The three uppermost principal aquifer systems of the Northern Great Plains—the glacial, lower Tertiary, and Upper Cretaceous aquifer systems—are described in this report and provide water for irrigation, mining, public and domestic supply, livestock, and industrial uses. These aquifer systems primarily are present in two nationally important fossil-fuelproducing areas: the Williston and Powder River structural basins in the United States and Canada. The glacial aquifer system is contained within glacial deposits that overlie the lower Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous aquifer systems in the northeastern part of the Williston structural basin. Productive sand and gravel aquifers exist within this aquifer system. The Upper Cretaceous aquifer system is contained within bedrock lithostratigraphic units as deep as 2,850 and 8,500 feet below land surface in the Williston and Powder River structural basins, respectively. Petroleum extraction from much deeper formations, such as the Bakken Formation, is rapidly increasing because of recently improved hydraulic fracturing methods that require large volumes of relatively freshwater from shallow aquifers or surface water. Extraction of coalbed natural gas from within the lower Tertiary aquifer system requires removal of large volumes of groundwater to allow degasification.
\nRecognizing the importance of understanding water resources in these energy-rich basins, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Groundwater Resources Program (http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/gwrp/) began a groundwater study of the Williston and Powder River structural basins in 2011 to quantify this groundwater resource, the results of which are described in this report. The overall objective of this study was to characterize, quantify, and provide an improved conceptual understanding of the three uppermost and principal aquifer systems in energy-resource areas of the Northern Great Plains to assist in groundwater-resource management for multiple uses.
\nThe study area includes parts of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming in the United States and Manitoba and Saskatchewan in Canada. The glacial aquifer system is contained within glacial drift consisting primarily of till, with smaller amounts of glacial outwash sand and gravel deposits. The lower Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous aquifer systems are contained within several formations of the Tertiary and Cretaceous geologic systems, which are hydraulically separated from underlying aquifers by a basal confining unit. The lower Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous aquifer systems each were divided into three hydrogeologic units that correspond to one or more lithostratigraphic units.
\nThe period prior to 1960 is defined as the predevelopment period when little groundwater was extracted. From 1960 through 1990, numerous flowing wells were installed near the Yellowstone, Little Missouri and Knife Rivers, resulting in local groundwater declines. Recently developed technologies for the extraction of petroleum resources, which largely have been applied in the study area since about 2005, require millions of gallons of water for construction of each well, with additional water needed for long-term operation; therefore, the potential for an increase in groundwater extraction is high. In this study, groundwater recharge and discharge components were estimated for the period 1981–2005.
\nGroundwater recharge primarily occurs from infiltration of rainfall and snowmelt (precipitation recharge) and infiltration of streams into the ground (stream infiltration). Total estimated recharge to the Williston and Powder River control volumes is 4,560 and 1,500 cubic feet per second, respectively. Estimated precipitation recharge is 26 and 15 percent of total recharge for the Williston and Powder River control volumes, respectively. Estimated stream infiltration is 71 and 80 percent of total recharge for the Williston and Powder River control volumes, respectively. Groundwater discharge primarily is to streams and springs and is estimated to be about 97 and 92 percent of total discharge for the Williston and Powder River control volumes, respectively. Most of the remaining discharge results from pumped and flowing wells.
\nGroundwater flow in the Williston structural basin generally is from the west and southwest toward the east, where discharge to streams occurs. Locally, in the uppermost hydrogeologic units, groundwater generally is unconfined and flows from topographically high to low areas, where discharge to streams occurs. Groundwater flow in the Powder River structural basin generally is toward the north, with local variations, particularly in the upper Fort Union aquifer, where flow is toward streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145055","collaboration":"Groundwater Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Long, A.J., Aurand, K.R., Bednar, J.M., Davis, K.W., McKaskey, J.D., and Thamke, J., 2014, Conceptual model of the uppermost principal aquifer systems in the Williston and Powder River structural basins, United States and Canada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5055, Report: viii, 41 p.; Appendix figures and tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145055.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 41 p.; Appendix figures and tables","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045678","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288697,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5055/pdf/sir2014-5055.pdf"},{"id":288698,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5055/downloads/"},{"id":288699,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145055.jpg"},{"id":288696,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5055/"}],"projection":"North American Lambert Conformal Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"Canada;United States","state":"Manitoba;Montana;North Dakota;Saskatchewan;South Dakota;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Powder River Basin;Williston Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108.9,42.5 ], [ -108.9,51.0 ], [ -98.2,51.0 ], [ -98.2,42.5 ], [ -108.9,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae765fe4b0abf75cf2bf4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Andrew J. 0000-0001-7385-8081 ajlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7385-8081","contributorId":989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Andrew","email":"ajlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aurand, Katherine R. kaurand@usgs.gov","contributorId":2713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aurand","given":"Katherine","email":"kaurand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":492895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bednar, Jennifer M. jbednar@usgs.gov","contributorId":5164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bednar","given":"Jennifer","email":"jbednar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":492897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, Kyle W. 0000-0002-8723-0110 kyledavis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8723-0110","contributorId":3987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Kyle","email":"kyledavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKaskey, Jonathan D.R.G.","contributorId":28000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKaskey","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thamke, Joanna N. 0000-0002-6917-1946 jothamke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6917-1946","contributorId":1012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thamke","given":"Joanna N.","email":"jothamke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70102940,"text":"sir20145047 - 2014 - Hydrogeologic framework of the uppermost principal aquifer systems in the Williston and Powder River structural basins, United States and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-09T10:17:23","indexId":"sir20145047","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-17T13:12:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5047","title":"Hydrogeologic framework of the uppermost principal aquifer systems in the Williston and Powder River structural basins, United States and Canada","docAbstract":"The glacial, lower Tertiary, and Upper Cretaceous aquifer systems in the Williston and Powder River structural basins within the United States and Canada are the uppermost principal aquifer systems and most accessible sources of groundwater for these energy-producing basins. The glacial aquifer system covers the northeastern part of the Williston structural basin. The lower Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous aquifer systems are present in about 91,300 square miles (mi2) of the Williston structural basin and about 25,500 mi2 of the Powder River structural basin. Directly under these aquifer systems are 800 to more than 3,000 feet (ft) of relatively impermeable marine shale that serves as a basal confining unit. The aquifer systems in the Williston structural basin have a shallow (less than 2,900 ft deep), wide, and generally symmetrical bowl shape. The aquifer systems in the Powder River structural basin have a very deep (as much as 8,500 ft deep), narrow, and asymmetrical shape.
\n\n
The Williston structural basin has been an important oil and natural gas producing region since the 1950s, and production has increased substantially since the mid-2000s due to improved drilling and hydraulic fracturing methods from deep formations, such as the Bakken and Three Forks Formations. These improved methods require considerable volumes of freshwater mostly from shallow aquifers or surface water. Coal, lignite, and coal-bed natural gas are additional sources of energy in both basins that can affect the quality and quantity of shallow aquifers through strip mining and groundwater depletion.
\nIn 2011, the U.S. Geological Survey initiated a regional study of the glacial, lower Tertiary, and Upper Cretaceous aquifer systems in the Williston and Powder River structural basins with the goal to quantify groundwater availability. This report, together with a companion report of the conceptual flow model, provides an improved understanding of the groundwater flow systems and a basis for a numerical, regional groundwater-flow model.
\n\n
This study combines the lithostratigraphic units of the glacial, lower Tertiary, and Upper Cretaceous aquifer systems in the United States and Canada into 7 regional hydrogeologic units—glacial deposits, 4 bedrock aquifers, and 2 bedrock confining units—using general hydraulic properties. The glacial deposits are composed of till and glacial outwash sands and gravels with areas of cobbles and boulders. The four bedrock aquifers are the upper Fort Union, lower Fort Union, lower Hell Creek, and Fox Hills aquifers and are contained primarily in sandstone layers. The two confining units are the middle Fort Union hydrogeologic unit (shale) and upper Hell Creek hydrogeologic unit (contains less sandstone than the underlying lower Hell Creek aquifer). Water from hydrogeologic units in these three aquifer systems is relatively fresh and potable, whereas withdrawals seldom occur from units below the basal confining unit because of great depths (greater than 800 ft) and poor water quality.
