The City of Indianapolis has constructed state-of-the-art advanced municipal wastewater-treatment systems to enlarge and upgrade the existing secondary-treatment processes at its Belmont and Southport treatment plants. These new advanced-wastewater-treatment plants became operational in 1983. A nonparametric statistical procedure--a modified form of the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank-sum test--was used to test for trends in time-series water-quality data from four sites on the White River and from the Belmont and Southport wastewater-treatment plants. Time-series data representative of pre-advanced- (1978-1980) and post-advanced- (1983--86) wastewater-treatment conditions were tested for trends, and the results indicate substantial changes in water quality of treated effluent and of the White River downstream from Indianapolis after implementation of advanced wastewater treatment. Water quality from 1981 through 1982 was highly variable due to plant construction. Therefore, this time period was excluded from the analysis. Water quality at sample sites located upstream from the wastewater-treatment plants was relatively constant during the period of study (1978-86). Analysis of data from the two plants and downstream from the plants indicates statistically significant decreasing trends in effluent concentrations of total ammonia, 5-day biochemical-oxygen demand, fecal-coliform bacteria, total phosphate, and total solids at all sites where sufficient data were available for testing. Because of in-plant nitrification, increases in nitrate concentration were statistically significant in the two plants and in the White River. The decrease in ammonia concentrations and 5-day biochemical-oxygen demand in the White River resulted in a statistically significant increasing trend in dissolved-oxygen concentration in the river because of reduced oxygen demand for nitrification and biochemical oxidation processes. Following implementation of advanced wastewater treatment, the number of river-quality samples that failed to meet the water-quality standards for ammonia and dissolved oxygen that apply to the White River decreased substantially.
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J.","contributorId":81475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wangsness","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27683,"text":"wri924092 - 1993 - Geochemistry of and radioactivity in ground water of the Highland Rim and Central Basin aquifer systems, Hickman and Maury counties, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri924092","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4092","title":"Geochemistry of and radioactivity in ground water of the Highland Rim and Central Basin aquifer systems, Hickman and Maury counties, Tennessee","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance of the geochemistry of and radioactivity in ground water from the Highland Rim and Central Basin aquifer systems in Hickman and Maury Counties, Tennessee, was conducted in 1989. Water in both aquifer systems typically is of the calcium or calcium magnesium bicarbonate type, but concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfate are greater in water of the Central Basin system; differences in the concentrations are statistically significant. Dissolution of calcite, magnesium-calcite, dolomite, and gypsum are the primary geochemical processes controlling ground-water chemistry in both aquifer systems. Saturation-state calculations using the computer code WATEQF indicated that ground water from the Central Basin system is more saturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, and gypsum than water from the Highland Rim system. Geochemical environments within each aquifer system are somewhat different with respect to dissolution of magnesium-bearing minerals. Water samples from the Highland Rim system had a fairly constant calcium to magnesium molar ratio, implying congruent dissolution of magnesium-bearing minerals, whereas water samples from the Central Basin system had highly variable ratios, implying either incongruent dissolution or heterogeneity in soluble constituents of the aquifer matrix.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of radionuclides in water were low and not greatly different between aquifer systems. Median gross alpha activities were 0.54 picocuries per liter in water from each system; median gross beta activities were 1.1 and 2.3 picocuries per liter in water from the Highland Rim and Central Basin systems, respectively. Radon-222 concentrations were 559 and 422 picocuries per liter, respectively. Concentrations of gross alpha and radium in all samples were substantially less than Tennessee?s maximum permissible levels for community water-supply systems. The data indicated no relations between concentrations of dissolved radionuclides (uranium, radium-226, radium-228, radon-222, gross alpha, and gross beta) and any key indicators of water chemistry, except in water from the Highland Rim system, in which radon-222 was moderately related to pH and weakly related to dissolved magnesium. The only relation among radiochemical constituents indicated by the data was between radium-226 and gross alpha activity; this relation was indicated for water from both aquifer systems.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924092","usgsCitation":"Hileman, G.E., and Lee, R.W., 1993, Geochemistry of and radioactivity in ground water of the Highland Rim and Central Basin aquifer systems, Hickman and Maury counties, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4092, v, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924092.","productDescription":"v, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2210,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri924092/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_92_4092.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa6de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hileman, G. E.","contributorId":11639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hileman","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, R. W.","contributorId":86757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54981,"text":"wdrSD921 - 1993 - Water Resources Data, South Dakota, Water Year 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-04T10:50:32","indexId":"wdrSD921","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"SD-92-1","title":"Water Resources Data, South Dakota, Water Year 1992","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrSD921","usgsCitation":"Burr, M., Benson, R., and Sando, S.K., 1993, Water Resources Data, South Dakota, Water Year 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report SD-92-1, viii, 380 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrSD921.","productDescription":"viii, 380 p. 