An analysis of 179 mass movements on the North American Atlantic continental slope and upper rise shows that slope failures have occurred throughout the geographic extent of the outer margin. Although the slope failures show no striking affinity for a particular depth as an origination level, there is a broad, primary mode centered at about 900 m. The resulting slides terminate at almost all depths and have a primary mode at 1100 m, but the slope/rise boundary (at 2200 m) also is an important mode. Slope failures have occurred at declivities ranging from 1° to 30° (typically, 4°); the resultant mass movement deposits vary in width from 0.2 to 50 km (typically, 1–2 km) and in length from 0.3 to 380 km (typically, 2–4 km), and they have been reported to be as thick as 650 m. On a numeric basis, mass movements are slightly more prevalent on open slopes than in other physiographic settings, and both translational and rotational failure surfaces are common. The typical mass movement is disintegrative in nature. Open slope slides tend to occur at lower slope angles and are larger than canyon slides. Further, large‐scale slides rather than small‐scale slides tend to originate on gentle slopes (≍ 3–4°). Rotational slope failures appear to have a slightly greater chance of occurring in canyons, but there is no analogous bias associated with translational failures. Similarly, disintegrative slides seem more likely to be associated with rotational slope failures than translational ones and are longer than their nondisintegrative counterparts. The occurrence of such a variety of mass movements at low declivities implies that a regional failure mechanism has prevailed. We suggest that earthquakes or, perhaps in some areas, gas hydrates are the most likely cause of the slope failures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10641199109379879","usgsCitation":"Booth, J.S., and O'Leary, D., 1992, A statistical overview of mass movement characteristics on the North American Atlantic outer continental margin: Marine Geotechnology, v. 10, no. 1-2, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1080/10641199109379879.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297238,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b22e4b08de9379b3269","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Booth, James S.","contributorId":93477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booth","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Leary, Dennis W.","contributorId":66793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Leary","given":"Dennis W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175406,"text":"70175406 - 1992 - Increasing rates of atmospheric mercury deposition in midcontinental North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:34:48","indexId":"70175406","displayToPublicDate":"2007-08-07T16:15:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increasing rates of atmospheric mercury deposition in midcontinental North America","docAbstract":"Mercury contamination of remote lakes has been attributed to increasing deposition of atmospheric mercury, yet historic deposition rates and inputs from terrestrial sources are essentially unknown. Sediments of seven headwater lakes in Minnesota and Wisconsin were used to reconstruct regional modern and preindustrial deposition rates of mercury. Whole-basin mercury fluxes, determined from lake-wide arrays of dated cores, indicate that the annual deposition of atmospheric mercury has increased from 3.7 to 12.5 micrograms per square meter since 1850 and that 25 percent of atmospheric mercury deposition to the terrestrial catchment is exported to the lake. The deposition increase is similar among sites, implying regional or global sources for the mercury entering these lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1126/science.257.5071.784","usgsCitation":"Swain, E.B., Engstrom, D.R., Brigham, M.E., Henning, T.A., and Brezonik, P., 1992, Increasing rates of atmospheric mercury deposition in midcontinental North America: Science, v. 257, no. 5071, p. 784-787, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.257.5071.784.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"784","endPage":"787","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326309,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Midcontinental North America","volume":"257","issue":"5071","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57aaff4ce4b05e859be0f5c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, Edward B.","contributorId":173571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swain","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engstrom, Daniel R.","contributorId":82665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engstrom","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brigham, Mark E. 0000-0001-7412-6800 mbrigham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7412-6800","contributorId":1840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"Mark","email":"mbrigham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":645100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Henning, Thomas A.","contributorId":173572,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henning","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brezonik, P.L.","contributorId":27001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brezonik","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016785,"text":"70016785 - 1992 - Controls on the accumulation of coal and on the development of anastomosed fluvial systems in the Cretaceous Dakota Formation of southern Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-25T15:12:29.251249","indexId":"70016785","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls on the accumulation of coal and on the development of anastomosed fluvial systems in the Cretaceous Dakota Formation of southern Utah","docAbstract":"Alluvial strata of the Cretaceous Dakota Formation of southern Utah are part of a transgressive systems tract associated with a foreland basin developed adjacent to the Sevier orogenic belt. These strata contain valley fill deposits, anastomosed channel systems and widespread coals. The coals constitute a relatively minor part of the Dakota Formation in terms of sediment volume, but may represent a substantial amount of the time represented by the formation. The coals are separated by clastic units up to 20 m thick.
The stratigraphically lowest clastic unit of the Dakota Formation lies above an unconformity cut into Jurassic rocks. Incised valleys associated with the unconformity are up to 12 m deep. Two discrete episodes of valley fill sedimentation are recognized, including a lower sandstone unit with conglomerate layers, and an upper, discontinuous, coal-bearing unit. After the valleys filled, the area became one of low relief where extensive mires formed. Peat accumulation was interrupted at least three times by deposition of clastic sediment derived from the west.
The clastic units consist of sandstone, mudstone or heterolithic ribbon bodies, stacked tabular sandstones, and laminated mudstones, and contain minor coal beds less than 0·35 m thick. Ribbon bodies are 1–9 m thick and 15–160 m wide, have pronounced basal scours, and are filled with both lateral and vertical accretion deposits. An anastomosed channel complex is suggested by the large number of coeval channels of varying dimensions, the variation in the structure and grain size of channel fills, and the presence of abundant tabular sandstones interpreted as crevasse splays. Although some sandstone bodies have well developed lateral accretion surfaces, the overall ribbon geometry indicates that mature meandering streams were not well developed. This is in contrast to modern anastomosed systems, which are commonly thought to be a transitional morphology caused by avulsion of a meander belt to a new position on its floodplain. Rather than being a transitional channel pattern related to river avulsion, the anastomosed channels of the Dakota Formation may have formed part of a large inland delta that episodically invaded widespread mires. The mires developed during periods when clastic influx was reduced either by high rates of subsidence close to the thrust belt or by deflection of rivers by emergent thrusts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb02138.x","issn":"00370746","usgsCitation":"Kirschbaum, M., and McCabe, P., 1992, Controls on the accumulation of coal and on the development of anastomosed fluvial systems in the Cretaceous Dakota Formation of southern Utah: Sedimentology, v. 39, no. 4, p. 581-598, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb02138.x.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"581","endPage":"598","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225130,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"southern Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.67664651654788,\n 37.84164146988323\n ],\n [\n -112.67664651654788,\n 37.00456026130664\n ],\n [\n -111.44358687219949,\n 37.00456026130664\n ],\n [\n -111.44358687219949,\n 37.84164146988323\n ],\n [\n -112.67664651654788,\n 37.84164146988323\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbd4e4b0c8380cd4dfbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirschbaum, M.A.","contributorId":79471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirschbaum","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabe, P.J.","contributorId":57608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016792,"text":"70016792 - 1992 - Groundwater dolocretes from the Upper Triassic of the Paris Basin, France: A case study of an arid, continental diagenetic facies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-25T15:03:26.409104","indexId":"70016792","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater dolocretes from the Upper Triassic of the Paris Basin, France: A case study of an arid, continental diagenetic facies","docAbstract":"Thick dolomite-cemented horizons (dolocretes) occur within a fluvial sandstone-mudstone sequence of Late Triassic age in the western part of the Paris Basin, France. Two types of dolomites can be distinguished: (a) nodular dolomitic beds less than a few metres thick, which formed within mottled overbank siltstones and mudstones; and (b) massive dolomite up to 16 m thick, which occurs in coarse grained channel sandstones and conglomerates.