\n\n
Analysis of about 300 electric (resistivity) and lithologic logs in the Williston structural basin and numerous existing publications for the Powder River structural basin were used to develop a three-dimensional hydrogeologic framework for both basins. Interpolated thicknesses of the glacial deposits, the lower Tertiary aquifer system, and the Upper Cretaceous aquifer system in the Williston structural basin are less than about 750; 2,250; and 1,050 ft, respectively. Interpolated thicknesses of the lower Tertiary aquifer system and the Upper Cretaceous aquifer system in the Powder River structural basin are less than about 7,180 and 5,070 ft, respectively. Interpolated horizontal hydraulic conductivity values for the Williston structural basin were as much as 25 feet per day (ft/d) in the glacial deposits and had smaller ranges in the lower Tertiary aquifer system (0.01–9.8 ft/d) and in the Upper Cretaceous aquifer system (0.06–5.5 ft/d). In the Powder River structural basin, the lower Tertiary aquifer system had a greater range of interpolated horizontal hydraulic conductivity values (0.10–11 ft/d) than the Upper Cretaceous aquifer system (0.02–5.7 ft/d). Transmissivity is greatest in the gravel zones of the glacial deposits (2,120 feet squared per day) and generally decreases with depth into the bedrock units.
\n\n
Regionally, water in the lower Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous aquifer systems flows in a northerly or northeasterly direction from the Powder River structural basin to the Williston structural basin. Groundwater flow in the Williston structural basin generally is easterly or northeasterly. Flow in the uppermost hydrogeologic units generally is more local and controlled by topography where unglaciated in the Williston structural basin than is flow in the glaciated part and in underlying aquifers. Groundwater flow in the Powder River structural basin generally is northerly with local variations greatest in the uppermost aquifers. Groundwater is confined, and flow is regional in the underlying aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145047","collaboration":"Groundwater Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Thamke, J., LeCain, G.D., Ryter, D.W., Sando, R., and Long, A.J., 2014, Hydrogeologic framework of the uppermost principal aquifer systems in the Williston and Powder River structural basins, United States and Canada (Version 1: Originally posted June 17, 2014; Version 1.1: December 1, 2014): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5047, Report: viii, 38 p.; Appendix figures and tables; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145047.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 38 p.; Appendix figures and tables; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049955","costCenters":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296505,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145047.jpg"},{"id":288694,"rank":1,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5047/appendix/"},{"id":288695,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5047/downloads/","text":"Downloads Directory"},{"id":288692,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5047/"},{"id":288693,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5047/pdf/sir2014-5047.pdf","size":"11.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"projection":"North American Lambert Conformal Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"Canada;United States","otherGeospatial":"Powder River Basin;Williston Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108.0,42.5 ], [ -108.0,50.0 ], [ -99.5,50.0 ], [ -99.5,42.5 ], [ -108.0,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1: Originally posted June 17, 2014; Version 1.1: December 1, 2014","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae773de4b0abf75cf2c0c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thamke, Joanna N. 0000-0002-6917-1946 jothamke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6917-1946","contributorId":1012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thamke","given":"Joanna N.","email":"jothamke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeCain, Gary D.","contributorId":52207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeCain","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryter, Derek W. 0000-0002-2488-626X dryter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2488-626X","contributorId":3395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryter","given":"Derek","email":"dryter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sando, Roy 0000-0003-0704-6258","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0704-6258","contributorId":26230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sando","given":"Roy","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":493088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Long, Andrew J. 0000-0001-7385-8081 ajlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7385-8081","contributorId":989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Andrew","email":"ajlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70112701,"text":"sir20145067 - 2014 - Estimates of inorganic nitrogen wet deposition from precipitation for the conterminous United States, 1955-84","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-29T13:39:51","indexId":"sir20145067","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-17T13:03:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5067","title":"Estimates of inorganic nitrogen wet deposition from precipitation for the conterminous United States, 1955-84","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water-Quality Assessment program requires nutrient input information for analysis of national and regional assessment of water quality. Historical data are needed to lengthen the data record for assessment of trends in water quality. This report provides estimates of inorganic nitrogen deposition from precipitation for the conterminous United States for 1955–56, 1961–65, and 1981–84. The estimates were derived from ammonium, nitrate, and inorganic nitrogen concentrations in atmospheric wet deposition and precipitation-depth data. This report documents the sources of these data and the methods that were used to estimate the inorganic nitrogen deposition. Tabular datasets, including the analytical results, precipitation depth, and calculated site-specific precipitation-weighted concentrations, and raster datasets of nitrogen from wet deposition are provided as appendixes in this report.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145067","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Gronberg, J., Ludtke, A.S., and Knifong, D.L., 2014, Estimates of inorganic nitrogen wet deposition from precipitation for the conterminous United States, 1955-84: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5067, Report: viii, 18 p.; Appendixes 1-4, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145067.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 18 p.; Appendixes 1-4","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1955-01-01","temporalEnd":"1984-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-051313","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science 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,{"id":70049779,"text":"ds796 - 2014 - California Groundwater Units","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-08T14:21:10","indexId":"ds796","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-17T12:47:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"796","title":"California Groundwater Units","docAbstract":"The California Groundwater Units dataset classifies and delineates areas within the State of California into one of three groundwater-based polygon units: (1) those areas previously defined as alluvial groundwater basins or subbasins, (2) highland areas that are adjacent to and topographically upgradient of groundwater basins, and (3) highland areas not associated with a groundwater basin, only a hydrogeologic province. In total, 938 Groundwater Units are represented. The Groundwater Units dataset relates existing groundwater basins with their newly delineated highland areas which can be used in subsequent hydrologic studies. The methods used to delineate groundwater-basin-associated highland areas are similar to those used to delineate a contributing area (such as for a lake or water body); the difference is that highland areas are constrained to the immediately surrounding upslope (upstream) area. Upslope basins have their own delineated highland. A geoprocessing tool was created to facilitate delineation of highland areas for groundwater basins and subbasins and is available for download.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds796","usgsCitation":"Johnson, T., and Belitz, K., 2014, California Groundwater Units: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 796, Report: iv, 34 p.; GIS; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds796.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 34 p.; GIS; Metadata","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-037814","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288685,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds796.jpg"},{"id":288682,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/796/pdf/ds796.pdf"},{"id":288684,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/796/downloads/ds796_metadata.txt"},{"id":288683,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/796/downloads/ds796_GIS.zip"},{"id":288678,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/796/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.507642,32.425413 ], [ -124.507642,42.067151 ], [ -113.488240,42.067151 ], [ -113.488240,32.425413 ], [ -124.507642,32.425413 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae764ee4b0abf75cf2bf14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Tyler D. 0000-0002-7334-9188","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7334-9188","contributorId":64366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Tyler D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":486109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70110917,"text":"ds808 - 2014 - Summary of suspended-sediment concentration data, San Francisco Bay, California, water year 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-30T11:29:30","indexId":"ds808","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-17T12:38:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"808","title":"Summary of suspended-sediment concentration data, San Francisco Bay, California, water year 2010","docAbstract":"Suspended-sediment concentration data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in San Francisco Bay during water year 2010 (October 1, 2009–September 30, 2010). Turbidity sensors and water samples were used to monitor suspended-sediment concentration at two sites in Suisun Bay, one site in San Pablo Bay, three sites in Central San Francisco Bay, and one site in South San Francisco Bay. Sensors were positioned at two depths at most sites to help define the vertical variability of suspended sediments. Water samples were collected periodically and analyzed for concentrations of suspended sediment. The results of the analyses were used to calibrate the output of the turbidity sensors so that a record of suspended-sediment concentrations could be computed. This report presents the data-collection methods used and summarizes, in graphs, the suspended-sediment concentration data collected from October 2009 through September 2010. Calibration curves and plots of the processed data for each sensor also are presented.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds808","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, San Francisco District","usgsCitation":"Buchanan, P.A., and Morgan, T., 2014, Summary of suspended-sediment concentration data, San Francisco Bay, California, water year 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 808, viii, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds808.","productDescription":"viii, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2009-10-01","temporalEnd":"2010-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-028604","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288681,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds808.PNG"},{"id":288677,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/808"},{"id":288680,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/808/pdf/ds808.