Precise resolution of the timing of igneous activity is crucial to understanding the dynamic processes associated with continental rifting. Mafic intrusive rocks constitute a major portion of the exposed 1100 Ma (Keweenawan) Midcontinent Rift system in northeastern Minnesota; however, prior to this study, geochronological data were insufficient to allow rigorous interpretation of intrusive histories and their relationships to extrusive suites. Eight anorthositic and gabbroic intrusives were chosen to represent both the temporal and spatial ranges of plutonic activity that formed the Duluth Complex and related mafic intrusions. U‐Pb isotopic analyses from zircons and baddeleyites result in U‐Pb concordant ages with little or no ambiguity introduced by inherited components, Pb loss or common Pb. The earliest Keweenawan plutonism exposed in Minnesota occurs along the northeastern flank of the Duluth Complex as a series of layered gabbros (Nathan's layered series) emplaced at 1106.9 ± 0.6 Ma. This sequence of gabbro sheets shares temporal, spatial, and compositional similarities with the nearby Logan sills in Ontario. Four Duluth Complex anorthositic and troctolitic series samples from widely separated areas have unresolvable ages between 1099.3 ± 0.3 and 1098.6 ± 0.5 Ma, indicating a very short duration for peak intrusive activity (0.5–1 m.y.). The unresolvable ages between anorthositic and troctolitic plutons suggest that these two magma series are more closely related than previously modeled and argue strongly for the need to reexamine their fundamental petrogenetic relationships. These dates also imply that the major reverse‐to‐normal magnetic polarity switch, used throughout the rift system as an important correlation tool, occurred prior to 1099 Ma. This date is several million years earlier than previously suspected and emphasizes the need for further paleomagnetic and geochronological data from the overlying volcanics. Much of the hypabyssal intrusive suite within the volcanic pile overlying Duluth Complex plutons may be significantly younger than the main pulse of plutonic activity. Two hypabyssal bodies, the Sonju Lake intrusion and gabbro at Silver Bay, were emplaced at 1096.1 ± 0.8 Ma and 1095.8 ± 1.2 Ma, respectively. Dates reported here and in previous studies support the concept of episodic tectonomagmatic rift development where magmatism was apparently concentrated in episodes of short duration (<1–3 m.y.) interspersed with longer hiatuses (2–8 m.y.).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93JB01159","usgsCitation":"Paces, J.B., and Miller, J., 1993, Precise U‐Pb ages of Duluth Complex and related mafic intrusions, northeastern Minnesota: Geochronological insights to physical, petrogenetic, paleomagnetic, and tectonomagmatic processes associated with the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent Rift System: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B8, p. 13997-14013, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB01159.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"13997","endPage":"14013","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374351,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Michigan, Minnesota, Ontario, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.5048828125,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -84.17724609375,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -84.17724609375,\n 50.387507803003146\n ],\n [\n -92.5048828125,\n 50.387507803003146\n ],\n [\n -92.5048828125,\n 46.31658418182218\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paces, James B. 0000-0002-9809-8493 jbpaces@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":2514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"James","email":"jbpaces@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, James D. Jr.","contributorId":224391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"James D.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187583,"text":"70187583 - 1993 - Evaluating landsat thematic mapper derived vegetation indices for estimating above-ground biomass on semiarid rangelands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T14:01:11","indexId":"70187583","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating landsat thematic mapper derived vegetation indices for estimating above-ground biomass on semiarid rangelands","docAbstract":"Ground data from the Central Plains Experimental Range in northeast Colorado and Landsat satellite images of that area acquired in August 1989, June 1990, and September 1990 were used to evaluate the level of association that can be expected from a univariate model relating spectrally derived vegetation indices (difference, ratio, and normalized difference vegetation indices) and dried green vegetation biomass. The vegetation indices were related to the ground sample estimates using a sample point, spectral class, and greenness strata approach. No strong relationships were found between the vegetation indices and sample estimates of dried green biomass using the sample point approach. The spectral class approach produced significant results only for the June 1990 sample period (r=0.96). Significant relationships were found for the August 1989, June 1990, and September 1990 samples periods (r2=0.95, 0.71, and 0.95, respectively) when the data were aggregated by greenness strata. The high degree of association between green biomass and the NDVI, obtained when the data were combined into greenness strata, indicated that it is possible to predict green biomass levels on semiarid rangelands using univariate regression models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(93)90040-5","usgsCitation":"Anderson, G., Hanson, J.D., and Haas, R.H., 1993, Evaluating landsat thematic mapper derived vegetation indices for estimating above-ground biomass on semiarid rangelands: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 45, no. 2, p. 165-175, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(93)90040-5.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"175","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341013,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5912d53be4b0e541a03d4541","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, G.L.","contributorId":56430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, J. D.","contributorId":191004,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haas, R. H.","contributorId":57456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178164,"text":"70178164 - 1993 - Chronic toxicity of Pydraul 50E to lake trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-04T11:16:24","indexId":"70178164","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronic toxicity of Pydraul 50E to lake trout","docAbstract":"Industrial phosphate esters, both triaryl and alkyl aryl phosphate esters, are used as fire resistant hydraulic fluids and as fire retardant plasticizers (Lapp 1976). Hydraulic fluids probably represent the largest contribution of phosphate ester compounds released into the environment. Lapp (1976) estimated that 65 to 70 percent of all phosphate ester hydraulic fluids were utilized in automotive and steel industries. He also estimated that 80 percent of the annual consumption of hydraulic fluids in 1976 was the result of leaks in industrial hydraulic systems. These data suggest phosphate esters are likely to be constituents of industrial effluents and, consequently, could be in point source discharges.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00198894","usgsCitation":"Mayer, F.L., Woodward, D.F., and Adams, W.J., 1993, Chronic toxicity of Pydraul 50E to lake trout: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 51, no. 2, p. 289-295, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00198894.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"295","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330752,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581d9e2de4b0dee4cc90cbf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mayer, Foster L.","contributorId":114193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"Foster","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, Daniel F.","contributorId":75455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, William J.","contributorId":140638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13542,"text":"Rio Tinto, Lake Point, UT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":653088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187466,"text":"70187466 - 1993 - Estimating discharge of shallow groundwater by transpiration from greasewood in the Northern Great Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-06T14:25:40","indexId":"70187466","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating discharge of shallow groundwater by transpiration from greasewood in the Northern Great Basin","docAbstract":"Evapotranspiration from bare soil and phreatophytes is a principal mechanism of groundwater discharge in arid and semiarid regions of the midwestern and western United States including the Great Basin. The imbalance between independent estimates of groundwater recharge from precipitation and of groundwater discharge based on estimates of groundwater evapotranspiration leads to large uncertainties in groundwater budgets. Few studies have addressed this problem. Energy budget micrometeorological field studies were conducted in a stand of sparse-canopy greasewood growing in an area of shallow groundwater in the western Great Basin during the summer of 1989. The data were used to calculate above-canopy fluxes of sensible and latent heat using the energy budget-Bowen ratio method. The calculated energy budget fluxes were used, with soil surface and plant canopy temperature measurements, to calibrate and apply a two-component, energy-combination model that partitions the energy and heat fluxes between bare soil and the canopy. This permitted the separation of evaporation from the soil and transpiration from greasewood. The calibrated model was used to estimate daily transpiration of groundwater by greasewood growing in an area with a depth to water of about 2 m. The daily rate of groundwater discharge by transpiration during July and August was estimated to be 2.4 mm. A period of 100 days for groundwater discharge at this rate was assumed to estimate an annual discharge of groundwater of 24 cm at the study site.