No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1992.tb01543.x","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., 1992, Discussion of \"The modeling process and model validation\" by Chin-Fu Tsang: Groundwater, v. 30, no. 4, p. 622-623, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1992.tb01543.x.","productDescription":"2 p. ","startPage":"622","endPage":"623","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338066,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5fe4b0236b68f98f5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186743,"text":"70186743 - 1992 - Fat fractal scaling of drainage networks from a random spatial network model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-01T09:38:58","indexId":"70186743","displayToPublicDate":"1992-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fat fractal scaling of drainage networks from a random spatial network model","docAbstract":"An alternative quantification of the scaling properties of river channel networks is explored using a spatial network model. Whereas scaling descriptions of drainage networks previously have been presented using a fractal analysis primarily of the channel lengths, we illustrate the scaling of the surface area of the channels defining the network pattern with an exponent which is independent of the fractal dimension but not of the fractal nature of the network. The methodology presented is a fat fractal analysis in which the drainage basin minus the channel area is considered the fat fractal. Random channel networks within a fixed basin area are generated on grids of different scales. The sample channel networks generated by the model have a common outlet of fixed width and a rule of upstream channel narrowing specified by a diameter branching exponent using hydraulic and geomorphologic principles. Scaling exponents are computed for each sample network on a given grid size and are regressed against network magnitude. Results indicate that the size of the exponents are related to magnitude of the networks and generally decrease as network magnitude increases. Cases showing differences in scaling exponents with like magnitudes suggest a direction of future work regarding other topologic basin characteristics as potential explanatory variables.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92WR00805","usgsCitation":"Karlinger, M.R., and Troutman, B., 1992, Fat fractal scaling of drainage networks from a random spatial network model: Water Resources Research, v. 28, no. 7, p. 1975-1981, https://doi.org/10.1029/92WR00805.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"1975","endPage":"1981","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339481,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a553e4b09da6799d6412","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karlinger, Michael R.","contributorId":10777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troutman, Brent M.","contributorId":41040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troutman","given":"Brent M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185468,"text":"70185468 - 1992 - Solute transport with multiple equilibrium-controlled or kinetically controlled chemical reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-20T15:25:10.396263","indexId":"70185468","displayToPublicDate":"1992-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solute transport with multiple equilibrium-controlled or kinetically controlled chemical reactions","docAbstract":"A new approach is applied to the problem of modeling solute transport accompanied by many chemical reactions. The approach, based on concepts of the concentration space and its stoichiometric subspaces, uses elements of the subspaces as primary dependent variables. It is shown that the resulting model equations are compact in form, isolate the chemical reaction expressions from flow expressions, and can be used for either equilibrium or kinetically controlled reactions. The implications of the results on numerical algorithms for solving the equations are discussed. The application of the theory is illustrated throughout with examples involving a simple but broadly representative set of reactions previously considered in the literature. Numerical results are presented for four interconnected reactions: a homogeneous complexation reaction, two sorption reactions, and a dissolution/precipitation reaction. Three cases are considered: (1) four kinetically controlled reactions, (2) four equilibrium-controlled reactions, and (3) a system with two kinetically controlled reactions and two equilibrium-controlled reactions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92WR00699","usgsCitation":"Friedly, J.C., and Rubin, J., 1992, Solute transport with multiple equilibrium-controlled or kinetically controlled chemical reactions: Water Resources Research, v. 28, no. 7, p. 1935-1953, https://doi.org/10.1029/92WR00699.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1935","endPage":"1953","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338057,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d60e4b0236b68f98f5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedly, John C.","contributorId":189678,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Friedly","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, Jacob","contributorId":23918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"Jacob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014684,"text":"1014684 - 1992 - Larval American shad: Effects of age and group size on swimming and feeding behavior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-06T16:14:37.419906","indexId":"1014684","displayToPublicDate":"1992-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Larval American shad: Effects of age and group size on swimming and feeding behavior","docAbstract":"We analyzed the behavior of 3–4‐d‐old prolarval and 28–33‐d‐old metalarval American shad Alosa sapidissima in groups of 3–1,000 fish per 22‐L glass tank, to determine whether (1) previously described juvenile behavior patterns first develop in larvae, (2) group size or density alters the behavior of larvae, and (3) schooling or other forms of cohesive behavior develop in larvae to promote social interactions. Twelve discrete behaviors or modal action patterns (MAPS) oflarvae were observed at all group sizes; halfthese patterns are unique to larval stages. Conversely, larvae do not develop five previously described juvenile MAPS. Stereotyped metalarval feeding sequences were absent or poorly developed in prolarvae. Group size was directly related to duration of free swimming in water column (metalarvae only) and to frequencies of “proximity to another fish” (all larvae), “contact another fish” (all larvae), and “escape or flee” (all larvae). Age or larval stage significantly affected all swimming‐related activities and three feeding behaviors. Larvae foraged and fed independently of one another and used MAPs typical of other larval fishes (“fixate,” “sigmoid,” “lunge,” and “capture”). With one exception (a direct relationship between frequency of food capture and metalarval size), group size and individual size did not significantly affect larval feeding success. Neither schooling nor forms of behavior leading to coordinated group swimming were observed at either larval stage. Larval behavior differed from juvenile behavior in a way that suggests survival in riverine habitats is promoted by behavior that disperses larvae and enables them to function nonsocially.