The composition of clastic sediments and rocks is controlled by a complex suite of parameters operating during pedogenesis, erosion, transport, deposition, and burial. The principal first-order parameters include source rock composition, modification by chemical weathering, mechanical disaggregation and abrasion, authigenic inputs, hydrodynamic sorting, and diagenesis. Each of these first-order parameters is influenced to varying degrees by such factors as the tectonic settings of the source region, transportational system and depositional environment, climate, vegetation, relief, slope, and the nature and energy of transportational and depositional systems. These factors are not independent; rather a complicated web of interrelationships and feedback mechanisms causes many factors to be modulated by others. Accordingly, processes controlling the composition of clastic sediments are best viewed as constituting a system, and in evaluating compositional information the dynamics of the system must be considered as whole.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE284-p1","usgsCitation":"Johnsson, M.J., 1993, The system controlling the composition of clastic sediments: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, v. 284, p. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE284-p1.","productDescription":"20 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339461,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"284","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a553e4b09da6799d6402","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnsson, Mark J.","contributorId":58631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnsson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018020,"text":"70018020 - 1993 - Empirical model for the volume-change behavior of debris flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:21","indexId":"70018020","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Empirical model for the volume-change behavior of debris flows","docAbstract":"The potential travel down hillsides; movement stops where the volume-change behavior of flows as they travel down hillsides ; movement stops where the volume of actively flowing debris becomes negligible. The average change in volume over distance for 26 recent debris flows in the Honolulu area was assumed to be a function of the slope over which the debris flow traveled, the degree of flow confinement by the channel, and an assigned value for the type of vegetation through which the debris flow traveled. Analysis of the data yielded a relation that can be incorporated into digital elevation models to characterize debris-flow travel on Oahu.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629201","usgsCitation":"Cannon, S., 1993, Empirical model for the volume-change behavior of debris flows, in Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, San Francisco, CA, USA, 25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993, p. 1768-1773.","startPage":"1768","endPage":"1773","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a090be4b0c8380cd51d95","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","contributorId":128306,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","id":536418,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, S.H.","contributorId":38154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018046,"text":"70018046 - 1993 - A fortran program for Monte Carlo simulation of oil-field discovery sequences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T15:17:57","indexId":"70018046","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A fortran program for Monte Carlo simulation of oil-field discovery sequences","docAbstract":"We have developed a program for performing Monte Carlo simulation of oil-field discovery histories. A synthetic parent population of fields is generated as a finite sample from a distribution of specified form. The discovery sequence then is simulated by sampling without replacement from this parent population in accordance with a probabilistic discovery process model. The program computes a chi-squared deviation between synthetic and actual discovery sequences as a function of the parameters of the discovery process model, the number of fields in the parent population, and the distributional parameters of the parent population. The program employs the three-parameter log gamma model for the distribution of field sizes and employs a two-parameter discovery process model, allowing the simulation of a wide range of scenarios. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(93)90066-E","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Bohling, G.C., and Davis, J., 1993, A fortran program for Monte Carlo simulation of oil-field discovery sequences: Computers & Geosciences, v. 19, no. 10, p. 1529-1543, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(93)90066-E.","startPage":"1529","endPage":"1543","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266166,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(93)90066-E"},{"id":228788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3e1e4b0c8380cd4628f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohling, Geoffrey C.","contributorId":43109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bohling","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.C.","contributorId":72121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017915,"text":"70017915 - 1993 - Response of a 42-storey steel-frame building to the Ms = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T16:10:00.194042","indexId":"70017915","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1518,"text":"Engineering Structures","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Response of a 42-storey steel-frame building to the Ms = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake","title":"Response of a 42-storey steel-frame building to the Ms = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake","docAbstract":"A set of 14 acceleration records was obtained from a 42-storey steel-frame building, the Chevron Building, in San Francisco during the
Palynologic samples of the Fort Union Formation (Paleocene) were collected from selected composite measured sections and a drill hole in the Wind River Basin. Intervals studied are in outcrop in the Wind River Reservation in the Shotgun Butte area and near Hudson, Wyoming, and in the subsurface in the Muddy Ridge field. Age determinations were made using the palynostratigraphic zonation originally developed near Waltman, Wyoming, in the northeastern part of the basin. Although parts of the zonation have been called into question by other recent work in the basin, only the basal Paleocene biozone (P1) is in need of modification, and the zonation remains an effective tool for age determination and correlation in these rocks. Age control is sparse in parts of some sections studied, mostly because of a dominance of sandstone and conglomerate facies, but palynostratigraphy permits correlation of the study areas with each other and with the Waltman reference section.