The majority of the dolomite consists of a finely crystalline groundmass of dolomicrospar and, less commonly, dolomicrite. Glaebules, irregular spar-filled cracks, spheroidal dolomite, silicification and vuggy porosity are locally abundant in the massive dolomite. In contrast, biologically induced micromorphological features such as rhizocretions and alveolar-septal fabrics were observed in the thin, nodular dolomite beds.
The dolomite is near stoichiometric, well ordered and non-ferroan. 18O values range from −7·7 to −0·4%o PDB and 18O values range from −5·1 to + 1·8%0 PDB and no obvious difference in the stable isotopic composition between both types of dolomites was observed. Sr isotope ratios range from 0·7101 to 0·7126 and are invariably higher than the contemporary Triassic sea water.
A vadose—pedogenic origin for the thin dolocrete layers is indicated by the occurrence of rhizocretions and other biological structures. Several features, however, argue against a pedogenic origin for the massive carbonates, most notably the absence of biologically induced structures, the occurrence in coarse grained channel (and not overbank) deposits, and the great thickness. These units are thus interpreted as groundwater in origin. Phreatic calcretes of Quaternary age, widespread in inland Australia, are regarded as a modern analogue for the Triassic Paris Basin dolocretes.
Petrographic observations argue in favour of primary (proto)dolomite precipitation, although early diagenetic replacement of calcite by (proto)dolomite cannot be ruled out. Strontium and carbon isotope data of early diagenetic dolocrete cements and oxygen isotope data of early diagenetic silica indicate an entirely non-marine, continental origin for the groundwaters. The poorly ordered and non-stoichiometric protodolomite probably underwent stabilization upon further burial resulting in a near-stoichiometric, well ordered dolomite that clearly lacks evidence for pervasive recrystallization.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb02000.x","issn":"00370746","usgsCitation":"Spotl, C., and Wright, V., 1992, Groundwater dolocretes from the Upper Triassic of the Paris Basin, France: A case study of an arid, continental diagenetic facies: Sedimentology, v. 39, no. 6, p. 1119-1136, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb02000.x.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1119","endPage":"1136","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224463,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"France","city":"Paris","otherGeospatial":"Paris Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -0.18196808427848055,\n 50.13999754903824\n ],\n [\n -0.18196808427848055,\n 46.609942838646646\n ],\n [\n 5.176648806429682,\n 46.609942838646646\n ],\n [\n 5.176648806429682,\n 50.13999754903824\n ],\n [\n -0.18196808427848055,\n 50.13999754903824\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2d9de4b0c8380cd5bf59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spotl, C.","contributorId":11342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spotl","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, V.P.","contributorId":54073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"V.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017211,"text":"70017211 - 1992 - Geochemical and detrital mode evidence for two sources of Early Proterozoic sedimentary rocks from the Tonto Basin Supergroup, central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T16:27:15.269134","indexId":"70017211","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical and detrital mode evidence for two sources of Early Proterozoic sedimentary rocks from the Tonto Basin Supergroup, central Arizona","docAbstract":"The Tonto Basin Supergroup includes up to 6.5 km of Early Proterozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks that were deposited in a relatively short period of time at about 1.7 Ga in central Arizona. Moderate correlations of rare earth elements (REE) and Ti with Al2O3 and REE distributions in detrital sediments of this supergroup suggest that these elements are contained chiefly in clay-mica and/or zircon fractions. REE distributions, including negative Eu anomalies in most Tonto Basin sediments, are similar to those in Phanerozoic shales. Weak to moderate correlations of Fe, Sc, Ni, and Co to Al2O3 also suggest a clay-mica control of these elements.
Detrital modes and geochemical characteristics of sediments indicate two dominant sources for sedimentary rocks of the Tonto Basin Supergroup: a granitoid source and a volcanic source. The granitoid source was important during deposition of the upper part of the succession (the Mazatzal Group) as shown by increases in K2O, Al2O3, and Th in pelites with stratigraphic height, and increases in Zr and Hf and decreases in Eu/Eu∗, Cr, and Ni in in pelites of the Maverick Shale. Sediment provenance characteristics and paleocurrent indicators are consistent with deposition of the supergroup in a continental-margin back-arc basin. The granitoid sediment source appears to have been the North American craton on the north, and the volcanic source a more local source from an arc on the south.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(92)90103-X","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Condie, K., Noll, P., and Conway, C.M., 1992, Geochemical and detrital mode evidence for two sources of Early Proterozoic sedimentary rocks from the Tonto Basin Supergroup, central Arizona: Sedimentary Geology, v. 77, no. 1-2, p. 51-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(92)90103-X.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"76","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225011,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"central Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.20189341889818,\n 35.13832165174695\n ],\n [\n -112.20189341889818,\n 34.34602787218233\n ],\n [\n -111.21730425503569,\n 34.34602787218233\n ],\n [\n -111.21730425503569,\n 35.13832165174695\n ],\n [\n -112.20189341889818,\n 35.13832165174695\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"77","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15bbe4b0c8380cd54f1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Condie, K.C.","contributorId":90889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Condie","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noll, P.D. Jr.","contributorId":94046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noll","given":"P.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conway, C. M.","contributorId":15605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017220,"text":"70017220 - 1992 - Pre-Elsonian mafic magmatism in the Nain Igneous Complex, Labrador: The bridges layered intrusion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-26T15:56:48.829287","indexId":"70017220","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pre-Elsonian mafic magmatism in the Nain Igneous Complex, Labrador: The bridges layered intrusion","docAbstract":"Decades of work on the pristine, unmetamorphosed, and well exposed anorthositic, mafic and granitic rocks of the Nain igneous complex, Labrador, have led to the conclusion that all plutonic rocks in that area were emplaced in a short time intercal at about 1300 ± 10 Ma). We report here new isotopic data for mafic intrusive rocks that appear to have crystallized several hundred Ma earlier than the bulk of the plutonic activity in the Nain complex. The Bridges layered intrusion (BLI) is a small (15–20 km2) lens of layered mafic rocks about 1.5 km thick, surrounded and intruded by anorthositic, leuconoritic and leucotroctolitic plutons in the middle of the coastal section of the Nain igneous complex. BLI shows very well developed magmatic structures, including channel scours, slump structures, and ubiquitous modally graded layering. Most rocks, however, show granular textures indicative of recrystallization, presumably caused by emplacement of younger anorthositic rocks. BLI contains cumulate rocks with slightly more primitive mineral compositions (An60–83, Fo66–71) than those of other mafic intrusions in the Nain igneous complex, including Kiglapait.