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00930","usgsCitation":"Nichols, W., 1993, Estimating discharge of shallow groundwater by transpiration from greasewood in the Northern Great Basin: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 8, p. 2771-2778, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00930.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"2771","endPage":"2778","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340810,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","volume":"29","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"590aec4be4b0fc4e4492abb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, William D.","contributorId":98296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"William D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70211194,"text":"70211194 - 1993 - Site response estimates in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, from borehole seismic velocities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-25T23:45:40.396222","indexId":"70211194","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-16T14:12:59","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Site response estimates in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, from borehole seismic velocities","docAbstract":"The general correlation of Salt Lake Valley sites located on soft, saturated unconsolidated silty and clayey deposits (that is, deposits with low S-wave velocity) with high seismic amplification at the ground surface motivated our investigation of the relationship between the P- and S-wave seismic velocity (Vp and Vs) of these units and their corresponding observed site response. We found that low, near surface Vs−1.5 is proportional to seismic amplification measured on the surface, and suspected that we might be able to predict the site response if the near surface seismic velocity structure were known. With this idea in mind we constructed plane-layered seismic impedance models from borehole data in order to correlate impedance structure with variations in site response. Seismic travel times, measured in a borehole at 2-m intervals, were converted into compressional and shear wave seismic velocity profiles for 22 boreholes (average depth = 59 m) in Salt Lake Valley, Utah. Using this impedance model, we estimated site response on the ground surface of the borehole site to within 12% of the measured value in the 0.7 to 1.0 Hz frequency range for six of the twenty sites, and within 20% for 55% of the sites. All except two of our site response estimates are within a factor of two of the measured value. Thus, high values of seismic amplification appear to be partially explained by a near surface high-impedance contrast produced by the low S-wave velocities.
Comparing the downhole data with published Salt Lake Valley ground motion data derived from Nevada nuclear tests shows that increased site response (sites of relative ground motion amplification) is associated with: (1) a lower value of Vs (110 to 400 m/sec), and (2) high Poisson ratios (0.45 to 0.49) derived from borehole Vp and Vs values. The lowest S-wave velocities found in the Salt Lake Valley are comparable to other regions, such as the muds around San Francisco Bay and the lake sediments of Mexico City, with low S-wave velocities and a record of severe seismic wave amplification in previous earthquakes. The very-low-velocity surface layer in Salt Lake Valley is, however, about half as thick (10 to 14 m) as the low-velocity layers around San Francisco Bay and Mexico City.
We also considered the influence of sedimentary basin fill on site response, because coincidentally, the sites of high seismic wave amplification correspond to the locations of thickest basin fill. The valley fill impedance structure, revealed in seismic reflection profiles we acquired, indicate that a more dynamic impedance structure characterizes sites near the center of the valley where the basin fill is thickest. The reflection data from mid-valley sites typically have more high-amplitude reflectors relative to basin edge sites. The sites with a more dynamic impedance structure suggest that the site response would also be correspondingly different. Thus, the broadband, deep basin effect on site response might account for some of the discrepancy between observed and predicted site response in this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0830030862","usgsCitation":"Williams, R.A., King, K.W., and Tinsley, J., 1993, Site response estimates in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, from borehole seismic velocities: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 83, no. 3, p. 862-889, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0830030862.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"862","endPage":"889","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376451,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/83/3/862/102571/Site-response-estimates-in-Salt-Lake-Valley-Utah"},{"id":376452,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Salt Lake Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.6318359375,\n 40.29628651711716\n ],\n [\n -111.24755859375,\n 40.29628651711716\n ],\n [\n -111.24755859375,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -112.6318359375,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -112.6318359375,\n 40.29628651711716\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":793083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, K. W.","contributorId":105729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":793084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tinsley, John jtinsley@usgs.gov","contributorId":140545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinsley","given":"John","email":"jtinsley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185455,"text":"70185455 - 1993 - Determination of size and element composition distributions of complex colloids by sedimentation field-flow fractionation—inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T19:34:37","indexId":"70185455","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2214,"text":"Journal of Chromatography A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of size and element composition distributions of complex colloids by sedimentation field-flow fractionation—inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"Sedimentation field-flow fractionation (SdFFF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) have been directly combined and the resulting SdFFF-ICP-MS instrument can be used to produce element based size distributions of colloidal samples. Using appropriate tracer elements the size distributions of specific components can be picked out from a complex mixture. Changes in chemical composition of mixtures as a function of particle size can be readily monitored by plotting appropriate element atomic ratio distributions. These applications have been illustrated using data obtained with samples of the clay minerals kaolinite and illite and a natural suspended particulate matter from the Darling River (Australia).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0021-9673(93)80112-L","usgsCitation":"Murphy, D.M., Garbarino, J.R., Taylor, H.E., Beckett, R., and Hart, B., 1993, Determination of size and element composition distributions of complex colloids by sedimentation field-flow fractionation—inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: Journal of Chromatography A, v. 642, no. 1-2, p. 459-467, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80112-L.