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0508:LASEOA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ross, R.M., and Backman, T.W., 1992, Larval American shad: Effects of age and group size on swimming and feeding behavior: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 121, no. 4, p. 508-516, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0508:LASEOA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"508","endPage":"516","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129951,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8df7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, R. M.","contributorId":39311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Backman, T. W. H.","contributorId":84307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Backman","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222878,"text":"5222878 - 1992 - Annual survival rates of adult and immature eastern population tundra swans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-02T17:39:00.786106","indexId":"5222878","displayToPublicDate":"1992-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual survival rates of adult and immature eastern population tundra swans","docAbstract":"Tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus) of the eastern population were neckbanded in Maryland, North Carolina, and Alaska from 1966 through 1990. These swans were resighted and recaptured during autumn, winter, and spring, 1966-1990. Although the original motivation for this study involved swan movements, we wanted to use the resulting data to test hypotheses about sources of variation in swan survival rates. Recaptures of legbanded and neckbanded swans permitted us to estimate neckband loss rates, which were found to vary with age and sex of swans, and number of years since initial application. Estimates of annual neckband retention rate ranged from about 0.50 for adult male swans ≥ 2 years after initial neckbanding to > 0.96 for immature swans and adult females the first year following neckbanding. This variation in neckband loss rates prevented the simple correction of survival estimates to account for such loss. Consequently, we developed a series of multinomial models parameterized with survival, sighting, and neckband retention probabilities for use with the recapture and resighting data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808863","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., Bart, J., Limpert, R.J., Sladen, W.J., and Hines, J., 1992, Annual survival rates of adult and immature eastern population tundra swans: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 56, no. 3, p. 485-494, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808863.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"485","endPage":"494","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196253,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, Maryland, North 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\"}}]}","volume":"56","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bb5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, James D. jnichols@usgs.gov","contributorId":139087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bart, J.","contributorId":76272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Limpert, Roland J.","contributorId":30314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Limpert","given":"Roland","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sladen, William J.L.","contributorId":85676,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sladen","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70243290,"text":"70243290 - 1992 - Microcrack interaction leading to shear fracture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-05T15:57:54.531218","indexId":"70243290","displayToPublicDate":"1992-06-03T10:47:40","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Microcrack interaction leading to shear fracture","docAbstract":"In this paper we draw upon recent laboratory results concerning the nucleation and growth of shear fractures in brittle rock. In homogeneous, crystalline rock such as granite, fault nucleation occurs rapidly and with only subtle changes in precursory microcrack patterns. Once nucleated, the fault grows rapidly, restricting microcrack damage to a small region near the advancing fracture front. Observations of acoustic emission locations during fault nucleation and growth combined with determinations of microcrack densities in the fractured samples have led to a conceptual model in which brittle fracture is controlled by microcrack interactions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"33rd U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"33rd U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics","conferenceDate":"June 3-5, 1992","conferenceLocation":"Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States","language":"English","publisher":"American Rock Mechanics Association","usgsCitation":"Lockner, D.A., Moore, D.E., and Reches, Z., 1992, Microcrack interaction leading to shear fracture, in 33rd U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States, June 3-5, 1992, p. 807-816.","productDescription":"ARMA-92-0807, 10 p.","startPage":"807","endPage":"816","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416774,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":416773,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onepetro.org/ARMAUSRMS/proceedings-abstract/ARMA92/All-ARMA92/ARMA-92-0807/130538"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockner, David A. 0000-0001-8630-6833 dlockner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"David","email":"dlockner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Diane E. 0000-0002-8641-1075 dmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8641-1075","contributorId":2704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Diane","email":"dmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reches, Ze’ev","contributorId":173978,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reches","given":"Ze’ev","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7062,"text":"University of Oklahoma","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":871869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185469,"text":"70185469 - 1992 - Reply to Dr. Stoesselfs comment on “Reaction paths and equilibrium end-points in solid-solution aqueous-solution systems”","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-15T06:28:48","indexId":"70185469","displayToPublicDate":"1992-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reply to Dr. Stoesselfs comment on “Reaction paths and equilibrium end-points in solid-solution aqueous-solution systems”","docAbstract":"In reply to the Critical Comment of R. K. Stoessell (this issue), limiting activity coefficients of bromide in halite (γNaBr) have been calculated by least-squares fitting of Simons et al.'s (1952) bromide distribution coefficient data for the Na(Cl,Br)-NaOH-H2O system at 35°C. Regular and subregular solidsolution model fits give γNaBr = 7.4 and γNaBr = 8.8, respectively. The Br contents of halite at equilibrium with seawater at initial halite saturation, calculated from the regular and subregular fits, are 17 ppm and 14 ppm, respectively. A survey of literature data for trace bromide in halite shows a wide spread in distribution coefficients, with lower values (DBr≈ 0.01) reported by Bloch and Schnerb (1953), Puchelt et al. (1972), and Lutz (1975), and higher values (DBr− ≈ 0.03) reported by Braitsch and Herrmann (1963), Kühn (1968), Herrmann (1972), Herrmann (1980), Mccaffrey et al. (1987), valiashko et al. (1976), Valiashko and Lavrova (1976), and Fontes (pers. commun., 1990). The measurement of stoichiometric saturation states for halite (or sylvite) with trace bromide mole-fractions is not practical, given the insensitivity of the measured solubilities on the bromide mole-fractions. Distribution coefficient measurements, with proof of thermodynamic equilibrium, need to be obtained instead, to conclusively determine the thermodynamic-mixing properties of both Na(Cl,Br) and K(Cl,Br) solidsolution series at very low mole-fractions of bromide. The applicability of the stoichiometric saturation concept to the interpretation of precipitation processes is questionable, primarily because the concept requires solid-solutions to behave as one-component solids with fixed composition. Lippmann diagrams are useful in depicting stoichiometric saturation, endmember saturation, and thermodynamic equilibrium states in binary-solid-solution aqueous-solution systems. Lippmann diagrams can contribute a better understanding of these systems, regardless of the concentration of the endmember components.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(92)90210-A","usgsCitation":"Glynn, P.D., Reardon, E.J., Plummer, N., and Busenberg, E., 1992, Reply to Dr. Stoesselfs comment on “Reaction paths and equilibrium end-points in solid-solution aqueous-solution systems”: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, no. 6, p. 2559-2572, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90210-A.