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K.","contributorId":61060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sando","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":20620,"text":"ofr93148 - 1993 - Drilling, construction, and subsurface data for piezometers on Edwards Air Force Base, Antelope Valley, California, 1991-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-23T22:42:34.76514","indexId":"ofr93148","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-148","title":"Drilling, construction, and subsurface data for piezometers on Edwards Air Force Base, Antelope Valley, California, 1991-92","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93148","usgsCitation":"Rewis, D., 1993, Drilling, construction, and subsurface data for piezometers on Edwards Air Force Base, Antelope Valley, California, 1991-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-148, iv, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93148.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411040,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12633.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":50147,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0148/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152222,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0148/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Antelope Valley, Edwards Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.69731438858516,\n 35.078021899288146\n ],\n [\n -118.06051218525877,\n 35.078021899288146\n ],\n [\n -118.06051218525877,\n 34.65754120483048\n ],\n [\n -117.69731438858516,\n 34.65754120483048\n ],\n [\n -117.69731438858516,\n 35.078021899288146\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633e33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rewis, D. 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J.","contributorId":56660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maloney","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludtke, A. S.","contributorId":6846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludtke","given":"A. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krizman, T.L.","contributorId":57505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krizman","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28538,"text":"wri924106 - 1993 - Development, calibration, and testing of ground-water flow models for the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas using one-square-mile cells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri924106","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4106","title":"Development, calibration, and testing of ground-water flow models for the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas using one-square-mile cells","docAbstract":"Significant water-level declines in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer prompted the need to better understand the flow system in the aquifer which, in turn, led to the development of digital groundwater flow models of the alluvial aquifer. Two models were developed in the eastern Arkansas study area with the Arkansas River dividing the study area and functioning as a hydrologic boundary to the models. Both models simulate groundwater flow in one layer with recharge entering the aquifer from head-dependent surface infiltration through the overlying confining unit and from seepage through river beds. Digital models were used to simulate flow in the aquifer during seven stress periods between 1918 and 1987. Pumpage used in the simulations ranged from 83,400,000 to 412,000,000 cu ft/d in the north model and from 12,800,000 to 58,500,000 cu ft/d in the south model. Three different spatial and temporal pumpage scenarios were tested to simulate pumpage stress in the models. The pumpage distribution used in the calibrated model was based on a combination of all three scenarios. Several criteria were used during model development to determine how well the model simulated conditions in the aquifer. Potentiometric maps of model-computed water levels were compared to measured data to check the computed water levels and direction of flow. Hydrographs of observation wells were compared to computed water levels at corresponding model cells to assess the temporal distribution of pumpage. A root-mean-square error analysis was performed during calibration by comparing observation-well and model-computed water levels for 1972. Sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the effects of changes in input parameters on computed heads (water levels). Both models were sensitive to changes in recharge and pumpage but the south model generally was less sensitive than the north model.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924106","usgsCitation":"Mahon, G., and Poynter, D., 1993, Development, calibration, and testing of ground-water flow models for the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas using one-square-mile cells: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4106, iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924106.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4106/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57351,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4106/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dd48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mahon, G.L. 0000-0002-7410-0261","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-0261","contributorId":28636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahon","given":"G.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poynter, D.T.","contributorId":57902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poynter","given":"D.