Uplift along the coast of southwestern Japan following the 1944 Tonankai (Ms = 8.0) and 1946 Nankaido (Ms = 8.2) earthquakes has been inferred from the 1950–1985 tide gage records. Although uplift rates vary with geographic position, the temporal dependence at each site can be described as the superposition of an exponentially decaying (time constant ∼5 years) transient, significant only in the first decade postseismic, and a steady interseismic rate. The steady interseismic uplift rate is defined only over the 1956–1985 interval, but the linearity in time ofthat uplift record is such that uplift over the remainder of the interseismic cycle (∼80 years) might reasonably be expected to occur at the same rate. Moreover, the spatial pattern and magnitude of the steady uplift rate are reasonably close to those predicted by a simple dislocation model of subduction. However, the currently observed steady uplift rate is not consistent with the uplift rate inferred from geodetic leveling for the final half of the previous earthquake cycle. Thus, either the hypothesis of a steady interseismic uplift rate after the first decade postseismic is wrong or the strain accumulation pattern for one earthquake need not be the same as for the preceding earthquake on the same segment.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92JB00810","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., and Thatcher, W.R., 1992, Interseismic deformation at the Nankai Trough, Japan, subduction zone: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 97, no. B7, p. 11117-11135, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JB00810.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"11117","endPage":"11135","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370006,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 129.462890625,\n 31.12819929911196\n ],\n [\n 139.833984375,\n 31.12819929911196\n ],\n [\n 139.833984375,\n 37.64903402157866\n ],\n [\n 129.462890625,\n 37.64903402157866\n ],\n [\n 129.462890625,\n 31.12819929911196\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"97","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, Wayne R. 0000-0001-6324-545X thatcher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6324-545X","contributorId":2599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"Wayne","email":"thatcher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016327,"text":"70016327 - 1992 - The influence of pressure on petroleum generation and maturation as suggested by aqueous pyrolysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T21:28:33.902267","indexId":"70016327","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of pressure on petroleum generation and maturation as suggested by aqueous pyrolysis","docAbstract":"Because fluid pressures are transient in sedimentary basins over geologic time, the effect of increasing fluid pressure on organic-matter metamorphism is difficult to determine, and conflicting opinions exist concerning its influence. Properly-performed aqueous-pyrolysis experiments can closely simulate hydrocarbon generation and maturation in nature, and thus offer an excellent way to study the influence of pressure. Such experiments, carried out on the Retort Phosphatic Shale Member of the Lower Permian Phosphoria Formation (type II-S organic matter) at different constant temperatures, demonstrated that increasing pressure significantly retards all aspects of organic matter metamorphism, including hydrocarbon generation, maturation and thermal destruction. This conclusion results from detailed quantitative and qualitative analyses of all products from hydrocarbon generation, from the C1 to C4 hydrocarbon gases to the asphaltenes, and also from analyses of the reacted rocks. We have documented that our aqueous-pyrolysis experiments closely simulated natural hydrocarbon generation and maturation. Thus the data taken as a function of pressure have relevance to the influence of normal and abnormal fluid pressures as related to: 1) depths and temperatures of mainstage hydrocarbon generation; 2) the thermal destruction of deposits of gas or light oil, or their preservation to unexpectedly high maturation ranks; and 3) the persistence of measurable to moderate concentrations of C15+ hydrocarbons in fine-grained rocks even to ultra-high maturation ranks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(92)90033-T","usgsCitation":"Price, L., and Wenger, L., 1992, The influence of pressure on petroleum generation and maturation as suggested by aqueous pyrolysis: Organic Geochemistry, v. 19, no. 1-3, p. 141-159, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(92)90033-T.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"159","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222796,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad34e4b08c986b323a5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Price, L.C.","contributorId":48575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wenger, L.M.","contributorId":46216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenger","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185759,"text":"70185759 - 1992 - Deposition of aerially applied BT in an oak forest and its prediction with the FSCBG model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-07T07:26:47","indexId":"70185759","displayToPublicDate":"1992-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2168,"text":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deposition of aerially applied BT in an oak forest and its prediction with the FSCBG model","docAbstract":"Data are provided from 17 single-swath aerial spray trials that were conducted over a fully leafed, 16-m tall, mixed oak forest. The distribution of cross-swath spray deposits was sampled at the top of the canopy and below the canopy. Micrometeorological conditions were measured above and within the canopy during the spray trials. The USDA Forest Service FSCBG (Forest Service-Cramer-Barry-Grim) model was run to predict the target sampler catch for each trial using forest stand, airplane-application-equipment configuration, and micrometeorological conditions as inputs. Observations showed an average cross-swath deposition of 100 IU cm−2 with large run-to-run variability in deposition patterns, magnitudes, and drift. Eleven percent of the spray material that reached the top of the canopy penetrated through the tree canopy to the forest floor.