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"459","endPage":"467","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"642","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d3ee4b0236b68f98f0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, Deirdre M.","contributorId":189665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murphy","given":"Deirdre","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garbarino, John R. jrgarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbarino","given":"John","email":"jrgarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beckett, Ronald","contributorId":190005,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beckett","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hart, B.","contributorId":18201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70199559,"text":"70199559 - 1993 - Multivariate geostatistical analysis of ground-water contamination: A case history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T16:35:48","indexId":"70199559","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T16:35:19","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multivariate geostatistical analysis of ground-water contamination: A case history","docAbstract":"A case history is presented for the application of multivariate geostatistical methods to the problem of estimating pesticide concentrations in ground water from measured concentrations of nitrate and pesticide, when pesticide is under‐sampled. The shallow, poorly confined, sand and gravel aquifer underlying the lower Malheur River basin near Ontario, Oregon is contaminated by nitrate and metabolites of the herbicide Dacthal (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) or DCPA. The results of extensive ground‐water sampling indicate that a significant positive correlation exists between measured nitrate and DCPA concentrations in the aquifer. This suggests that future sampling should include a large number of the less‐expensive nitrate analyses, and these data should be used to support the interpretation of fewer, more expensive DCPA analyses. Sample variograms were computed for nitrate and DCPA concentrations and were fit with isotropic, spherical variogram models with correlation ranges of 4 km. Incorporating measured nitrate concentrations in the DCPA estimates obtained by cokriging reduced estimation variances from 14 to 34%. A simple economic analysis demonstrated that for this aquifer, acquiring additional nitrate samples is a cost‐effective way to reduce estimation variances for DCPA.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb00829.x","usgsCitation":"Istok, J.D., Smyth, J.D., and Flint, A.L., 1993, Multivariate geostatistical analysis of ground-water contamination: A case history: Groundwater, v. 31, no. 1, p. 63-74, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb00829.x.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"63","endPage":"74","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357583,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Malheur River basin","volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111a37e4b034bf6a81961c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Istok, Jonathan D.","contributorId":35468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Istok","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smyth, Jeffrey D.","contributorId":208082,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smyth","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222833,"text":"5222833 - 1993 - Overwinter distribution of northern pintail populations in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-04T17:31:28.680894","indexId":"5222833","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overwinter distribution of northern pintail populations in North America","docAbstract":"Northern pintails (Anas acuta) exist as a single circumpolar breeding population but display weak fidelity to given breeding sites. If fidelity to wintering areas is strong, management on wintering grounds may allow local winter populations to increase. Thus, I delineated reference areas for wintering areas based on recovery data for pintails banded during the winter (Dec-Feb) in the United States. Fidelity to these reference areas varied with the strongest fidelity observed for pintails banded in areas along coastal areas or near large bodies of water such as western Washington-northwestern Oregon, central California, northwestern Utah, the Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast, and the Greater Chesapeake Bay Region. My analysis suggests that pintails occurred in distinct wintering populations and that wintering ground affiliations to certain areas appear to be more stable population units than breeding ground affiliations. Consequently, winter banding programs may be useful in monitoring survival of specific wintering populations of concern.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809286","usgsCitation":"Hestback, J.B., 1993, Overwinter distribution of northern pintail populations in North America: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 57, no. 3, p. 582-589, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809286.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"582","endPage":"589","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198063,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"North 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America\"}}]}","volume":"57","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a193","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hestback, Jay B.","contributorId":141166,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hestback","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222753,"text":"5222753 - 1993 - Survival of northern pintails banded during winter in North America, 1950-88","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-04T17:04:33.813989","indexId":"5222753","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of northern pintails banded during winter in North America, 1950-88","docAbstract":"From 1950 through 1988, the continental breeding population of northern pintails (Anas acuta) varied from 2.0 million to 9.9 million. Because pintails have high fidelity to certain wintering grounds along coasts and large bodies of water, management on these wintering areas may increase population size if changes in winter survival rate are related to changes in population size. I used band-recovery data to estimate survival rates for winter-banded pintails and to test for sex-specific, temporal, and geographic variation in survival rates. Survival rate estimates varied between 0.632 and 0.806 for males, and 0.421 and 0.769 for females. Males had higher (P < 0.0001) average annual survival rates than females. Limited geographic variation occurred in estimates of average annual survival rates for males, and no variation occurred for females. Males had lower average annual survival rates in the Imperial Valley than in central California (P = 0.007) or in the Gulf Coast (P = 0.092). Little annual variation was found within time periods. However, longer-term variation was found in survival rate estimates for males and females. Males had higher (P = 0.054) average annual survival rates in the Pacific Flyway during 1959-61, a period of drought, breeding-population decline, and restrictive hunting regulations, than during 1950-58, a period with a higher breeding population and liberal regulations. The increase in wintering population size in the Pacific Flyway during the 1970's was associated with a higher average annual survival rate for females in the Pacific Flyway than during the 1950's. Results from the Pacific Flyway suggested that an interaction may exist between population size and the effect of harvest regulations on survival of males. Changes in harvest regulations appeared to have a greater effect at lower population levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809287","usgsCitation":"Hestbeck, J.B., 1993, Survival of northern pintails banded during winter in North America, 1950-88: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 57, no. 3, p. 590-597, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809287.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"590","endPage":"597","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197622,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"North 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America\"}}]}","volume":"57","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63afab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hestbeck, Jay B. jay_hestbeck@usgs.gov","contributorId":4247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hestbeck","given":"Jay","email":"jay_hestbeck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":337046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70189594,"text":"b1981C - 1993 - Landslides triggered by the storm of November 3-5, 1985, Wills Mountain Anticline, West Virginia and Virginia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70189594,"text":"b1981C - 1993 - Landslides triggered by the storm of November 3-5, 1985, Wills Mountain Anticline, West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981C","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Landslides triggered by the storm of November 3-5, 1985, Wills Mountain Anticline, West Virginia and Virginia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33255,"text":"b1981 - 1993 - Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33255,"text":"b1981 - 1993 - Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-27T22:07:03.19865","indexId":"b1981C","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1981","chapter":"C","title":"Landslides triggered by the storm of November 3-5, 1985, Wills Mountain Anticline, West Virginia and Virginia","docAbstract":"More than 3,000 landslides were triggered by heavy rainfall in the central Appalachian Mountains of West Virginia and Virginia, November 3-5, 1985. These landslides provided the opportunity to study spatial controls on landslides, magnitude and frequency of triggering events, and the effects of landslides on flood-induced geomorphic change. The study area consists of parts of the Wills Mountain anticline, a major NE-trending structure in the central Appalachians, and a portion of the adjacent Appalachian Plateau. Across the anticline and adjacent plateau, bedrock lithologies vary markedly and include pure marine limestone, marine shale, deltaic mudstone/sandstone sequences, and orthoquartzites. Because of the geologic structure, bedrock lithology varies little along strike.
The spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the storm was controlled primarily by rainfall, bedrock lithology, surficial lithology, land cover, and slope morphology. The triggering rainfall was of moderate intensity and long duration. Two-day storm totals varied from 170 mm to more than 240 mm in the study area. Most landslides occurred at the northeast end of the study area, where 48-h rainfall totals were in excess of 200 mm. Different rainfall thresholds are apparent for triggering landslides on different bedrock lithologies. The highest density of landslides occurred in shallow colluvium and residuum of the Reedsville Shale (Ordovician), followed by regolith of the Greenbriar and Mauch Chunk Groups (Mississippian). Most of the landslides in these fine-grained regoliths were shallow slides and slumps, many of which transformed to mudflows and delivered sediment directly to streams; a smaller number of debris avalanches were triggered high on quartzite ridges.
Instability of colluvium and residuum derived from the Reedsville Shale, compared with regolith from four other fine-grained bedrock lithologies, is attributable to its low strength combined with moderate infiltration rates that allowed soil moisture to accumulate under the moderate intensities of the rainfall. Slopes covered by coarse, cobbly debris flow and alluvial deposits, mostly of Pleistocene age, were very stable due to their low slope angles and high frictional strength.
For a particular bedrock lithology, the spatial distribution of landslides appears controlled by interdependent influences of slope morphology and land cover. On the Reedsville Shale, most landslides occurred on north- to northeast-facing slopes, which might have had higher antecedent levels of soil moisture; these slopes have also been preferentially cleared because they produce better pasture forage for livestock. A secondary concentration of landslides on south- to southwest-facing slopes cannot be explained by conventional soil-moisture models. Landslide density was 100--200 percent higher on cleared land than on forested land. On pastured land, most landslides occurred on laterally planar slopes, but on forested land, most landslides occurred in slope positions that were laterally concave (hillslope hollows).
Compared with other documented Appalachian storms that have triggered landslides, the November 1985 storm had lower rainfall intensities over longer durations. Comparison with these other storms suggests that the anomalously high degree of slope instability in 1985 is due to the long duration of low-intensity rainfall on fine-grained regolith derived from shale; the triggering rainfall can be approximated by the 48-h storm total. Landslide density in Reedsville Shale regolith is linearly related to the varying 48-h rainfall along the anticline. These data define a probabilistic model that estimates return intervals of 43 to 300 yr for landslide densities ranging from 1 to 70 landslides/km2.
Analysis of flood-induced geomorphic changes in 79 small drainage basins that received 210-240 mm of rainfall showed a clear local association between landslides and channel erosion or deposition adjacent to where the landslides delivered sediment to the stream. When channel change was quantified using an index evaluated at each basin mouth, most of the channel change was attributable to the influence of basin morphology on flood discharge. Landslide density in the basins was of secondary, although measurable, importance in explaining flood-induced channel changes at the basin scale.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia (Bulletin 1981)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1981C","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R.B., McGeehin, J.P., Cron, E.D., Carr, C.E., Harper, J.M., and Howard, A.D., 1993, Landslides triggered by the storm of November 3-5, 1985, Wills Mountain Anticline, West Virginia and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1981, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1981C.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"C1","endPage":"C33","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":481380,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22201.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Wills Mountain Anticline","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.8,\n 37.7\n ],\n [\n -78,\n 37.7\n ],\n [\n -78,\n 39.3\n ],\n [\n -80.8,\n 39.3\n ],\n [\n -80.8,\n 37.7\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596f1e28e4b0d1f9f064077a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGeehin, John P. mcgeehin@usgs.gov","contributorId":140956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGeehin","given":"John","email":"mcgeehin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cron, Elizabeth D.","contributorId":193169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cron","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carr, Carolyn E.","contributorId":194780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carr","given":"Carolyn","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harper, John M.","contributorId":194781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harper","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Howard, Alan D.","contributorId":106579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70187139,"text":"70187139 - 1993 - Transport of volatile organic compounds across the capillary fringe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-02T16:40:44","indexId":"70187139","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of volatile organic compounds across the capillary fringe","docAbstract":"Physical experiments were conducted to investigate the transport of a dissolved volatile organic compound (trichloroethylene, TCE) from shallow groundwater to the unsaturated zone under a variety of conditions including changes in the soil moisture profile and water table position. Experimental data indicated that at moderate groundwater velocities (0.1 m/d), vertical mechanical dispersion was negligible and molecular diffusion was the dominant vertical transport mechanism. Under these conditions, TCE concentrations decreased nearly 3 orders of magnitude across the capillary fringe and soil gas concentrations remained low relative to those of underlying groundwater. Data collected during a water table drop showed a short-term increase in concentrations throughout most of the unsaturated zone, but these concentrations quickly declined and approached initial values after the water table was returned to its original level. In the deep part of the unsaturated zone, the water table drop resulted in a long-term decrease in concentrations, illustrating the effects of hysteresis in the soil moisture profile. A two-dimensional random walk advection-diffusion model was developed to simulate the experimental conditions, and numerical simulations agreed well with experimental data. A simpler, one-dimensional finite-difference diffusion-dispersion model was also developed. One-dimensional simulations based on molecular diffusion also agreed well with experimental data. Simulations which incorporated mechanical dispersion tended to overestimate flux across the capillary fringe. Good agreement between the one- and two-dimensional models suggested that a simple, one-dimensional approximation of vertical transport across the capillary fringe can be useful when conditions are appropriate.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00098","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., and Johnson, R.L., 1993, Transport of volatile organic compounds across the capillary fringe: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 6, p. 1675-1683, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00098.