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20857,"text":"ofr93536 - 1993 - GSMDATUM and GSPDATUM, programs for DOS microcomputers to convert data in GSMAP or GSPOST format between the NAD27 and NAD 83 coordinate systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T15:39:07","indexId":"ofr93536","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-536","title":"GSMDATUM and GSPDATUM, programs for DOS microcomputers to convert data in GSMAP or GSPOST format between the NAD27 and NAD 83 coordinate systems","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93536","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Selner, G., and Taylor, R.B., 1993, GSMDATUM and GSPDATUM, programs for DOS microcomputers to convert data in GSMAP or GSPOST format between the NAD27 and NAD 83 coordinate systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-536, 3 p. ;28 cm. +3 computer disks (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93536.","productDescription":"3 p. ;28 cm. +3 computer disks (3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0536/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50453,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0536/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277737,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0536/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b14e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Selner, G.I.","contributorId":13229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selner","given":"G.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, R. 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1993 - Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":49646,"text":"ofr93268A - 1993 - Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana","indexId":"ofr93268A","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":20981,"text":"ofr93268 - 1993 - Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana","indexId":"ofr93268","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":49647,"text":"ofr93268B - 1993 - Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana","indexId":"ofr93268B","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":20981,"text":"ofr93268 - 1993 - Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana","indexId":"ofr93268","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:55","indexId":"ofr93268","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-268","title":"Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section, distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93268","usgsCitation":"Soller, D.R., and Moy, W., 1993, Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-268, 4 computer disks ;3 1/2 in. +1 booklet (i, 5 p. ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93268.","productDescription":"4 computer disks ;3 1/2 in. +1 booklet (i, 5 p. ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c532","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soller, D. 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}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa6dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winterstein, T. A.","contributorId":25156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winterstein","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Payne, G. A.","contributorId":62190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, R. A.","contributorId":95090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stark, J. R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":49647,"text":"ofr93268B - 1993 - Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":49647,"text":"ofr93268B - 1993 - Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana","indexId":"ofr93268B","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":20981,"text":"ofr93268 - 1993 - Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana","indexId":"ofr93268","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":20981,"text":"ofr93268 - 1993 - Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana","indexId":"ofr93268","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-22T17:23:09.256787","indexId":"ofr93268B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-268","chapter":"B","title":"Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93268B","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Soller, D.R., and Moy, W., 1993, Preliminary digital Quaternary geologic map data for Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-268, 1 CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93268B.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":482711,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0268-b/ofr93268B.zip","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":277731,"rank":2,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0268b/application.zip"},{"id":176751,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c521","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soller, D. R.","contributorId":25923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moy, Wai-See","contributorId":99580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moy","given":"Wai-See","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18601,"text":"ofr93407 - 1993 - Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18601,"text":"ofr93407 - 1993 - Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","indexId":"ofr93407","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":21946,"text":"ofr00212 - 2000 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples","indexId":"ofr00212","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":21946,"text":"ofr00212 - 2000 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples","indexId":"ofr00212","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-26T10:08:37","indexId":"ofr93407","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-407","title":"Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","docAbstract":"Benthic invertebrate samples are collected as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. This is a perennial, multidisciplinary program that integrates biological, physical, and chemical indicators of water quality to evaluate status and trends and to develop an understanding of the factors controlling observed water quality. The Program examines water quality in 60 study units (coupled ground- and surface-water systems) that encompass most of the conterminous United States and parts of Alaska and Hawaii. Study-unit teams collect and process qualitative and semi-quantitative invertebrate samples according to standardized procedures. These samples are processed (elutriated and subsampled) in the field to produce as many as four sample components: large-rare, main-body, elutriate, and split. Each sample component is preserved in 10-percent formalin, and two components, large-rare