Sm-Nd isotopic data for 7 BLI whole-rocks ranging in composition between olivine melagabbro and olivine leucogabbro yield an age of 1667 ± 75 Ma, which we interpret as the time of primary crystallization. The internal isotopic systematics of the BLI have been reset, probably by intrusion of adjacent anorthositic plutons. A SmNd mineral isochron (plag, whole-rock, mafics) for a BLI olivine melagabbro gives an age of 1283 ± 22 Ma, equivalent within error of a mineral array (plag, whole-rock, opx, cpx) for an adjacent, igneous-textured, leuconorite vein (1266 ± 152 Ma).
Eustatic sea-level cycles superposed on thermal subsidence of an atoll produce layers of high sea-level reefs separated by erosional unconformities. Coral samples from these reefs from cores drilled to 50 m beneath the lagoons of Pukapuka and Rakahanga atolls, northern Cook Islands give electron spin resonance (ESR) and U-series ages ranging from the Holocene to 600,000 yr B.P. Subgroups of these ages and the stratigraphic position of their bounding unconformities define at least 5 periods of reef growth and high sea-level (0–9000 yr B.P., 125,000–180,000 yr B.P., 180,000–230,000 yr B.P., 300,000–460,000 yr B.P., 460,000–650,000 yr B.P.). Only two ages fall within error of the last interglacial high sea-level stand (∼125,000–135,000 yr B.P.). This paucity of ages may result from extensive erosion of the last intergracial reef. In addition, post-depositional isotope exchange may have altered the time ages of three coral samples to apparent ages that fall within glacial stage 6.
For the record to be preserved, vertical accretion during rising sea-level must compensate for surface lowering from erosion during sea-level lowstands and subsidence of the atoll; erosion rates (6–63 cm/1000 yr) can therefore be calculated from reef accretion rates (100–400 cm/1000 yr), subsidence rates (2–6 cm/1000 yr), and the duration of island submergence (8–15% of the last 600,000 yr). The stratigraphy of coral ages indicates island subsidence rates of 4.5 ± 2.8 cm/1000 yr for both islands. A model of reef growth and erosion based on the stratigraphy of the Cook Islands atolls suggests average subsidence and erosion rates of between 3–6 and 15–20 cm/1000 yr, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(92)90078-J","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Gray, S., Hein, J., Hausmann, R., and Radtke, U., 1992, Geochronology and subsurface stratigraphy of Pukapuka and Rakahanga atolls, Cook Islands: Late Quaternary reef growth and sea level history: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 91, no. 3-4, p. 377-394, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(92)90078-J.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"377","endPage":"394","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224637,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Cook Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.34183777083888,\n -20.65257824711658\n ],\n [\n -160.34183777083888,\n -22.357101308698546\n ],\n [\n -157.3364537600414,\n -22.357101308698546\n ],\n [\n -157.3364537600414,\n -20.65257824711658\n ],\n [\n -160.34183777083888,\n -20.65257824711658\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"91","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1732e4b0c8380cd5540f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, S.C.","contributorId":16426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hausmann, R.","contributorId":95206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hausmann","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Radtke, U.","contributorId":9003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radtke","given":"U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017212,"text":"70017212 - 1992 - Palaeoecology and sedimentology of the dysaerobic Bedford fauna (late Devonian), Ohio and Kentucky (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T23:15:40.512796","indexId":"70017212","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palaeoecology and sedimentology of the dysaerobic Bedford fauna (late Devonian), Ohio and Kentucky (USA)","docAbstract":"Oxygen-deficient biofacies models rely on lithologic and paleontologic attributes to identify distinctive biofacies interpreted to reflect levels of oxygenation in anaerobic, dysaerobic, and aerobic parts of a stratified water column. This study of the Bedford fauna from the Bedford Shale of Ohio and Kentucky and from adjacent black-shale units reports faunal distributions different from those predicted by the accepted models. This study suggests that, although oxygenation was an important factor that determined the taxonomic makeup of the fauna, bacterially mediated nutrient recycling and substrate characteristics were more important than oxygenation in determining faunal distribution in the dysaerobic zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(92)90029-5","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Pashin, J., and Ettensohn, F., 1992, Palaeoecology and sedimentology of the dysaerobic Bedford fauna (late Devonian), Ohio and Kentucky (USA): Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 91, no. 1-2, p. 21-34, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(92)90029-5.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Ohio","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.7679052348763,\n 41.97514282675502\n ],\n [\n -85.2898952031961,\n 39.261938696232576\n ],\n [\n -88.11966775745621,\n 37.89008968581921\n ],\n [\n -88.68134947551782,\n 36.530130918821655\n ],\n [\n -82.14403239259391,\n 36.40802927322872\n ],\n [\n -81.94629318111073,\n 38.47788518719586\n ],\n [\n -80.51078644980728,\n 39.15343112797406\n ],\n [\n -80.42396369694697,\n 41.97514282675502\n ],\n [\n -84.7679052348763,\n 41.97514282675502\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"91","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73a3e4b0c8380cd7716d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pashin, J.C.","contributorId":41897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pashin","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ettensohn, F.R.","contributorId":41604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ettensohn","given":"F.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016997,"text":"70016997 - 1992 - The \"terminal Triassic catastrophic extinction event\" in perspective: A review of carboniferous through Early Jurassic terrestrial vertebrate extinction patterns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-05T16:13:12.546832","indexId":"70016997","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The \"terminal Triassic catastrophic extinction event\" in perspective: A review of carboniferous through Early Jurassic terrestrial vertebrate extinction patterns","docAbstract":"A catastrophic terminal Triassic extinction event among terrestrial vertebrates is not supported by available evidence. The current model for such an extinction is based on at least eight weak or untenable assumptions: (1) a terminal Triassic extinction-inducing asteroid impact occurred, (2) a terminal Triassic synchronous mass extinction of terrestrial vertebrates occurred, (3) a concurrent terminal Triassic marine extinction occurred, (4) all terrestrial vertebrate families have similar diversities and ecologies, (5) changes in familial diversity can be gauged accurately from the known fossil record, (6) extinction of families can be compared through time without normalizing for changes in familial diversity through time, (7) extinction rates can be compared without normalizing for differing lengths of geologic stages, and (8) catastrophic mass extinctions do not select for small size. These assumptions have resulted in unsupportable and (or) erroneous conclusions. Carboniferous through Early Jurassic terrestrial vertebrate families mostly have evolution and extinction patterns unlike the vertebrate evolution and extinction patterns during the terminal Cretaceous event. Only the Serpukhovian (mid Carboniferous) extinction event shows strong analogy to the terminal Cretaceous event. Available data suggest no terminal Triassic extinction anomaly, but rather a prolonged and nearly steady decline in the global terrestrial vertebrate extinction rate throughout the Triassic and earliest Jurassic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(92)90111-H","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Weems, R., 1992, The \"terminal Triassic catastrophic extinction event\" in perspective: A review of carboniferous through Early Jurassic terrestrial vertebrate extinction patterns: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 94, no. 1-4, p. 1-29, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(92)90111-H.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224475,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba610e4b08c986b320e78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weems, R.E.","contributorId":44920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weems","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017152,"text":"70017152 - 1992 - The international seismological observing period in Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T16:16:03.308355","indexId":"70017152","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The international seismological observing period in Africa","docAbstract":"The International Seismological Observing Period (ISOP) is a specific time interval designated for enhanced international cooperation in the collection and dissemination of observatory measurements from the global seismographic network. The primary purpose of the ISOP is to strengthen the international infrastructure that supports current seismological practice and increase the cooperation among nations that operate seismological observatories. Measurements, reported by the existing global network and compiled by agencies such as the International Seismological Centre (ISC), are providing new information about earthquakes and the structure of the Earth of fundamental importance to the Earth sciences. However, these data represent but a small fraction of the information contained in the seismograms.