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"1675","endPage":"1683","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/93wr00098","text":"External Repository"},{"id":340218,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ff0ea8e4b006455f2d620a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, Kathleen A. mccarthy@usgs.gov","contributorId":1159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"Kathleen","email":"mccarthy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":692691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Richard L.","contributorId":32626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185438,"text":"70185438 - 1993 - Transport and accumulation of radionuclides and stable elements in a Missouri River Reservoir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T19:51:36","indexId":"70185438","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport and accumulation of radionuclides and stable elements in a Missouri River Reservoir","docAbstract":"Several long sediment cores from the Cheyenne River Embayment of Lake Oahe, a 250-km-long Missouri River reservoir in South Dakota, have been analyzed for radionuclides and stable elements. The combination of fine-scale sampling and rapid sedimentation produces radionuclide distributions that can be used to estimate the detailed chronology of particle transport processes in the Oahe reservoir system. A self-consistent and quantitative treatment of the 137Cs data suggests processes to which characteristic times may be associated. Times that characterize system-wide processes include (1) an integration time of several years reflecting retention of the sediment-bound tracer in regions within or external to the reservoir, (2) a relaxation time of approximately 15 years reflecting a decreasing rate of sediment accumulation ascribed to shoreline stabilization, (3) a time of a few months characterizing the breadth of riverine signatures in cores due to integration effects in the Cheyenne River system and deltaic deposits, and (4) times of a few years associated with propagation of riverine load signatures along the embayment. The distribution of total sedimentary arsenic confirms the validity of the variable sedimentation model. In 1977, a tailings retention facility was built at the Homestake Mine site, and the unrestricted input of As ceased. As a result of this remedial action, the concentration of sedimentary As decreased dramatically. In the upper section of the core, above the depth represented by the year 1976, the concentration of As decreases tenfold. In this same core the distribution of lithologically discriminating chemical elements, calcium and vanadium, relate to major flow events in the Cheyenne River basin. Because there is minimal diagenesis of chemical constituents in these rapidly accumulating sediments, stable element signatures, in addition to radiotracers, may be used to reconstruct hydrologic events in drainage basins that contribute sediment to lakes and reservoirs.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00387","usgsCitation":"Callender, E., and Robbins, J.A., 1993, Transport and accumulation of radionuclides and stable elements in a Missouri River Reservoir: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 6, p. 1787-1804, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00387.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"1787","endPage":"1804","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338028,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota ","otherGeospatial":"Whitewood Creek-Belle Fourche River-Cheyenne River system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.04602050781249,\n 44.87144275016589\n ],\n [\n -104.051513671875,\n 43.01268088642034\n ],\n [\n -101.97509765625,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -101.953125,\n 43.8186748554532\n ],\n [\n -100.711669921875,\n 43.858296779161826\n ],\n [\n -100.777587890625,\n 44.91035917458495\n ],\n [\n -104.04602050781249,\n 44.87144275016589\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5ee4b0236b68f98f3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Callender, Edward","contributorId":83923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callender","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robbins, John A.","contributorId":97583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185446,"text":"70185446 - 1993 - Simulation of fluid distributions observed at a crude oil spill site incorporating hysteresis, oil entrapment, and spatial variability of hydraulic properties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T05:44:31","indexId":"70185446","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of fluid distributions observed at a crude oil spill site incorporating hysteresis, oil entrapment, and spatial variability of hydraulic properties","docAbstract":"Subsurface oil, water, and air saturation distributions were determined using 146 samples collected from seven boreholes along a 120-m transect at a crude oil spill site near Bemidji, Minnesota. The field data, collected 10 years after the spill, show a clearly defined oil body that has an oil saturation distribution that appears to be influenced by sediment heterogeneities and water table fluctuations. The center of the oil body has depressed the water-saturated zone boundary and the oil appears to have migrated laterally within the capillary fringe. A multiphase cross-sectional flow model was developed and used to simulate the movement of oil and water at the spill site. Comparisons between observed and simulated oil saturation distributions serve as an indicator of the appropriateness of using such models to predict the actual spread of organic immiscible liquids at spill sites. Sediment hydraulic properties used in the model were estimated from particle size data. The general large-scale features of the observed oil body were reproduced only when hysteresis with oil entrapment and representations of observed spatial variability of hydraulic properties were incorporated into the model. The small-scale details of the observed subsurface oil distribution were not reproduced in the simulations. The discrepancy between observed and simulated oil distributions reflects the considerable uncertainty in model parameter estimates and boundary conditions, three-phase capillary pressure-saturation-relative permeability functions, representations of spatial variability of hydraulic properties, and hydrodynamics of the groundwater flow system at the study site.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00370","usgsCitation":"Essaid, H., Herkelrath, W., and Hess, K., 1993, Simulation of fluid distributions observed at a crude oil spill site incorporating hysteresis, oil entrapment, and spatial variability of hydraulic properties: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 6, p. 1753-1770, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00370.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"1753","endPage":"1770","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338036,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5ee4b0236b68f98f3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Essaid, H.I.","contributorId":22342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essaid","given":"H.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herkelrath, W.N.","contributorId":77981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"W.