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"2559","endPage":"2572","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338059,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d60e4b0236b68f98f62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glynn, Pierre D. 0000-0001-8804-7003 pglynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8804-7003","contributorId":2141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"Pierre","email":"pglynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reardon, Eric J.","contributorId":189679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reardon","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70209224,"text":"70209224 - 1992 - Seismicity and geometry of a 110‐km‐long blind thrust fault 1. The 1985 Kettleman Hills, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-24T14:39:52","indexId":"70209224","displayToPublicDate":"1992-04-24T14:36:09","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity and geometry of a 110‐km‐long blind thrust fault 1. The 1985 Kettleman Hills, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"The August 4, 1985, Kettleman Hills earthquake was the third in a sequence of moderate shocks to occur beneath the northern half of a 110‐km‐long fold chain bounding the eastern California Coast Ranges. The 1982 MW =5.4 New Idria, 1983 MW=6.5 Coalinga, and 1985 MW=6.1 Kettleman Hills events define a southward progression of seismic activity beneath the fold. We use teleseismic waveforms, geodetic modeling, hypocenters relocated in a three‐dimensional velocity model, and subsurface structural data to investigate the Kettleman Hills earthquake. The main shock results from motion on a shallowly dipping thrust fault buried at ∼10 km depth. Aftershocks and coseismic fault slip extend 20 km along the fold axis, nearly the full extent of the Kettleman Hills North Dome anticline. Aftershocks occur primarily several kilometers in front of the fault tip and in the core of the anticline. The main shock and several foreshocks occurred at a 2‐km right step in the Quaternary fold axis, which also corresponds to the southern end of the 1983 Coalinga and northern end of the 1985 Kettleman Hills aftershock zones. From this we infer that the step in the fold is caused by an offset or tear in the underlying fault. The scalar seismic moment is 1.6 × 1018 N m, consistent with the geodetic deformation, and the duration of rupture is 16 s, 3–4 times greater than for the average earthquake with this scalar moment. The slow rate of moment release provides an explanation for the low level of ground shaking and low local magnitude reported for the event. The peak of the geodetic uplift is located 5 km perpendicular to the Quaternary fold axis. We argue that the fault is propagating northeast into the undeformed San Joaquin Valley sediments and that the overlying fold is growing at about 0.5 mm/yr.
The precise depths at which seismic velocities change abruptly in the upper mantle are revealed by the analysis of data from hundreds of seismometers across the western United States. The boundary near 410km depth is locally elevated, that near 660 km depressed. The depths of these boundaries, which mark phase transitions, provide an in situ thermometer in subduction zones: the observed temperature contrasts require at least moderate thickening of the subducting slab near 660 km depth. In addition, a reflector near 210 km depth may mark the bottom of the aesthenosphere.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/356678a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Vidale, J., and Benz, H., 1992, Upper-mantle seismic discontinuities and the thermal structure of subduction zones: Nature, v. 356, no. 6371, p. 678-683, https://doi.org/10.1038/356678a0.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"678","endPage":"683","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225008,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"western United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.36869637340735,\n 48.413032537596195\n ],\n [\n -125.29911268797794,\n 41.11491377848892\n ],\n [\n -121.40031814461551,\n 33.374821128089636\n ],\n [\n -116.76076120152946,\n 32.551989908787775\n ],\n [\n -114.76728850242901,\n 32.725439810480694\n ],\n [\n -114.75048181401462,\n 36.08854709516457\n ],\n [\n -113.82859359060642,\n 36.99683654108074\n ],\n [\n -109.0496277671518,\n 37.02333772149764\n ],\n [\n -109.35242530043915,\n 40.816361364017084\n ],\n [\n -109.25789307600888,\n 44.95249552308317\n ],\n [\n -110.8911688249915,\n 45.02373945578691\n ],\n [\n -112.43308026957538,\n 44.31619489761466\n ],\n [\n -114.38444872302797,\n 46.351088261090695\n ],\n [\n -115.8936268298238,\n 47.80914878625768\n ],\n [\n -115.87356430141088,\n 49.00625118514165\n ],\n [\n -122.5158099990246,\n 49.04828674401989\n ],\n [\n -125.36869637340735,\n 48.413032537596195\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"356","issue":"6371","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd65e4b08c986b328fd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vidale, J.E.","contributorId":55849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidale","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benz, H.M.","contributorId":21594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017173,"text":"70017173 - 1992 - Revised budget for the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-28T16:13:46.716677","indexId":"70017173","displayToPublicDate":"1992-04-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Revised budget for the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide","docAbstract":"Tracer-calibrated models of the total uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the world's oceans give estimates of about 2 gigatonnes carbon per year1, significantly larger than a recent estimate2 of 0.3-0.8 Gt C yr-1 for the synoptic air-to-sea CO2 influx. Although both estimates require that the global CO2 budget must be balanced by a large unknown terrestrial sink, the latter estimate implies a much larger terrestrial sink, and challenges the ocean model calculations on which previous CO2 budgets were based. The discrepancy is due in part to the net flux of carbon to the ocean by rivers and rain, which must be added to the synoptic air-to-sea CO2 flux to obtain the total oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2. Here we estimate the magnitude of this correction and of several other recently proposed adjustments to the synoptic air-sea CO2 exchange. These combined adjustments minimize the apparent inconsistency, and restore estimates of the terrestrial sink to values implied by the modelled oceanic uptake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/356589a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Sarmiento, J., and Sundquist, E., 1992, Revised budget for the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide: Nature, v. 356, no. 6370, p. 589-593, https://doi.org/10.1038/356589a0.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"589","endPage":"593","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225157,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"356","issue":"6370","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aacb4e4b0c8380cd86daf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sarmiento, J.L.","contributorId":8232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarmiento","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sundquist, E.T.","contributorId":13990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundquist","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70138187,"text":"70138187 - 1992 - A model for the generation of two-dimensional surf beat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-15T17:35:43","indexId":"70138187","displayToPublicDate":"1992-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model for the generation of two-dimensional surf beat","docAbstract":"A finite difference model predicting group-forced long waves in the nearshore is constructed with two interacting parts: an incident wave model providing time-varying radiation stress gradients across the nearshore, and a long-wave model which solves the equations of motion for the forcing imposed by the incident waves. Both shallow water group-bound long waves and long waves generated by a time-varying breakpoint are simulated. Model-generated time series are used to calculate the cross correlation between wave groups and long waves through the surf zone. The cross-correlation signal first observed by Tucker (1950) is well predicted. For the first time, this signal is decomposed into the contributions from the two mechanisms of leaky mode forcing. Results show that the cross-correlation signal can be explained by bound long waves which are amplified, though strongly modified, through the surf zone before reflection from the shoreline. The breakpoint-forced long waves are added to the bound long waves at a phase of pi/2 and are a secondary contribution owing to their relatively small size.