Palynology supports the following correlations: The lower unnamed member of the Fort Union Formation in the Shotgun Butte area correlates stratigraphically and chronologically with the lower part of the formation in the subsurface at Muddy Ridge field, with a short interval in the Hudson area, and with the lower and middle parts of the unnamed member in the Waltman area. The Shotgun Member correlates chronologically with the coal-bearing upper part of the Fort Union Formation in the subsurface at Muddy Ridge field and with the upper part of the unnamed member and Waltman Shale Member in the Waltman area. These correlations show that significant coal deposits in the subsurface have little or no expression in outcrop because of changes in facies.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wyoming Geological Association spe cial symposium on oil and gas and other resources of the Wind River basin, Wyoming","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wyoming Geological Association","usgsCitation":"Nichols, D.J., and Flores, R.M., 1993, Palynostratigraphic correlation of the Fort Union formation (Paleocene) in the Wind River Reservation and Waltman Area, Wind River Basin, Wyoming, in Wyoming Geological Association spe cial symposium on oil and gas and other resources of the Wind River basin, Wyoming, p. 175-189.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"175","endPage":"189","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":341032,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341031,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/wga/data/055/055001/175_wga0550175.htm"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5912d53ce4b0e541a03d4543","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, D. J.","contributorId":55466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flores, R. M.","contributorId":106899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70182706,"text":"70182706 - 1993 - Adult survival of Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla in a Pacific colony","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T13:59:40","indexId":"70182706","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1961,"text":"Ibis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adult survival of Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla in a Pacific colony","docAbstract":"Breeding Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla survived at a mean annual rate of 0.926 in four years at a colony in Alaska. Survival rates observed in sexed males (0.930) and females (0.937) did not differ significantly. The rate of return among nonbreeding Kittiwakes (0.839) was lower than that of known breeders, presumably because more nonbreeders moved away from the study plots where they were marked. Individual nonbreeders frequented sites up to 5 km apart on the same island, while a few established breeders moved up to 2.5 km between years. Mate retention in breeding Kittiwakes averaged 69% in three years. Among pairs that split, the cause of changing mates was about equally divided between death (46%) and divorce (54%). Average adult life expectancy was estimated at 13.0 years. Combined with annual productivity averaging 0.17 chick per nest, the observed survival was insufficient for maintaining population size. Rather, an irregular decline observed in the study colony since 1981 is consistent with the model of a closed population with little or no recruitment. Compared to their Atlantic counterparts, Pacific Kittiwakes have low productivity and high survival. The question arises whether differences reflect phenotypic plasticity or genetically determined variation in population parameters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1474-919X.1993.tb02841.x","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., Roberts, B.D., and Fadely, B.S., 1993, Adult survival of Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla in a Pacific colony: Ibis, v. 135, no. 3, p. 247-254, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1993.tb02841.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"254","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336237,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Middleton Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -146.43470764160156,\n 59.380960825646525\n ],\n [\n -146.25720977783203,\n 59.380960825646525\n ],\n [\n -146.25720977783203,\n 59.485716839798464\n ],\n [\n -146.43470764160156,\n 59.485716839798464\n ],\n [\n -146.43470764160156,\n 59.380960825646525\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"135","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-04-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b2a5a1e4b01ccd54fca167","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberts, Bay D.","contributorId":181868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberts","given":"Bay","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":673377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fadely, Brian S.","contributorId":184042,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fadely","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018296,"text":"70018296 - 1993 - Seismic reflection profiling across Tertiary extensional structures in the eastern Amargosa Desert, southern Nevada, Basin and Range province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T13:06:42.061882","indexId":"70018296","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic reflection profiling across Tertiary extensional structures in the eastern Amargosa Desert, southern Nevada, Basin and Range province","docAbstract":"Outcrops, shallow well control, and coincident geophysical surveys are used to interpret a seismic reflection profile in the Amargosa Desert, within the Basin and Range province, of southern Nevada. The east-west-trending, 27-km-long seismic line crosses all or parts of three Tertiary subbasins, revealing that basin growth occurred by progressive shifts of basin-bounding faults. The reflection line images Tertiary strata that is rotated by steeply dipping listric faults and that noses into normal faults. A shallow (less than 100 to 200 m deep), laterally continuous, flat-lying, low-frequency reflector, interpreted as a Tertiary basalt flow, suggests that little vertical deformation has occurred within the easternmost of the small Tertiary basins since the eruption of the flow about 10 million years ago. Moderately dipping reflections within the pre-Tertiary bedrock may image Mesozoic thrust faults. The reflection data indicate that, whereas the top of the reflective lower crust shallows to the west, possibly in the direction of increasing crustal extension, the Moho is relatively flat between 30 and 33 km deep. Apparent bright-spot reflections from the lower crust are interpreted as evidence for ductile shearing of the lower crust, not for active magma chambers. Doming of the lower crust resembles that observed elsewhere in the Basin and Range province and is consistent with ductile flow in the lower crust.