The FSCBG predictions of the ensemble-averaged deposition were within 17% of the measured deposition at the canopy top and within 8% on the ground beneath the canopy. Run-to-run deposit predictions by FSCBG were considerably less variable than the measured deposits. Individual run predictions were much less accurate than the ensemble-averaged predictions as demonstrated by an average root-mean-square-error (rmse) of 27.9 IU CM−2 at the top of the canopy. Comparisons of the differences between predicted and observed deposits indicated that the model accuracy was sensitive to atmospheric stability conditions. In neutral and stable conditions, a regular pattern of error was indicated by overprediction of the canopy-top deposit at distances from 0 to 20 m downwind from the flight line and underprediction of the deposit both farther downwind than 20 m and upwind of the flight line. In unstable conditions the model generally underpredicted the deposit downwind from the flight line, but showed no regular pattern of error.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society ","doi":"10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1457:DOAABI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D.E., Miller, D.R., Wang, Y., Yendol, W.G., Mierzejewski, K., and McManus, M.L., 1992, Deposition of aerially applied BT in an oak forest and its prediction with the FSCBG model: Journal of Applied Meteorology, v. 31, p. 1457-1466, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1457:DOAABI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"1457","endPage":"1466","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1457:doaabi>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338506,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","noUsgsAuthors":true,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7639e4b0ee37af29e4ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Dean E. deander@usgs.gov","contributorId":662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Dean","email":"deander@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":686684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, David R.","contributorId":189614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, Yansen","contributorId":189613,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Yansen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yendol, William G.","contributorId":189987,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yendol","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mierzejewski, Karl","contributorId":189988,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mierzejewski","given":"Karl","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McManus, Michael L.","contributorId":189612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McManus","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70016992,"text":"70016992 - 1992 - Change in failure stress on the southern San Andreas fault system caused by the 1992 magnitude = 7.4 Landers earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-16T16:38:35.657352","indexId":"70016992","displayToPublicDate":"1992-11-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Change in failure stress on the southern San Andreas fault system caused by the 1992 magnitude = 7.4 Landers earthquake","docAbstract":"The 28 June Landers earthquake brought the San Andreas fault significantly closer to failure near San Bernardino, a site that has not sustained a large shock since 1812. Stress also increased on the San Jacinto fault near San Bernardino and on the San Andreas fault southeast of Palm Springs. Unless creep or moderate earthquakes relieve these stress changes, the next great earthquake on the southern San Andreas fault is likely to be advanced by one to two decades. In contrast, stress on the San Andreas north of Los Angeles dropped, potentially delaying the next great earthquake there by 2 to 10 years.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.258.5086.1328","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Stein, R., King, G., and Lin, J., 1992, Change in failure stress on the southern San Andreas fault system caused by the 1992 magnitude = 7.4 Landers earthquake: Science, v. 258, no. 5086, p. 1328-1332, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.258.5086.1328.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1328","endPage":"1332","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225144,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern San Andreas fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.88802485821637,\n 34.614637166226984\n ],\n [\n -118.88802485821637,\n 33.46807014457141\n ],\n [\n -115.48694411992896,\n 33.46807014457141\n ],\n [\n -115.48694411992896,\n 34.614637166226984\n ],\n [\n -118.88802485821637,\n 34.614637166226984\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"258","issue":"5086","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f401e4b0c8380cd4baa2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, G.C.P.","contributorId":18510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"G.C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lin, J.","contributorId":33065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016993,"text":"70016993 - 1992 - Changes in static stress on southern California faults after the 1992 Landers earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-28T15:23:33.011107","indexId":"70016993","displayToPublicDate":"1992-11-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in static stress on southern California faults after the 1992 Landers earthquake","docAbstract":"The magnitude 7.5 Landers earthquake of 28 June 1992 was the largest earthquake to strike California in 40 years. The slip that occurs in such an earthquake would be expected to induce large changes in the static stress on neighbouring faults; these changes in stress should in turn affect the likelihood of future earthquakes. Stress changes that load faults towards failure have been cited as the cause of small1–5, moderate6 and large7 earthquakes; conversely, those that relax neighbouring faults have been related to a decrease in seismicity5. Here we use an elastic half-space model8 to estimate the stress changes produced by the Landers earthquake on selected southern California faults, including the San Andreas. We find that the estimated stress changes are consistent with the triggering of four out of the five aftershocks with magnitude greater than 4.5, and that the largest changes (1–10 bar), occurring on part of the San Bernardino segment of the San Andreas fault, may have decreased the time to the next magnitude 8 earthquake by about 14 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/360251a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Harris, R., and Simpson, R., 1992, Changes in static stress on southern California faults after the 1992 Landers earthquake: Nature, v. 360, no. 6401, p. 251-254, https://doi.org/10.1038/360251a0.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"254","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225145,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.84276576650728,\n 35.04814633651593\n ],\n [\n -120.84276576650728,\n 32.676049044840994\n ],\n [\n -114.43216994056223,\n 32.676049044840994\n ],\n [\n -114.43216994056223,\n 35.04814633651593\n ],\n [\n -120.84276576650728,\n 35.04814633651593\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"360","issue":"6401","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f426e4b0c8380cd4bb8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, R.A. 0000-0002-9247-0768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":41849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simpson, R.W.","contributorId":76738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70126968,"text":"70126968 - 1992 - Resilience of a heavily logged grove of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in Kings Canyon National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-25T11:46:30","indexId":"70126968","displayToPublicDate":"1992-11-01T11:43:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resilience of a heavily logged grove of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in Kings Canyon National Park, California","docAbstract":"The Big Stump Grove of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz) was heavily logged between 1883 and 1889 and the stand naturally regenerated from seed following logging. In 1968, as part of a 100% sequoia tree inventory, all living sequoias (n = 3587) and dead trees and stumps (n=588) were measured (diameter at breast height, dbh) and mapped. A comparison of pre- to post-logging (85 years later in 1968) stand characteristics showed the estimated basal area of 56.7 m2 ha−1 in the pre-cut 1883 Big Stump Grove was very similar to the population mean basal area of 30 other giant sequoia groves (with more than 30 trees) in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Sequoia density in 1968 was 1.5 times higher than the population mean, and over 45% of the basal area had been recovered after only 85 years. Assuming most re-establishment occurred over roughly a 9 year period (1883–1892), the diameter growth rate of trees less than 1.95 m dbh, averaged 6.1–6.8 mm year−1 but greatly varied as the 24 trees in the 1.8 m size class had a mean diameter growth rate of 21–24 mm year−1. Data generated by dividing the grove into 0.25 ha contiguous plots indicated that only about 3.3 ha of the pre-cut 1883 grove did not have sequoia regeneration whereas 16.5 ha of the 1968 grove had sequoia regeneration but no sign of logs or stumps. The proportion of only-regeneration plots was significantly greater (P<0.05) in peripheral areas compared to core areas of the grove. A stage projection model showed that with typical natality, growth, and mortality rates in the current (t=0; 1968) stand, overrepresentation of 0.3–1.2 m dbh trees may produce a bimodal size distribution lasting perhaps 800 years or more into the future. Giant sequoia stand characteristics such as age and size structure are not highly resilient and may take several centuries to approach the ‘domain’ of age or size structure typical of old-growth sequoia forests. Grove boundaries may be less stable following a major disturbance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/0378-1127(92)90008-W","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T.J., 1992, Resilience of a heavily logged grove of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in Kings Canyon National Park, California: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 54, no. 1-4, p. 115-140, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90008-W.