly lower than that of the clastic metasediments, reflecting the loss of K during tourmalinite formation. Chondrite-normalized patterns of rare earth elements (REE) in the quartz-rich tourmalinites are generally similar to those of the clastic metasediments, except for minor depletions of light REE; local positive and negative Ce anomalies suggest tourmalinite formation in the presence of seawater or a seawater-derived pore fluid. The geochemical data imply relative immobility of Al, Ti, Cr, and heavy REE during hydrothermal alteration and later metamorphism. Boron isotope analyses of 52 tourmaline separates show a total range of delta 11 B values from -26.8 to -17.0 per mil. Fine-grained, euhedral, nonpoikilitic tourmalines from tourmalinites in the andalusite-muscovite zone in the northern part of the district (e.g., Black Prince mine) have delta 11 B values from -21 to -17 per mil, whereas coarse granoblastic and poikilo-blastic tourmalines from the sillimanite and two-pyroxene granulite zones in the southern part of the district (e.g., Globe mine) have delta 11 B values of-24 to -19 per mil. Tourmalines in strongly retrogressed tourmalinites have delta 11 B values from about -27 to -20 per mil. The observed variations in delta 11 B are consistent with prograde and retrograde metamorphic fractionation of boron isotopes, in which the fluid phase is preferentially enriched in the heavier isotope ( 11 B). Premetamorphic hydrothermal fluids that deposited the Black Prince tourmalinites had delta 11 B values of-8 to -5 per mil at 200 degrees to 300 degrees C, suggesting a boron source from nonmarine evaporite borates.Tourmalinites in the Broken Hill district apparently formed by the same submarine hydrothermal processes as the main Pb-Zn-Ag lodes and the siliceous ferromanganese protoliths of the garnet quartzites. In our model, the hydrothermal system(s) acquired abundant boron by leaching evaporitic borates within the Thackaringa Group, the stratigraphic sequence that underlies the Broken Hill Group and most of the tourmaline concentrations. We suggest that evaporites of the Thackaringa Group provided a source of readily extractable boron for formation of the tourmalinites and also the source of the fluoride, sulfur, and perhaps the carbonate in the main lodes; such evaporites may have been critical for increased metal chloride complexing and transport necessary for deposition of the high-grade Pb-Zn-Ag ores. The Broken Hill deposit may have formed contemporaneously with the Mount Isa and McArthur River Pb-Zn-Ag deposits in similar evaporite-bearing sequences during widespread Early Proterozoic continental rifting.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.88.3.505","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., Palmer, M.R., Stevens, B., and Barnes, R., 1993, Origin and significance of tourmaline-rich rocks in the Broken Hill district, Australia: Economic Geology, v. 88, no. 3, p. 505-541, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.3.505.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"541","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70bee4b0c8380cd76202","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmer, M. R.","contributorId":81256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stevens, B.P.J.","contributorId":61173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"B.P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnes, R.G.","contributorId":12621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017704,"text":"70017704 - 1993 - New methods to characterize site amplification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70017704","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"New methods to characterize site amplification","docAbstract":"Methods alternative to spectral ratios are introduced to characterize site amplification. The methods are developed by using a range of models, from the simple constant amplification model to the time-varying filter model. Examples are given for each model by using a pair of rock- and soil-site recordings from the Loma Prieta earthquake.","largerWorkTitle":"Structural Engineering in Natural Hazards Mitigation","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Structural Engineering in Natural Hazards Mitigation","conferenceDate":"19 April 1993 through 21 April 1993","conferenceLocation":"Irvine, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629104","usgsCitation":"Safak, E., 1993, New methods to characterize site amplification, in Structural Engineering in Natural Hazards Mitigation, Irvine, CA, USA, 19 April 1993 through 21 April 1993, p. 247-252.","startPage":"247","endPage":"252","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228391,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a65ece4b0c8380cd72ca4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Safak, Erdal","contributorId":73984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"Erdal","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017703,"text":"70017703 - 1993 - Reduction of uranium by cytochrome c3 of Desulfovibrio vulgaris","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T16:25:48.101724","indexId":"70017703","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Reduction of uranium by cytochrome c3 of Desulfovibrio vulgaris","title":"Reduction of uranium by cytochrome c3 of Desulfovibrio vulgaris","docAbstract":"The mechanism for U(VI) reduction by Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough) was investigated. The H2-dependent U(VI) reductase activity in the soluble fraction of the cells was lost when the soluble fraction was passed over a cationic exchange column which extracted cytochrome c3. Addition of cytochrome c3 back to the soluble fraction that had been passed over the cationic exchange column restored the U(VI)-reducing capacity. Reduced cytochrome c3 was oxidized by U(VI), as was a c-type cytochrome(s) in whole-cell suspensions. When cytochrome c3 