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.1029/91JC03147","usgsCitation":"List, J., 1992, A model for the generation of two-dimensional surf beat: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 97, p. 5623-5635, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JC03147.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"5623","endPage":"5635","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297284,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b1ce4b08de9379b324e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"List, Jeffrey H. jlist@usgs.gov","contributorId":2416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"Jeffrey H.","email":"jlist@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70217334,"text":"70217334 - 1992 - Application of continuum models to deformation of the Aleutian Island Arc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-15T21:56:32.341774","indexId":"70217334","displayToPublicDate":"1992-04-10T15:52:42","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of continuum models to deformation of the Aleutian Island Arc","docAbstract":"Continuum models were constructed to describe large‐scale deformation of the Aleutian Island Arc over the past 5 m.y. These models consider the island arc as a continuum in the horizontal plane with the velocity boundary condition at the Pacific edge stated as a fraction of Pacific plate convergence transferred to the arc. First, a simple model of uniformly distributed strain is formulated to illustrate the mechanics of continuous deformation. Lineaments along the arc massif rotated about a vertical axis are matched by small‐element rotation calculated from the model. However, this model does not predict across‐arc variations in deformation and produces an unrealistic amount of crustal thickening after 5 m.y. A physically more meaningful model of deformation is the thin viscous sheet model based on averages of stress and rheology throughout the lithosphere. The amount of motion transferred from the Pacific plate to the arc is constrained by the rotated lineaments, while the effective stress‐strain exponent (n) and the ability the lithosphere has to sustain crustal thickness contrasts (the Argand number) are independent variables. Primarily, bathymetry, earthquake focal mechanisms, and styles of faulting are used to evaluate the models. The preferred model is one where the amount of motion transferred from the Pacific plate is greater in an arc‐parallel direction than in an arc‐normal direction, producing stresses consistent with strike‐slip faulting at the far western end of the arc and tensional stresses consistent with transverse normal faulting elsewhere in the arc massif. This model agrees with observations of slip vectors by Ekström and Engdahl (1989), who conclude that a portion of the arc‐parallel component of relative plate motion is taken up in the overriding plate. This model implies that compressive stress transferred to the arc is small in comparison to along‐arc shear stress and that stresses conducive to strikeslip faulting are prevalent throughout the arc.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91JB02992","usgsCitation":"Geist, E.L., and Scholl, D.W., 1992, Application of continuum models to deformation of the Aleutian Island Arc: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 97, no. B4, p. 4953-4967, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB02992.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"4953","endPage":"4967","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/91jb02992","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":382242,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Island Arc","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.6103515625,\n 56.96893619436121\n ],\n [\n -157.6318359375,\n 58.49369382056807\n ],\n [\n -170.595703125,\n 53.25206880589411\n ],\n [\n -179.033203125,\n 52.348763181988105\n ],\n [\n -178.7255859375,\n 50.958426723359935\n ],\n [\n -174.638671875,\n 51.31688050404585\n ],\n [\n -164.0478515625,\n 53.48804553605622\n ],\n [\n -155.6103515625,\n 56.96893619436121\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"97","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, Eric L. 0000-0003-0611-1150 egeist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":1956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Eric","email":"egeist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70138186,"text":"70138186 - 1992 - Limitations of quantitative analysis of deep crustal seismic reflection data: Examples from GLIMPCE","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T13:55:22","indexId":"70138186","displayToPublicDate":"1992-04-10T10:45:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limitations of quantitative analysis of deep crustal seismic reflection data: Examples from GLIMPCE","docAbstract":"Amplitude preservation in seismic reflection data can be obtained by a relative true amplitude (RTA) processing technique in which the relative strength of reflection amplitudes is preserved vertically as well as horizontally, after compensating for amplitude distortion by near-surface effects and propagation effects. Quantitative analysis of relative true amplitudes of the Great Lakes International Multidisciplinary Program on Crustal Evolution seismic data is hampered by large uncertainties in estimates of the water bottom reflection coefficient and the vertical amplitude correction and by inadequate noise suppression. Processing techniques such as deconvolution, F-K filtering, and migration significantly change the overall shape of amplitude curves and hence calculation of reflection coefficients and average reflectance. Thus lithological interpretation of deep crustal seismic data based on the absolute value of estimated reflection strength alone is meaningless. The relative strength of individual events, however, is preserved on curves generated at different stages in the processing. We suggest that qualitative comparisons of relative strength, if used carefully, provide a meaningful measure of variations in reflectivity. Simple theoretical models indicate that peg-leg multiples rather than water bottom multiples are the most severe source of noise contamination. These multiples are extremely difficult to remove when the water bottom reflection coefficient is large (>0.6), a condition that exists beneath parts of Lake Superior and most of Lake Huron.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.1029/92JB00129","usgsCitation":"Lee, M.W., and Hutchinson, D.R., 1992, Limitations of quantitative analysis of deep crustal seismic reflection data: Examples from GLIMPCE: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 97, no. B4, p. 4705-4719, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JB00129.