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294508,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294507,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90008-W"}],"volume":"54","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54252ec8e4b0e641df8a7100","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J. 0000-0001-9696-4450 stohlgrent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4450","contributorId":2902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"stohlgrent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003133,"text":"1003133 - 1992 - Evaluating fishery rehabilitation under uncertainty: A bioeconomic analysis of quota management for the Green Bay yellow perch fishery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-28T16:35:38.383158","indexId":"1003133","displayToPublicDate":"1992-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating fishery rehabilitation under uncertainty: A bioeconomic analysis of quota management for the Green Bay yellow perch fishery","docAbstract":"The fishery for yellow perch Perca flavescens in Green Bay, Lake Michigan, is currently operating under a rehabilitation plan based on a commercial harvest quota. We developed a bioeconomic computer model that included links between population density and growth, recruitment, and fishing effort for this fishery. Random variability was included in the stock–recruitment relation and in a simulated population assessment. We used the model in an adaptive management framework to evaluate the effects of the rehabilitation plan on both commercial and sport fisheries and to search for ways to improve the plan. Results indicate that the current quota policy is a member of a set of policies that would meet most management goals and increase total value of the fishery. Sensitivity analyses indicate that this conclusion is robust over a wide range of biological conditions. We predict that commercial fishers will lose money relative to the baseline condition, but they may receive other benefits from the elimination of the common‐property nature of the fishery. The prospect exists for managing variability in harvest and stock size and for maximizing economic returns in the fishery, but more information is required, primarily on sportfishing effort dynamics and angler preferences. Stock‐recruitment relations, density dependence of growth, and dynamics of sportfishing effort are the primary sources of uncertainty limiting the precision of our predictions. The current quota policy is about as good as other policies at reducing this uncertainty and appears, overall, to be one of the best choices for this fishery. The analytical techniques used in this study were primarily simple, heuristic approaches that could be easily transferred to other studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1992)012<0703:EFRUUA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Johnson, B., Milliman, S., Bishop, R., and Kitchell, J., 1992, Evaluating fishery rehabilitation under uncertainty: A bioeconomic analysis of quota management for the Green Bay yellow perch fishery: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 12, no. 4, p. 703-720, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1992)012<0703:EFRUUA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"703","endPage":"720","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134350,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"Green Bay","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.03861528382518,\n 44.5806619990727\n ],\n [\n -88.03861528382518,\n 44.52036667216541\n ],\n [\n -87.93610890800826,\n 44.52036667216541\n ],\n [\n -87.93610890800826,\n 44.5806619990727\n ],\n [\n -88.03861528382518,\n 44.5806619990727\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb08a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Barry L.","contributorId":95009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Barry L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milliman, S.R.","contributorId":100809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milliman","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bishop, R.C.","contributorId":79439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bishop","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kitchell, J.F.","contributorId":33259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchell","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70138214,"text":"70138214 - 1992 - Modeling tidal exchange and dispersion in Boston Harbor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-13T14:06:41","indexId":"70138214","displayToPublicDate":"1992-10-15T14:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling tidal exchange and dispersion in Boston Harbor","docAbstract":"Tidal dispersion and the horizontal exchange of water between Boston Harbor and the surrounding ocean are examined with a high-resolution (200 m) depth-averaged numerical model. The strongly varying bathymetry and coastline geometry of the harbor generate complex spatial patterns in the modeled tidal currents which are verified by shipboard acoustic Doppler surveys. Lagrangian exchange experiments demonstrate that tidal currents rapidly exchange and mix material near the inlets of the harbor due to asymmetry in the ebb/flood response. This tidal mixing zone extends roughly a tidal excursion from the inlets and plays an important role in the overall flushing of the harbor. Because the tides can only efficiently mix material in this limited region, however, harbor flushing must be considered a two step process: rapid exchange in the tidal mixing zone, followed by flushing of the tidal mixing zone by nontidal residual currents. Estimates of embayment flushing based on tidal calculations alone therefore can significantly overestimate the flushing time that would be expected under typical environmental conditions. Particle-release simulations from point sources also demonstrate that while the tides efficiently exchange material in the vicinity of the inlets, the exact nature of dispersion from point sources is extremely sensitive to the timing and location of the release, and the distribution of particles is streaky and patchlike. This suggests that high-resolution modeling of dispersion from point sources in these regions must be performed explicitly and cannot be parameterized as a plume with Gaussian-spreading in a larger scale flow field.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.1029/92JC01429","usgsCitation":"Signell, R.P., and Butman, B., 1992, Modeling tidal exchange and dispersion in Boston Harbor: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 97, no. C10, p. 15591-15606, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC01429.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"15591","endPage":"15606","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297306,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"Boston","otherGeospatial":"Boston Harbor","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.08154296875,\n 42.220381783720605\n ],\n [\n -70.740966796875,\n 42.220381783720605\n ],\n [\n -70.740966796875,\n 42.435620156499795\n ],\n [\n -71.08154296875,\n 42.435620156499795\n ],\n [\n -71.08154296875,\n 42.220381783720605\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"97","issue":"C10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c00e4b08de9379b35d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Signell, Richard P. rsignell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"Richard","email":"rsignell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017109,"text":"70017109 - 1992 - Pliocene paleoclimatic interpretation of DSDP Site 580 (NW Pacific) using diatoms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-30T17:48:59.506214","indexId":"70017109","displayToPublicDate":"1992-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene paleoclimatic interpretation of DSDP Site 580 (NW Pacific) using diatoms","docAbstract":"High-resolution quantitative diatom data are tabulated for the early part of the late Pliocene (3.25 to 2.08 Ma) at DSDP Site 580 in the northwestern Pacific. Sample spacing averages 11 k.y. between 3.1 and 2.8 Ma, but increases to 14 to 19 k.y. prior to 3.1 Ma and after 2.8 Ma.Q-mode factor analysis of the middle Pliocene assemblage reveals four factors which explain 92.4% of the total variance of the 47 samples studied between 3.25 and 2.55 Ma. Three of the factors are closely related to modern subarctic, transitional, and subtropical elements, while the fourth factor, which is dominated by Coscinodiscus marginatus and the extinct Pliocene species Neodenticula kamtschatica, appears to correspond to a middle Pliocene precursor of the subarctic water mass.
Knowledge of the modern and generalized Pliocene paleoclimatic relationships of various diatom taxa is used to generate a paleoclimate curve (“Twt”) based on the ratio of warm-water (subtropical) to cold-water diatoms with warm-water transitional taxa (Thalassionema nitzschioides, Thalassiosira oestrupii, andCoscinodiscus radiatus) factored into the equation at an intermediate (0.5) value. The “Twt” ratios at more southerly DSDP Sites 579 and 578 are consistently higher (warmer) than those at Site 580 throughout the Pliocene, suggesting the validity of the ratio as a paleoclimatic index.
Diatom paleoclimatic data reveal a middle Pliocene (3.1 to 3.0 Ma) warm interval at Site 580 during which paleotemperatures may have exceeded maximum Holocene values by 3°–5.5°C at least three times. This middle Pliocene warm interval is also recognized by planktic foraminifers in the North Atlantic, and it appears to correspond with generalized depleted oxygen isotope values suggesting polar warming.