was combined with hydrogenase, its physiological electron donor, U(VI) was reduced in the presence of H2. Hydrogenase alone could not reduce U(VI). Rapid U(VI) reduction was followed by a subsequent slow precipitation of the U(IV) mineral uraninite. Cytochrome c3 reduced U(VI) in a uranium-contaminated surface water and groundwater. Cytochrome c3 provides the first enzyme model for the reduction and biomineralization of uranium in sedimentary environments. Furthermore, the finding that cytochrome c3 can catalyze the reductive precipitation of uranium may aid in the development of fixed-enzyme reactors and/or organisms with enhanced U(VI)-reducing capacity for the bioremediation of uranium- contaminated waters and waste streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.59.11.3572-3576.1993","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Lovley, D.R., Widman, P., Woodward, J., and Phillips, E.J., 1993, Reduction of uranium by cytochrome c3 of Desulfovibrio vulgaris: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 59, no. 11, p. 3572-3576, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.59.11.3572-3576.1993.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"3572","endPage":"3576","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480295,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/182500","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228390,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3e7e4b0e8fec6cdba14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Widman, P.K.","contributorId":19589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Widman","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodward, J.C.","contributorId":62590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phillips, Elizabeth J.P.","contributorId":37475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Elizabeth","middleInitial":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017686,"text":"70017686 - 1993 - Geological characterization of selected offshore sand resources on the OCS, offshore Alabama, for beach nourishment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017686","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geological characterization of selected offshore sand resources on the OCS, offshore Alabama, for beach nourishment","docAbstract":"Most Alabama Gulf and estuarine shoreline is undergoing long-term erosion; threatened shorelines will need programs of replenishment and maintenance if they are to be even temporarily stabilized. Highest priority beach replenishment areas include eastern Dauphin Island; west of Perdido Pass; and west of the inlet at Little Lagoon. There are no appropriate local onshore sand sources available for any such large scale program. Sediments in the Federal waters of the EEZ were evaluated for possible sources of sand for beach nourishment. Six lithofacies were delineated based on sediment characterization, spatial framework, and environment of deposition; of these, two (Clean Sands and Graded Shelly Sands) were deemed to have highest potential as beach nourishment sources. Five offshore target areas were delineated as potential sand sources. Criteria included sand aesthetics, estimated sand volume, and sand distributions. Preliminary environmental analyses included impacts of offshore sand dredging on shelf circulation; on economic activities; and on local benthic biota. Dredging may not significantly alter background wave regimes; however, data are insufficient to model effects of major storms on a modified shelf morphology. Dredging would avoid areas of current economic activity. There would like be little long-term impact on benthic biota in the target areas. Additional work will be required to confirm or refute these preliminary findings.","largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management","conferenceDate":"19 July 1993 through 23 July 1993","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"087262918X","usgsCitation":"Davies, D.J., Parker, S.J., and Smith, W.E., 1993, Geological characterization of selected offshore sand resources on the OCS, offshore Alabama, for beach nourishment, in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, v. 1, New Orleans, LA, USA, 19 July 1993 through 23 July 1993, p. 1173-1187.","startPage":"1173","endPage":"1187","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228812,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a225de4b0c8380cd56f91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davies, David J.","contributorId":95634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parker, Steven J.","contributorId":68904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, W. Everett","contributorId":63555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Everett","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017372,"text":"70017372 - 1993 - Thermal stability of hydrocarbons in nature: Limits, evidence, characteristics, and possible controls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T17:44:13.027266","indexId":"70017372","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal stability of hydrocarbons in nature: Limits, evidence, characteristics, and possible controls","docAbstract":"Numerous petroleum-geochemical analyses of deeply buried, high-rank, fine-grained rocks from ultra-deep wellbores by different investigators demonstrate that C15+ hydrocarbons (HCs) persist in moderate to high concentrations at vitrinite reflectance (R0) values of 2.0–5.0% and persist in measurable concentrations up to R0 = 7.0–8.0%, at which point the thermal deadline for C15+ HC's is finally approached. Qualitative analyses have been carried out on
(1) high-rank gas condensates which have been exposed to the HC-thermal-destructive phase,
(2) bitumens from high-temperature aqueous-pyrolysis experiments in the HC-thermal-destructive phase, and
(3) bitumens from high-rank, fine-grained rocks near the HC-thermal-destructive phase.