and main-body, are sent to contract laboratories for further processing. The large-rare component is composed of large invertebrates that are removed from the sample matrix during field processing and placed in one or more containers. The main-body sample component consists of the remaining sample materials (sediment, detritus, and invertebrates) and is subsampled in the field to achieve a volume of 750 milliliters or less. The remaining two sample components, elutriate and split, are used for quality-assurance and quality-control purposes. Contract laboratories are used to identify and quantify invertebrates from the large-rare and main-body sample components according to the procedures and guidelines specified within this document. These guidelines allow the use of subsampling techniques to reduce the volume of sample material processed and to facilitate identifications. These processing procedures and techniques may be modified if the modifications provide equal or greater levels of accuracy and precision. The intent of sample processing is to determine the quantity of each taxon present in the semi-quantitative samples or to list the taxa present in qualitative samples. The processing guidelines provide standardized laboratory forms, sample labels, detailed sample processing flow charts, standardized format for electronic data, quality-assurance procedures and checks, sample tracking standards, and target levels for taxonomic determinations. The contract laboratory (1) is responsible for identifications and quantifications, (2) constructs reference collections, (3) provides data in hard copy and electronic forms, (4) follows specified quality-assurance and quality-control procedures, and (5) returns all processed and unprocessed portions of the samples. The U.S. Geological Survey's Quality Management Group maintains a Biological Quality-Assurance Unit, located at the National Water-Quality Laboratory, Arvada, Colorado, to oversee the use of contract laboratories and ensure the quality of data obtained from these laboratories according to the guidelines established in this document. This unit establishes contract specifications, reviews contractor performance (timeliness, accuracy, and consistency), enters data into the National Water Information System-II data base, maintains in-house reference collections, deposits voucher specimens in outside museums, and interacts with taxonomic experts within and outside the U.S. Geological Survey. This unit also modifies the existing sample processing and quality-assurance guidelines, establishes criteria and testing procedures for qualifying potential contract laboratories, identifies qualified taxonomic experts, and establishes voucher collections.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/ofr93407","usgsCitation":"Cuffney, T., Gurtz, M., and Meador, M.R., 1993, Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-407, vi, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93407.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":363256,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0407/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1087,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr93407","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":150810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0407/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a301","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cuffney, T. F.","contributorId":108134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuffney","given":"T. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gurtz, M. E.","contributorId":29841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurtz","given":"M. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":49678,"text":"ofr93607B - 1993 - Earthquake data report, July 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:11","indexId":"ofr93607B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-607","chapter":"B","title":"Earthquake data report, July 1993","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr93607B","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, Earthquake data report, July 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-607, Six 5 1/4 inch diskettes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93607B.","productDescription":"Six 5 1/4 inch diskettes","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176111,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a79f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18431,"text":"ofr93219 - 1993 - Digital recordings of aftershocks of the April 25 and 26, 1992, Cape Mendocino, California, earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T09:58:22","indexId":"ofr93219","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-219","title":"Digital recordings of aftershocks of the April 25 and 26, 1992, Cape Mendocino, California, earthquakes","docAbstract":"On April 25 and 26, 1992, three large earthquakes occurred near Cape Mendocino, Calif. The mainshock occurred on April 25 with Ms = 7.1, the next day followed by two powerful aftershocks of Ms = 6.6 and Ms = 6.7. The permanent seismographic network operated by the U.S. Geological Survey located 197 aftershocks, greater than magnitude 3 during the following 3 weeks (Andrew Michael, personal commun., 1992). Most of them were located offshore (Michael, 1992, fig. 1).
On April 27,1992, the author began operation of five portable digital seismographs located in a rough semi-circle approximately 50-90 km from the aftershock (fig. 1). The seismographs were operated for 12 days. The primary research goal was to contribute to aftershock locations with P- and S-arrival times and to record data to improve focal mechanism studies of the aftershocks. These goals were particularly important because the earthquakes originated in an especially complex, poorly understood tectonic regime.