The diatom “Twt” curve for Site 580 compares fairly well with radiolarian and silicoflagellate paleoclimatic curves for Site 580, planktic foraminiferal sea-surface temperature estimates for the North Atlantic, and benthic oxygen isotope curves for late Pliocene, although higher resolution studies on paired samples are required to test the correspondence of these various paleoclimatic indices.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(92)90007-7","usgsCitation":"Barron, J.A., 1992, Pliocene paleoclimatic interpretation of DSDP Site 580 (NW Pacific) using diatoms: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 20, no. 1, p. 23-44, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(92)90007-7.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"44","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224869,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c71e4b0c8380cd799b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barron, John A.","contributorId":116559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barron","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003805,"text":"1003805 - 1992 - Estimation of wildlife population ratios incorporating survey design and visibility bias","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-02T17:23:23.348656","indexId":"1003805","displayToPublicDate":"1992-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of wildlife population ratios incorporating survey design and visibility bias","docAbstract":"Age and sex ratio statistics are often a key component of the evaluation and management of wildlife populations. These statistics are determined from counts of animals that are commonly plagued by errors associated with either survey design or visibility bias. We present age and sex ratio estimators that incorporate both these sources of error and include the typical situation that animals are sampled in groups. Aerial surveys of elk (Cervus elaphus) in northcentral Idaho illustrate that differential visibility of age or sex classes can produce biased ratio estimates. Visibility models may be used to provide corrected estimates of ratios and their variability that incorporates errors due to sampling, visibility bias, and visibility estimation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809465","usgsCitation":"Samuel, M., Steinhorst, R., Garton, E.O., and Unsworth, J.W., 1992, Estimation of wildlife population ratios incorporating survey design and visibility bias: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 56, no. 4, p. 718-725, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809465.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"718","endPage":"725","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131300,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"56","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb1bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Samuel, Michael D.","contributorId":206351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Samuel","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[{"id":7122,"text":"University of Wisconsin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":314358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steinhorst, R. Kirk","contributorId":56950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinhorst","given":"R. Kirk","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garton, Edward O.","contributorId":38850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garton","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Unsworth, James W.","contributorId":9615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unsworth","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185475,"text":"70185475 - 1992 - Modeling biotic uptake by periphyton and transient hyporrheic storage of nitrate in a natural stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-07T07:03:14","indexId":"70185475","displayToPublicDate":"1992-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling biotic uptake by periphyton and transient hyporrheic storage of nitrate in a natural stream","docAbstract":"To a convection-dispersion hydrologic transport model we coupled a transient storage submodel (Bencala, 1984) and a biotic uptake submodel based on Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Kim et al., 1990). Our purpose was threefold: (1) to simulate nitrate retention in response to change in load in a third-order stream, (2) to differentiate biotic versus hydrologie factors in nitrate retention, and (3) to produce a research tool whose properties are consistent with laboratory and field observations. Hydrodynamic parameters were fitted from chloride concentration during a 20-day chloride-nitrate coinjection (Bencala, 1984), and biotic uptake kinetics were based on flume studies by Kim et al. (1990) and Triska et al. (1983). Nitrate concentration from the 20-day coinjection experiment served as a base for model validation. The complete transport retention model reasonably predicted the observed nitrate concentration. However, simulations which lacked either the transient storage submodel or the biotic uptake submodel poorly predicted the observed nitrate concentration. Model simulations indicated that transient storage in channel and hyporrheic interstices dominated nitrate retention within the first 24 hours, whereas biotic uptake dominated thereafter. A sawtooth function for Vmax ranging from 0.10 to 0.17 μg NO3-N s−1 gAFDM−1 (grams ash free dry mass) slightly underpredicted nitrate retention in simulations of 2–7 days. This result was reasonable since uptake by other nitrate-demanding processes were not included. The model demonstrated how ecosystem retention is an interaction between physical and biotic processes and supports the validity of coupling separate hydrodynamic and reactive submodels to established solute transport models in biological studies of fluvial ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92WR01229","usgsCitation":"Kim, B.K., Jackman, A.P., and Triska, F.J., 1992, Modeling biotic uptake by periphyton and transient hyporrheic storage of nitrate in a natural stream: Water Resources Research, v. 28, no. 10, p. 2743-2752, https://doi.org/10.1029/92WR01229.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"2743","endPage":"2752","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Redwood National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.08096313476562,\n 41.3427935623111\n ],\n [\n -124.10842895507811,\n 41.235478485093836\n ],\n [\n -124.07546997070311,\n 41.21998578493921\n ],\n [\n -124.06997680664062,\n 41.17348566059416\n ],\n [\n -123.96217346191406,\n 41.08142149109681\n ],\n [\n -123.84475708007811,\n 41.12643528544449\n ],\n [\n -123.98208618164061,\n 41.23960925180692\n ],\n [\n -123.95805358886719,\n 41.33660710626423\n ],\n [\n -124.08096313476562,\n 41.3427935623111\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5fe4b0236b68f98f52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kim, Brian K.A.","contributorId":189684,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kim","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"K.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackman, Alan P.","contributorId":28239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Triska, Frank J.","contributorId":88781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185464,"text":"70185464 - 1992 - A geochemical transport model for redox-controlled movement of mineral fronts in groundwater flow systems: A case of nitrate removal by oxidation of pyrite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-01T09:43:24","indexId":"70185464","displayToPublicDate":"1992-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geochemical transport model for redox-controlled movement of mineral fronts in groundwater flow systems: A case of nitrate removal by oxidation of pyrite","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional prototype geochemical transport model was developed in order to handle simultaneous precipitation-dissolution and oxidation-reduction reactions governed by chemical equilibria. Total aqueous component concentrations are the primary dependent variables, and a sequential iterative approach is used for the calculation. The model was verified by analytical and numerical comparisons and is able to simulate sharp mineral fronts. At a site in Denmark, denitrification has been observed by oxidation of pyrite. Simulation of nitrate movement at this site showed a redox front movement rate of 0.58 m yr−1, which agreed with calculations of others. It appears that the sequential iterative approach is the most practical for extension to multidimensional simulation and for handling large numbers of components and reactions. However, slow convergence may limit the size of redox systems that can be handled.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92WR01264","usgsCitation":"Engesgaard, P., and Kipp, K.L., 1992, A geochemical transport model for redox-controlled movement of mineral fronts in groundwater flow systems: A case of nitrate removal by oxidation of pyrite: Water Resources Research, v. 28, no. 10, p. 2829-2843, https://doi.org/10.1029/92WR01264.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"2829","endPage":"2843","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5fe4b0236b68f98f54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engesgaard, Peter","contributorId":49044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engesgaard","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kipp, Kenneth L. klkipp@usgs.gov","contributorId":1633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kipp","given":"Kenneth","email":"klkipp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70127051,"text":"70127051 - 1992 - Wildlife species richness in shelterbelts: test of a habitat model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-15T16:20:12","indexId":"70127051","displayToPublicDate":"1992-09-01T14:06:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wildlife species richness in shelterbelts: test of a habitat model","docAbstract":"Shelterbelts are human-made habitats consisting of rows of shrubs and trees planted either in fields or on the windward side of farmstead dwellings. Shelterbelts provide wooded habitat for a large variety of birds and other wildlife. A model to predict wildlife species richness in shelterbelts (Schroeder 1986) was published as part of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model series (Schamberger et al. 1982). HSI models have been used extensively by wildlife managers and land use planners to assess habitat quality. Several HSI models have become the focus of a test program that includes analysis of field data for corroboration, refutation, or modification of model hypotheses. Previous tests of HSI models focused either on single species (e.g., Cook and Irwin 1985, Morton et al. 1989, Schroeder 1990) or examined portions of HSI models, such as the relationship between cavity abundance and tree diameter (Allen and Corn 1990). The shelterbelt model, however, assesses habitat value at the community level. The effects of habitat characteristics, area, and perimeter on diversity and abundance of bird and mammal species in shelterbelts were first studied by Yahner (1983a, b). Johnson and Beck (1988) confirmed the importance of shelterbelts to wildlife and identified area, perimeter, and diversity and complexity of vegetation as key measurements of habitat quality. The shelterbelt model incorporates both specific habitat variables and larger scale parameters, such as area and configuration, to predict wildlife species richness. This shift in perspective comes at a time of increasing interest in conservation and planning beyond the species levels (e.g., Graul and Miller 1984, Hutto et al. 1987, Schroeder 1987: 26).