These analyses clearly demonstrate that well-defined compositional suites are established in the saturated, aromatic, and sulfur-bearing aromatic HCs in and near the HC-thermal-destructive phase.
On the other hand, accepted petroleum-geochemical paradigms place rigid limits on HC thermal stability: C15+ HCs begin thermal cracking at R0 values of 0.9% and are completely thermally destroyed by R0 = 1.35%; C2-C4 HC gases are thermally destroyed by R0 = 2.0% and methane is thermally destroyed by R0 = 4.0%. Furthermore, published data and observations in many HC basins worldwide support these models; for example,
(1) sharp basinal zonations of gas and oil deposits vs. maturation rank in HC basins and
(2) decreasing C15+ HC concentrations in some fine-grained rocks at ranks of R0 ≥ 0.9%.
The fact that observed data (C15+ HCs thermally stable to R0 = 7.0–8.0%) is so far removed from predicted behavior (C15+) HCs expected to be thermally destroyed by R0 = 1.35%) may be due to
(1) a lack of recognition of some important possible controlling parameters of organic matter (OM) metamorphism and too much importance given to other assumed controlling parameters; and
(2) assigning HC distribution patterns in petroleum basins to HC thermal cracking when such patterns may be due to other causes.
In the first case, laboratory experiments strongly suggest that the presence of water, increasing fluid pressures, and closed systems (product retention) all suppress OM metamorphic reactions. Conversely, the absence of water, low fluid pressures, and open systems (product escape) all promote OM metamorphic reactions. These experiments also demonstrate that OM metamorphic reactions proceed by reaction kinetics greater than first order. Thus, the effect of geologic time appears to have been over-estimated in OM metamorphism. In the second case, the strong decreases in C15+ HC concentrations in fine-grained rocks with Type III OM over R0 = 0.9−1.35% are most probably due to intense primary migration and loss of HCs to drilling muds during the trip uphole in drilling operations. Data from coals demonstrate that these decreases in HC concentrations cannot be due to C15+ HC thermal destruction. Oil deposits are generally found at shallow depths in basins, and “dry gas” (methane ≤ 98% of all HC gases) deposits are found at the greatest depths. This HC distribution pattern would be caused by methane, generated during the late stages of C15+ HC generation, flushing oil (including C2–C4 HC gases condensed into the liquid phase) out of deep basinal traps by Gussow's (1954) principle of differential entrapment. Hence, only “dry gas” deposits are left in the basin deeps. Oil emplacement processes in traps during expulsion and secondary migration could also contribute to the HC distribution pattern observed in petroleum basins.
The gases dissolved in Lake Nyos, Cameroon, were quantified recently (December 1989 and September 1990) by two independent techniques: in-situ measurements using a newly designed probe and laboratory analyses of samples collected in pre-evacuated stainless steel cylinders. The highest concentrations of CO2 and CH4 were 0.30 mol/kg and 1.7 mmol/kg, respectively, measured in cylinders collected 1 m above lake bottom. Probe measurements of in-situ gas pressure at three different stations showed that horizontal variations in total dissolved gas were negligible. Total dissolved-gas pressure near the lake bottom is 1.06 MPa (10.5 atm), 50% as high as the hydrostatic pressure of 2.1 MPa (21 atm). Comparing the CO2 profile constructed from the 1990 data to one obtained in May 1987 shows that CO2 concentrations have increased at depths to below 150 m. Based on these profiles, the average rate of CO2 input to bottom waters was 2.6 × 108 mol/a. Increased deep-water temperatures require an average heat flow of 0.32 MW into the hypolimnion over the same time period. The transport rates of CO2, heat, and major ions into the hypolimnion suggest that a low-temperature reservoir of free CO2 exists a short distance below lake bottom and that convective cycling of lake water through the sediments is involved in transporting the CO2 into the lake from the underlying diatreme. Increased CH4 concentrations at all depths below the oxycline and a high14C content (41% modern) in the CH4 4 m above lake bottom show that much of the CH4 is biologically produced within the lake. The CH4 production rate may vary with time, but if the CO2 recharge rate remains constant, CO2 saturation of the entire hypolimnion below 50 m depth would require ∼140a, given present-day concentrations.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research","publisherLocation":"Hamilton, New Zealand","usgsCitation":"McBride, G.B., Vant, W.N., Cloern, J., and Liley, J.B., 1993, Development of a model of phytoplankton blooms in Manukau Harbour, 52 p.","productDescription":"52 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"New Zealand ","otherGeospatial":"Manukau Harbour","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 174.17724609374997,\n -37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n 175.352783203125,\n -37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n 175.352783203125,\n -36.67723060234621\n ],\n [\n 174.17724609374997,\n -36.67723060234621\n ],\n [\n 174.17724609374997,\n -37.43997405227057\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579b2cade4b0589fa1c9809b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McBride, Graham B.","contributorId":83306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McBride","given":"Graham","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vant, W. N.","contributorId":173249,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vant","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liley, J. B.","contributorId":173251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017946,"text":"70017946 - 1993 - Thermal budget of the lower east rift zone, Kilauea Volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017946","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Thermal budget of the lower east rift zone, Kilauea Volcano","docAbstract":"The lower east rift zone of Kilauea has been the site of repeated fissure eruptions fed by dikes that traverse the depths of interest to geothermal explorations. We find that a hot-rock-and-magma system of low permeability extending along the rift zone at depths below about 4 km and replenished with magma at a rate that is small in comparison to the modern eruption rate Kilauea can supply heat to an overlying hydrothermal aquifer sufficient to maintain temperatures of about 250??C if the characteristic permeability to 4-km depth is about 10-15m2.