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay;San Pablo Bay;Suisun Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5992,37.3385 ], [ -122.5992,38.1821 ], [ -121.7464,38.1821 ], [ -121.7464,37.3385 ], [ -122.5992,37.3385 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae784de4b0abf75cf2d048","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchanan, Paul A. 0000-0002-4796-4734 buchanan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-4734","contributorId":1018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan","given":"Paul","email":"buchanan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, Tara L. 0000-0001-5632-5232","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-5232","contributorId":29124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Tara L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70112699,"text":"70112699 - 2014 - Gas hydrate identified in sand-rich inferred sedimentary section using downhole logging and seismic data in Shenhu area, South China Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-17T11:23:36","indexId":"70112699","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-17T11:19:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas hydrate identified in sand-rich inferred sedimentary section using downhole logging and seismic data in Shenhu area, South China Sea","docAbstract":"Downhole wireline log (DWL) data was acquired from eight drill sites during China's first gas hydrate drilling expedition (GMGS-1) in 2007. Initial analyses of the acquired well log data suggested that there were no significant gas hydrate occurrences at Site SH4. However, the re-examination of the DWL data from Site SH4 indicated that there are two intervals of high resistivity, which could be indicative of gas hydrate. One interval of high resistivity at depth of 171–175 m below seafloor (mbsf) is associated with a high compressional- wave (P-wave) velocities and low gamma ray log values, which suggests the presence of gas hydrate in a potentially sand-rich (low clay content) sedimentary section. The second high resistivity interval at depth of 175–180 mbsf is associated with low P-wave velocities and low gamma values, which suggests the presence of free gas in a potentially sand-rich (low clay content) sedimentary section. Because the occurrence of free gas is much shallower than the expected from the regional depth of the bottom simulating reflector (BSR), the free gas could be from the dissociation of gas hydrate during drilling or there may be a local anomaly in the depth to the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. In order to determine whether the low P-wave velocity with high resistivity is caused by in-situ free gas or dissociated free gas from the gas hydrate, the surface seismic data were also used in this analysis. The log analysis incorporating the surface seismic data through the construction of synthetic seismograms using various models indicated the presence of free gas directly in contact with an overlying gas hydrate-bearing section. The occurrence of the anomalous base of gas hydrate stability at Site SH4 could be caused by a local heat flow conditions. This paper documents the first observation of gas hydrate in what is believed to be a sand-rich sediment in Shenhu area of the South China Sea.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.01.002","usgsCitation":"Wang, X., Lee, M.W., Collett, T.S., Yang, S., Guo, Y., and Wu, S., 2014, Gas hydrate identified in sand-rich inferred sedimentary section using downhole logging and seismic data in Shenhu area, South China Sea: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 51, p. 298-306, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.01.002.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"298","endPage":"306","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-053736","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288675,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288674,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.01.002"}],"country":"China","state":"Shenhu","otherGeospatial":"South China Sea","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 108.44,17.02 ], [ 108.44,23.98 ], [ 121.08,23.98 ], [ 121.08,17.02 ], [ 108.44,17.02 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"51","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae76d0e4b0abf75cf2c030","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Xiujuan","contributorId":87071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Xiujuan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Myung W. mlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","email":"mlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Collett, Timothy S. 0000-0002-7598-4708 tcollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":1698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"tcollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yang, Shengxiong","contributorId":74306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Shengxiong","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Guo, Yiqun","contributorId":68659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guo","given":"Yiqun","affiliations":[{"id":34423,"text":"Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou, China","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":494848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wu, Shiguo","contributorId":11126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"Shiguo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70115105,"text":"70115105 - 2014 - 2014 Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Forecast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-02T09:55:51","indexId":"70115105","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-17T09:50:45","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"2014 Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Forecast","docAbstract":"The Gulf of Mexico annual summer hypoxia forecasts are based on average May \ntotal nitrogen loads from the Mississippi River basin for that year. The load \nestimate, recently released by USGS, is 4,761 metric tons per day. Based on that \nestimate, we predict the area of this summer’s hypoxic zone to be 14,000 square \nkilometers (95% credible interval, 8,000 to 20,000) – an “average year”.
\n40Ar/39Ar geochronology depends critically on well-calibrated standards, often traceable to first-principles K-Ar age calibrations using bulb-tracer systems. Tracer systems also provide precise standards for noble-gas studies and interlaboratory calibration. The exponential expression long used for calculating isotope tracer concentrations in K-Ar age dating and calibration of 40Ar/39Ar age standards may provide a close approximation of those values, but is not correct. Appropriate equations are derived that accurately describe the depletion of tracer reservoirs and concentrations of sequential tracers. In the modified expression the depletion constant is not in the exponent, which only varies as integers by tracer-number. Evaluation of the expressions demonstrates that systematic error introduced through use of the original expression may be substantial where reservoir volumes are small and resulting depletion constants are large. Traditional use of large reservoir to tracer volumes and the resulting small depletion constants have kept errors well less than experimental uncertainties in most previous K-Ar and calibration studies. Use of the proper expression, however, permits use of volumes appropriate to the problems addressed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2013GC005205","usgsCitation":"Fleck, R.J., and Calvert, A.T., 2014, Modified expression for bulb-tracer depletion—Effect on argon dating standards: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 15, no. 4, p. 1657-1662, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GC005205.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1657","endPage":"1662","ipdsId":"IP-052640","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gc005205","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":342911,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-04-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59521d23e4b062508e3c36ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleck, Robert J. 0000-0002-3149-8249 fleck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3149-8249","contributorId":1048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"Robert","email":"fleck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calvert, Andrew T. 0000-0001-5237-2218 acalvert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2218","contributorId":2694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"Andrew","email":"acalvert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70134477,"text":"70134477 - 2014 - Wetlands: Tidal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T09:48:38","indexId":"70134477","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Wetlands: Tidal","docAbstract":"Tidal wetlands are some of the most dynamic areas of the Earth and are found at the interface between the land and sea. Salinity, regular tidal flooding, and infrequent catastrophic flooding due to storm events result in complex interactions among biotic and abiotic factors. The complexity of these interactions, along with the uncertainty of where one draws the line between tidal and nontidal, makes characterizing tidal wetlands a difficult task. The three primary types of tidal wetlands are tidal marshes, mangroves, and freshwater forested wetlands. Tidal marshes are dominated by herbaceous plants and are generally found at middle to high latitudes of both hemispheres. Mangrove forests dominate tropical coastlines around the world while tidal freshwater forests are global in distribution. All three wetland types are highly productive ecosystems, supporting abundant and diverse faunal communities. Unfortunately, these wetlands are subject to alteration and loss from both natural and anthropogenic causes.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of natural resources: Land","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","publisherLocation":"New York","doi":"10.1081/E-ENRL-120047505","usgsCitation":"Conner, W.H., Krauss, K.W., Baldwin, A.H., and Hutchinson, S., 2014, Wetlands: Tidal, chap. of Encyclopedia of natural resources: Land, p. 575-588, https://doi.org/10.1081/E-ENRL-120047505.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"588","ipdsId":"IP-033998","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338160,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Earth","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-07-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df03e4b05ec79911d1a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conner, William H.","contributorId":79376,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Conner","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":7084,"text":"Clemson University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baldwin, Andrew H.","contributorId":11479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Hutchinson, Stephen","contributorId":127618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Stephen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7084,"text":"Clemson University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70174136,"text":"70174136 - 2014 - Distribution and population genetics of walleye and sauger","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-07T13:39:25","indexId":"70174136","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":955,"text":"BMC Evolutionary Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and population genetics of walleye and sauger","docAbstract":"Conserving genetic diversity and local adaptations are management priorities for wild populations of exploited species, which increasingly are subject to climate change, habitat loss, and pollution. These constitute growing concerns for the walleye Sander vitreus, an ecologically and economically valuable North American temperate fish with large Laurentian Great Lakes' fisheries. This study compares genetic diversity and divergence patterns across its widespread native range using mitochondrial (mt) DNA control region sequences and nine nuclear DNA microsatellite (μsat) loci, examining historic and contemporary influences. We analyze the genetic and morphological characters of a putative endemic variant– “blue pike” S. v. “glaucus” –described from Lakes Erie and Ontario, which became extinct. Walleye with turquoise-colored mucus also are evaluated, since some have questioned whether these are related to the “blue pike”.