One of the goals of the ISOP is to collect improved sets of data. In particular, the measurement and reporting of later-arriving phases, during a fixed ISOP period, from earthquakes selected for detailed observation by the cooperating stations will be encouraged. The use of advanced, digital instrumentation provides an unprecedented opportunity for enhancing the methods of seismogram interpretation and seismic parameter extraction, by the implementation of digital processing methods at seismic observatories worldwide. It must be ensured that this new information will be available to the entire seismological community. It is believed that this purpose is best served with an ISOP that promotes increased on-site processing at digital stations in Africa and elsewhere.
Improvements in seismology require truly international cooperation and the educational aspects of seismological practice form one of the goals of the ISOP. Thus, workshops will be needed in Africa to train analysts in ISOP procedures and to introduce them to modern techniques and applications of the data. Participants will, thus, benefit from theoretical results and practical experience that are of direct relevance to their own work.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(92)90003-O","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Engdahl, E., and Bergman, E.A., 1992, The international seismological observing period in Africa: Tectonophysics, v. 209, no. 1-4, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90003-O.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224824,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Africa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -21.269243513212928,\n 21.629023140964563\n ],\n [\n -15.167869817211624,\n 6.047652342902126\n ],\n [\n 10.19978649907489,\n -2.746334833670261\n ],\n [\n 12.225086253822965,\n -12.18857857450611\n ],\n [\n 10.662147318453663,\n -18.110505609129447\n ],\n [\n 17.474657478207064,\n -37.99971611404459\n ],\n [\n 37.57972189587048,\n -30.197970837465895\n ],\n [\n 42.53654002921123,\n -5.439224473771755\n ],\n [\n 53.69111795626192,\n 12.170534253418275\n ],\n [\n 45.74780754825497,\n 13.327288082003067\n ],\n [\n 41.231419751679404,\n 19.60071725418828\n ],\n [\n 31.931245619434065,\n 33.98142444696498\n ],\n [\n 10.455721685400356,\n 37.32533638278354\n ],\n [\n -5.658780383818609,\n 37.013820722847385\n ],\n [\n -21.269243513212928,\n 21.629023140964563\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"209","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad57e4b08c986b323b57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engdahl, E.R.","contributorId":22906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engdahl","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergman, Eric A. 0000-0002-7069-8286","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7069-8286","contributorId":84513,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bergman","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017070,"text":"70017070 - 1992 - Charnockites and granites of the western Adirondacks, New York, USA: A differentiated A-type suite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-26T16:05:20.625574","indexId":"70017070","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Charnockites and granites of the western Adirondacks, New York, USA: A differentiated A-type suite","docAbstract":"Granitic rocks in the west-central Adirondack Highlands of New York State include both relatively homogeneous charnockitic and hornblende granitic gneisses (CG), that occur in thick stratiform bodies and elliptical domes, and heterogeneous leucogneisses (LG), that commonly are interlayered with metasedimentary rocks. Major- and trace-element geochemical analyses were obtained for 115 samples, including both types of granitoids. Data for CG fail to show the presence of more than one distinct group based on composition. Most of the variance within the CG sample population is consistent with magmatic differentiation combined with incomplete separation of early crystals of alkali feldspar, plagioclase, and pyroxenes or amphibole from the residual liquid. Ti, Fe, Mg, Ca, P, Sr, Ba, and Zr decrease with increasing silica, while Rb and K increase. Within CG, the distinction between charnockitic (orthopyroxene-bearing) and granitic gneisses is correlated with bulk chemistry. The charnockites are consistently more mafic than the hornblende granitic gneisses, although forming a continuum with them. The leucogneisses, while generally more felsic than the charnockites and granitic gneisses, are otherwise geochemically similar to them. The data are consistent with the LG suite being an evolved extrusive equivalent of the intrusive CG suite.
Both CG and LG suites are metaluminous to mildly peraluminous and display an A-type geochemical signature, enriched in Fe, K, Ce, Y, Nb, Zr, and Ga and depleted in Ca, Mg, and Sr relative to I- and S-type granites. Rare earth element patterns show moderate LREE enrichment and a negative Eu anomaly throughout the suite. The geochemical data suggest an origin by partial melting of biotite- and plagioclase-rich crustal rocks. Emplacement occurred in an anorogenic or post-collisional tectonic setting, probably at relatively shallow depths. Deformation and granulite-facies metamorphism with some partial melting followed during the Ottawan phase of the Grenville Orogeny, yielding the present migmatitic granitic and charnockitic gneisses.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0301-9268(92)90092-3","issn":"03019268","usgsCitation":"Whitney, P., 1992, Charnockites and granites of the western Adirondacks, New York, USA: A differentiated A-type suite: Precambrian Research, v. 57, no. 1-2, p. 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(92)90092-3.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224960,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"western Adirondacks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.3444346849542,\n 44.25450535926828\n ],\n [\n -76.68150298069823,\n 43.11492967543458\n ],\n [\n -73.30922757499911,\n 43.11492967543458\n ],\n [\n -73.32301858873224,\n 44.99911340708431\n ],\n [\n -74.94383593925178,\n 45.01402411441677\n ],\n [\n -76.3444346849542,\n 44.25450535926828\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f505e4b0c8380cd4c051","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitney, P.R.","contributorId":46671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017217,"text":"70017217 - 1992 - Distribution and characteristics of a Middle Ordovician oolitic ironstone in northeastern Kansas based on petrographic and petrophysical properties: A Laurasian ironstone case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T16:20:44.489924","indexId":"70017217","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and characteristics of a Middle Ordovician oolitic ironstone in northeastern Kansas based on petrographic and petrophysical properties: A Laurasian ironstone case study","docAbstract":"The margins of Gondwana are generally considered to be the major sites of oolitic ironstone production during the Ordovician, and appear to be linked with global eustatic sea-level rise. Occurrences of oolitic ironstones within the North American craton are less well documented, but provide important supplementary data. The low latitude of Laurasia contrasted with Gondwana allows useful comparisons of climatic and temporal patterns of Ordovician ironstone formation.