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1993 Annual Meeting on Utilities and Geothermal: An Emerging Partnership","conferenceDate":"10 October 1993 through 13 October 1993","conferenceLocation":"Burlingame, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, United States","issn":"01935933","isbn":"0934412715","usgsCitation":"Delaney, P.T., Duffield, W.A., Sass, J.H., and Kauahikaua, J.P., 1993, Thermal budget of the lower east rift zone, Kilauea Volcano, in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 17, Burlingame, CA, USA, 10 October 1993 through 13 October 1993, p. 101-103.","startPage":"101","endPage":"103","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228913,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb212e4b08c986b3255a1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536398,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Delaney, Paul T.","contributorId":15195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delaney","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duffield, Wendell A.","contributorId":14363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"Wendell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sass, John H.","contributorId":69596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kauahikaua, James P. 0000-0003-3777-503X jimk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":2146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"James","email":"jimk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017928,"text":"70017928 - 1993 - Thermodynamic evaluation and restoration of volcanic gas analyses: An example based on modern collection and analytical methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-15T15:59:21.069014","indexId":"70017928","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1754,"text":"Geochemical Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermodynamic evaluation and restoration of volcanic gas analyses: An example based on modern collection and analytical methods","docAbstract":"Thermodynamic evaluation and restoration procedures are applied to a set of 10 volcanic gas analyses obtained by modern collection and analytical methods. The samples were collected from a vigorously fuming fissure during episode 1 of the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano in 1983. A variety of analytical techniques were used to determine the gas compositions. In most samples, the combined amounts of N2 + Ar + O2 are far less abundant than H2, CO, or H2S, suggesting little or no contamination or reaction with atmospheric gases. Thermodynamic evaluation shows that 6 of the 10 analyses are equilibrium compositions, and 4 analyses are disequilibrium compositions. Three of the disequilibrium analyses involve samples affected by minor spilling of NaOH solution from the sample bottles during collection. The deviation of these analyses from equilibrium is dominated by the effects of disequilibrium water-loss. The fourth disequilibrium analysis is contaminated with meteoric water. In all 4 cases, the restoration procedures retrieve the original equilibrium compositions. -from Author","language":"English","publisher":"Geochemical Society of Japan","doi":"10.2343/geochemj.27.305","usgsCitation":"Gerlach, T.M., 1993, Thermodynamic evaluation and restoration of volcanic gas analyses: An example based on modern collection and analytical methods: Geochemical Journal, v. 27, no. 4-5, p. 305-322, https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.27.305.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"322","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480307,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.27.305","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228637,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb271e4b08c986b3257e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerlach, Terrance M.","contributorId":89512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"Terrance","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017922,"text":"70017922 - 1993 - Time-dependent landslide probability mapping","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70017922","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Time-dependent landslide probability mapping","docAbstract":"Case studies where time of failure is known for rainfall-triggered debris flows can be used to estimate the parameters of a hazard model in which the probability of failure is a function of time. As an example, a time-dependent function for the conditional probability of a soil slip is estimated from independent variables representing hillside morphology, approximations of material properties, and the duration and rate of rainfall. If probabilities are calculated in a GIS (geomorphic information system ) environment, the spatial distribution of the result for any given hour can be displayed on a map. Although the probability levels in this example are uncalibrated, the method offers a potential for evaluating different physical models and different earth-science variables by comparing the map distribution of predicted probabilities with inventory maps for different areas and different storms. If linked with spatial and temporal socio-economic variables, this method could be used for short-term risk assessment.