Shell beads appear to have been one of the earliest examples of personal adornments. Marine shells identified far from the shore evidence long-distance transport and imply networks of exchange and negotiation. However, worked beads lose taxonomic clues to identification, and this may be compounded by taphonomic alteration. Consequently, the significance of this key early artefact may be underestimated. We report the use of bulk amino acid composition of the stable intra-crystalline proteins preserved in shell biominerals and the application of pattern recognition methods to a large dataset (777 samples) to demonstrate that taxonomic identification can be achieved at genus level. Amino acid analyses are fast (<2 hours per sample) and micro-destructive (sample size <2 mg). Their integration with non-destructive techniques provides a valuable and affordable tool, which can be used by archaeologists and museum curators to gain insight into early exploitation of natural resources by humans. Here we combine amino acid analyses, macro- and microstructural observations (by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) and Raman spectroscopy to try to identify the raw material used for beads discovered at the Early Bronze Age site of Great Cornard (UK). Our results show that at least two shell taxa were used and we hypothesise that these were sourced locally.
","language":"English","publisher":"Plos One","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0099839","usgsCitation":"Demarchi, B., O’Connor, S., Ponzoni, A.D., Ponzoni, R.D., Sheridan, A., Penkman, K., Hancock, Y., and Wilson, J., 2014, An integrated approach to the Taxonomic identification of prehistoric shell ornaments: PLoS ONE, v. 9, no. 6, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099839.","productDescription":"12 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099839","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":307033,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d6fa2fe4b0518e3546bc1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Demarchi, Beatrice","contributorId":146780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Demarchi","given":"Beatrice","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Connor, Sonia","contributorId":146781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Connor","given":"Sonia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ponzoni, Andre de Lima","contributorId":146782,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ponzoni","given":"Andre","email":"","middleInitial":"de Lima","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ponzoni, Raquel de Almeida Roch","contributorId":146783,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ponzoni","given":"Raquel","email":"","middleInitial":"de Almeida Roch","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sheridan, Alison","contributorId":146784,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sheridan","given":"Alison","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Penkman, Kirsty","contributorId":146785,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Penkman","given":"Kirsty","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hancock, Y.","contributorId":146786,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hancock","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wilson, Julie","contributorId":146787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"Julie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70189137,"text":"70189137 - 2014 - Proterozoic geochronological links between the Farewell, Kilbuck, and Arctic Alaska terranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T20:57:09","indexId":"70189137","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3566,"text":"The Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proterozoic geochronological links between the Farewell, Kilbuck, and Arctic Alaska terranes","docAbstract":"New U-Pb igneous and detrital zircon ages reveal that despite being separated by younger orogens, three of Alaska’s terranes that contain Precambrian rocks—Farewell, Kilbuck, and Arctic Alaska—are related. The Farewell and Kilbuck terranes can be linked by felsic magmatism at ca. 850 Ma and by abundant detrital zircons in the Farewell that overlap the ca. 2010–2085 Ma age range of granitoids in the Kilbuck. The Farewell and Arctic Alaska terranes have already been linked via correlative Neoproterozoic to Devonian carbonate platform deposits that share nearly identical faunas of mixed Siberian and Laurentian affinity. New igneous ages strengthen these ties. Specifically, 988, 979, and 979 Ma metafelsites in the Farewell terrane are close in age to a 971 Ma granitic orthogneiss in the Arctic Alaska terrane. Likewise, 852, 850, 845, and 837 Ma granitic orthogneisses, metafelsite, and rhyolite in the Farewell terrane are similar to the reported 874 to 848 Ma age range of metarhyolites in the Arctic Alaska terrane. The Kilbuck and Arctic Alaska terranes have been previously linked on the basis of provenance: detrital zircons from the Carboniferous Nuka Formation in the Arctic Alaska terrane range from 2013 to 2078 Ma, overlapping the age of Kilbuck granitoids. A new 849 Ma age of a Kilbuck granitoid strengthens the proposed connection. Among the other new results from Kilbuck terrane is a 2085 Ma zircon from a granitoid that now stands as the oldest tightly dated rock in Alaska. We conclude that the Kilbuck, Farewell, and Arctic Alaska terranes were not independent entities with unique geologic histories but instead are related pieces of the circum-Arctic tectonic puzzle.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/675663","usgsCitation":"Bradley, D., McClelland, W.C., Friedman, R.M., O’Sullivan, P.B., Layer, P., Miller, M.L., Dumoulin, J.A., Till, A.B., Abbott, J.G., Bradley, D.B., and Wooden, J.L., 2014, Proterozoic geochronological links between the Farewell, Kilbuck, and Arctic Alaska terranes: The Journal of Geology, v. 122, no. 3, p. 237-258, https://doi.org/10.1086/675663.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"258","ipdsId":"IP-052584","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343250,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Shaking intensity variation can be due to propagation path effects, source directivity, and/or site amplification. In this paper, we use S and Lg waves recorded from the 2011 central Virginia earthquake and aftershock sequence, in the Central Virginia Seismic Zone, to quantify attenuation as frequency‐dependent Q(f). In support of observations based on shaking intensity, we observe high Q values in the EUS relative to previous studies in the WUS with especially efficient propagation along the structural trend of the Appalachian mountains. Our analysis of Q(f) quantifies the path effects of the northeast‐trending felt distribution previously inferred from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) “Did You Feel It” data, historic intensity data, and the asymmetrical distribution of rockfalls and landslides.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120130045","usgsCitation":"McNamara, D.E., Gee, L., Benz, H.M., and Chapman, M., 2014, Frequency-dependent seismic attenuation in the eastern United States as observed from the 2011 central Virginia earthquake and aftershock sequence: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 104, no. 1, p. 55-72, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120130045.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"72","ipdsId":"IP-045883","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342629,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89,\n 30\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 30\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 30\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"104","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-01-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5948e2a7e4b062508e354c76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McNamara, Daniel E. 0000-0001-6860-0350 mcnamara@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6860-0350","contributorId":402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNamara","given":"Daniel","email":"mcnamara@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gee, Lind 0000-0003-2883-9847 lgee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2883-9847","contributorId":193064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"Lind","email":"lgee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benz, Harley M. 0000-0002-6860-2134 benz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-2134","contributorId":794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"Harley","email":"benz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chapman, Martin","contributorId":45622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Martin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70176912,"text":"70176912 - 2014 - The changing role of history in restoration ecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-17T10:12:05","indexId":"70176912","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1701,"text":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The changing role of history in restoration ecology","docAbstract":"In the face of rapid environmental and cultural change, orthodox concepts in restoration ecology such as historical fidelity are being challenged. Here we re-examine the diverse roles played by historical knowledge in restoration, and argue that these roles remain vitally important. As such, historical knowledge will be critical in shaping restoration ecology in the future. Perhaps the most crucial role in shifting from the present version of restoration ecology (“v1.0”) to a newer formulation (“v2.0”) is the value of historical knowledge in guiding scientific interpretation, recognizing key ecological legacies, and influencing the choices available to practitioners of ecosystem intervention under conditions of open-ended and rapid change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1890/110267","usgsCitation":"Eric Higgs, Falk, D., Guerrini, A., Hall, M., Harris, J., Hobbs, R.J., Jackson, S.T., Rhemtulla, J.M., and Throop, W., 2014, The changing role of history in restoration ecology: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, v. 12, no. 9, p. 499-506, https://doi.org/10.1890/110267.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"499","endPage":"506","ipdsId":"IP-072857","costCenters":[{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://admin.research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/ac345bb4-5211-44b3-b17b-23cec05c5c7c","text":"External Repository"},{"id":339788,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f5d444e4b0f2e20545e42b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eric Higgs","contributorId":175288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eric Higgs","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Falk, Donald A.","contributorId":90230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falk","given":"Donald A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guerrini, Anita","contributorId":190997,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guerrini","given":"Anita","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hall, Marcus","contributorId":190998,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hall","given":"Marcus","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harris, Jim","contributorId":190999,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hobbs, Richard J.","contributorId":175282,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hobbs","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":27556,"text":"University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":691239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jackson, Stephen T. 0000-0002-1487-4652 stjackson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1487-4652","contributorId":344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Stephen","email":"stjackson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":560,"text":"South Central Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":650696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rhemtulla, Jeanine M.","contributorId":191000,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rhemtulla","given":"Jeanine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Throop, William","contributorId":191001,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Throop","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70189755,"text":"70189755 - 2014 - Rethinking turbidite paleoseismology along the Cascadia subduction zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-24T14:42:16","indexId":"70189755","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rethinking turbidite paleoseismology along the Cascadia subduction zone","docAbstract":"A stratigraphic synthesis of dozens of deep-sea cores, most of them overlooked in recent decades, provides new insights into deep-sea turbidites as guides to earthquake and tsunami hazards along the Cascadia subduction zone, which extends 1100 km along the Pacific coast of North America. The synthesis shows greater variability in Holocene stratigraphy and facies off the Washington coast than was recognized a quarter century ago in a confluence test for seismic triggering of sediment gravity flows. That test compared counts of Holocene turbidites upstream and downstream of a deep-sea channel junction. Similarity in the turbidite counts among seven core sites provided evidence that turbidity currents from different submarine canyons usually reached the junction around the same time, as expected of widespread seismic triggering. The fuller synthesis, however, shows distinct differences between tributaries, and these differences suggest sediment routing for which the confluence test was not designed. The synthesis also bears on recent estimates of Cascadia earthquake magnitudes and recurrence intervals. The magnitude estimates hinge on stratigraphic correlations that discount variability in turbidite facies. The recurrence estimates require turbidites to represent megathrust earthquakes more dependably than they do along a flow path where turbidite frequency appears limited less by seismic shaking than by sediment supply. These concerns underscore the complexity of extracting earthquake history from deep-sea turbidites at Cascadia.