This report is intended to facilitate the use of the digital seismograms by other researchers. Tables 1A and B give the location and sensor specifications for each recording station. Appendix A is a narrative of road directions to the recording stations should they need to be reoccupied. Appendix B lists all of the trigger times of seismograms recorded by the network. Appendix C contains plots of the seismograms of earthquakes recorded by three or more seismographs. Appendix D is an example data file showing the format (DR-100). The data set is available directly from the author on 9-track tape.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93219","usgsCitation":"Carver, D.L., 1993, Digital recordings of aftershocks of the April 25 and 26, 1992, Cape Mendocino, California, earthquakes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-219, i, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93219.","productDescription":"i, 64 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151198,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0219/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47782,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0219/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.17 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.60968017578126,\n 40.214538129296336\n ],\n [\n -124.14138793945311,\n 40.214538129296336\n ],\n [\n -124.14138793945311,\n 40.57954165275019\n ],\n [\n -124.60968017578126,\n 40.57954165275019\n ],\n [\n -124.60968017578126,\n 40.214538129296336\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a9a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carver, David L.","contributorId":56644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carver","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":49679,"text":"ofr93608A - 1993 - Earthquake data report, August 1933","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:11","indexId":"ofr93608A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-608","chapter":"A","title":"Earthquake data report, August 1933","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr93608A","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, Earthquake data report, August 1933: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-608, p. 490, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93608A.","productDescription":"p. 490","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0608a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86274,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0608a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62ab2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47743,"text":"wri934061 - 1993 - Inventory of drainage wells and potential sources of contaminants to drainage-well inflow in Southwest Orlando, Orange County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:20","indexId":"wri934061","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4061","title":"Inventory of drainage wells and potential sources of contaminants to drainage-well inflow in Southwest Orlando, Orange County, Florida","docAbstract":"Potential sources of contaminants that could pose a threat to drainage-well inflow and to water in the Floridan aquifer system in southwest Orlando, Florida, were studied between October and December 1990. Drainage wells and public-supply wells were inventoried in a 14-square-mile area, and available data on land use and activities within each drainage well basin were tabulated. Three public-supply wells (tapping the Lower Floridan aquifer) and 38 drainage wells (open to the Upper Floridan aquifer) were located in 17 drainage basins within the study area. The primary sources of drainage-well inflow are lake overflow, street runoff, seepage from the surficial aquifer system, and process-wastewater disposal. Drainage-well inflow from a variety of ares, including resi- dential, commercial, undeveloped, paved, and industrial areas, are potential sources of con- taminants. The four general types of possible contaminants to drainage-well inflow are inorganic chemicals, organic compounds, turbidity, and microbiological contaminants. Potential contami- nant sources include plant nurseries, citrus groves, parking lots, plating companies, auto- motive repair shops, and most commonly, lake- overflow water. Drainage wells provide a pathway for contaminants to enter the Upper Floridan aquifer and there is a potential for contaminants to move downward from the Upper Floridan to the Lower Floridan aquifer.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri934061","usgsCitation":"Taylor, G.F., 1993, Inventory of drainage wells and potential sources of contaminants to drainage-well inflow in Southwest Orlando, Orange County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4061, 1 map ; 30 x 42 cm., on sheet 71 x 87 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934061.","productDescription":"1 map ; 30 x 42 cm., on sheet 71 x 87 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4061/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":84657,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4061/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8ee4b07f02db6548db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, George Fred","contributorId":19212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Fred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19329,"text":"ofr93230 - 1993 - Porosity, depth, and thermal-maturity data for sandstones of the Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma, and other selected locations in the northern hemisphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:28","indexId":"ofr93230","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-230","title":"Porosity, depth, and thermal-maturity data for sandstones of the Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma, and other selected locations in the northern hemisphere","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93230","usgsCitation":"Hester, T., and Schmoker, J., 1993, Porosity, depth, and thermal-maturity data for sandstones of the Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma, and other selected locations in the northern hemisphere: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-230, 46 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93230.","productDescription":"46 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151855,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0230/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48801,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0230/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683d90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hester, T.C.","contributorId":93054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hester","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmoker, J. W.","contributorId":69964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoker","given":"J. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93264","usgsCitation":"Agena, W., Hutchinson, D.R., Lee, M.W., and Oliver, H.L., 1993, Cape Hatteras to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge; demultiplexing and archiving a unique multichannel seismic reflection data set: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-264, ii, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93264.","productDescription":"ii, 27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":46048,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0264/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0264/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Cape Hatteras","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.64361572265624,\n 35.07946034047981\n ],\n [\n -75.1849365234375,\n 35.07946034047981\n ],\n [\n -75.1849365234375,\n 35.31960740586162\n ],\n [\n -75.64361572265624,\n 35.31960740586162\n ],\n [\n -75.64361572265624,\n 35.07946034047981\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f6012","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Agena, Warren F.","contributorId":67079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agena","given":"Warren F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hutchinson, D. R.","contributorId":31770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oliver, H. L.","contributorId":87130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":17232,"text":"ofr93150 - 1993 - Hydrogeologic data for Carroll County, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:15","indexId":"ofr93150","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-150","title":"Hydrogeologic data for Carroll County, Arkansas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93150","usgsCitation":"Brahana, J., Leidy, V.A., Lindt, J., and Hodge, S., 1993, Hydrogeologic data for Carroll County, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-150, iv, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93150.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149308,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0150/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46381,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0150/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628a67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brahana, J. V.","contributorId":32926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brahana","given":"J. V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leidy, V. A.","contributorId":22376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leidy","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lindt, John","contributorId":89153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindt","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hodge, S.A.","contributorId":54216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodge","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":21321,"text":"ofr93681 - 1993 - A preliminary review of coal exploration activities conducted by the government of Armenia and the coal resource potential of Armenia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-01T12:51:22","indexId":"ofr93681","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-681","title":"A preliminary review of coal exploration activities conducted by the government of Armenia and the coal resource potential of Armenia","docAbstract":"A coal resource assessment team from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Armenian Department of Underground Resources (DUR) and elements of the Ministry of Energy and Fuel, has completed an initial visit to Armenia under the auspices of the U.S. Agency for International Development JUSAID). The visit included discussions of the coal resources, identification of problems associated with on-going exploration and development activities, and field visits to selected solid fuel areas. The USGS team will return in November with a draft of the final report for discussion of conclusions and recommendations with Armenian counterparts, representatives of USAID, and the American Embassy. The final report, which will contain tabulated coal-sample analytical results and detailed recommendations, will be submitted to the USAID by the end of December 1993.
Preliminary conclusions are that: 1) Armenia has usable deposits of coal that could form a viable, though relatively small, component of Armenia's energy budget; 2) on-going exploration and development activities must be augmented and expedited to increase understanding of the coal resource potential and subsequent utilization; 3) deficiencies in supplies (primarily fuel) and equipment (replacement of aging parts and units) have greatly reduced the gathering of necessary resource data; and 4) training of Armenian counterparts in conducting and managing coal exploration activities is desirable.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93681","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of Underground Resources, Republic of Armenia, under the auspices of the U.S. Agency for International Development","usgsCitation":"Warwick, P.D., Pierce, B., and Landis, E., 1993, A preliminary review of coal exploration activities conducted by the government of Armenia and the coal resource potential of Armenia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-681, i, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93681.","productDescription":"i, 17 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":50877,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0681/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154250,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0681/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Armenia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[43.58275,41.09214],[44.97248,41.24813],[45.1795,40.98535],[45.56035,40.81229],[45.35917,40.5615],[45.89191,40.21848],[45.61001,39.89999],[46.03453,39.62802],[46.4835,39.46415],[46.50572,38.77061],[46.14362,38.7412],[45.73538,39.31972],[45.73998,39.474],[45.29814,39.47175],[45.00199,39.74],[44.79399,39.713],[44.40001,40.005],[43.65644,40.25356],[43.75266,40.7402],[43.58275,41.09214]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Armenia\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa78c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":184213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, B.S.","contributorId":13639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landis, E.R.","contributorId":40605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}