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629201","usgsCitation":"Campbell, R., and Bernknopf, R.L., 1993, Time-dependent landslide probability mapping, in Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, San Francisco, CA, USA, 25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993, p. 1902-1907.","startPage":"1902","endPage":"1907","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228588,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3bae4b08c986b325f8d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","contributorId":128306,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","id":536394,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, Russell H.","contributorId":91074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Russell H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bernknopf, Richard L.","contributorId":97061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000807,"text":"1000807 - 1993 - Accumulation of PCBs by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush): an individual-based model approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-05T15:18:22","indexId":"1000807","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accumulation of PCBs by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush): an individual-based model approach","docAbstract":"To explain the variation in growth and in concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) among individual fish, an individual-based model (IBM) was applied to the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) population in Lake Michigan. The IBM accurately represented the variation in growth exhibited by the different age classes of lake trout. Uncertainty analysis of the IBM revealed that mean PCB concentration for the lake trout population was most sensitive to PCB concentration in their prey. The variability in PCB concentration among lake trout individuals was not adequately explained by the IBM, unless variation in prey fish PCBs was included in the model. To accomplish this, the simulated lake trout population was divided into subsets subjected to different levels of PCB concentration in the prey fish. Thus, model results indicated that variability in prey fish PCB concentration was an important component of the variation in PCB concnetration observed among individual lake trout comprising the Lake Michigan population.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/f93-012","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., Carpenter, S.R., Eck, G.W., and Miller, M.A., 1993, Accumulation of PCBs by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush): an individual-based model approach: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 50, no. 1, p. 97-109, https://doi.org/10.1139/f93-012.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267052,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-012"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a35e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, Stephen R.","contributorId":89477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eck, Gary W.","contributorId":106053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eck","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, Michael A.","contributorId":85920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":309498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70177014,"text":"70177014 - 1993 - 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in tissues of birds at Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-14T11:26:25","indexId":"70177014","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in tissues of birds at Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA","docAbstract":"The environment has become contaminated with complex mixtures of planar, chlorinated hydrocarbons (PCHs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and structurally similar compounds. Because the potencies of individual congeners to cause the same adverse effects vary greatly and the relative as well as absolute concentrations of individual PCH vary among samples from different locations, it is difficult to assess the toxic effects of these mixtures on wildlife. These compounds can cause a number of adverse effects, however, because the toxic effects which occur at ecologically-relevant concentrations such as embryo-lethality and birth defects appear to be mediated through the same mechanism, the potency of individual congeners can be reported relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) which is the most toxic congener in the PCH class. The concentations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD Equivalents (TCDD-EQ) were determined in the tissues of aquatic and terrestrial birds of Green Bay, Wisconsin by the H4IIE bioassay system and compared toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) with the concentration predicted by the use of toxic equivalency factors applied to concentrations of PCH, which were determined by instrumental analyses. Concentrations of TCDD-EQ ranged from 0.52 to 440 ng/kg, wet weight. The greatest concentrations occurred in the fish-eating birds. Concentrations of TCDD-EQ, which were determined by the two methods were significantly correlated, but the additive model which used the TEFs with concentrations of measured PCB, PCDD and PCDF congeners underestimated the concentrations of TCDD-EQ measured by the H4IIE bioassay by an average of 57%. This is thought to be due to contributions from un-quantified PCH, which are known to occur in the environment. Of the quantified PCH congeners, PCDD and PCDF contributed a small portion of the TCDD-EQ in the aquatic birds, while most of the TCDD-EQ were due to non-ortho-substituted PCBs. In the terrestrial birds, the proportion of the TCDD-EQ contributed by the PCDD and PCDF was greater.