Cairo and northeastern Egypt experienced a rare, damaging earthquake on October 12, 1992. The earthquake, which measured 5.9 on the Richter magnitude scale, was centered near the village of Dahshur, about 18 km south of Cairo. The computed hypocentral depth of the earthquake, about 25 km, is consistent with the fact that fault rupture associated with the earthquake did not reach the surface.
\nDespite its relatively moderate size, the earthquake caused many casualties and heavy damage. These losses included more than 500 fatalities, more than 6,500 injuries, and about 8,300 damaged or destroyed buildings. The Foreign Broadcast Service estimated monetary losses directly attributable to the earthquake at $300 million.
\nWe were part of an international reconnaissance team that investigated the Dahsur earthquake. This article summarizes our findings and points out how even a relatively moderate sized earthquake can cause widespread damage and a large number of casualities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Thenhaus, P., Çelebi, M., and Sharp, R.V., 1993, The October 12, 1992, Dahshur, Egypt, Earthquake: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 1, p. 27-41.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318796,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Egypt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 31.116027832031246,\n 30.083354648756153\n ],\n [\n 31.4923095703125,\n 29.943035391587742\n ],\n [\n 31.41815185546875,\n 29.530450107491063\n ],\n [\n 31.22039794921875,\n 29.200123477644983\n ],\n [\n 30.95123291015625,\n 29.06097140738389\n ],\n [\n 30.75897216796875,\n 29.159357041355424\n ],\n [\n 30.64361572265625,\n 29.351057685705033\n ],\n [\n 30.662841796875,\n 29.64509464986076\n ],\n [\n 30.901794433593746,\n 30.019165387942326\n ],\n [\n 31.077575683593746,\n 30.097613277217132\n ],\n [\n 31.116027832031246,\n 30.083354648756153\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e2a8d0e4b0f59b85d391b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thenhaus, P.C.","contributorId":46089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thenhaus","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Çelebi, M.","contributorId":36946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Çelebi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sharp, R. V.","contributorId":33692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018382,"text":"70018382 - 1993 - Factors controlling the geochemical evolution of fumarolic encrustations, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:24","indexId":"70018382","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors controlling the geochemical evolution of fumarolic encrustations, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska","docAbstract":"Factor and canonical correlation analysis of geochemical data from eight fossil fumaroles suggest that six major factors controlled the formation and evolution of fumarolic encrustations on the 1912 ash-flow sheet in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (VTTS). The six-factor solution model explains a large proportion (low of 74% for Ni to high of 99% for Si) of the individual element data variance. Although the primary fumarolic deposits have been degraded by secondary alteration reactions and up to 75 years of weathering, the relict encrustations still preserve a signature of vapor-phase element transport. This vapor-phase transport probably occurred as halide or oxyhalide species and was significant for As, Sb and Br. At least three, and possibly four, varied temperature leaching events affected the fumarolic deposits. High-temperature gases/liquids heavily altered the ejecta glass and mineral phases adjacent to the fumarolic conduit. As the fumaroles cooled. Fe-rich acidic condensate leached the ejecta and primary fumarolic deposits and resulted in the subsequent precipitation of Fe-hydroxides and/or Fe-oxides. Low- to ambient-temperature leaching and hydration reactions generated abundant hydrated amorphous phases. Up to 87% of the individual element data variance is apparently controlled by the chemistry of the ejecta on which the relict encrustations are found. This matrix chemistry factor illustrates that the primary fumarolic minerals surrounding the active VTTS vents observed by earlier workers have been effectively removed by the dissolution reactions. Element enrichment factors calculated for the VTTS relict encrustations support the statistical factor interpretations. On the average, the relict encrustations are enriched, relative to visibly unaltered matrix protolith, in As, Br, Cr, Sb, Cu, Ni, Pb, Fe, and LOI (an indirect measure of sample H2O content). ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Kodosky, L., and Keith, T.E., 1993, Factors controlling the geochemical evolution of fumarolic encrustations, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 55, no. 3-4, p. 185-200.","startPage":"185","endPage":"200","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227247,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ebee4b0c8380cd535de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kodosky, L.G.","contributorId":62767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kodosky","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keith, T. E. C.","contributorId":11681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018333,"text":"70018333 - 1993 - Model for episodic flow of high-pressure water in fault zones before earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T12:56:36.472016","indexId":"70018333","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Model for episodic flow of high-pressure water in fault zones before earthquakes","docAbstract":"In this model for the evolution of large crustal faults, water that originally came from the country rock saturates the initially highly porous and permeable fault zone. During shearing, the fault zone compacts and water flows back into the country rock, but the flow is arrested by silicate deposition that forms very low permeability seals between the fault zone and the country rock. Because of variations in temperature and mineralogical composition and the complex structure of the fault zone, a three-dimensional network of seals is formed in the fault zone itself; thus, the high-pressure fluid is not evenly distributed. As in deep oil reservoirs, the fluid will be confined to seal-bounded fluid compartments of various sizes and porosity that are not hydraulically connected with each other or with the hydrostatic regime in the country rock. When the seal between two of these compartments is ruptured, an electrical streaming potential will be generated by the sudden movement of fluid from the high-pressure compartment to the low-pressure compartment. When the pore pressure in the two compartments reaches its final equilibrium state, the average effective normal stress across them may be lower than it was initially, and, if the two compartments are large enough, this condition may trigger an earthquake. During an earthquake, many of the remaining seals will be ruptured, and the width of the fault zone will increase by failure of the geometric irregularities on the fault. This newly created, highly porous and permeable, but now wider fault zone will fill with water, and the process described above will be repeated. Thus, the process is an episodic one, with the water moving in and out of the fault zone, and each large earthquake should be preceded by an electrical and/or magnetic signal.
Three-dimensional finite difference simulations of elastic waves in the San Bernardino Valley were performed for two hypothetical earthquakes on the San Andreas fault: a point source with moment magnitude M5 and an extended rupture with M6.5. A method is presented for incorporating a source with arbitrary focal mechanism in the grid. Synthetics from the 3-D simulations are compared with those derived from 2-D (vertical cross section) and 1-D (flat-layered) models. The synthetic seismograms from the 3-D and 2-D simulations exhibit large surface waves produced by conversion of incident S waves at the edge of the basin. Seismograms from the flat-layered model do not contain these converted surface waves and underestimate the duration of shaking. Maps of maximum ground velocities occur in localized portions of the basin. The location of the largest velocities changes with the rupture propagation direction. Contours of maximum shaking are also dependent on asperity positions and radiation pattern.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0830041020","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., 1993, Three-dimensional simulations of ground motions in the San Bernardino Valley, California, for hypothetical earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 83, no. 4, p. 1020-1041, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0830041020.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1020","endPage":"1041","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227099,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Bernardino Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.81999453976282,\n 34.45401748321065\n ],\n [\n -117.81999453976282,\n 33.74442693545781\n ],\n [\n -116.75432071163775,\n 33.74442693545781\n ],\n [\n -116.75432071163775,\n 34.45401748321065\n ],\n [\n -117.81999453976282,\n 34.45401748321065\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb348e4b08c986b325cba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, A. 0000-0001-9119-6106","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":41593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018234,"text":"70018234 - 1993 - Ground water discharge and the related nutrient and trace metal fluxes into Quincy Bay, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-16T17:36:46.879593","indexId":"70018234","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground water discharge and the related nutrient and trace metal fluxes into Quincy Bay, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Measurement of the rate and direction of ground water flow beneath Wollaston Beach, Quincy, Massachusetts by use of a heat-pulsing flowmeter shows a mean velocity in the bulk sediment of 40 cm d−1. The estimated total discharge of ground water into Quincy Bay during October 1990 was 1324–2177 m3 d−1, a relatively low ground water discharge rate. The tides have only a moderate effect on the rate and direction of this flow. Other important controls on the rate and volume of ground water flow are the limited thickness, geographic extent, and permeability of the aquifer. Comparisons of published streamflow data and estimates of ground water discharge indicate that ground water makes up between 7.4–12.1% of the gaged freshwater input into Quincy Bay. The data from this study suggest the ground water discharge is a less important recharge component to Quincy Bay than predicted by National Urban Runoff Program (NURP) models.