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"4705","endPage":"4719","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297282,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.1201171875,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n -75.9375,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n -75.9375,\n 48.83579746243093\n ],\n [\n -93.1201171875,\n 48.83579746243093\n ],\n [\n -93.1201171875,\n 41.21172151054787\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"97","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2be4e4b08de9379b3552","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Myung W. mlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","email":"mlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hutchinson, Deborah R. 0000-0002-2544-5466 dhutchinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-5466","contributorId":521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Deborah","email":"dhutchinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70234111,"text":"70234111 - 1992 - On the characteristics of local geology and their influence on ground motions generated by the Loma Prieta earthquake in the San Francisco Bay region, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-29T14:04:18.357073","indexId":"70234111","displayToPublicDate":"1992-04-01T08:56:14","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the characteristics of local geology and their influence on ground motions generated by the Loma Prieta earthquake in the San Francisco Bay region, California","docAbstract":"Strong ground motions recorded at 34 sites in the San Francisco Bay region from the Loma Prieta earthquake show marked variations in characteristics dependent on crustal structure and local geological conditions. Peak horizontal acceleration and velocity inferred for sites underlain by “rock” generally occur on the transverse component of motion. They are consistently greater with lower attenuation rates than the corresponding mean value predicted by empirical curves based on previous strong-motion data. Theoretical amplitude distributions and synthetic seismograms calculated for 10-layer models suggest that “bedrock” motions were elevated due in part to the wide-angle reflection of S energy from the base of a relatively thin (25 km) continental crust in the region. Characteristics of geologic and geotechnical units as currently mapped for the San Francisco Bay region show that average ratios of peak horizontal acceleration, velocity and displacement increase with decreasing mean shear-wave velocity. Ratios of peak acceleration for sites on “soil” (alluvium, fill/Bay mud) are statistically larger than those for sites on “hard rock” (sandstone, shale, Franciscan Complex). Spectral ratios establish the existence of predominant site periods with peak amplifications near 15 for potentially damaging levels of ground motion at some sites underlain by alluvium and fill/bay mud. Average spectral amplifications inferred for vertical and the mean horizontal motion are, respectively, (1,1) for sites on the Franciscan Complex (KJf), (1.4, 1.5) for sites on Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks (TMzs), (2.1, 2.0) for sites on the Santa Clara Formation (QTs), (2.3, 2.9) for sites on alluvium (Qal), and (2.1, 4.0) for sites on fill/Bay mud (Qaf/Qhbm). These mean values are not statistically different at the 5% significance level from those inferred from previous low-strain data. Analyses suggest that soil amplification and reflected crustal shear energy were major contributors to levels of ground motion sufficient to cause damage to vulnerable structures at distances near 100 km in the cities of San Francisco and Oakland.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0820020603","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R.D., and Glassmoyer, G., 1992, On the characteristics of local geology and their influence on ground motions generated by the Loma Prieta earthquake in the San Francisco Bay region, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 82, no. 2, p. 603-641, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0820020603.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"603","endPage":"641","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404556,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.72277832031251,\n 37.155938651244625\n ],\n [\n -121.7010498046875,\n 37.155938651244625\n ],\n [\n -121.7010498046875,\n 37.92686760148135\n ],\n [\n -122.72277832031251,\n 37.92686760148135\n ],\n [\n -122.72277832031251,\n 37.155938651244625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1992-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":847849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glassmoyer, Gary","contributorId":28619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassmoyer","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017242,"text":"70017242 - 1992 - Response of regional seismicity to the static stress change produced by the Loma Prieta earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-17T15:35:07.412767","indexId":"70017242","displayToPublicDate":"1992-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of regional seismicity to the static stress change produced by the Loma Prieta earthquake","docAbstract":"The 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake perturbed the static stress field over a large area of central California. The pattern of stress changes on major faults in the region predicted by models of the earthquake's dislocation agrees closely with changes in the regional seismicity rate after the earthquake. The agreement is best for models with low values of the coefficient of friction (0.1 ≤ μ ≤ 0.3) on Bay Area faults. Both the stress models and measurements suggest that stresses were increased on the San Andreas fault north of the Loma Prieta rupture, but decreased slightly on the Hayward fault. This relaxation does not warrant lower probability estimates for large earthquakes on the Hayward fault in the next 30 years, however.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.255.5052.1687","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Reasenberg, P., and Simpson, R., 1992, Response of regional seismicity to the static stress change produced by the Loma Prieta earthquake: Science, v. 255, no. 5052, p. 1687-1690, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.255.5052.1687.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1687","endPage":"1690","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224923,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"central California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.40828079793948,\n 39.381510292033624\n ],\n [\n -123.40828079793948,\n 33.92054271235878\n ],\n [\n -117.44396762439499,\n 33.92054271235878\n ],\n [\n -117.44396762439499,\n 39.381510292033624\n ],\n [\n -123.40828079793948,\n 39.381510292033624\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"255","issue":"5052","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa64e4b0c8380cd862e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reasenberg, P.A.","contributorId":19959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reasenberg","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simpson, R.W.","contributorId":76738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209256,"text":"70209256 - 1992 - Shear stress and bed roughness estimates for combined wave and current flows over a rippled bed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-25T14:06:34","indexId":"70209256","displayToPublicDate":"1992-03-25T14:00:38","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shear stress and bed roughness estimates for combined wave and current flows over a rippled bed","docAbstract":"High‐quality bottom boundary layer measurements and bottom photographs were obtained over a sand substrate during a 10‐day deployment of the GEOPROBE tripod at an inner shelf (35‐m water depth) location off northern California. The seafloor surrounding the tripod was composed of well‐sorted medium‐grained (mean diameter, 0.25 mm) sand which was formed into symmetrical wave ripples with heights of 3–4 cm and wavelengths of 22–30 cm. Mean velocity profiles in the region from 23 cm to 102 cm above the rippled bed were highly logarithmic (R > 0.95) approximately 30% of the time. Nineteen profiles exhibiting R > 0.997 were analyzed to obtain the shear velocity (U*c) and roughness length (Z0c) for the mean current. The near‐bottom flow field was composed of quasi‐steady currents (up to 12 cm s−1 at z = 102 cm) and wave‐induced, oscillatory currents (up to 14 cm s−1). The data‐derived estimates of U*c and Z0c were 0.3–0.93 cm s−1 and 0.82–1.5 cm, respectively. The mean shear estimates are 50–100% larger than those predicted using a drag coefficient (CD) of 3 × 10−3 that is typical for rough boundaries, and the roughness lengths are up to an order of magnitude larger than the maximum expected values based on the observed wave‐rippled bottom. These results indicate the importance of the combined flow turbulent interaction in producing a large apparent Z0c. However, comparison of the shear and roughness estimates derived from the velocity profile analysis to predictions made by the combined flow model of Grant and Madsen (1979) show that direct application of the wave‐ripple roughness equation of Grant and Madsen (1982) yields large overestimates of z0c and U*c. Selecting the physical roughness length kb(=30z0) that produced the best agreement with the data resulted in z0 values ranging from 0.03 to 0.43 cm. Moreover, a direct correlation exists between these physical roughness estimates and the angle (θcr) formed by the mean current and the trend of the wave ripple crests. A simple linear relationship between kb and θcr is suggested by our limited data set.