We report results of a 3-year study of spatial and vegetative parameters and their relationship to breeding bird species richness (BSR) in 34 Kansas shelterbelts. Our objectives were to test the hypothesis presented in the original shelterbelt model (Schroeder 1986) that species richness can be predicted by shelterbelt characteristics and to investigate alternative models for predicting BSR in shelterbelts.
The use of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as an age‐dating tool and tracer in shallow groundwaters has been investigated. New methodology for field sampling and preserving groundwaters containing parts per trillion concentrations of the CFCs, F‐1l and F‐12, is presented. Samples are analyzed by purge‐and‐trap gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. Physical and chemical processes that can alter natural concentrations (air‐water equilibrium) of CFCs were investigated to assess dating uncertainties. CFC model recharge ages appear to be defined within 2 years under optimum conditions. The method was applied to central Oklahoma to demonstrate the usefulness of CFCs as (1) an age‐dating tool of shallow groundwaters, (2) a tracer of sewage effluent in surface and shallow groundwaters, and (3) a tracer of shallow groundwater. Results of dating indicate two primary recharge periods in central Oklahoma over the past 45 years that correspond to the wet periods 1945–1960 and 1967–1975.
Magellan has revealed an ensemble of impact craters on Venus that is unique in many important ways. We have compiled a data base describing the 842 craters on 89% of Venus' surface mapped through orbit 2578. (The craters range in diameter from 1.5 to 280 km.) We have studied the distribution, size‐density, morphology, geology, and associated surface properties of these craters both in the aggregate and, for some craters, in greater detail. We find that (1) the spatial distribution of craters is highly uniform; (2) the size‐density distribution of large craters (diameters ≥35 km) is similar to the young crater populations on other terrestrial planets but at a much lower density that indicates an average age of only about 0.5 Ga (based on the estimated population of Venus‐crossing asteroids); (3) unlike the case on other planets, the density of small craters (diameters ≤35 km) declines rapidly with decreasing diameters because of atmospheric filtering; (4) the spectrum of crater modification differs greatly from that on other planets: 62% of all craters are pristine, only 4% are embayed by lavas, and the remainder are affected by tectonism, but none are severely and progressively depleted (as extrapolated from the size‐density distribution of larger craters); (5) large craters have a progression of morphologies generally similar to those on other planets, but small craters are typically irregular or multiple rather than bowl shaped; (6) diffuse radar‐bright or ‐dark features surround some craters, and 367 similar diffuse “splotches” with no central crater are observed; and (7) other crater features unique to Venus include radar‐bright or ‐dark parabolic arcs opening westward and extensive outflows originating in crater ejecta. The first three of these observations are entirely unexpected. We interpret them as indicating that the planet's cratering record was erased by a global resurfacing event or events, the latest ending about 0.5 Ga, after which volcanic activity declined (but did not cease entirely). Since the last resurfacing event, a maximum of 10% of the planet has been resurfaced and only about 4% of the craters have been obliterated. Convective thermal evolution models support this interpretation (Arkani‐Hamed and Toksoz, 1984). Observations 3–7 confirm quantitatively the expectation that the dense atmosphere of Venus has strongly affected the production of craters. Large impactors have been relatively unaffected, intermediate‐sized ones have been fragmented and have produced overlapping or multiple craters, a narrow size range has produced shock‐induced “splotches” but no craters, and the smallest bodies have had no observable effect on the surface. The number of craters eliminated by the “atmospheric filter” is enormous, about 98% of the craters between 2 and 35 km in diameter that Magellan might have observed on a hypothetical airless Venus. Unique crater‐related features such as parabolas and outflow deposits demonstrate the roles of Venus' high atmospheric density and temperature in modifying the crater formation process. Finally, heavily fractured craters and lava‐embayed craters are found to have higher than average densities along the major fracture belts and rifted uplands connecting Aphrodite Terra and Atla, Beta, Themis, and Phoebe regiones. These craters thus provide physical evidence for recent volcanic and tectonic activity at a low level.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/92JE01246","usgsCitation":"Schaber, G.G., Strom, R., Moore, H., Soderblom, L.A., Kirk, R.L., Chadwick, D., Dawson, D., Gaddis, L., Boyce, J.M., and Russell, J.F., 1992, The geology and distribution of impact craters on Venus: What are they telling us?: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 97, no. E8, p. 13257-13301, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JE01246.","productDescription":"45 p.","startPage":"13257","endPage":"13301","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360207,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Venus","volume":"97","issue":"E8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c122c5be4b034bf6a856a31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strom, R.G.","contributorId":45744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strom","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":71962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":753945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":753946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chadwick, D.J.","contributorId":211390,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chadwick","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dawson, D.D.","contributorId":31180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gaddis, Lisa R. 0000-0001-9953-5483","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-5483","contributorId":93178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaddis","given":"Lisa R.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":753949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Boyce, J. M.","contributorId":85952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyce","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Russell, Joel F.","contributorId":80331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70204732,"text":"70204732 - 1992 - Alternate reproductive strategies in the California gull","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-12T12:45:46","indexId":"70204732","displayToPublicDate":"1992-08-12T12:40:34","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1603,"text":"Evolutionary Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alternate reproductive strategies in the California gull","docAbstract":"We analysed 6 years of reproduction data for 176 California gulls (Larus californicus) surviving from 1980 to 1988. Using a statistical model adapted from Rao's (1958) and Tucker's (1966) generalized growth curve analysis, we reconstructed the reproductive patterns of gulls aged from 0 to 26 years. Individuals were highly consistent in following one of two patterns of reproduction. In a primary pattern employed by most gulls, individuals skipped breeding less frequently and laid larger clutches as they aged. Clutch size increased to a plateau and remained at high levels throughout remaining life. In an alternate pattern employed by a smaller subset of the sample, clutch size also increased to a plateau. However, as a result of frequent skipping of breeding and smaller clutches, this plateau was considerably lower compared to that of gulls adopting the primary reproductive pattern. Data on fledging success from 1980 and 1984 were consistent with the finding of two reproductive patterns. Gulls adopting the alternate reproductive pattern produce fewer offspring per breeding attempt but survive longer than gulls adopting the primary pattern. The frequency of gulls employing the alternate pattern will increase with age relative to gulls employing the primary pattern. The alternate pattern, and not senescence, may explain why several cross-sectional studies on seabirds report declines among the oldest breeders in measures of clutch size, egg mass, hatching success, and fledging success.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02270965","usgsCitation":"Pugesek, B.H., and Wood, P., 1992, Alternate reproductive strategies in the California gull: Evolutionary Ecology, v. 6, no. 4, p. 279-295, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02270965.