The high nitrate and low nitrite and ammonia concentrations in the ground water at the backshore well sites and low nitrate and high nitrite and ammonia concentrations in the water flowing from the foreshore suggests that denitrification is active in the sediments. The low ground water flow rates and low nitrate concentrations in the foreshore samples suggest that little or no nitrate is surviving the denitrification process to affect the planktonic community. Similarly, oxidizing conditions in the aquifer and low trace metal concentrations in the ground water samples suggest that the metals may be precipitating and binding to sedimentary phases before impacting the bay.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00549789","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Poppe, L., and Moffett, A., 1993, Ground water discharge and the related nutrient and trace metal fluxes into Quincy Bay, Massachusetts: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 25, no. 1, p. 15-27, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00549789.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227148,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2aade4b0c8380cd5b390","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppe, L.J.","contributorId":72782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moffett, A.M.","contributorId":54625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moffett","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018402,"text":"70018402 - 1993 - Sedimentary environments within a glaciated estuarine-inner shelf system: Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T13:18:59","indexId":"70018402","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentary environments within a glaciated estuarine-inner shelf system: Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay","docAbstract":"Three modern sedimentary environments have been identified and mapped across the glaciated Boston Harbor estuary and adjacent inner shelf of Massachusetts Bay by means of an extensive set of sidescan sonar records and supplemental bathymetric, sedimentary, subbottom and bottom-current data. 1. (1) Environments of erosion and nondeposition appear on the sonographs either as patterns with isolated reflections (caused by outcrops of bedrock, glacial drift, and coastal plain rocks) or as patterns of strong backscatter (caused by coarse-grained lag deposits). Sediments in these environments range from boulder fields to gravelly sands with megaripples. Inside the harbor, areas of erosion or nondeposition are found primarily near mainland and insular shores and within constricted tidal channels, whereas, on the shelf, they are present over extensive areas of hummocky topography near the coast and atop local bathymetric highs offshore. 2. (2) Environments of sediment reworking are characterized on the sonographs by patterns with patches of strong to weak backscatter caused by a combination of erosional and depositional processes. These environments have diverse grain sizes that range from sandy gravels to muds. Within the harbor, the locations of reworked sediments are uncorrelated with the bottom topography, but, on the shelf, they are found on the lower flanks of bathymetric highs, within broad lows and in relatively deep water (30-50 m). 3. (3) Environments of deposition are depicted on the sonographs as uniform patterns of weak backscatter. These areas contain relatively fine-grained muddy sands and muds. Inside the harbor, depositional environments are found over extensive subtidal flats and within sheltered depressions, whereas, on the shelf, they are restricted to broad lows mainly in deep water. The extreme patchiness of modern sedimentary environments within the Boston Harbor-Massachusetts Bay system reflects the interaction between the irregular bottom topography and both geologic and oceanographic processes. The estuarine part of the system is an effective trap for fine-grained detritus because of its protected nature, low wave climate, and large supply of sediments. The open shelf, however, is largely mantled by winnowed and sorted sediments as a result of erosion during past sea-level fluctuations, sediment resuspension and transport by modern waves and currents, and a spatially variable supply of fine-grained sediments.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(93)90102-2","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H., 1993, Sedimentary environments within a glaciated estuarine-inner shelf system: Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay: Marine Geology, v. 110, no. 1-2, p. 7-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(93)90102-2.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"30","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Boston Harbor, Massachusetts Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.070556640625,\n 41.734429390721\n ],\n [\n -69.8016357421875,\n 41.734429390721\n ],\n [\n -69.8016357421875,\n 42.783307077249624\n ],\n [\n -71.070556640625,\n 42.783307077249624\n ],\n [\n -71.070556640625,\n 41.734429390721\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a1be4b08c986b317038","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018395,"text":"70018395 - 1993 - Analysis of the seismic origin of landslides: Examples from the New Madrid seismic zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T13:02:27.148418","indexId":"70018395","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of the seismic origin of landslides: Examples from the New Madrid seismic zone","docAbstract":"By analyzing two landslides in the New Madrid seismic zone, we develop an approach for judging if a landslide or group of landslides of unknown origin was more likely to have formed as a result of earthquake shaking or in aseismic conditions. The two landslides analyzed are representative of two groups of land-slides that previous research on the geomorphology and regional distribution of landslides in this region indicates may have been triggered by the 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes. Slope-stability models of aseismic conditions show that neither landslide is likely to have formed aseismically even in unrealistically high ground-water conditions. Dynamic stability analysis using Newmark's method shows that both slides probably would have experienced large inertial displacements during earthquake shaking similar to that which occurred in 1811-1812; these displacements are large enough that catastrophic failure is highly probable. Thus, the stability analyses are consistent with other lines of evidence that these landslides formed as a result of strong earthquake shaking during the 1811-1812 earthquakes.