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/91JC02764","usgsCitation":"Drake, D., Cacchione, D., and Grant, W., 1992, Shear stress and bed roughness estimates for combined wave and current flows over a rippled bed: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 97, no. C2, p. 2319-2326, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JC02764.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2319","endPage":"2326","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373524,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Continental Shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.07409667968749,\n 38.13455657705411\n ],\n [\n -122.7008056640625,\n 38.13455657705411\n ],\n [\n -122.7008056640625,\n 39.05758374935667\n ],\n [\n -124.07409667968749,\n 39.05758374935667\n ],\n [\n -124.07409667968749,\n 38.13455657705411\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"97","issue":"C2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":785603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grant, W.D.","contributorId":11764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70226927,"text":"70226927 - 1992 - Gravity-driven groundwater flow and slope failure potential: 2. Effects of slope morphology, material properties, and hydraulic heterogeneity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-21T16:16:22.441361","indexId":"70226927","displayToPublicDate":"1992-03-01T10:02:38","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gravity-driven groundwater flow and slope failure potential: 2. Effects of slope morphology, material properties, and hydraulic heterogeneity","docAbstract":"Hillslope morphology, material properties, and hydraulic heterogeneities influence the role of groundwater flow in provoking slope instability. We evaluate these influences quantitatively by employing the elastic effective stress model and Coulomb failure potential concept described in our companion paper (Iverson and Reid, this issue). Sensitivity analyses show that of four dimensionless quantities that control model results (i.e., Poisson's ratio, porosity, topographic profile, and hydraulic conductivity contrast), slope profiles and hydraulic conductivity contrasts have the most pronounced and diverse effects on groundwater seepage forces, effective stresses, and slope failure potentials. Gravity-driven groundwater flow strongly influences the shape of equilibrium hillslopes, which we define as those with uniform near-surface failure potentials. For homogeneous slopes with no groundwater flow, equilibrium hillslope profiles are straight; but with gravity-driven flow, equilibrium profiles are concave or convex-concave, and the largest failure potentials exist near the bases of convex slopes. In heterogeneous slopes, relatively slight hydraulic conductivity contrasts of less than 1 order of magnitude markedly affect the seepage force field and slope failure potential. Maximum effects occur if conductivity contrasts are of four orders of magnitude or more, and large hydraulic gradients commonly result in particularly large failure potentials just upslope from where low-conductivity layers intersect the ground surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR02695","usgsCitation":"Reid, M.E., and Iverson, R.M., 1992, Gravity-driven groundwater flow and slope failure potential: 2. Effects of slope morphology, material properties, and hydraulic heterogeneity: Water Resources Research, v. 28, no. 3, p. 939-950, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR02695.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"939","endPage":"950","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393196,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, Mark E. 0000-0002-5595-1503 mreid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-1503","contributorId":1167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Mark","email":"mreid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186710,"text":"70186710 - 1992 - Gravity-driven groundwater flow and slope failure potential: 1. Elastic effective-stress model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-01T09:38:12","indexId":"70186710","displayToPublicDate":"1992-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gravity-driven groundwater flow and slope failure potential: 1. Elastic effective-stress model","docAbstract":"We evaluated nine commercially available tags to determine their suitability for marking yearling rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss reared in raceways and circular tanks. The tags tested were Floy vinyl tubing tags FD‐67 anchor, FT‐2 dart, FT‐4 cinch‐up, and FT‐4 lock‐on; modified Carlin; modified Petersen disk; Monel strap 4‐1005; Monel butt end 4‐1242; and Stoffel fish seal. After 9 months, tag losses from raceway fish were lowest (8%) for the FT‐4 lock‐on tag; in tanks, none of the FT‐2 dart, FT‐4 cinch‐up, FT‐4 lock‐on, or the Monel butt end tags were lost. At 90 d after tagging, raceway fish marked with the Monel strap or the modified Carlin tags showed significantly less growth than did fish marked with the FD‐67 anchor tag; the converse was true for fish in tanks. After 9 months, raceway fish marked with the Monel butt end tag and tank fish marked with the FD‐67 anchor tag were least injured. Injury was greater in raceways than in tanks for all tag types. Judged by overall performance, the FD‐67 anchor was the most effective tag for fish maintained in raceways and the FT‐4 cinch‐up was a suitable alternative; the FT‐2 dart, FT‐4 cinch‐up, and Monel butt end tags were equally suitable for fish in tank culture.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0192:PONETO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"McAllister, K., McAllister, P.E., Simon, R., and Werner, J., 1992, Performance of nine external tags on hatchery-reared rainbow trout: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 121, no. 2, p. 192-198, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0192:PONETO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"192","endPage":"198","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132135,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688657","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McAllister, K.W.","contributorId":58586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAllister","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McAllister, P. E.","contributorId":71913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAllister","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simon, R.C.","contributorId":34454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Werner, J.K.","contributorId":98686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70210202,"text":"70210202 - 1992 - Thin, low‐velocity crust beneath the southern Yukon‐Tanana Terrane, east central Alaska: Results from Trans‐Alaska crustal transect refraction/wide‐angle reflection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-16T17:40:05.764858","indexId":"70210202","displayToPublicDate":"1992-02-10T08:41:13","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thin, low‐velocity crust beneath the southern Yukon‐Tanana Terrane, east central Alaska: Results from Trans‐Alaska crustal transect refraction/wide‐angle reflection data","docAbstract":"A seismic refraction/wide‐angle reflection survey