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hess, K.M.","contributorId":39415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186688,"text":"70186688 - 1993 - Use of output from high‐resolution atmospheric models in landscape‐scale hydrologic models: An assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-07T16:56:07.46528","indexId":"70186688","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of output from high‐resolution atmospheric models in landscape‐scale hydrologic models: An assessment","docAbstract":"In this paper we investigate the feasibility of coupling regional climate models (RCMs) with landscape‐scale hydrologic models (LSHMs) for studies of the effects of climate on hydrologic systems. The RCM used is the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Pennsylvania State University mesoscale model (MM4). Output from two year‐round simulations (1983 and 1988) over the western United States is used to drive a lake model for Pyramid Lake in Nevada and a streamfiow model for Steamboat Creek in Oregon. Comparisons with observed data indicate that MM4 is able to produce meteorologic data sets that can be used to drive hydrologic models. Results from the lake model simulations indicate that the use of MM4 output produces reasonably good predictions of surface temperature and evaporation. Results from the streamflow simulations indicate that the use of MM4 output results in good simulations of the seasonal cycle of streamflow, but deficiencies in simulated wintertime precipitation resulted in underestimates of streamflow and soil moisture. Further work with climate (multiyear) simulations is necessary to achieve a complete analysis, but the results from this study indicate that coupling of LSHMs and RCMs may be a useful approach for evaluating the effects of climate change on hydrologic systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00263","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., and Giorgi, F., 1993, Use of output from high‐resolution atmospheric models in landscape‐scale hydrologic models: An assessment: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 6, p. 1685-1695, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00263.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1685","endPage":"1695","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339399,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54ce4b09da6799d63f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, S. W. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":42911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giorgi, F.","contributorId":24924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giorgi","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216619,"text":"70216619 - 1993 - Toward the simulation of the effects of the Great Lakes on regional climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:18:52.512268","indexId":"70216619","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-29T15:33:27","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2786,"text":"Monthly Weather Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toward the simulation of the effects of the Great Lakes on regional climate","docAbstract":"This paper describes a set of numerical experiments aimed at evaluating the feasibility of applying a version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research-Pennsylvania State University regional model (MM4) to regional climate simulation over the Great Lakes Basin. The objectives of this initial modeling investigation are 1) to examine whether the MM4 can capture the primary forcing exerted by the Great Lakes on the regional climate and 2) to evaluate what model resolution and configuration are needed to simulate such forcing. Simulations over the Great Lakes region are conducted with and without representation of the lakes at four model gridpoint resolutions ranging from 15 to 90 km. One experiment at 60-km resolution is discussed in which a one-dimensional thermal eddy diffusion model is interactively coupled to the MM4 to represent the lakes. Initial and lateral boundary conditions necessary to drive these simulations are provided by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses of observations. All simulations conducted are 10 days in length, from 22 December 1985 to 1 January 1986.
When driven with data from ECMWF analyses of observations, the climate version of the MM4 reproduces the basic characteristics of the distribution of lake-effect precipitation over the Great Lakes Basin. Differences between simulations with and without the lakes represented indicate that the lakes accounted for approximately 25% of the precipitation over the basin during the 10-day period simulated. Over localized areas, identified as the major snowbelts downwind from the lakes, lake effects were responsible for 50%–70% of the precipitation.
Basinwide precipitation did not vary greatly among the simulations with resolutions of 60, 30, and 15 km, although biases between model results and station observations did decrease slightly with increasing model resolution. Basinwide maximum and minimum temperature biases decreased more markedly with finer resolution. In the snowbelt regions downwind from the lakes, precipitation was underforecast at all four model resolutions, but precipitation generally increased with finer resolution. Differences between the results from the simulations at the three finest resolutions were greater over snowbelt regions than over the basin as a whole.
A simulation was conducted with the MM4 coupled to a lake model in an interactive two-way nested configuration. The implementation of this coupling was accomplished in a straightforward manner, with no model tuning required, and added very little to the computation time needed for the MM4 system. This coupled modeling system was found to produce realistic distributions of lake surface temperatures, evaporation rates, and ice thicknesses across the lakes. In climate simulations where the MM4 is nested in a general circulation model (GCM), we believe that the use of this coupled modeling system is preferable to specifying lake parameters by interpolation from GCM output. The next step in this work is to conduct a simulation of at least one annual cycle over the region to more fully test the coupled MM4-take model system.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<1373:TTSOTE>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bates, G.T., Giorgi, F., and Hostetler, S.W., 1993, Toward the simulation of the effects of the Great Lakes on regional climate: Monthly Weather Review, v. 121, no. 5, p. 1373-1387, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<1373:TTSOTE>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1373","endPage":"1387","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<1373:ttsote>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":380820,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.42773437499999,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -76.201171875,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -76.201171875,\n 49.32512199104001\n ],\n [\n -93.42773437499999,\n 49.32512199104001\n ],\n [\n -93.42773437499999,\n 41.31082388091818\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"121","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bates, Gary T.","contributorId":245248,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bates","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giorgi, F.","contributorId":28186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giorgi","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018222,"text":"70018222 - 1993 - Geochemical evaluation of upper cretaceous fruitland formation coals, San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T15:46:15.783786","indexId":"70018222","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evaluation of upper cretaceous fruitland formation coals, San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado","docAbstract":"Geochemical analyses of coal samples from the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Colorado were used to determine thermal maturity, type of kerogen, and hydrocarbon generation potential. Mean random vitrinite reflectance (%Rm) of the Fruitland coal ranges from 0.42 to 1.54%. Rock-Eval pyrolysis data and saturated to aromatic hydrocarbon ratio indicate that the onset of thermal hydrocarbon generation begins at about 0.60% Rm and peak generation occurs at about 0.85% Rm. Several samples have hydrogen index values between 200 and 400, indicating some potential for liquid hydrocarbon generation and a mixed Type III and II kerogen. Pentacyclic and tricyclic terpanes, steranes, aromatic steroids and methylphenanthrene maturity parameters were observed through the complete range of thermal maturity in the Fruitland coals. Aromatic pentacyclic terpanes, similar to those found in brown coals of Australia, were observed in low maturity samples, but not found above 0.80% Rm.