Our analysis yields a general relationship between Newmark landslide displacement, earthquake shaking intensity, and the critical acceleration of a landslide. Using this relationship, we estimate the minimum shaking intensities required to trigger the types of landslides studied: an mb = 5.8 or M = 5.9 earthquake is the lower bound threshold at zero epicentral distance that could trigger catastrophic movement of typical block slides in the New Madrid seismic zone; for earth flows, mb = 5.4 or M = 5.3 is the threshold earthquake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0521:AOTSOO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Jibson, R., and Keefer, D.K., 1993, Analysis of the seismic origin of landslides: Examples from the New Madrid seismic zone: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 105, no. 4, p. 521-536, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0521:AOTSOO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"521","endPage":"536","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227423,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb40e4b0c8380cd48cef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jibson, R.W.","contributorId":8467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jibson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keefer, D. K.","contributorId":21176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018281,"text":"70018281 - 1993 - Aspects of three-dimensional strain at the margin of the extensional orogen, Virgin River depression area, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T13:07:55.379999","indexId":"70018281","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aspects of three-dimensional strain at the margin of the extensional orogen, Virgin River depression area, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona","docAbstract":"The Virgin River depression and surrounding mountains are Neogene features that are partly contiguous with the little-strained rocks of the structural transition to the Colorado Plateau province. This contiguity makes the area ideally suited for evaluating the sense, magnitude, and kinematics of Neogene deformation. Analysis along the strain boundary shows that, compared to the adjacent little-strained area, large-magnitude vertical deformation (both uplift and depression, locally exceeding 10 km) greatly exceeds extensional deformation and that significant amounts of lateral displacement approximately parallel the province boundary. Extensional kinematics, the directions of lateral displacements, and the position and orientation of uplifts and one major depression are such that isostatic rebound following tectonic denudation is an unlikely direct cause of the strong vertical structural relief adjacent to the strain boundary. Instead, the observed structures are first-order features defining a three-dimensional strain field produced by approximately east-west extension, vertical structural attenuation, and extension-normal shortening.
All major structural elements of the strain-boundary strain field are also found in the adjacent Basin and Range. Especially evident is a discontinuous and inhomogeneous distribution of vertical structural relief resulting from uplift and tilting of the footwalls on convex-upward normal faults, combined with formation of extension-parallel folds. Deformation resulted in a bewilderingly complex mixture of coeval folds, normal faults, strike-slip faults, and, in some areas, reverse faults, thrust faults, and thrust faults reactivated as extensional detachment faults. These complexly mixed structures exhibit a tectonically important aspect of scale independence, ranging from micro- structures to mountain-range scale. Many intensely extended domains appear to reflect a process of surface-relief minimization above uplifted and tilted blocks. Some intensely extended zones are depth-limited by relatively undeformed rocks above, and intact tilted blocks below, and are best viewed as subhorizontal zones of accommodation for the uplift and tilt of subjacent blocks. Whether or not the intense deformation extends to the surface, its depth distribution commonly reflects lithologic or paleostructural controls. Whatever the cause for the concentration of extensional strain, many gently dipping zones are more accurately viewed as local features recording small to moderate extension-parallel translations than a regionally interconnected detachment faults recording enormous extension-parallel translations.