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G35902.1","usgsCitation":"Atwater, B.F., Carson, B., Griggs, G.B., Johnson, H.P., and Salmi, M., 2014, Rethinking turbidite paleoseismology along the Cascadia subduction zone: Geology, v. 42, no. 9, p. 827-830, https://doi.org/10.1130/G35902.1.","productDescription":"Article: 4 p.; Supplemental figure","startPage":"827","endPage":"830","ipdsId":"IP-050965","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/g35902.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":344253,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Cascadia subduction zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -131,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 52\n ],\n [\n -131,\n 52\n ],\n [\n -131,\n 39\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59770754e4b0ec1a48889fb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atwater, Brian F. 0000-0003-1155-2815 atwater@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1155-2815","contributorId":3297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atwater","given":"Brian","email":"atwater@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":706210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carson, Bobb","contributorId":38285,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carson","given":"Bobb","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griggs, Gary B.","contributorId":88820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griggs","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, H. Paul","contributorId":99989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":706213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Salmi, Marie","contributorId":194236,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Salmi","given":"Marie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70176406,"text":"70176406 - 2014 - What are gas hydrates?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-09T16:54:43.971916","indexId":"70176406","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"1","title":"What are gas hydrates?","docAbstract":"The English chemistry pioneer Sir Humphry Davy first combined gas and water to produce a solid substance in his lab in 1810. For more than a century after that landmark moment, a small number of scientists catalogued various solid “hydrates” formed by combining water with an assortment of gases and liquids. Sloan and Koh (2007) review this early research, which was aimed at discerning the chemical structures of gas hydrates (Fig. 1.1), as well as the pressures and temperatures at which they are stable. Because no practical applications were found for these synthetic gas hydrates, they remained an academic curiosity.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Frozen heat: UNEP global outlook on methane gas hydrates","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"United Nations Environmental Programme","usgsCitation":"2014, What are gas hydrates?, chap. 1 of Frozen heat: UNEP global outlook on methane gas hydrates, p. 11-30.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"30","ipdsId":"IP-054843","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339793,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339792,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.unep.org/resources/report/frozen-heat-global-outlook-methane-gas-hydrates-volume-1"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f5d444e4b0f2e20545e42d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Beaudoin, Y. C.","contributorId":191002,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beaudoin","given":"Y.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691249,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waite, W.","contributorId":24207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691250,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boswell, R.","contributorId":35121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boswell","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691251,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dallimore, Scott","contributorId":85503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dallimore","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691252,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70189756,"text":"70189756 - 2014 - Relationship between the Cascadia fore-arc mantle wedge, nonvolcanic tremor, and the downdip limit of seismogenic rupture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-24T13:29:51","indexId":"70189756","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship between the Cascadia fore-arc mantle wedge, nonvolcanic tremor, and the downdip limit of seismogenic rupture","docAbstract":"Great earthquakes anticipated on the Cascadia subduction fault can potentially rupture beyond the geodetically and thermally inferred locked zone to the depths of episodic tremor and slip (ETS) or to the even deeper fore-arc mantle corner (FMC). To evaluate these extreme rupture limits, we map the FMC from southern Vancouver Island to central Oregon by combining published seismic velocity structures with a model of the Juan de Fuca plate. These data indicate that the FMC is somewhat shallower beneath Vancouver Island (36–38 km) and Oregon (35–40 km) and deeper beneath Washington (41–43 km). The updip edge of tremor follows the same general pattern, overlying a slightly shallower Juan de Fuca plate beneath Vancouver Island and Oregon (∼30 km) and a deeper plate beneath Washington (∼35 km). Similar to the Nankai subduction zone, the best constrained FMC depths correlate with the center of the tremor band suggesting that ETS is controlled by conditions near the FMC rather than directly by temperature or pressure. Unlike Nankai, a gap as wide as 70 km exists between the downdip limit of the inferred locked zone and the FMC. This gap also encompasses a ∼50 km wide gap between the inferred locked zones and the updip limit of tremor. The separation of these features offers a natural laboratory for determining the key controls on downdip rupture limits.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2013GC005144","usgsCitation":"McCrory, P.A., Hyndman, R.D., and Blair, J.L., 2014, Relationship between the Cascadia fore-arc mantle wedge, nonvolcanic tremor, and the downdip limit of seismogenic rupture: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 15, no. 4, p. 1071-1095, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GC005144.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1071","endPage":"1095","ipdsId":"IP-051064","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gc005144","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":344242,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Cascadia fore-arc mantle wedge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -132,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 52\n ],\n [\n -132,\n 52\n ],\n [\n -132,\n 39\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-04-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59770753e4b0ec1a48889faa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCrory, Patricia A. 0000-0003-2471-0018 pmccrory@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2471-0018","contributorId":2728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCrory","given":"Patricia","email":"pmccrory@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":706215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hyndman, Roy D.","contributorId":26031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyndman","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blair, J. Luke 0000-0002-6980-6446 lblair@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6980-6446","contributorId":4146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blair","given":"J.","email":"lblair@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Luke","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":706217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70111257,"text":"70111257 - 2014 - Relationship of weed shiner and young-of-year bluegill and largemouth bass abundance to submersed aquatic vegetation in Navigation Pools 4, 8, and 13 of the Upper Mississippi River, 1998-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-17T09:44:18","indexId":"70111257","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-16T15:31:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":44,"text":"Long Term Resource Monitoring Program Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2014-T001","title":"Relationship of weed shiner and young-of-year bluegill and largemouth bass abundance to submersed aquatic vegetation in Navigation Pools 4, 8, and 13 of the Upper Mississippi River, 1998-2012","docAbstract":"Aquatic vegetation provides food resources and shelter for many species of fish. This study found a significant relationship between increases in submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) in four study reaches of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) and increases in catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) of weed shiners (Notropis texanus) and age-0 bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) when all of the study reaches were treated collectively using Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) vegetation and fish data for 1998–2012. The selected fishes were more abundant in study reaches with higher SAV frequencies (Pool 8 and Lower Pool 4) and less abundant in reaches with lower SAV frequencies (Pool 13 and Upper Pool 4). When each study reach was examined independently, the relationship between SAV frequency and CPUE of the three species was not significant in most cases, the primary exception being weed shiners in Lower Pool 4. Results of this study indicate that the prevalence of SAV does affect relative abundance of these vegetation-associated fish species. However, the poor annual relationship between SAV frequency and age-0 relative abundance in individual study reaches indicates that several other factors also govern age-0 abundance. The data indicate that there may be a SAV frequency threshold in backwaters above which there is not a strong relationship with abundance of these fish species. This is indicated by the high annual CPUE variability of the three selected fishes in backwaters of Pool 8 and Lower Pool 4 when SAV exceeded certain frequencies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","collaboration":"A product of the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program, an element of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Upper Mississippi River Restoration-Environmental Management Program","usgsCitation":"DeLain, S.A., and Popp, W.A., 2014, Relationship of weed shiner and young-of-year bluegill and largemouth bass abundance to submersed aquatic vegetation in Navigation Pools 4, 8, and 13 of the Upper Mississippi River, 1998-2012: Long Term Resource Monitoring Program Technical Report 2014-T001, v. 2014-T001, vii, 29 p.","productDescription":"vii, 29 p.","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1998-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-007949","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288669,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mis/ltrmp2014-t001/pdf/ltrmp2014-t001.pdf"},{"id":288670,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70111257.jpg"},{"id":288029,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mis/ltrmp2014-t001/"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.24,36.0 ], [ -97.24,49.38 ], [ -87.5,49.38 ], [ -87.5,36.0 ], [ -97.24,36.