This paper has been reviewed in accord with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy. Mention of specific products or trade names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
We study out Earth for many reasons: to find water to drink or oil to run our cars or coal to heat our homes, to know where to expect earthquakes or landslides or floods, and to try to understand our natural surroundings. Earth is constantly changing--nothing on its surface is truly permanent. Rocks that are not on top of a mountain may once have been on the bottom of the sea. Thus, to understand the world we live on, we must add the dimension of time. We must study Earth's history.
\nWhen we talk about recorded history, time is measured in years, centuries, and tens of centuries. When we talk about Earth history, time is measured in millions and billions of years.
\nTime is an everyday part of our lives. We keep track of time with a marvelous invention, the calendar, which is based on the movements of the Earth in space. One spin of Earth on its axis is a day, and one trip around the sun is a year. The modern calendar is a great achievement, developed over many thousands of years as theory and technology improved.
\nPeople who study Earth's history also use a type of calendar, called the geologic time scale. It looks very different from the familiar calendar. In some ways, it is more like a book, and the rocks are its pages. Some of the pages are torn or missing, and the pages are not numbered, but geology gives us the tools to help us read this book.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.s. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/7000011","usgsCitation":"Edwards, L.E., and Pojeta, J., 1993, Fossils, rocks, and time: General Interest Publication, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000011.","productDescription":"24 p.","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":18584,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/fossils/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":134197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/7000011/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":115651,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/7000011/report.pdf","size":"8461","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a91a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":343963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pojeta, John Jr.","contributorId":44514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pojeta","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018352,"text":"70018352 - 1993 - General implicit representation of hydraulic structures in numerical flow models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:23","indexId":"70018352","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"General implicit representation of hydraulic structures in numerical flow models","docAbstract":"Effects of hydraulic structures (such as culverts, bridge openings, or gates) can be simulated in numerical surface-water-flow models. Generally the scale and dimension of the numerical model is insufficient to model flow through the structure directly. However, if for a particular hydraulic structure a unique relation exists among headwater elevation, tailwater elevation, and discharge through the structure, the effect of the structure can be introduced by enforcing the unique three-parameter relation among three dependent model variables: water-surface elevations immediately upstream and downstream of the structure and discharge through the structure. The three-parameter relation might be implemented through an equation or sets of equations specific to each particular structure. The technique described is more general, viewing the locus of points satisfying any unique three-parameter relation as a surface. The surface is described by a set of points with coordinates corresponding to the three parameters. Values and gradients required for implicit implementation of the unique three-parameter relation in a numerical flow model are interpolated from the surface. The technique described provides a general interface between numerical flow models and effects of any hydraulic structure characterized by a unique three-parameter relation.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1993 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering. Part 1 (of 2)","conferenceDate":"25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629201","usgsCitation":"DeLong, L.L., and Fulford, J., 1993, General implicit representation of hydraulic structures in numerical flow models, in Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 1, San Francisco, CA, USA, 25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993, p. 1143-1148.","startPage":"1143","endPage":"1148","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1510e4b0c8380cd54c98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeLong, L. L.","contributorId":44530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLong","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fulford, J.M.","contributorId":27473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulford","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186733,"text":"70186733 - 1993 - Coalbed methane potential of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde and Meeteetse formations, Wind River Reservation, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T15:48:30","indexId":"70186733","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Coalbed methane potential of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde and Meeteetse formations, Wind River Reservation, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The environments of deposition of the uppermost part of the Cody Shale and the Mesaverde and Meeteetse Formations of Late Cretaceous age were studied on outcrop in the Shotgun Butte area in the north-central part of the Wind River Reservation. A shoreface sandstone occurs in the lower part of the Mesaverde Formation at all localities studied, and is directly overlain by a coaly interval. Repetitive coarsening-upward cycles of mudstone, siltstone, and sandstone occur in the 200 ft interval of the upper part of the Cody Shale below the shoreface sandstone. These Cody sandstones are typically hummocky cross stratified with symmetrical ripples near the top, indicating that they are largely storm surge deposits that were later reworked. Channel-form sandstones from 10 to 20 ft thick, with abundant locally derived clayey clasts, occur in a 75 ft thick interval below the shoreface at one locality. These unusual sandstones are largely confined to a narrow area of the outcrop and grade laterally into more typical storm surge deposits. They may be unusually large storm surge channels created when high-energy flow conditions were localized to a limited area of the shelf.