N-alkane depleted coal samples, which occur at a thermal maturity of approx. 0.90% Rm, paralleling peak hydrocarbon generation, are fairly widespread throughout the basin. Depletion of n-alkanes in these samples may be due to gas solution stripping and migration fromthe coal seams coincident with the development of pressure induced fracturing due to hydrocarbon generation; however, biodegradation may also effect these samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(93)90094-R","usgsCitation":"Michael, G., Anders, D., and Law, B.E., 1993, Geochemical evaluation of upper cretaceous fruitland formation coals, San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 4, p. 475-498, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(93)90094-R.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"475","endPage":"498","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226972,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"San Juan basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.7977938552151,\n 37.477854602653835\n ],\n [\n -107.7977938552151,\n 36.27389433503778\n ],\n [\n -105.58954190209035,\n 36.27389433503778\n ],\n [\n -105.58954190209035,\n 37.477854602653835\n ],\n [\n -107.7977938552151,\n 37.477854602653835\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1629e4b0c8380cd5507d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michael, G.E.","contributorId":63456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anders, D.E.","contributorId":28960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anders","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Law, B. E.","contributorId":17586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Law","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186717,"text":"70186717 - 1993 - Northward displacements of forearc slivers in the Coast Ranges of California and Southwest Oregon during the late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-18T14:40:01","indexId":"70186717","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Northward displacements of forearc slivers in the Coast Ranges of California and Southwest Oregon during the late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic","docAbstract":"North American-Farallon-Kula plate motion data, combined with estimated strikeslip displacements obtained from the obliquity of convergence along active circumPacific subduction zones, can be used to estimate the amount of strike-slip displacement along the forearc region of western North America. This evidence suggests a minumum of 500 km and maximum of 1600 km displacement with respect to the Farallon plate, and a minumum of 1600 km and a maximum of 4900 km with respect to the Kula plate (or some equivalent) from Late Jurassic to middle Eocene (145 Ma to 43 Ma). These displacements are consistent with pre-middle Eocene displacements of paleoforearc strata (Franciscan Complex, Great Valley sequence and related units), inferred from pa 1eomagnetic, petrologic, stratigraphic, and conglomerate pebble data. Tentative restorations suggest that the Elk outlier and Snow Camp terrane of southwest Oregon have affinities with the southern Klamath Mountains of northern California; that the Gold Beach terrane of southwest Oregon has affinities with central or southern California; that the Healdsburg terrane of the San Francisco area has affinities with southern California; that other Franciscan rocks of the San Francisco area have affinities with central or southern California; and that the Nacimiento block has affinities with the Peninsular Ranges or Vizcaino area of Baja California. These tentative correlations suggest about 600-1000 km of right-lateral displacement between Early Cretaceous and middle Eocene time which can be entirely accommodated by Farallon plate motions and (or) represent minimal displacement with respect to Kula plate motions (or some equivalent).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mesozoic paleogeography of the Western United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists","usgsCitation":"Jayko, A.S., and Blake, M., 1993, Northward displacements of forearc slivers in the Coast Ranges of California and Southwest Oregon during the late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic, chap. of Mesozoic paleogeography of the Western United States, p. 19-36.","productDescription":"17 p. ","startPage":"19","endPage":"36","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339444,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54ce4b09da6799d63f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jayko, A. S. 0000-0002-7378-0330","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-0330","contributorId":18011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jayko","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blake, M.C. Jr.","contributorId":27094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"M.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70135886,"text":"70135886 - 1993 - First results of a deep tow CHIRP sonar seafloor imaging system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T09:21:15","indexId":"70135886","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-03T13:15:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"First results of a deep tow CHIRP sonar seafloor imaging system","docAbstract":"The latest and most innovative technology has been applied towards the development of a full-ocean depth multi-sensor sonar system using linear swept-FM (Chirp) technology. The seafloor imaging system (SIS- 7000) described herein uses Chirp sidescan sonar to provide high resolution imagery at long range, and Chirp subbottom sonar to provide high resolution profiles in both the near bottom and deeper subbottom. The tow vehicle contains a suite of full-ocean depth instrumentation for measuring various oceanographic parameters and for monitoring vehicle status. Top side systems include a sonar display and data logging system as well as real-time sensor status display and tow vehicle control system. This paper will present an overview of this system, describe its technology and capabilities, and present some initial results.
","conferenceTitle":"Offshore Technology 25th Annual Conference","conferenceDate":"05/03/1993","conferenceLocation":"Houston, TX","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers","publisherLocation":"Richardson, TX","doi":"10.4043/7115-MS","usgsCitation":"Parent, M., Fang, C., O’Brien, T.F., and Danforth, W.W., 1993, First results of a deep tow CHIRP sonar seafloor imaging system, Offshore Technology 25th Annual Conference, Houston, TX, 05/03/1993, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.4043/7115-MS.","productDescription":"10 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296800,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-05-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b9ee4b08de9379b3433","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parent, M.","contributorId":105933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parent","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fang, Changle","contributorId":131031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fang","given":"Changle","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Brien, Thomas F. 0000-0003-0906-8450 tobrien@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0906-8450","contributorId":4151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"Thomas","email":"tobrien@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Danforth, William W. 0000-0002-6382-9487 bdanforth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-9487","contributorId":3292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"William","email":"bdanforth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70169047,"text":"70169047 - 1993 - A Geographic Information System procedure to quantify drainage-basin characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T10:55:48","indexId":"70169047","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A Geographic Information System procedure to quantify drainage-basin characteristics","docAbstract":"The Basin Characteristics System (BCS) has been developed to quantify characteristics of a drainage basin. The first of four main BCS processing steps creates four geographic information system (GIS) digital maps representing the drainage divide, the drainage network, elevation contours, and the basin length. The drainage divide and basin length are manually digitized from 1:250,000-scale topographic maps. The drainage network is extracted using GIS software from 1:100,000-scale digital line graph data. The elevation contours are generated using GIS software from 1:250,000-scale digital elevation model data. The second and third steps use software developed to assign attributes to specific features in three of the four digital maps and analyze the four maps to quantify 24 morphometric basin characteristics. The fourth step quantifies two climatic characteristics from digitized State maps of precipitation data.