Although the total Neogene strain field in the Nevada-Utah-Arizona tricorner area has unique aspects, other parts of the Basin and Range contain generally similar structures that presumably formed from similar processes. These processes include lateral mass transfer, probably by viscoelastic flow, of the material needed to inflate areas of strong uplift and to translate blocks laterally by tectonic rafting. Directions of mass transfer vary but are commonly both parallel and normal to the direction of extension or parallel to the boundaries of extended areas. Much of the strong vertical structural relief probably reflects boundary-condition or localized perturbations (in the form of restraints or releases) of the lateral flow system. These conclusions are consistent with modern concepts of the flexural strength and rheological stratification of the crust in regions undergoing extension.
No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"National conference on hydraulic engineering","language":"English","usgsCitation":"DeLong, L.L., and Fulford, J., 1993, General implicit representation of hydraulic structures in numerical flow models, in Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, p. 1143-1148.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"1143","endPage":"1148","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339163,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e4b0b5e4b09da6799977cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeLong, L. L.","contributorId":44530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLong","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fulford, J.M.","contributorId":27473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulford","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001163,"text":"1001163 - 1993 - Incidental catch of marine birds in the north pacific high seas driftnet fisheries in 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T13:59:54","indexId":"1001163","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2086,"text":"International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Incidental catch of marine birds in the north pacific high seas driftnet fisheries in 1990","docAbstract":"The incidental take of marine birds was estimated for the following North Pacific driftnet fisheries in 1990: Japanese squid, Japanese large-mesh, Korean squid, and Taiwanese squid and large-mesh combined. The take was estimated by assuming that the data represented a random sample from an unstratified population of all driftnet fisheries in the North Pacific. Estimates for 13 species or species groups are presented, along with some discussion of inadequacies of the design. About 416,000 marine birds were estimated to be taken incidentally during the 1990 season; 80% of these were in the Japanese squid fishery. Sooty Shearwaters, Short-tailed Shearwaters, and Laysan Albatrosses were the most common species in the bycatch.Regression models were also developed to explore the relations between bycatch rate of three groups--Black-footed Albatross, Laysan Albatross, and 'dark' shearwaters--and various explanatory variables, such as latitude, longitude, month, vessel, sea surface temperature, and net soak time (length of time nets were in the water). This was done for only the Japanese squid fishery, for which the most complete information was available. For modelling purposes, fishing operations for each vessel were grouped into 5-degree blocks of latitude and longitude.Results of model building indicated that vessel had a significant influence on bycatch rates of all three groups. This finding emphasizes the importance of the sample of vessels being representative of the entire fleet. In addition, bycatch rates of all three groups varied spatially and temporally. Bycatch rates for Laysan Albatrosses tended to decline during the fishing season, whereas those for Black-footed Albatrosses and dark shearwaters tended to increase as the season progressed. Bycatch rates were positively related to net soak time for Laysan Albatrosses and dark shearwaters. Bycatch rates of dark shearwaters were lower for higher sea surface temperatures.","language":"English","publisher":"International North Pacific Fisheries Commission","usgsCitation":"Johnson, D.H., Shaffer, T., and Gould, P., 1993, Incidental catch of marine birds in the north pacific high seas driftnet fisheries in 1990: International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Bulletin, v. 53, p. 473-483.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"473","endPage":"483","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691fc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaffer, T.L.","contributorId":98245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gould, P.J.","contributorId":6416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gould","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197269,"text":"70197269 - 1993 - Development of grade and tonnage models for different deposit types","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-24T13:54:11","indexId":"70197269","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5700,"text":"Special Paper","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"40","title":"Development of grade and tonnage models for different deposit types","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineral deposit modeling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Association of Canada","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.A., 1993, Development of grade and tonnage models for different deposit types: Special Paper 40, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"30","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354475,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15a2e7e4b092d9651e22ab","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kirkham, R. V.","contributorId":205210,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirkham","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736479,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sinclair, W.D.","contributorId":28394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinclair","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736480,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thorpe, R. I.","contributorId":205211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thorpe","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736481,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duke, J.M.","contributorId":10158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duke","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736482,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":736478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70197271,"text":"70197271 - 1993 - Spatial and temporal analysis of precious-metal deposit models for a mineral resource assessment of Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-24T15:36:33","indexId":"70197271","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5700,"text":"Special Paper","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"40","title":"Spatial and temporal analysis of precious-metal deposit models for a mineral resource assessment of Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineral deposit modeling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Association