The Mesaverde Formation above the shoreface sandstone is divided into a middle member and the Teapot Sandstone Member. The lower part of the middle member is everywhere coaly. Erosional-based sandstones in this coaly interval are highly variable in thickness and architecture. Thin, single channel sandstone bodies were deposited by moderate to high sinuosity streams, and thick, multistory channel sandstone bodies were deposited by rapidly switching fluvial channel systems that remained relatively stationary for extended periods of time. The architecture of the fluvial channel sandstones in the overlying noncoaly interval appears to be highly variable as well, with complex multistory sandstones occurring at different stratigraphic levels at different localities. This distribution may be explained by long term stability of fluvial channel systems followed by major avulsion events.
The Teapot Sandstone Member consists of fairly persistent to lenticular white multistory sandstone units that are as much as 85 ft thick and contain trough cross beds as much as 5 ft high. These sandstone units are interbedded with gray mudstones and carbonaceous shales. Paleosols are preserved at the tops of individual sandstones in the multistory units in some places. It is suggested that these sandstones were deposited largely by low-sinuosity to braided streams. The Meeteetse Formation consists of alternating coal and sandstone-rich intervals. The coal-rich intervals have relatively thin fluvial channel sandstones probably deposited by medium to high sinuosity streams whereas the sand-rich intervals have thick (to 105 ft) multistory fluvial channel sandstones possibly deposited by low-sinousity to braided streams.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oil and Gas and Other Resources of the Wind River Basin, Wyoming; Special Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wyo. Geol. Assoc. ","publisherLocation":"Casper, WY","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.C., Clark, A., Barker, C., Crysdale, B., Higley, D., Szmajter, R., and Finn, T., 1993, Coalbed methane potential of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde and Meeteetse formations, Wind River Reservation, Wyoming, in Oil and Gas and Other Resources of the Wind River Basin, Wyoming; Special Symposium, p. 215-242.","productDescription":"28 p. ","startPage":"215","endPage":"242","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339465,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339464,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/wga/data/055/055001/95_wga0550095.htm"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a553e4b09da6799d6400","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, R. C. 0000-0002-6197-5165","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6197-5165","contributorId":101621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":690399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, A.C.","contributorId":25164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barker, C.E.","contributorId":69991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crysdale, B.L.","contributorId":59118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crysdale","given":"B.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Higley, D.K. 0000-0001-8024-9954","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-9954","contributorId":90261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higley","given":"D.K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":690403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Szmajter, R.J.","contributorId":87573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szmajter","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Finn, T.M. 0000-0001-6396-9351","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6396-9351","contributorId":65495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70186460,"text":"70186460 - 1993 - General implicit representation of hydraulic structures in numerical flow models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-04T19:23:59","indexId":"70186460","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"General implicit representation of hydraulic structures in numerical flow models","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"National conference on hydraulic engineering","language":"English","usgsCitation":"DeLong, L.L., and Fulford, J., 1993, General implicit representation of hydraulic structures in numerical flow models, in Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, p. 1143-1148.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"1143","endPage":"1148","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339163,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e4b0b5e4b09da6799977cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeLong, L. L.","contributorId":44530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLong","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fulford, J.M.","contributorId":27473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulford","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018042,"text":"70018042 - 1993 - Refinement of the evaluation of the role of CO2 in modifying estimates of the pressure of epithermal mineralization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:36:28.878286","indexId":"70018042","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Refinement of the evaluation of the role of CO2 in modifying estimates of the pressure of epithermal mineralization","title":"Refinement of the evaluation of the role of CO2 in modifying estimates of the pressure of epithermal mineralization","docAbstract":"Pressure is the most important of the intensive parameters for relating epithermal mineralization to the geologic setting. This paper describes the limitations on pressure (and therefore depth) of mineralization that may reasonably be derived from simple observations of the behavior of fluid inclusions (i.e., the existence of ice or CO 2 clathrate on the liquidus, the amount of expansion or contraction of the bubble as the host inclusion is crushed