for the Trans‐Alaska Crustal Transect program reveals a thin, reflective crust beneath the southern Yukon‐Tanana terrane (YTT) in east central Alaska. These data are the first detailed refraction survey of the southern YTT and compose a 130‐km‐long reversed profile along the Alaska and Richardson highways. Results from this study indicate that low‐velocity (≤ 6.4 km/s) rocks extend to approximately 27 km in depth. Based on these low velocities and an average Poisson's ratio of 0.23 determined for depths of ≤27 km, an overall silicic composition is interpreted for this portion of the crust beneath the Yukon‐Tanana terrane. From approximately 8 to 27 km depth the crust exhibits an increase in reflectivity. This middle to lower crustal reflectivity is modeled as alternating high‐ and low‐velocity lamellae with an average velocity of 6.1 km/s at 10 km depth to an average velocity of 6.4 km/s at 27 km depth. Beneath these reflective, low‐velocity rocks a 3‐ to 5‐km‐thick, 7.0 km/s basal crustal layer produces a prominent reflection that extends to offsets of up to 280 km. The crust‐mantle boundary, modeled at an average depth of 30 km, produces a variable PmP reflection, which may indicate lateral heterogeneity of this boundary, and a weak and emergent Pn refraction with a velocity of 8.2 km/s. We interpret the crustal section as follows: the low‐velocity rocks of the southern YTT extend from the surface to depths of approximately 10 km; underthrust Mesozoic flysch of the Kahiltna terrane, rocks of the Gravina arc, and basement of the Wrangellia(?) terrane extend from 10 to 27 km depth; a 3‐ to 5‐km‐thick layer of mantle‐derived mafic rocks, relic oceanic crust, or Wrangellia(?) terrane lower crust extends from 27 to approximately 30 km depth; a tectonically young Moho beneath the southern YTT is found at an average depth of 30 km; and it is underlain by a mantle that may be relatively cool and/or olivine rich. In this interpretation, the Yukon‐Tanana terrane is a thin‐skinned terrane. Our results indicate that tectonic, and possibly magmatic, underplating has played a significant role in crustal growth for central Alaska.
In stage—based demography, animals are often categorized into size (or mass) classes, and size—based probabilities of surviving and changing mass classes must be estimated before demographic analyses can be conducted. In this paper, we develop two procedures for the estimation of mass transition probabilities from capture—recapture data. The first approach uses a multistate capture—recapture model that is parameterized directly with the transition probabilities of interest. Maximum likelihood estimates are then obtained numerically using program SURVIV. The second approach involvesa modification of Pollock's robust design. Estimation proceeds by conditioning on animals caught in a particualr class at time i, and then using closed models to estimate the number of these that are alive in other classes at i + 1. Both methods are illustrated by application to meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus, capture—recapture data. The two methods produced reasonable estimates that were similar. Advantages of these two approaches include the directness of estimation, the absence of need for restrictive assumptions about the independence of survival and growth, the testability of assumptions, and the testability of related hypotheses of ecological interest (e.g., the hypothesis of temporal variation in transition probabilities).
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1938741","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J.D., Sauer, J.R., Pollock, K.H., and Hestbeck, J.B., 1992, Estimating transition probabilities for stage-based population projection matrices using capture-recapture data: Ecology, v. 73, no. 1, p. 306-312, https://doi.org/10.2307/1938741.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"306","endPage":"312","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196374,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc7e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":200533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":337601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, John R. 0000-0002-4557-3019 jrsauer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":146917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":337603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollock, Kenneth H.","contributorId":8590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hestbeck, Jay B. jay_hestbeck@usgs.gov","contributorId":4247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hestbeck","given":"Jay","email":"jay_hestbeck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":337604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70243231,"text":"70243231 - 1992 - Petrology of the Caribou Mountain Pluton, Klamath Mountains, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-04T15:22:49.366406","indexId":"70243231","displayToPublicDate":"1992-02-01T10:02:19","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of the Caribou Mountain Pluton, Klamath Mountains, California","docAbstract":"The Caribou Mountain pluton is a small trondhjemitic body that intruded semipelitic schist of the Stuart Fork terrane in late Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous time. Its emplacement followed the intrusion of an adjoining body of hornblende quartz diorite called the Middle Fork pluton and the mode of its emplacement was as an asymmetric ballooning diapir (Davis, 1963), as shown by concentric foliation, radial late-stage dikes, foliated enclaves, and folded blocks of schlieren-banded tonalite. Coarse-grained hornblende-bearing trondhjemite is the dominant rock type in the Caribou Mountain pluton, and it is called the ‘main trondhjemite’. It was followed by medium-grained ‘late trondhjemite’ and by late-stage trondhjemitic and granodioritic dikes. All the trondhjemitic rock types are characterized by low alkali contents, high light rare earth elements, low initial 87Sr/86Sr, and low δ18O. However, the late trondhjemite has higher Na2O and a higher initial 87Sr/86Sr value than the main trondhjemite, and the two units cannot be related by fractional crystallization. The late granodioritic dikes are richer in Ba, Rb, Y, and Sc than the late trondhjemite and probably reflect assimilation of Stuart Fork metasedimentary rocks by late-stage trondhjemitic magma.
Mafic enclaves in the main trondhjemite contain xenocrysts of quartz and plagioclase derived from the host by magma mixing. The enclaves have K2O, Ba, and Rb contents similar to, or higher than those of the host rocks. Their rare earth element (REE) patterns display strong middle REE enrichment caused by accumulation of hornblende, probably as the result of filter pressing.
The main trondhjemite cannot be derived from Middle Fork magma because the initial 87Sr/86Sr of the Middle Fork pluton is lower than that of the trondhjemite. The absence of parental mafic magmas of appropriate composition suggests that the Caribou Mountain trondhjemitic magmas formed by partial melting of an amphibolitic source rock compositionally similar to low-K tholeiite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/33.1.95","usgsCitation":"Barnes, C.G., Barnes, M., and Kistler, R., 1992, Petrology of the Caribou Mountain Pluton, Klamath Mountains, California: Journal of Petrology, v. 33, no. 1, p. 95-124, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/33.1.95.