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"2014-T001","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae780ae4b0abf75cf2c899","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeLain, Steven A.","contributorId":76032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLain","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Popp, Walter A.","contributorId":75858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Popp","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70108082,"text":"ofr20141076 - 2014 - The hydrogeology of the Tully Valley, Onondaga County, New York: an overview of research, 1992-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-16T15:25:50","indexId":"ofr20141076","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-16T15:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1076","title":"The hydrogeology of the Tully Valley, Onondaga County, New York: an overview of research, 1992-2012","docAbstract":"Onondaga Creek begins approximately 15 miles south of Syracuse, New York, and flows north through the Onondaga Indian Nation, then through Syracuse, and finally into Onondaga Lake in central New York. Tully Valley is in the upper part of the Onondaga Creek watershed between U.S. Route 20 and the Valley Heads end moraine near Tully, N.Y. Tully Valley has a history of several unusual hydrogeologic phenomena that affected past land use and the water quality of Onondaga Creek; the phenomena are still present and continue to affect the area today (2014). These phenomena include mud volcanoes or mudboils, landslides, and land-surface subsidence; all are considered to be naturally occurring but may also have been influenced by human activity. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Onondaga Lake Partnership, began a study of the Tully Valley mudboils beginning in October 1991 in hopes of understanding (1) what drives mudboil activity in order to remediate mudboil influence on the water quality of Onondaga Creek, and (2) land-surface subsidence issues that have caused a road bridge to collapse, a major pipeline to be rerouted, and threatened nearby homes. Two years into this study, the 1993 Tully Valley landslide occurred just over 1 mile northwest of the mudboils. This earth slump-mud flow was the largest landslide in New York in more than 70 years (Fickies, 1993); this event provided additional insight into the geology and hydrology of the valley. As the study of the Tully Valley mudboils progressed, other unusual hydrogeologic phenomena were found within the Tully Valley and provided the opportunity to perform short-term, small-scale studies, some of which became graduate student theses—Burgmeier (1998), Curran (1999), Morales-Muniz (2000), Baldauf (2003), Epp (2005), Hackett, (2007), Tamulonis (2010), and Sinclair (2013). The unusual geology and hydrology of the Tully Valley, having been investigated for more than two decades, provides the basis for this report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141076","issn":"2331-1258","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Onondaga Lake Partnership","usgsCitation":"Kappel, W.M., 2014, The hydrogeology of the Tully Valley, Onondaga County, New York: an overview of research, 1992-2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1076, Report: 27 p.; Appendix 1: Video 1 and Video 2, mov and wmv files; Appendix 2 and 3: HTML document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141076.","productDescription":"Report: 27 p.; Appendix 1: Video 1 and Video 2, mov and wmv files; Appendix 2 and 3: HTML document","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1992-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-052339","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288665,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141076.jpg"},{"id":288662,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1076/videos/ofr2014-1076_video01_2011.mov"},{"id":288663,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1076/videos/ofr2014-1076_video02_2013.mov"},{"id":288660,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1076/"},{"id":288661,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1076/pdf/ofr2014-1076.pdf"},{"id":288664,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1076/appendix.html"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Onondaga County","otherGeospatial":"Tully Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.166667,42.833333 ], [ -76.166667,42.875 ], [ -76.125,42.875 ], [ -76.125,42.833333 ], [ -76.166667,42.833333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae786ce4b0abf75cf2d47c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kappel, William M. 0000-0002-2382-9757 wkappel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2382-9757","contributorId":1074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kappel","given":"William","email":"wkappel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70112533,"text":"70112533 - 2014 - Strong ground motions generated by earthquakes on creeping faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-07T13:26:26","indexId":"70112533","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-16T14:53:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strong ground motions generated by earthquakes on creeping faults","docAbstract":"A tenet of earthquake science is that faults are locked in position until they abruptly slip during the sudden strain-relieving events that are earthquakes. Whereas it is expected that locked faults when they finally do slip will produce noticeable ground shaking, what is uncertain is how the ground shakes during earthquakes on creeping faults. Creeping faults are rare throughout much of the Earth's continental crust, but there is a group of them in the San Andreas fault system. Here we evaluate the strongest ground motions from the largest well-recorded earthquakes on creeping faults. We find that the peak ground motions generated by the creeping fault earthquakes are similar to the peak ground motions generated by earthquakes on locked faults. Our findings imply that buildings near creeping faults need to be designed to withstand the same level of shaking as those constructed near locked faults.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2014GL060228","usgsCitation":"Harris, R.A., and Abrahamson, N., 2014, Strong ground motions generated by earthquakes on creeping faults: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 41, no. 11, p. 3870-3875, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060228.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"3870","endPage":"3875","numberOfPages":"6","ipdsId":"IP-057099","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472939,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl060228","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":288659,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288656,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060228"}],"volume":"41","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7844e4b0abf75cf2cf8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, Ruth A. 0000-0002-9247-0768 harris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Ruth","email":"harris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrahamson, Norman A.","contributorId":45202,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abrahamson","given":"Norman A.","affiliations":[{"id":13174,"text":"Pacific Gas & Electric","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":494838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70112521,"text":"70112521 - 2014 - Atrazine reduces reproduction in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-14T16:02:09","indexId":"70112521","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-16T14:31:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":874,"text":"Aquatic Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Atrazine reduces reproduction in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)","title":"Atrazine reduces reproduction in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)","docAbstract":"Atrazine is an effective broadleaf herbicide and the second most heavily used herbicide in the United States. Effects along the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonad axis in a number of vertebrate taxa have been demonstrated. Seasonally elevated concentrations of atrazine in surface waters may adversely affect fishes, but only a few studies have examined reproductive effects of this chemical. The present study was designed to evaluate a population endpoint (egg production) in conjunction with histological (reproductive stage, gonad pathology) and biochemical (aromatase activity, sex hormone production) phenotypes associated with atrazine exposure in Japanese medaka. Adult virgin breeding groups of one male and four females were exposed to nominal concentrations of 0, 0.5, 5.0, and 50 μg/L (0, 2.3, 23.2, 231 nM) of atrazine in a flow-through diluter for 14 or 38 days. Total egg production was lower (36–42%) in all atrazine-exposed groups as compared to the controls. The decreases in cumulative egg production of atrazine-treated fish were significant by exposure day 24. Reductions in total egg production in atrazine treatment groups were most attributable to a reduced number of eggs ovulated by females in atrazine-treated tanks. Additionally, males exposed to atrazine had a greater number of abnormal germ cells. There was no effect of atrazine on gonadosomatic index, aromatase protein, or whole body 17 β-estradiol or testosterone. Our results suggest that atrazine reduces egg production through alteration of final maturation of oocytes. The reduced egg production observed in this study was very similar to our previously reported results for fathead minnow. This study provides further information with which to evaluate atrazine's risk to fish populations.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.05.022","usgsCitation":"Papoulias, D.M., Tillitt, D.E., Talykina, M.G., Whyte, J.J., and Richter, C., 2014, Atrazine reduces reproduction in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes): Aquatic Toxicology, v. 154, p. 230-239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.05.022.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"230","endPage":"239","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-053237","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288654,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288653,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.05.022"}],"volume":"154","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7634e4b0abf75cf2bed4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Papoulias, Diana M. 0000-0002-5106-2469 dpapoulias@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-2469","contributorId":2726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papoulias","given":"Diana","email":"dpapoulias@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Talykina, Melaniya G.","contributorId":98646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talykina","given":"Melaniya","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whyte, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":100738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whyte","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Richter, Catherine A.","contributorId":100990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"Catherine A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70112510,"text":"70112510 - 2014 - Modeling the influence of organic acids on soil weathering","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-16T14:14:35","indexId":"70112510","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-16T14:10:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the influence of organic acids on soil weathering","docAbstract":"Biological inputs and organic matter cycling have long been regarded as important factors in the physical and chemical development of soils. In particular, the extent to which low molecular weight organic acids, such as oxalate, influence geochemical reactions has been widely studied. Although the effects of organic acids are diverse, there is strong evidence that organic acids accelerate the dissolution of some minerals. However, the influence of organic acids at the field-scale and over the timescales of soil development has not been evaluated in detail. In this study, a reactive-transport model of soil chemical weathering and pedogenic development was used to quantify the extent to which organic acid cycling controls mineral dissolution rates and long-term patterns of chemical weathering. Specifically, oxalic acid was added to simulations of soil development to investigate a well-studied chronosequence of soils near Santa Cruz, CA. The model formulation includes organic acid input, transport, decomposition, organic-metal aqueous complexation and mineral surface complexation in various combinations. Results suggest that although organic acid reactions accelerate mineral dissolution rates near the soil surface, the net response is an overall decrease in chemical weathering. Model results demonstrate the importance of organic acid input concentrations, fluid flow, decomposition and secondary mineral precipitation rates on the evolution of mineral weathering fronts. In particular, model soil profile evolution is sensitive to kaolinite precipitation and oxalate decomposition rates. The soil profile-scale modeling presented here provides insights into the influence of organic carbon cycling on soil weathering and pedogenesis and supports the need for further field-scale measurements of the flux and speciation of reactive organic compounds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2014.05.003","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, C., Harden, J.W., and Maher, K., 2014, Modeling the influence of organic acids on soil weathering: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 139, p. 487-507, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.05.003.