Middle Ordovician ironstones occur in siliciclastic sequences in the American mid-continent and appear to become progressively younger as the epicontinental sea advanced from the southwest across a predominantly carbonate terrain. In northeastern Kansas, the regional distribution pattern of primary, syndiagenetic goethite iron oolites within the St. Peter Sandstone indicate deposition peripheral to a north-northeast-trending chain of islands underlain by predominantly granitic rocks, located along an ancestral Nemaha uplift. Detailed compositional mapping in the subsurface was made possible by the distinctive petrophysical properties of the goethite zone and the extensive regional control of wireline-logged exploration wells. Petrographic data from ironstone core- and drill-cuttings both validate log analysis and give insights on possible modes of genesis. We propose that eustatic changes in sea level were the primary factor governing the formation and observed distribution patterns of the oolite bed(s). The relationship of the observed occurrence patterns to major rift-related faults of the Central North American Rift system suggests that synsedimentary tectonism also influenced this process. The most likely source of iron appears to be by derivation from intensive, humid weathering of granite exposed extensively on the ancestral Nemaha uplift archipelago.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(92)90084-5","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Berendsen, P., Doveton, J., and Speczik, S., 1992, Distribution and characteristics of a Middle Ordovician oolitic ironstone in northeastern Kansas based on petrographic and petrophysical properties: A Laurasian ironstone case study: Sedimentary Geology, v. 76, no. 3-4, p. 207-219, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(92)90084-5.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"219","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225107,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"northeastern Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.90920132775732,\n 40.019063558804106\n ],\n [\n -97.90920132775732,\n 38.04099838968003\n ],\n [\n -94.5535895185104,\n 38.04099838968003\n ],\n [\n -94.5535895185104,\n 40.019063558804106\n ],\n [\n -97.90920132775732,\n 40.019063558804106\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a027ee4b0c8380cd50085","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berendsen, P.","contributorId":68037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berendsen","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doveton, J.H.","contributorId":30237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doveton","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Speczik, S.","contributorId":13492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speczik","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017139,"text":"70017139 - 1992 - Earthquake nucleation on faults with rate-and state-dependent strength","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T16:24:50.693633","indexId":"70017139","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake nucleation on faults with rate-and state-dependent strength","docAbstract":"Faults with rate- and state-dependent constitutive properties reproduce a range of observed fault slip phenomena including spontaneous nucleation of slip instabilities at stresses above some critical stress level and recovery of strength following slip instability. Calculations with a plane-strain fault model with spatially varying properties demonstrate that accelerating slip precedes instability and becomes localized to a fault patch. The dimensions of the fault patch follow scaling relations for the minimum critical length for unstable fault slip. The critical length is a function of normal stress, loading conditions and constitutive parameters which include Dc, the characteristic slip distance. If slip starts on a patch that exceeds the critical size, the length of the rapidly accelerating zone tends to shrink to the characteristic size as the time of instability approaches. Solutions have been obtained for a uniform, fixed-patch model that are in good agreement with results from the plane-strain model. Over a wide range of conditions, above the steady-state stress, the logarithm of the time to instability linearly decreases as the initial stress increases. Because nucleation patch length and premonitory displacement are proportional to Dc, the moment of premonitory slip scales by D3c. The scaling of Dc is currently an open question. Unless Dc for earthquake faults is significantly greater than that observed on laboratory faults, premonitory strain arising from the nucleation process for earthquakes may by too small to detect using current observation methods. Excluding the possibility that Dc in the nucleation zone controls the magnitude of the subsequent earthquake, then the source dimensions of the smallest earthquakes in a region provide an upper limit for the size of the nucleation patch.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(92)90055-B","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Dieterich, J., 1992, Earthquake nucleation on faults with rate-and state-dependent strength: Tectonophysics, v. 211, no. 1-4, p. 115-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90055-B.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"134","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":494453,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1258260","text":"External Repository"},{"id":224632,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"211","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a04fae4b0c8380cd50bce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dieterich, James H.","contributorId":81489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieterich","given":"James H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017140,"text":"70017140 - 1992 - The change in orientation of subsidiary shears near faults containing pore fluid under high pressure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T16:19:55.009679","indexId":"70017140","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The change in orientation of subsidiary shears near faults containing pore fluid under high pressure","docAbstract":"The mechanical effects of a fault containing near-lithostatic fluid pressure in which fluid pressure decreases monotonically from the core of the fault zone to the adjacent country rock is considered. This fluid pressure distribution has mechanical implications for the orientation of subsidiary shears around a fault. Analysis shows that the maximum principal stress is oriented at a high angle to the fault in the country rock where the pore pressure is hydrostatic, and rotates to 45° to the fault within the fault zone where the pore pressure is much higher. This analysis suggests that on the San Andreas fault, where heat flow constraints require that the coefficient of friction for slip on the fault be less than 0.1, the pore fluid pressure on the main fault is 85% of the lithostatic pressure. The observed geometry of the subsidiary shears in the creeping section of the San Andreas are broadly consistent with this model, with differences that may be due to the heterogeneous nature of the fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(92)90066-F","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Byerlee, J., 1992, The change in orientation of subsidiary shears near faults containing pore fluid under high pressure: Tectonophysics, v. 211, no. 1-4, p. 295-303, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90066-F.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"303","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224633,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"211","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa15e4b08c986b322701","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byerlee, J.","contributorId":105838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017051,"text":"70017051 - 1992 - Spectral ratio method for measuring emissivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T15:09:13.402053","indexId":"70017051","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectral ratio method for measuring emissivity","docAbstract":"The spectral ratio method is based on the concept that although the spectral radiances are very sensitive to small changes in temperature the ratios are not. Only an approximate estimate of temperature is required thus, for example, we can determine the emissivity ratio to an accuracy of 1% with a temperature estimate that is only accurate to 12.5 K. Selecting the maximum value of the channel brightness temperatures is an unbiased estimate. Laboratory and field spectral data are easily converted into spectral ratio plots. The ratio method is limited by system signal:noise and spectral band-width. The images can appear quite noisy because ratios enhance high frequencies and may require spatial filtering. Atmospheric effects tend to rescale the ratios and require using an atmospheric model or a calibration site.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(92)90094-Z","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Watson, K., 1992, Spectral ratio method for measuring emissivity: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 42, no. 2, p. 113-116, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(92)90094-Z.