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"295","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Bamforth Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.75576782226562,\n 41.374232293915426\n ],\n [\n -105.72486877441406,\n 41.374232293915426\n ],\n [\n -105.72486877441406,\n 41.401020532631264\n ],\n [\n -105.75576782226562,\n 41.401020532631264\n ],\n [\n -105.75576782226562,\n 41.374232293915426\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pugesek, Bruce H.","contributorId":22668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pugesek","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, P.","contributorId":37857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70138207,"text":"70138207 - 1992 - Seismic constraints on the nature of lower crustal reflectors beneath the extending Southern Transition Zone of the Colorado Plateau, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-15T13:03:16","indexId":"70138207","displayToPublicDate":"1992-08-10T13:15:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic constraints on the nature of lower crustal reflectors beneath the extending Southern Transition Zone of the Colorado Plateau, Arizona","docAbstract":"We determine the reflection polarity and exploit variations in P and S wave reflectivity and P wave amplitude versus offset (AVO) to constrain the origin of lower crustal reflectivity observed on new three-component seismic data recorded across the structural transition of the Colorado Plateau. The near vertical incidence reflection data were collected by Stanford University in 1989 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Pacific to Arizona Crustal Experiment that traversed the Arizona Transition Zone of the Colorado Plateau. The results of independent waveform modeling methods are consistent with much of the lower crustal reflectivity resulting from thin, high-impedance layers. The reflection polarity of the cleanest lower crustal events is positive, which implies that these reflections result from high-velocity contrasts, and the waveform character indicates that the reflectors are probably layers less than or approximately equal to 200 m thick. The lower crustal events are generally less reflective to incident S waves than to P waves, which agrees with the predicted behavior of high-velocity mafic layering. Analysis of the P wave AVO character of lower crustal reflections demonstrates that the events maintain a constant amplitude with offset, which is most consistent with a mafic-layering model. One exception is a high-amplitude (10 dB above background) event near the base of lower crustal reflectivity which abruptly decreases in amplitude at increasing offsets. The event has a pronounced S wave response, which along with its negative AVO trend is a possible indication of the presence of fluids in the lower crust. The Arizona Transition Zone is an active but weakly extended province, which causes us to discard models of lower crustal layering resulting from shearing because of the high degree of strain required to create such layers. Instead, we favor horizontal basaltic intrusions as the primary origin of high-impedance reflectors based on (1) The fact that most xenoliths in eruptive basalts of the Transition Zone are of mafic igneous composition, (2) indications that a pulse of magmatic activity crossed the Transition Zone in the late Tertiary period, and (3) the high regional heat flow observed in the Transition Zone. The apparent presence of fluids near the base of the reflective zone may indicate a partially molten intrusion. We present a mechanism by which magma can be trapped and be induced to intrude horizontally at rheologic contrasts in extending crust.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.1029/92JB00947","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T.E., Howie, J.M., and Thompson, G.A., 1992, Seismic constraints on the nature of lower crustal reflectors beneath the extending Southern Transition Zone of the Colorado Plateau, Arizona: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 97, no. B9, p. 12391-12407, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JB00947.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"12391","endPage":"12407","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":297299,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297298,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/92JB00947/abstract"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","volume":"97","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c4ee4b08de9379b371a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0582-4338 tparsons@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0582-4338","contributorId":2314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Thomas","email":"tparsons@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howie, John M.","contributorId":138754,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howie","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, George A.","contributorId":94288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017153,"text":"70017153 - 1992 - Post-rifting stress relaxation at the divergent plate boundary in northeast Iceland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-28T15:54:28.38817","indexId":"70017153","displayToPublicDate":"1992-08-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Post-rifting stress relaxation at the divergent plate boundary in northeast Iceland","docAbstract":"Interaction of the elastic lithosphere with the underlying anelastic asthenosphere causes strain to propagate along the Earth's surface in a diffusion-like manner following tectonism at plate boundaries. This process transfers stress between adjacent tectonic segments and influences the temporal tectonic pattern along a plate boundary. Observations of such strain transients have been rare, and have hitherto been confined to strike-slip and underthrusting plate boundaries1. Here we report the observation of a strain transient at the divergent (spreading) plate boundary in Iceland. A Global Positioning System survey undertaken a decade after an episode of dyke intrusion accompanying several metres of crustal spreading reveals a spatially varying strain field with the expected diffusion-pulse shape and an amplitude three times greater than the 5.7 cm that would be expected from the average spreading rate2. A simple one-dimensional model with a thin elastic layer overlying a viscous layer fits the data well and yields a stress diffusivity of 1.1 á±0.3 m2s−1. Combined with struc-tural information from magnetotelluric measurements, this implies a viscosity of 0.3−2 × 1019 Pa s—a value comparable to that derived for Iceland from post-glacial rebound23, but low compared with estimates for mantle viscosity obtained elsewhere3.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/358488a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Foulger, G., Jahn, C., Seeber, G., Einarsson, P., Julian, B., and Heki, K., 1992, Post-rifting stress relaxation at the divergent plate boundary in northeast Iceland: Nature, v. 358, no. 6386, p. 488-490, https://doi.org/10.1038/358488a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"488","endPage":"490","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490159,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1604097","text":"External Repository"},{"id":224870,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -17.577177248035213,\n 66.5361267635312\n ],\n [\n -17.577177248035213,\n 65.49050590935727\n ],\n [\n -14.061791332678666,\n 65.49050590935727\n ],\n [\n -14.061791332678666,\n 66.5361267635312\n ],\n [\n -17.577177248035213,\n 66.5361267635312\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"358","issue":"6386","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e6fe4b0c8380cd7a53e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jahn, C.-H.","contributorId":91995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jahn","given":"C.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seeber, G.","contributorId":61573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seeber","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Einarsson, P.","contributorId":96018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Einarsson","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Heki, K.","contributorId":96838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heki","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185483,"text":"70185483 - 1992 - Relation of nickel concentrations in tree rings to groundwater contamination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-19T09:27:42","indexId":"70185483","displayToPublicDate":"1992-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relation of nickel concentrations in tree rings to groundwater contamination","docAbstract":"Increment cores were collected from trees growing at two sites where groundwater is contaminated by nickel. Proton-induced X ray emission spectroscopy was used to determine the nickel concentrations in selected individual rings and in parts of individual rings. Ring nickel concentrations were interpreted on the basis of recent concentrations of nickel in aquifers, historical information about site use activities, and model simulations of groundwater flow. Nickel concentrations in rings increased during years of site use but not in trees outside the contaminated aquifers. Consequently, it was concluded that trees may preserve in their rings an annual record of nickel contamination in groundwater. Tulip trees and oaks contained higher concentrations of nickel than did sassafras, sweet gum, or black cherry. No evidence was found that nickel accumulates consistently within parts of individual rings or that nickel is translocated across ring boundaries.