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"124","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416719,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Caribou Mountain, Klamath Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.96585247399778,\n 41.012446191922066\n ],\n [\n -122.95949273359747,\n 41.00971951587306\n ],\n [\n -122.93289745556052,\n 41.02673212951461\n ],\n [\n -122.9307293622422,\n 41.03196589584343\n ],\n [\n -122.93347561377855,\n 41.03905262460799\n ],\n [\n -122.93448739066054,\n 41.050389803731804\n ],\n [\n -122.95891457537945,\n 41.05093481121196\n ],\n [\n -122.97611478237076,\n 41.03839849699099\n ],\n [\n -122.97380214949807,\n 41.03207492821812\n ],\n [\n -122.97336853083442,\n 41.02258843612972\n ],\n [\n -122.96585247399778,\n 41.012446191922066\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, Calvin G.","contributorId":36608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Calvin","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Melanie","contributorId":62945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Melanie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kistler, Ronald W.","contributorId":56969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kistler","given":"Ronald W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185471,"text":"70185471 - 1992 - Response to comment on \"Use of colloid filtration theory in modeling movement of bacteria through a contaminated sandy aquifer\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-19T08:47:08","indexId":"70185471","displayToPublicDate":"1992-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response to comment on \"Use of colloid filtration theory in modeling movement of bacteria through a contaminated sandy aquifer\"","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00026a026","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R.W., and Garabedian, S.P., 1992, Response to comment on \"Use of colloid filtration theory in modeling movement of bacteria through a contaminated sandy aquifer\": Environmental Science & Technology, v. 26, no. 2, p. 401-402, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00026a026.","productDescription":"2 p. ","startPage":"401","endPage":"402","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338061,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d60e4b0236b68f98f68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Ronald W. 0000-0002-2791-8503 rwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Ronald","email":"rwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garabedian, Stephen P.","contributorId":91090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185783,"text":"70185783 - 1992 - Acoustic waveform logging: Advances in theory and application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-14T05:34:19","indexId":"70185783","displayToPublicDate":"1992-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2631,"text":"Log Analyst","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acoustic waveform logging: Advances in theory and application","docAbstract":"Full-waveform acoustic logging has made significant advances in both theory and application in recent years, and these advances have greatly increased the capability of log analysts to measure the physical properties of formations. Advances in theory provide the analytical tools required to understand the properties of measured seismic waves, and to relate those properties to such quantities as shear and compressional velocity and attenuation, and primary and fracture porosity and permeability of potential reservoir rocks. The theory demonstrates that all parts of recorded waveforms are related to various modes of propagation, even in the case of dipole and quadrupole source logging. However, the theory also indicates that these mode properties can be used to design velocity and attenuation picking schemes, and shows how source frequency spectra can be selected to optimize results in specific applications. Synthetic microseismogram computations are an effective tool in waveform interpretation theory; they demonstrate how shear arrival picks and mode attenuation can be used to compute shear velocity and intrinsic attenuation, and formation permeability for monopole, dipole and quadrupole sources. Array processing of multi-receiver data offers the opportunity to apply even more sophisticated analysis techniques. Synthetic microseismogram data is used to illustrate the application of the maximum-likelihood method, semblance cross-correlation, and Prony's method analysis techniques to determine seismic velocities and attenuations. The interpretation of acoustic waveform logs is illustrated by reviews of various practical applications, including synthetic seismogram generation, lithology determination, estimation of geomechanical properties in situ, permeability estimation, and design of hydraulic fracture operations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F., Cheng, C., and Pennington, W., 1992, Acoustic waveform logging: Advances in theory and application: Log Analyst, v. 33, no. 3, p. 239-258.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"258","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338524,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":362056,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/75185"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc81ee4b02ff32c685720","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, F.L.","contributorId":189369,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paillet","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, C.H.","contributorId":94443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pennington, W.D.","contributorId":189995,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pennington","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207691,"text":"70207691 - 1992 - Evidence for cenozoic crustal extension in the Bering Sea region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-08T21:14:19.368543","indexId":"70207691","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-06T13:27:43","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for cenozoic crustal extension in the Bering Sea region","docAbstract":"Geophysical and regional geologic data provide evidence that parts of the oceanic crust in the abyssal basins of the Bering Sea have been created or altered by crustal extension and back‐arc spreading. These processes have occurred during and since early Eocene time when the Aleutian Ridge developed and isolated oceanic crust within parts of the Bering Sea. The crust in the Aleutian Basin, previously noted as presumably Early Cretaceous in age (M1–M13 anomalies), is still uncertain. Some crust may be younger. Vitus arch, a buried 100‐ to 200‐km‐wide extensionally deformed zone with linear basement structures and geophysical anomalies, crosses the entire west central Aleutian Basin. We suggest that the arch and the inferred fracture zones in the Aleutian Basin are early Cenozoic structures related to the early entrapment history of the Bering Sea. These structures lie on trend with known early Cenozoic structures near the Bowers‐Shirshov‐Aleutian ridge junction and on the Beringian continental margin (with possible continuation into Alaska); the structures may have coeval and cogenetic(?) histories for early Cenozoic and possibly younger times. Cenozoic deformation within parts of the Bering Sea region is principally extensional, although the total amount of extension is not known. As examples, the Komandorsky basin formed by back‐arc seafloor spreading, the Aleutian Ridge has been extensively sheared, and extensional block faulting is common. Sedimentary basins of the Bering shelf have formed by extension associated with wrench faulting. The Cenozoic deformation throughout the Bering Sea region probably results from the interaction of major lithospheric plates and associated regional strike‐slip faults. We present models for the Bering Sea over the past 55 m.y. that show oceanic plate entrapment, back‐arc faulting and spreading along Vitus arch, breakup of the oceanic crust in the Aleutian Basin at fracture zones, and back‐arc spreading in Bowers Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92TC00214","usgsCitation":"Cooper, A.K., Marlow, M.S., Scholl, D., and Stevenson, A., 1992, Evidence for cenozoic crustal extension in the Bering Sea region: Tectonics, v. 11, no. 4, p. 719-731, https://doi.org/10.1029/92TC00214.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"731","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371020,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea Region","volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marlow, M. S.","contributorId":76743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlow","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scholl, D.W.","contributorId":106461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stevenson, A.J.","contributorId":27864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevenson","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}