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"116","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224575,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Canon City","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.30366633636247,\n 38.49553696901344\n ],\n [\n -105.30366633636247,\n 38.32553935644603\n ],\n [\n -105.12960814836953,\n 38.32553935644603\n ],\n [\n -105.12960814836953,\n 38.49553696901344\n ],\n [\n -105.30366633636247,\n 38.49553696901344\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9542e4b08c986b31ae32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, K.","contributorId":39123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70041605,"text":"70041605 - 1992 - Hayward fault: Large earthquakes versus surface creep","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T17:28:47","indexId":"70041605","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T07:45:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Hayward fault: Large earthquakes versus surface creep","docAbstract":"The Hayward fault, thought a likely source of large earthquakes in the next few decades, has generated two large historic earthquakes (about magnitude 7), one in 1836 and another in 1868. We know little about the 1836 event, but the 1868 event had a surface rupture extending 41 km along the southern Hayward fault. Right-lateral surface slip occurred in 1868, but was not well measured. Witness accounts suggest coseismic right slip and afterslip of under a meter. We measured the spatial variation of the historic creep rate along the Hayward fault, deriving rates mainly from surveys of offset cultural features, (curbs, fences, and buildings). Creep occurs along at least 69 km of the fault's 82-km length (13 km is underwater). Creep rate seems nearly constant over many decades with short-term variations. The creep rate mostly ranges from 3.5 to 6.5 mm/yr, varying systemically along strike. The fastest creep is along a 4-km section near the south end. Here creep has been about 9mm/yr since 1921, and possibly since the 1868 event as indicated by offset railroad track rebuilt in 1869. This 9mm/yr slip rate may approach the long-term or deep slip rate related to the strain buildup that produces large earthquakes, a hypothesis supported by geoloic studies (Lienkaemper and Borchardt, 1992). If so, the potential for slip in large earthquakes which originate below the surficial creeping zone, may now be 1/1m along the southern (1868) segment and ≥1.4m along the northern (1836?) segment. Substracting surface creep rates from a long-term slip rate of 9mm/yr gives present potential for surface slip in large earthquakes of up to 0.8m. Our earthquake potential model which accounts for historic creep rate, microseismicity distribution, and geodetic data, suggests that enough strain may now be available for large magnitude earthquakes (magnitude 6.8 in the northern (1836?) segment, 6.7 in the southern (1868) segment, and 7.0 for both). Thus despite surficial creep, the fault may be ready for the recurrence of large earthquakes today. However, the timing (Williams, 1992) and size of future events may vary greatly due to uncertainties in the tectonophysical model assumed for the Hayward fault within the greater San Andreas fault system (Lisowski and Savage, 1992).
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the second conference on earthquake hazards in the eastern San Francisco Bay area: Special publication 113","conferenceTitle":"Second conference on earthquake hazards in the eastern San Francisco Bay area","conferenceDate":"March 25-29, 1992","conferenceLocation":"California State University","language":"English","publisher":"California Dept. of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology","usgsCitation":"Lienkaemper, J., and Borchardt, G., 1992, Hayward fault: Large earthquakes versus surface creep, in Proceedings of the second conference on earthquake hazards in the eastern San Francisco Bay area: Special publication 113, California State University, March 25-29, 1992, p. 101-110.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"110","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-012989","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320539,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320538,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofsec113conf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 38.134556577054134\n ],\n [\n -122.288818359375,\n 38.08268954483802\n ],\n [\n -122.1844482421875,\n 37.98750437106374\n ],\n [\n -121.9976806640625,\n 37.77071473849609\n ],\n [\n -121.9207763671875,\n 37.72510788462094\n ],\n [\n -121.871337890625,\n 37.67512527892127\n ],\n [\n -121.76971435546874,\n 37.59900015064849\n ],\n [\n -121.63787841796875,\n 37.4530574713902\n ],\n [\n -121.60491943359375,\n 37.42252593456307\n ],\n [\n -121.59393310546875,\n 37.376705278818356\n ],\n [\n -121.65710449218749,\n 37.36797435878155\n ],\n [\n -121.73950195312499,\n 37.38761749978395\n ],\n [\n -121.85760498046875,\n 37.470498470798724\n ],\n [\n -121.96197509765625,\n 37.56417412088097\n ],\n [\n -122.11029052734374,\n 37.67947293019486\n ],\n [\n -122.19818115234375,\n 37.790251927933284\n ],\n [\n -122.33001708984374,\n 37.94203148678865\n ],\n [\n -122.39044189453124,\n 38.028622234587964\n ],\n [\n -122.4591064453125,\n 38.10430528370985\n ],\n [\n -122.45635986328124,\n 38.14535757293734\n ],\n [\n -122.43438720703125,\n 38.153997218446115\n ],\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 38.134556577054134\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571f3fbbe4b071321fe56a33","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Borchardt, Glenn","contributorId":34430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchardt","given":"Glenn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627636,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hirschfeld, Sue E.","contributorId":58555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirschfeld","given":"Sue E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627637,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lienkaemper, James J. jlienk@usgs.gov","contributorId":139574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"James J.","email":"jlienk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":627638,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McClellan, Patrick H.","contributorId":83524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClellan","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627639,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, Patrick L.","contributorId":70472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627640,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wong, Ivan G.","contributorId":61068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Ivan","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627641,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6}],"authors":[{"text":"Lienkaemper, James J. jlienk@usgs.gov","contributorId":139574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"James J.","email":"jlienk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":627630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Borchardt, Glenn","contributorId":34430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchardt","given":"Glenn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27517,"text":"wri904204 - 1992 - Geohydrology and simulated ground-water flow, Plymouth-Carver aquifer, southeastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-08T20:39:19.756035","indexId":"wri904204","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4204","title":"Geohydrology and simulated ground-water flow, Plymouth-Carver aquifer, southeastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The Plymouth-Carver aquifer underlies an area of 140 square miles and is the second largest aquifer in areal extent in Massachusetts. It is composed primarily of saturated glacial sand and gravel. The water-table and bedrock surface were mapped and used to determine saturated thickness of the aquifer, which ranged from less than 20 feet to greater than 200 feet. Ground water is present mainly under unconfined conditions, except in a few local areas such as beneath Plymouth Harbor. Recharge to the aquifer is derived almost entirely from precipitation and averages about 1.15 million gallons per day per square mile. Water discharges from the aquifer by pumping, evapotranspiration, direct evaporation from the water table, and seepage to streams, ponds, wetlands, bogs, and the ocean. In 1985, water use was about 59.6 million gallons per day, of which 82 percent was used for cranberry production.\r\n\r\nThe Plymouth-Carver aquifer was simulated by a three-dimensional, finite difference ground-water-flow model. Most model boundaries represent the natural hydrologic boundaries of the aquifer. The model simulates aquifer recharge, withdrawals by pumped wells, leakage through streambeds, and discharge to the ocean. The model was calibrated for steady-state and transient conditions. Model results were compared with measured values of hydraulic head and ground-water discharge. Results of simulations indicate that the modeled ground-water system closely simulates actual aquifer conditions.