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92WR00731","usgsCitation":"Yanosky, T.M., and Vroblesky, D.A., 1992, Relation of nickel concentrations in tree rings to groundwater contamination: Water Resources Research, v. 28, no. 8, p. 2077-2083, https://doi.org/10.1029/92WR00731.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"2077","endPage":"2083","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338076,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5fe4b0236b68f98f58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yanosky, Thomas M.","contributorId":40589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yanosky","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vroblesky, Don A. vroblesk@usgs.gov","contributorId":413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"Don","email":"vroblesk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185473,"text":"70185473 - 1992 - Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 3. Hydraulic conductivity variability and calculated macrodispersivities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-14T06:42:49","indexId":"70185473","displayToPublicDate":"1992-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 3. Hydraulic conductivity variability and calculated macrodispersivities","docAbstract":"Hydraulic conductivity (K) variability in a sand and gravel aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, was measured and subsequently used in stochastic transport theories to estimate macrodispersivities. Nearly 1500 K measurements were obtained by borehole flowmeter tests and permeameter analyses of cores. The geometric mean for the flowmeter tests (0.11 cm/s) is similar to that estimated from other field tests. The mean for the permeameter tests (0.035 cm/s) is significantly lower, possibly because of compaction of the cores. The variance for the flowmeter (0.24) is also greater than that for the permeameter (0.14). Geostatistical analyses applying negative exponential models with and without nuggets reveal similar spatial correlation structures for the two data sets. Estimated correlation scales range from 2.9 to 8 m in the horizontal and from 0.18 to 0.38 m in the vertical. Estimates of asymptotic longitudinal dispersivity (b.35–0.78 m) are similar in magnitude to that observed in the natural gradient tracer test (0.96 m) previously conducted at this site.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92WR00668","usgsCitation":"Hess, K.M., Wolf, S.H., and Celia, M.A., 1992, Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 3. Hydraulic conductivity variability and calculated macrodispersivities: Water Resources Research, v. 28, no. 8, p. 2011-2027, https://doi.org/10.1029/92WR00668.","productDescription":"17 p. ","startPage":"2011","endPage":"2027","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338062,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Otis Air National Guard Base ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.565185546875,\n 41.62750490530729\n ],\n [\n -70.47557830810547,\n 41.62750490530729\n ],\n [\n -70.47557830810547,\n 41.69214238294329\n ],\n [\n -70.565185546875,\n 41.69214238294329\n ],\n [\n -70.565185546875,\n 41.62750490530729\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5fe4b0236b68f98f5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, Kathryn M.","contributorId":49012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolf, Steven H.","contributorId":189682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolf","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Celia, Michael A.","contributorId":189683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Celia","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70073369,"text":"70073369 - 1992 - Precipitation estimation in mountainous terrain using multivariate geostatistics. Part I: structural analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-16T14:03:11","indexId":"70073369","displayToPublicDate":"1992-07-01T13:59:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2168,"text":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precipitation estimation in mountainous terrain using multivariate geostatistics. Part I: structural analysis","docAbstract":"Values of average annual precipitation (AAP) are desired for hydrologic studies within a watershed containing Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a potential site for a high-level nuclear-waste repository. Reliable values of AAP are not yet available for most areas within this watershed because of a sparsity of precipitation measurements and the need to obtain measurements over a sufficient length of time. To estimate AAP over the entire watershed, historical precipitation data and station elevations were obtained from a network of 62 stations in southern Nevada and southeastern California. Multivariate geostatistics (cokriging) was selected as an estimation method because of a significant (p = 0.05) correlation of r = .75 between the natural log of AAP and station elevation. A sample direct variogram for the transformed variable, TAAP = ln [(AAP) 1000], was fitted with an isotropic, spherical model defined by a small nugget value of 5000, a range of 190 000 ft, and a sill value equal to the sample variance of 163 151. Elevations for 1531 additional locations were obtained from topographic maps to improve the accuracy of cokriged estimates. A sample direct variogram for elevation was fitted with an isotropic model consisting of a nugget value of 5500 and three nested transition structures: a Gaussian structure with a range of 61 000 ft, a spherical structure with a range of 70 000 ft, and a quasi-stationary, linear structure. The use of an isotropic, stationary model for elevation was considered valid within a sliding-neighborhood radius of 120 000 ft. The problem of fitting a positive-definite, nonlinear model of coregionalization to an inconsistent sample cross variogram for TAAP and elevation was solved by a modified use of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. A selected cross-variogram model consisted of two nested structures: a Gaussian structure with a range of 61 000 ft and a spherical structure with a range of 190 000 ft. Cross validation was used for model selection and for comparing the geostatistical model with six alternate estimation methods. Multivariate geostatistics provided the best cross-validation results.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA","doi":"10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<0661:PEIMTU>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hevesi, J.A., Istok, J.D., and Flint, A.L., 1992, Precipitation estimation in mountainous terrain using multivariate geostatistics. Part I: structural analysis: Journal of Applied Meteorology, v. 31, no. 7, p. 661-676, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<0661:PEIMTU>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"661","endPage":"676","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<0661:peimtu>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":281195,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281194,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<0661:PEIMTU>2.0.CO;2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.7402,35.1918 ], [ -118.7402,39.0021 ], [ -113.9063,39.0021 ], [ -113.9063,35.1918 ], [ -118.7402,35.1918 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"31","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6c53e4b0b290851047b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hevesi, Joseph A. 0000-0003-2898-1800 jhevesi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2898-1800","contributorId":1507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hevesi","given":"Joseph","email":"jhevesi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Istok, Jonathan D.","contributorId":35468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Istok","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70073361,"text":"70073361 - 1992 - Precipitation estimation in mountainous terrain using multivariate geostatistics. Part II: isohyetal maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T10:40:33","indexId":"70073361","displayToPublicDate":"1992-07-01T13:30:56","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2168,"text":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precipitation estimation in mountainous terrain using multivariate geostatistics. Part II: isohyetal maps","docAbstract":"Values of average annual precipitation (AAP) may be important for hydrologic characterization of a potential high-level