in oil on the microscope stage, and the freezing and homogenization temperatures for the inclusion). It is based on the reasonable model that mineralization occurs from a hydrostatically pressured NaCl-CO 2 -H 2 O fluid, consistent with the probability that H 2 O and CO 2 are the only gases contributing significantly to the total pressure. The pressure of CO 2 is, of course, a function of CO 2 content, but, from 100 degrees to 300 degrees C, it is a surprisingly minor function of either temperature or salinity. The presence of the clathrate in freezing studies of fluid inclusions indicates pressures of CO 2 that add at least 1 km to the probable depth of inclusion trapping compared to that estimated from CO 2 -free water. Thus undetected (i.e., no clathrates on cooling) CO 2 in fluid inclusions can nonetheless contribute very significantly to the possible depth of epithermal mineralization. On the other hand, the observation that fluid inclusions crushed in oil have bubbles that do not expand (i.e., <1 atm P (sub CO 2 ) at 25 degrees C), demonstrates CO 2 contents that could add at most a few tens of meters to the depth of mineralization.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.88.4.873","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Barton, P., and Chou, I., 1993, Refinement of the evaluation of the role of CO2 in modifying estimates of the pressure of epithermal mineralization: Economic Geology, v. 88, no. 4, p. 873-884, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.4.873.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"873","endPage":"884","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228741,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a434e4b0e8fec6cdbab1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, P.B.","contributorId":78751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":378265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018312,"text":"70018312 - 1993 - Seismic response of eccentrically braced tall buildings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-14T19:47:45","indexId":"70018312","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2467,"text":"Journal of Structural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic response of eccentrically braced tall buildings","docAbstract":"Spectral analysis and system identification techniques are used to analyze a set of acceleration reponse records obtained during the Loma Prieta earthquake from the 47-story, moment-resisting framed and eccentrically braced Embarcadero Building (EMB). The EMB was constructed in 1979 based on the 1976 Uniform Building Code requirements and a design response spectra defined by two levels of earthquake performances. The EMB is in the lower market area of San Francisco, which is of great interest to the engineering community because of the area's soft soil characteristics that amplify ground motions originating at long distances, and because the Embarcadero freeway suffered extensive damage during the earthquake and was razed in 1991. The first modal frequencies of the building at approximately 0.19 Hz (north-south) and 0.16 Hz (east-west) are identified. The torsional response and rocking motions of the building are insignificant. Discontinuity of stiffness and mass at the 40th floor level causes significant response issues above that floor such as excessive drift ratios.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Structural Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1993)119:4(1188)","issn":"07339445","usgsCitation":"Çelebi, M., 1993, Seismic response of eccentrically braced tall buildings: Journal of Structural Engineering, v. 119, no. 4, p. 1188-1205, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1993)119:4(1188).","startPage":"1188","endPage":"1205","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269379,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1993)119:4(1188)"}],"volume":"119","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b5ae4b08c986b317785","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Çelebi, Mehmet 0000-0002-4769-7357 celebi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4769-7357","contributorId":3205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Çelebi","given":"Mehmet","email":"celebi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018221,"text":"70018221 - 1993 - Calculation of the vapor-saturated liquidus for the NaCl-CO2-H2O system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T17:52:28.961219","indexId":"70018221","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Calculation of the vapor-saturated liquidus for the NaCl-CO2-H2O system","title":"Calculation of the vapor-saturated liquidus for the NaCl-CO2-H2O system","docAbstract":"The polybaric liquidus surface for the H2O-rich corner of the NaCl-CO2-H2O ternary is calculated, relying heavily on
(1) a Henry's law equation for CO2 in brines (modified from Drummond, 1981),
(2) the assumption that the contributions of dissolved NaCl and CO2 in lowering the activity of H2O are additive, and
(3) data on the CO2 clathrate solid solution (nominally CO2 · 7.3H2O, but ranging from 5.75 to 8 or 9 H2O) from Bozzo et al. (1975).
The variation with composition of the activity of CO2·7.3H2O, or any other composition within the clathrate field, is small, thereby simplifying the calculations appreciably. Ternary invariant points are
(1) ternary eutectic at −21.5°C, with ice + clathrate + hydrohalite NaCl-·H2O + brine mNaCl = 5.15, mco2 = 0.22 + vaporPtotal ≈ Pco2 = 5.7 atm;
(2) peritectic at −9.6°C, with clathrate + hydrohalite + liquid CO2 + brine mNaCl = 5.18, mco2 = 0.55 + vapor (Ptotal ≈ Pco2 = 26.47 atm); and
(3) peritectic slightly below +0.1 °C, with halite + hydrohalite + liquid CO2 + brine (mNaCl ≈ 5.5, mco2 ≈ 0.64) + vapor (Ptotal ≈ Pco2 ≈ 34 atm).
CO2 isobars have been contoured on the ternary liquidus and also on the 25°C isotherm. An important caveat regarding the application of this information to the interpretation of the freezing-thawing behavior of fluid inclusions is that metastable behavior is a common characteristic of the clathrate.