\r\n\r\nFour hypothetical ground-water development alternatives were simulated to demonstrate the use of the model and to examine the effects on the ground-water system. Simulation of a 2-year period of no recharge and average pumping rates that occurred from 1980-85 resulted in water-level declines exceeding 5 feet throughout most of the aquifer and a decrease of 54 percent in average ground-water discharge to streams. In a second simulation, four wells in the northern part of the area were pumped at 10.4 million gallons per day in excess of rates simulated in the steady-state model for the four wells. This resulted in water-level declines of 2 feet or more in an area of 25 square miles and a decline in average ground-water discharge to streams of 6 percent. When this pumpage was simulated as recharge to the aquifer, water levels beneath the recharge area rose more than 40 feet, and ground-water discharge remained equal to average discharge in the calibrated steady-state model. In a third simulation, all 21 existing production wells were pumped at nearly the design capacity of 17.8 million gallons per day; this pumping rate produced water-level declines of less than 2 feet throughout most of the aquifer. When simulated pumpage was increased to 32.8 million gallons per day from existing wells and from 15 additional wells, the area where water-level declines exceeded 2 feet significantly increased. In another set of simulations, a well field close to a stream was pumped at rates of 2, 4, and 6 million gallons per day. At a pumping rate of 6 million gallons per day, ground-water discharge to the stream decreased 34 percent during periods of normal precipitation and 56 percent during drought conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri904204","usgsCitation":"Hansen, B.P., and Lapham, W.W., 1992, Geohydrology and simulated ground-water flow, Plymouth-Carver aquifer, southeastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4204, viii, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904204.","productDescription":"viii, 69 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158837,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":413885,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47442.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2155,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri904204/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Plymouth-Carver aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.5,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -70.8583,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -70.8583,\n 41.7308\n ],\n [\n -70.5,\n 41.7308\n ],\n [\n -70.5,\n 42\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a6f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Bruce P.","contributorId":90727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lapham, Wayne W.","contributorId":74734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapham","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17603,"text":"ofr92482 - 1992 - Rainfall, streamflow, and peak stage data collected at the Murfreesboro, Tennessee, gaging network, March 1989 through July 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:27","indexId":"ofr92482","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-482","title":"Rainfall, streamflow, and peak stage data collected at the Murfreesboro, Tennessee, gaging network, March 1989 through July 1992","docAbstract":"Rainfall, stage, and streamflow data in the Murfreesboro area, Middle Tennessee, were collected from March 1989 through July 1992 from a network of 68 gaging stations. The network consists of 10 tipping-bucket rain gages, 2 continuous-record streamflow gages, 4 partial-record flood hydrograph gages, and 72 crest-stage gages. Data collected by the gages includes 5minute time-step rainfall hyetographs, 15-minute time-step flood hydrographs, and peak-stage elevations. Data are stored in a computer data base and are available for many computer modeling and engineering applications.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributors],","doi":"10.3133/ofr92482","usgsCitation":"Outlaw, G., Butner, D., Kemp, R., Oaks, A., and Adams, G., 1992, Rainfall, streamflow, and peak stage data collected at the Murfreesboro, Tennessee, gaging network, March 1989 through July 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-482, iv, 68 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92482.","productDescription":"iv, 68 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1028,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr92-482","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":150766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64979b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Outlaw, G.S.","contributorId":51330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Outlaw","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butner, D.E.","contributorId":38419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butner","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kemp, R.L.","contributorId":60075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemp","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oaks, A.T.","contributorId":19836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oaks","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Adams, G.S.","contributorId":71830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":39553,"text":"ofr92518B - 1992 - Inversion of plane-wave electromagnetic data for layered earth models using a graphical user interface (Version 1.0)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-27T07:29:12","indexId":"ofr92518B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-518","chapter":"B","title":"Inversion of plane-wave electromagnetic data for layered earth models using a graphical user interface (Version 1.0)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr92518B","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Anderson, W.L., 1992, Inversion of plane-wave electromagnetic data for layered earth models using a graphical user interface (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-518, 1 computer disk (5 1/4 inch.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92518B.","productDescription":"1 computer disk (5 1/4 inch.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270261,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0518b/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48c5e4b07f02db53fb2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Walter L.","contributorId":99133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":59812,"text":"mf2205 - 1992 - A geochemical investigation of selected areas in Greenville and Laurens Counties, South Carolina: Implications for mineral resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-15T20:27:37.582435","indexId":"mf2205","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2205","title":"A geochemical investigation of selected areas in Greenville and Laurens Counties, South Carolina: Implications for mineral resources","docAbstract":"The purpose of this study is to geochemically evaluate three areas within the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle (see index map) that have been shown by previous studies to contain anomalously high amounts of tin. Jackson and Moore (1992) reported the presence of cassiterite (SnO2)-bearing heavy-mineral concentrates from stream sediment samples that were collected during a regional geochemical reconnaissance of the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle. The data reported here confirm identified in selected heavy-mineral concentrate samples. In addition, anomalously high concentrations of barium, beryllium, lanthanum, and thorium are also reported for parts of the same areas. No significant mineral deposits are known to occur in the study areas. There was, however, minor production of monazite from several nearby localities (Sloan, 1908), and gold was produced from deposits in the northeastern part of Greenville County and nearby Spartanburg County (McCauley and Butler, 1966). The three areas selected for resampling are located in the Inner Piedmont physiographic province of South Carolina (see index map). The generalized tectonic setting of the region and the locations of the study is just north of Greenville, S.C. Much of it is within the moderately to steeply sloped terrane of Paris Mountain State Park where elevations reach approximately 600 m. Simpsonville, S.C., is neat the center of the second study area, and the southernmost study area is near Hickory Tavern, S.C. Both the Simpsonville and Hickory Tavern study areas are in more gently rolling Piedmont terrane. Each of the sampled areas is drained by tributaries of the Enoree and Reedy Rivers. Parts of three different thrust sheets underlie the region covered by this study (fig. 1); in ascending structural position, they are the Six Mile, Paris Mountain, and Laurens thrust sheets (Nelson and others, 1987). Nelson (1988, p. 7) described the contacts between these sheets as being along unnamed faults. The rocks in and around the study areas have undergone sillimanite-muscovite-grade metamorphism (Nelson, 1988, p. 9). Nelson (1988, p. 13) reports that the Six Mile thrust sheet was metamorphosed about 344 Ma. The geology of these sheets as described in this study, including geologic contacts, rock descriptions, and unit names, generally follows that of Nelson and others (1987, 1989). Within the Paris Mountain study area, rocks of the Paris Mountain thrust sheet predominate (fig. 2) and consist of a biotite-muscovite-sillimanite schist (EZsp) that has extensive lenses of fine- to medium- grained biotite granite gneiss (Pzgp). Areas of biotite granite gneiss that occur in the southern part of the Paris Mountain study area contain extensive pegmatitic and leucogranitic phases. These pegmatitic zones consist mostly of coarse-grained microcline feldspar and quartz with minor amounts of muscovite, biotite, and garnet. Smaller pegmatite lenses (<0.5 m thick) that occur within the biotite-muscovite-sillimanite schist of the Paris Mountain study area are generally of similar mineralogy, although some contain tourmaline crystals up to 5 cm in length. The Six Mile thrust sheet underlies the northern edge of the Paris Mountain study area, where it is composed of gneissic biotitic granites of the Caesars Head Granite (figs. 1 and 2). The northwestern part of the Simpsonville study area (figs. 1 and 3), within the Paris Mountain thrust sheet, is underlain by a biotite-muscovite-sillimanite schist (EZsp) that contains lenses of biotite granite gneiss (Pzgp). In the southeastern part of the Simpsonville study area, within the Laurens thrust sheet, biotite gneiss (EZgl), biotite granite gneiss (Pzgf), and minor amphibolite (EZal) are interlayered biotite (EZgl), granite gneiss (Dgg), and amphibolite (EZal) of the Laurens thrust sheet (fig. 4).