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"487","endPage":"507","numberOfPages":"21","ipdsId":"IP-052158","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288644,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288642,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.05.003"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Santa Cruz","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.156811,36.945639 ], [ -122.156811,37.005569 ], [ -122.00901,37.005569 ], [ -122.00901,36.945639 ], [ -122.156811,36.945639 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"139","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae777de4b0abf75cf2c14f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, Corey R. clawrence@usgs.gov","contributorId":4478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Corey R.","email":"clawrence@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harden, Jennifer W. 0000-0002-6570-8259 jharden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":1971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Jennifer","email":"jharden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maher, Kate","contributorId":97824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maher","given":"Kate","affiliations":[{"id":7039,"text":"Stanford University, Department of Geoloigcal and Environmental Sciences, Stanford, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":494796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70112470,"text":"70112470 - 2014 - The use of solvent extractions and solubility theory to discern hydrocarbon associations in coal, with application to the coal-supercritical CO2 system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-16T12:19:02","indexId":"70112470","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-16T12:13:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of solvent extractions and solubility theory to discern hydrocarbon associations in coal, with application to the coal-supercritical CO2 system","docAbstract":"Samples of three high volatile bituminous coals were subjected to parallel sets of extractions involving solvents dichloromethane (DCM), carbon disulfide (CS2), and supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) (40 °C, 100 bar) to study processes affecting coal–solvent interactions. Recoveries of perdeuterated surrogate compounds, n-hexadecane-d34 and four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), added as a spike prior to extraction, provided further insight into these processes. Soxhlet-DCM and Soxhlet-CS2 extractions yielded similar amounts of extractable organic matter (EOM) and distributions of individual hydrocarbons. Supercritical CO2 extractions (40 °C, 100 bar) yielded approximately an order of magnitude less EOM. Hydrocarbon distributions in supercritical CO2 extracts generally mimicked distributions from the other solvent extracts, albeit at lower concentrations. This disparity increased with increasing molecular weight of target hydrocarbons. Five- and six-ring ring PAHs generally were not detected and no asphaltenes were recovered in supercritical CO2 extractions conducted at 40 °C and 100 bar. Supercritical CO2 extraction at elevated temperature (115 °C) enhanced recovery of four-ring and five-ring PAHs, dibenzothiophene (DBT), and perdeuterated PAH surrogate compounds. These results are only partially explained through comparison with previous measurements of hydrocarbon solubility in supercritical CO2. Similarly, an evaluation of extraction results in conjunction with solubility theory (Hildebrand and Hansen solubility parameters) does not fully account for the hydrocarbon distributions observed among the solvent extracts. Coal composition (maceral content) did not appear to affect surrogate recovery during CS2 and DCM extractions but might affect supercritical CO2 extractions, which revealed substantive uptake (partitioning) of PAH surrogates into the coal samples. This uptake was greatest in the sample (IN-1) with the highest vitrinite content. These findings indicate that hydrocarbon solubility does not exert a strong influence on hydrocarbon behavior in the systems studied. Other factors such as coal composition and maceral content, surface processes (physisorption), or other molecular interactions appear to affect the partitioning of hydrocarbons within the coal–supercritical CO2 system. Resolving the extent to which these factors might affect hydrocarbon behavior under different geological settings is important to efforts seeking to model petroleum generation, fractionation and expulsion from coal beds and to delineate potential hydrocarbon fate and transport in geologic CO2 sequestration settings.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.orggeochem.2014.05.002","usgsCitation":"Kolak, J.J., and Burruss, R.A., 2014, The use of solvent extractions and solubility theory to discern hydrocarbon associations in coal, with application to the coal-supercritical CO2 system: Organic Geochemistry, v. 73, p. 56-69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2014.05.002.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"56","endPage":"69","numberOfPages":"14","ipdsId":"IP-052577","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288626,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288615,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2014.05.002"}],"volume":"73","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7871e4b0abf75cf2d567","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolak, Jonathan J.","contributorId":59100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolak","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burruss, Robert A. 0000-0001-6827-804X burruss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6827-804X","contributorId":558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burruss","given":"Robert","email":"burruss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70112450,"text":"70112450 - 2014 - Modeling regeneration responses of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) to abiotic conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-16T14:03:08","indexId":"70112450","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-16T12:06:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling regeneration responses of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) to abiotic conditions","docAbstract":"Ecosystems dominated by big sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata Nuttall (Asteraceae), which are the most widespread ecosystems in semiarid western North America, have been affected by land use practices and invasive species. Loss of big sagebrush and the decline of associated species, such as greater sage-grouse, are a concern to land managers and conservationists. However, big sagebrush regeneration remains difficult to achieve by restoration and reclamation efforts and there is no regeneration simulation model available. We present here the first process-based, daily time-step, simulation model to predict yearly big sagebrush regeneration including relevant germination and seedling responses to abiotic factors. We estimated values, uncertainty, and importance of 27 model parameters using a total of 1435 site-years of observation. Our model explained 74% of variability of number of years with successful regeneration at 46 sites. It also achieved 60% overall accuracy predicting yearly regeneration success/failure. Our results identify specific future research needed to improve our understanding of big sagebrush regeneration, including data at the subspecies level and improved parameter estimates for start of seed dispersal, modified wet thermal-time model of germination, and soil water potential influences. We found that relationships between big sagebrush regeneration and climate conditions were site specific, varying across the distribution of big sagebrush. This indicates that statistical models based on climate are unsuitable for understanding range-wide regeneration patterns or for assessing the potential consequences of changing climate on sagebrush regeneration and underscores the value of this process-based model. We used our model to predict potential regeneration across the range of sagebrush ecosystems in the western United States, which confirmed that seedling survival is a limiting factor, whereas germination is not. Our results also suggested that modeled regeneration suitability is necessary but not sufficient to explain sagebrush presence. We conclude that future assessment of big sagebrush responses to climate change will need to account for responses of regenerative stages using a process-based understanding, such as provided by our model.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.04.021","usgsCitation":"Schlaepfer, D., Lauenroth, W.K., and Bradford, J.B., 2014, Modeling regeneration responses of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) to abiotic conditions: Ecological Modelling, v. 286, p. 66-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.04.021.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"66","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-049397","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288625,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288601,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.04.021"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.79,29.95 ], [ -124.79,49.0 ], [ -99.93,49.0 ], [ -99.93,29.95 ], [ -124.79,29.95 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"286","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae777de4b0abf75cf2c14d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlaepfer, Daniel R.","contributorId":105189,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schlaepfer","given":"Daniel R.","affiliations":[{"id":7098,"text":"University of Wyoming, Department of Botany, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":494742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lauenroth, William K.","contributorId":80982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lauenroth","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7098,"text":"University of Wyoming, Department of Botany, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":494741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradford, John B. 0000-0001-9257-6303 jbradford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-6303","contributorId":611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"John","email":"jbradford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70110811,"text":"sir20145012 - 2014 - Dissolved-solids sources, loads, yields, and concentrations in streams of the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-29T13:40:28","indexId":"sir20145012","displayToPublicDate":"2014-06-16T09:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5012","title":"Dissolved-solids sources, loads, yields, and concentrations in streams of the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"Recent studies have shown that excessive dissolved-solids concentrations in water can have adverse effects on the environment and on agricultural, domestic, municipal, and industrial water users. Such effects motivated the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water Quality Assessment Program to develop a SPAtially-Referenced Regression on Watershed Attributes (SPARROW) model that has improved the understanding of sources, loads, yields, and concentrations of dissolved solids in streams of the conterminous United States.