Canada","usgsCitation":"Ludington, S., Cox, D.P., Sherlock, M., Singer, D.A., Berger, B.R., and Tingley, J.V., 1993, Spatial and temporal analysis of precious-metal deposit models for a mineral resource assessment of Nevada: Special Paper 40, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354480,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15a2e6e4b092d9651e22a9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kirkham, R. V.","contributorId":205210,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirkham","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736497,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sinclair, W.D.","contributorId":28394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinclair","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736498,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thorpe, R. I.","contributorId":205211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thorpe","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736499,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duke, J.M.","contributorId":10158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duke","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736500,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Ludington, Steve","contributorId":106848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, D. P.","contributorId":82689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sherlock, M.G.","contributorId":59514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherlock","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":736494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Berger, Byron R. bberger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"Byron","email":"bberger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":736495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tingley, Joseph V.","contributorId":36120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tingley","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1000807,"text":"1000807 - 1993 - Accumulation of PCBs by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush): an individual-based model approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-05T15:18:22","indexId":"1000807","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accumulation of PCBs by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush): an individual-based model approach","docAbstract":"To explain the variation in growth and in concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) among individual fish, an individual-based model (IBM) was applied to the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) population in Lake Michigan. The IBM accurately represented the variation in growth exhibited by the different age classes of lake trout. Uncertainty analysis of the IBM revealed that mean PCB concentration for the lake trout population was most sensitive to PCB concentration in their prey. The variability in PCB concentration among lake trout individuals was not adequately explained by the IBM, unless variation in prey fish PCBs was included in the model. To accomplish this, the simulated lake trout population was divided into subsets subjected to different levels of PCB concentration in the prey fish. Thus, model results indicated that variability in prey fish PCB concentration was an important component of the variation in PCB concnetration observed among individual lake trout comprising the Lake Michigan population.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/f93-012","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., Carpenter, S.R., Eck, G.W., and Miller, M.A., 1993, Accumulation of PCBs by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush): an individual-based model approach: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 50, no. 1, p. 97-109, https://doi.org/10.1139/f93-012.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267052,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-012"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a35e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, Stephen R.","contributorId":89477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eck, Gary W.","contributorId":106053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eck","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, Michael A.","contributorId":85920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":309498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017466,"text":"70017466 - 1993 - The Cape Mendocino, California, earthquakes of April 1992: Subduction at the triple junction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-24T13:59:55","indexId":"70017466","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Cape Mendocino, California, earthquakes of April 1992: Subduction at the triple junction","docAbstract":"The 25 April 1992 magnitude 7.1 Cape Mendocino thrust earthquake demonstrated that the North America—Gorda plate boundary is seismogenic and illustrated hazards that could result from much larger earthquakes forecast for the Cascadia region. The shock occurred just north of the Mendocino Triple Junction and caused strong ground motion and moderate damage in the immediate area. Rupture initiated onshore at a depth of 10.5 kilometers and propagated up-dip and seaward. Slip on steep faults in the Gorda plate generated two magnitude 6.6 aftershocks on 26 April. The main shock did not produce surface rupture on land but caused coastal uplift and a tsunami. The emerging picture of seismicity and faulting at the triple junction suggests that the region is likely to continue experiencing significant seismicity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.261.5120.433","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Oppenheimer, D., Beroza, G., Carver, G., Dengler, L., Eaton, J.P., Gee, L., Gonzalez, F., Jayko, A., Li, W., Lisowski, M., Magee, M., Marshall, G., Murray, M., McPherson, R., Romanowicz, B., Satake, K., Simpson, R., Somerville, P., Stein, R., and Valentine, D., 1993, The Cape Mendocino, California, earthquakes of April 1992: Subduction at the triple junction: Science, v. 261, no. 5120, p. 433-438, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.261.5120.433.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"433","endPage":"438","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cape Mendocino","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": 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California","docAbstract":"A relation between creep rate at the surface trace of a fault, the depth to the bottom of the creeping zone, and the rate of stress accumulation on the fault is derived from Weertman's 1964 friction model of slip on a fault. A 5 ± 1 km depth for the creeping zone on the Hayward fault is estimated from the measured creep rate (5 mm/yr) at the fault trace and the rate of stress increase on the upper segment of the fault trace inferred from geodetic measurements across the San Francisco Bay area. Although fault creep partially accommodates the secular slip rate on the Hayward fault, a slip deficit is accumulating equivalent to a magnitude 6.6 earthquake on each 40 km segment of the fault each century. Thus, the current behavior of the fault is consistent with its seismic history, which includes two moderate earthquakes in the mid-1800's.