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2205","usgsCitation":"Jackson, J.C., 1992, A geochemical investigation of selected areas in Greenville and Laurens Counties, South Carolina: Implications for mineral resources: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2205, 2 Plates: 48.27 x 29.72 inches and 42.00 x 36.70 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2205.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 48.27 x 29.72 inches and 42.00 x 36.70 inches","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":182455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2205.jpg"},{"id":406790,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5837.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284442,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2205/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284443,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2205/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"48000","datum":"National Geodetic Datum of 1929","country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"Greenville County, Laurens County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.45,\n 34.625\n ],\n [\n -82.125,\n 34.625\n ],\n [\n -82.125,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -82.45,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -82.45,\n 34.625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd49dce4b0b290850ef6d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackson, John C. jjackson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"John","email":"jjackson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":262638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17012,"text":"ofr92202 - 1992 - Contaminant transport and accumulation in Massachusetts Bay and Boston Harbor: A summary of U.S. Geological Survey studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T23:28:52.991561","indexId":"ofr92202","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-202","title":"Contaminant transport and accumulation in Massachusetts Bay and Boston Harbor: A summary of U.S. Geological Survey studies","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is conducting studies in Boston Harbor, Massachusetts Bay, and Cape Cod Bay designed to define the geologic framework of the region and to understand the transport and accumulation of contaminated sediments. The region is being studied because of environmental problems caused by the introduction of wastes for a long time, because a new ocean outfall (to begin operation in 1995) will change the location for disposal of treated Boston sewage from Boston Harbor into Massachusetts Bay, and because of the need to understand the transport of sediments and associated contaminants in order to address a wide range of management questions. The USGS effort complements and is closely coordinated with the research and monitoring studies supported by the Massachusetts Environmental Trust, the Massachusetts Bays Program, and by the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. The USGS study includes (1) geologic mapping, (2) circulation studies, (3) long-term current and sediment transport observations, (4) measurements of contaminant inventories and rates of sediment mixing and accumulation, (5) circulation modeling, (6) development of a contaminated sediments data base, and (7) information exchange. A long-term objective of the program is to develop a predictive capability for sediment transport and accumulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr92202","usgsCitation":"Butman, B., Bothner, M., Hathaway, J., Jenter, H., Knebel, H., Manheim, F., and Signell, R.P., 1992, Contaminant transport and accumulation in Massachusetts Bay and Boston Harbor: A summary of U.S. Geological Survey studies: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-202, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92202.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393038,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18259.htm"},{"id":46145,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0202/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0202/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Boston Harbor, Cape Cod Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.0870361328125,\n 42.30879983710443\n ],\n [\n -70.77255249023438,\n 42.30879983710443\n ],\n [\n -70.77255249023438,\n 42.40317854182803\n ],\n [\n -71.0870361328125,\n 42.40317854182803\n ],\n [\n -71.0870361328125,\n 42.30879983710443\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699d80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":174555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":174558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hathaway, J.C.","contributorId":94280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hathaway","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jenter, H. 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P.","contributorId":89147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":39549,"text":"ofr92200B - 1992 - Earthquake effects a computer animation and paper model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:59","indexId":"ofr92200B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-200","chapter":"B","title":"Earthquake effects a computer animation and paper model","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr92200B","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., Page, R.A., and Gordon, L.C., 1992, Earthquake effects a computer animation and paper model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-200, 1 computer disk (3 1/2 inch.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92200B.","productDescription":"1 computer disk (3 1/2 inch.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165792,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629875","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, Tau Rho","contributorId":63371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"Tau","email":"","middleInitial":"Rho","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Page, Robert A.","contributorId":17207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gordon, Leslie C. lgordon@usgs.gov","contributorId":4872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Leslie","email":"lgordon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5072,"text":"Office of Communication and Publishing","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":221639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":17194,"text":"ofr92532A - 1992 - GPRMODEL one-dimensional full waveform forward modeling of ground penetrating radar data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:21","indexId":"ofr92532A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-532","chapter":"A","title":"GPRMODEL one-dimensional full waveform forward modeling of ground penetrating radar data","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey :\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr92532A","usgsCitation":"Powers, M.H., Duke, S., Huffman, A., and Olhoeft, G., 1992, GPRMODEL one-dimensional full waveform forward modeling of ground penetrating radar data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-532, 1 booklet (22 leaves ; ill. ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92532A.","productDescription":"1 booklet (22 leaves ; ill. ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149968,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0532a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46334,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0532a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b15c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powers, Michael H. 0000-0002-4480-7856 mhpowers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4480-7856","contributorId":851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"Michael","email":"mhpowers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":175343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duke, S.K.","contributorId":72000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duke","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huffman, A. 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