\n\n
Using the SPARROW model, long-term mean annual dissolved-solids loads from 2,560 water-quality monitoring stations were statistically related to several spatial datasets that are surrogates for dissolved-solids sources and land-to-water delivery processes. Specifically, sources in the model included variables representing geologic materials, road deicers, urban lands, cultivated lands, and pasture lands. Transport of dissolved solids from these sources was modulated by land-to-water delivery variables that represent precipitation, streamflow, soil, vegetation, terrain, population, irrigation, and artificial drainage characteristics. Where appropriate, the load estimates, source variables, and transport variables were statistically adjusted to represent conditions for the base year 2000. The nonlinear least-squares estimated SPARROW model was used to predict long-term mean annual conditions for dissolved-solids sources, loads, yields, and concentrations in a digital hydrologic network representing nearly 66,000 stream reaches and their corresponding incremental catchments that drain the Nation.
\n\n
Nationwide, the predominant source of dissolved solids yielded from incremental catchments and delivered to local streams is geologic materials in 89 percent of the catchments, road deicers in 5 percent of the catchments, pasture lands in 3 percent of the catchments, urban lands in 2 percent of the catchments, and cultivated lands in 1 percent of the catchments. Whereas incremental catchments with dissolved solids that originated predominantly from geologic sources or from urban lands are found across much of the Nation, incremental catchments with dissolved solids yields that originated predominantly from road deicers are largely found in the Northeast, and incremental catchments with dissolved solids that originated predominantly from cultivated or pasture lands are largely found in the West. The total amount of dissolved solids delivered to the Nation’s streams is 271.9 million metric tons (Mt) annually, of which 194.2 million Mt (71.4%) come from geologic sources, 37.7 million Mt (13.9%) come from road deicers, 18.2 million Mt (6.7%) come from pasture lands, 13.9 million Mt (5.1%) come from urban lands, and 7.9 million Mt (2.9%) come from cultivated lands.
\n\n
Nationwide, the median incremental-catchment yield delivered to local streams is 26 metric tons per year per square kilometer [(Mt/yr)/km2]. Ten percent of the incremental catchments yield less than 4 (Mt/yr)/km2, and 10 percent yield more than 90 (Mt/yr)/km2. Incremental-catchment yields greater than 50 (Mt/yr)/km2 mostly occur along the northern part of the West Coast and in a crescent shaped band south of the Great Lakes. For example, the median incremental-catchment yield is 81 (Mt/yr)/km2 for the Great Lakes, 78 (Mt/yr)/km2 for the Ohio, and 74 (Mt/yr)/km2 for the Upper Mississippi water-resources regions. Incremental-catchment yields less than 10 (Mt/yr)/km2 mostly occur in a wide band across the arid lowland of the interior West that excludes areas along the coast and the extensive, higher mountain ranges. For example, the median incremental-catchment yield is 3 (Mt/yr)/km2 for the Lower Colorado, 5 (Mt/yr)/km2 for the Rio Grande, and 8 (Mt/yr)/km2 for the Great Basin water-resources regions.
\n\n
Predicted incremental loads were cascaded down through the reach network, with loads accumulating from reach to reach. For most stream reaches, the entire incremental load of dissolved solids delivered to the reach was transported to either the ocean or to one of the large streams flowing along the U.S. international boundary without losses occurring along the way. The exceptions to this include streams in the southwestern part of the country, such as the Colorado River, Rio Grande, and streams of internally drained drainages in the Great Basin, where dissolved-solids loads decreased through streamflow diversion for off-stream use, or by infiltration through the streambed.
\n\n
Long-term mean annual flow-weighted concentrations were derived from the predicted accumulated-load and stream-discharge data. Widespread low concentrations, generally less than 100 milligrams per liter (mg/L), occur in many reaches of the New England, South Atlantic-Gulf, and Pacific Northwest water-resources regions as a result of moderate dissolved-solids yields and high runoff rates. Widespread moderate concentrations, generally between 100 and 500 mg/L, occur in many reaches of the Great Lakes, Ohio, and Upper Mississippi River water-resources regions. Whereas dissolved-solids yields are generally high in these regions, runoff rates are also high, which helps moderate concentrations in these regions. Widespread higher concentrations, generally greater than 500 mg/L, occur across a belt of reaches that extends almost continuously from Canada to Mexico in the Midwest, cutting through the Souris-Red-Rainy, Missouri, Arkansas-White-Red, Texas-Gulf, and Rio Grande water-resources regions. Although dissolved-solids yields are moderate to low in these areas, low runoff rates result in the high concentrations for these areas.
\n\n
In 12.6 percent of the Nation’s stream reaches, predicted concentrations of dissolved solids exceed 500 mg/L, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s secondary, nonenforceable drinking water standard. While this standard provides a metric for evaluating predicted concentrations in the context of drinking-water supplies, it should be noted that it only applies to drinking water actually served to customers by water utilities, and it does not apply to all stream reaches in the Nation nor does it apply during times when water is not being withdrawn for use. Exceedance of 500 mg/L is more pronounced in certain water-resources regions than others. For example, about half of the reaches in the Souris-Red-Rainy region have concentrations predicted to exceed 500 mg/L, and between 25 and 37 percent of the reaches in the Missouri, Arkansas-White-Red, Texas-Gulf, Rio Grande, and Lower Colorado regions are predicted to exceed 500 mg/L.
\n\n
Development of stream-load data for use in the SPARROW model also provided long-term temporal trend information in dissolved-solids concentrations at the monitoring stations for their period of record, which was constrained between 1980 and 2009. For the 2,560 monitoring stations used in this study, long-term trends in flow-adjusted dissolved-solids concentrations increased over time at 23 percent of the stations, decreased at 18 percent of the stations, and did not change over time at 59 percent of the stations. Long-term trends show a strong regional spatial pattern where from the western parts of the Great Plains to the West Coast, concentrations mostly either did not change or decreased over time, and from the eastern parts of the Great Plains to the East Coast, concentrations mostly either did not change or increased over time.
\n\n
Results from the trend analysis and from the SPARROW model indicate that, compared to monitoring stations with no trends or decreasing trends, stations with increasing trends are associated with a smaller percentage of the predicted dissolved-solids load originating from geologic sources, and a larger percentage originating from urban lands and road deicers. Conversely, compared to stations with increasing trends or no trends, stations with decreasing trends have a larger percentage of the predicted dissolved-solids load originating from geologic sources and a smaller percentage originating from urban lands and road deicers. Stations with decreasing trends also have larger percentages of predicted dissolved-solids load originating from cultivated lands and pasture lands, compared to stations with increasing trends or no trends.
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