nuclear-waste repository site at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Reliable measurements of AAP are sparse in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, and estimates of AAP were needed for an isohyetal mapping over a 2600-square-mile watershed containing Yucca Mountain. Estimates were obtained with a multivariate geostatistical model developed using AAP and elevation data from a network of 42 precipitation stations in southern Nevada and southeastern California. An additional 1531 elevations were obtained to improve estimation accuracy. Isohyets representing estimates obtained using univariate geostatistics (kriging) defined a smooth and continuous surface. Isohyets representing estimates obtained using multivariate geostatistics (cokriging) defined an irregular surface that more accurately represented expected local orographic influences on AAP. Cokriging results included a maximum estimate within the study area of 335 mm at an elevation of 7400 ft, an average estimate of 157 mm for the study area, and an average estimate of 172 mm at eight locations in the vicinity of the potential repository site. Kriging estimates tended to be lower in comparison because the increased AAP expected for remote mountainous topography was not adequately represented by the available sample. Regression results between cokriging estimates and elevation were similar to regression results between measured AAP and elevation. The position of the cokriging 250-mm isohyet relative to the boundaries of pinyon pine and juniper woodlands provided indirect evidence of improved estimation accuracy because the cokriging result agreed well with investigations by others concerning the relationship between elevation, vegetation, and climate in the Great Basin. Calculated estimation variances were also mapped and compared to evaluate improvements in estimation accuracy. Cokriging estimation variances were reduced by an average of 54% relative to kriging variances within the study area. Cokriging reduced estimation variances at the potential repository site by 55% relative to kriging. The usefulness of an existing network of stations for measuring AAP within the study area was evaluated using cokriging variances, and twenty additional stations were located for the purpose of improving the accuracy of future isohyetal mappings. Using the expanded network of stations, the maximum cokriging estimation variance within the study area was reduced by 78% relative to the existing network, and the average estimation variance was reduced by 52%.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA","doi":"10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<0677:PEIMTU>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hevesi, J.A., Flint, A.L., and Istok, J.D., 1992, Precipitation estimation in mountainous terrain using multivariate geostatistics. Part II: isohyetal maps: Journal of Applied Meteorology, v. 31, no. 7, p. 677-688, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<0677:PEIMTU>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"677","endPage":"688","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<0677:peimtu>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":281189,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<0677:PEIMTU>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":281192,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.7402,35.1918 ], [ -118.7402,39.0021 ], [ -113.9063,39.0021 ], [ -113.9063,35.1918 ], [ -118.7402,35.1918 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"31","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6c53e4b0b290851047b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hevesi, Joseph A. 0000-0003-2898-1800 jhevesi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2898-1800","contributorId":1507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hevesi","given":"Joseph","email":"jhevesi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Istok, Jonathan D.","contributorId":35468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Istok","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70127011,"text":"70127011 - 1992 - Habitat characteristics at marten subnivean access sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-15T14:38:50","indexId":"70127011","displayToPublicDate":"1992-07-01T12:57:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat characteristics at marten subnivean access sites","docAbstract":"The occurrence of coarse woody debris (CWD) at sites of subnivean (under snow) access by martens (Martes americana) has not been quantified adequately, and must be better understood to provide suitable winter habitat management for the species. Consequently, we studied subnivean activity of martens in a subalpine forest in southern Wyoming to determine how subnivean space was accessed, and to examine microhabitat characteristics around entry sites. Martens used existing openings in snow, created primarily by logs at low snow depths and by small live spruce and fir trees at greater snow depths. Sites of marten subnivean entry had greater percent cover (P ≤ 0.01) and total volume of CWD (P ≤ 0.01), greater numbers of log layers (all P ≤ 0.02), greater volume of undecayed (P ≤ 0.05) and moderately decayed logs (P ≤ 0.02), less volume of very decayed logs (P ≤ 0.001), and fewer small root masses (P ≤ 0.001) than surrounding forest stands. Provision of sufficient CWD in winter habitat of martens may require specific effort, particularly in managed forests of the central Rocky Mountains.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2307/3808856","usgsCitation":"Corn, J.G., and Raphael, M.G., 1992, Habitat characteristics at marten subnivean access sites: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 56, no. 3, p. 442-448, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808856.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"442","endPage":"448","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294526,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294525,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3808856"}],"volume":"56","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54252eb7e4b0e641df8a7018","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Corn, Janelle G.","contributorId":46430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corn","given":"Janelle","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raphael, Martin G.","contributorId":31322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raphael","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226728,"text":"70226728 - 1992 - Structure of the Reelfoot rift as interpreted from 2-D magnetotelluric models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-07T17:53:53.278931","indexId":"70226728","displayToPublicDate":"1992-07-01T11:39:12","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure of the Reelfoot rift as interpreted from 2-D magnetotelluric models","docAbstract":"The results of magnetotelluric (MT) surveys reveal structures associated with the Reelfoot rift, including an axial high-resistivity structure that may be related to intrusions in the central part of the rift or to a previously unrecognized horst. The axis of this resistivity high generally follows the central part of the Reelfoot rift, but its orientation is offset several degrees from the enigmatic Blytheville arch. The MT structural high follows the main part of a northeast-trending seismicity belt, but in the New Madrid, Missouri area electrical structures are more complicated. In this northern part of the study area, the strike of resistivity structures determined from the MT data indicate a nearly north-south direction, rather than the N45°E direction indicated for most of the data. If the axial high-resistivity structure represents a horst, then it may form an interior divide between thick shale basins. Faults bounding the proposed horst may be a controlling factor for the northeast trending seismic zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.63.3.223","usgsCitation":"Stanley, W., and Rodriguez, B.D., 1992, Structure of the Reelfoot rift as interpreted from 2-D magnetotelluric models: Seismological Research Letters, v. 63, no. 3, p. 223-232, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.63.3.223.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"232","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392580,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Reelfoot rift-New Madrid region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -91,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -91,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1992-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, William D.","contributorId":23274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"William D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez, Brian D. 0000-0002-2263-611X brod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2263-611X","contributorId":836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Brian","email":"brod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}