\nCompared to manual methods of measurement, the BCS provides a reduction in the time required to quantify the 26 basin characteristics. Comparison tests indicate the BCS measurements are not significantly different from manual topographic-map measurements for 11 of 12 primary drainage-basin characteristics. Tests indicate the BCS significantly underestimates basin slope. Comparison-measurement differences for basin slope, main channel slope, and basin relief appear to be due to limitations in the digital elevation model data.
\nStrong offshore winds in early 1989 produced a shore polynya that reached along the entire north coast of Alaska and eastward beyond the mouth of the Mackenzie River in Canada. From January through April, this open water periodically exposed the shelf to sediment entrainment by suspension freezing. This process requires turbulence and supercooled water, which results in the formation of frazil and anchor ice. The resulting granular, sediment-laden ice was observed to extend over 100 km seaward of the outer continental shelf after having been advected offshore. It was sampled to determine sediment type and to quantify the particle load. The particle size was mainly silt and clay, with local admixtures of as much as 27% sand and coarser clasts. Melted ice samples contained from 31 to nearly 600 mg L-1 of sediment. Combining these data with over 400 km of shipboard and aerial observations, photographs, and computer analysis of a summer Landsat image, we estimated the sediment load per unit area of sea ice. Seaward of the shelf, in regions of dense pack ice, a conservatively estimated sediment load was over 289 t km-2. Using a westward summer drift rate of 3 cm s-1, the sediment transport through a 1-km-long north-south segment is 67,418 t during 3 mo. In terms of regional sediment dynamics (littoral transport estimated at 10,000 t during the same period) and sediment budget (continental denudation estimated at 10 t km-2 during the same period), this number is very significant. Benthic microfossils indicate that bottom sediment incorporated in the ice came from water depths ranging from the inner neritic seaward to 50 m. The large load of shelf-derived sediment observed seaward of the continental shelf indicates that ice entrainment and transport cause shelf erosion. Nothing is known about sediment release over the Arctic Ocean Basin from these pulses of dirty ice that are periodically introduced into the Transpolar Drift.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2307/1551544","usgsCitation":"Reimnitz, E., McCormick, M., McDougall-Reid, K., and Brouwers, E.M., 1993, Sediment export by ice rafting from a coastal Polynya, Arctic Alaska, U.S.A.: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 25, no. 2, p. 83-98, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551544.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"98","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416994,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.1893628235785,\n 68.8510799545711\n ],\n [\n -165.7927784937305,\n 68.60302294479024\n ],\n [\n -163.59571757549665,\n 68.45306559682152\n ],\n [\n -162.10797619040798,\n 69.25615394607448\n ],\n [\n -157.08199600571925,\n 70.07554650332517\n ],\n [\n -151.61365855031693,\n 69.51002606358901\n ],\n [\n -148.49371558067688,\n 69.28203829095418\n ],\n [\n -146.08719200955667,\n 69.23274785479458\n ],\n [\n -142.86278578656948,\n 69.5068404646222\n ],\n [\n -140.99468181589384,\n 69.07584879432568\n ],\n [\n -141.0126515770738,\n 69.62138774277821\n ],\n [\n -140.17191729737542,\n 71.55828011520083\n ],\n [\n -142.89846249283258,\n 71.71808353148506\n ],\n [\n -158.7712581652307,\n 73.17888787382822\n ],\n [\n -166.19595621130796,\n 71.98411374590395\n ],\n [\n -168.2196648555574,\n 69.9431467369302\n ],\n [\n -166.1893628235785,\n 68.8510799545711\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reimnitz, Erk","contributorId":17963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimnitz","given":"Erk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, Michael","contributorId":18791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDougall-Reid, Kristin 0000-0001-6026-0718 kris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6026-0718","contributorId":1942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougall-Reid","given":"Kristin","email":"kris@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brouwers, Elisabeth M. brouwers@usgs.gov","contributorId":190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brouwers","given":"Elisabeth","email":"brouwers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70128720,"text":"70128720 - 1993 - Conceptual model for quantifying pre-smolt production from flow-dependent physical habitat and water temperature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T13:47:36","indexId":"70128720","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T10:36:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3246,"text":"Regulated Rivers: Research & Management","printIssn":"0886-9375","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conceptual model for quantifying pre-smolt production from flow-dependent physical habitat and water temperature","docAbstract":"A conceptual model has been developed to test river regulation concepts by linking physical habitat and water temperature with salmonid population and production in cold water streams. Work is in progress to examine numerous questions as part of flow evaluation and habitat restoration programmes in the Trinity River of California and elsewhere. For instance, how much change in pre-smolt chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) production in the Trinity River would result from a different annual instream allocation (i.e. up or down from 271 × 106 m3released in the late 1980s) and how much change in pre-smolt production would result from a different release pattern (i.e. different from the 8.5 m3 s−1 year-round release). The conceptual model is being used to: design, integrate and improve young-of-year population data collection efforts; test hypotheses that physical habitat significantly influences movement, growth and mortality of salmonid fishes; and analyse the relative severity of limiting factors during each life stage. The conceptual model, in conjunction with previously developed tools in the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology, should provide the means to more effectively manage a fishery resource below a regulated reservoir and to provide positive feedback to planning of annual reservoir operations.
Paleointensity determinations have been obtained from 22 basaltic lava flows on the island of Hawaii using the Thelliers' method. Radiocarbon dating indicates that these flows erupted at intervals ranging from about 200 to 1000 years, and results of the experiments provide an estimate of broad trends in geomagnetic paleointensity during Holocene time in the vicinity of Hawaii. Most of the samples were obtained from quickly cooled flow margins and, as a consequence, typically contain two titanomagnetite populations. Only two of the 79 samples analyzed failed to yield an estimate of the paleofield, demonstrating that paleointensities can be obtained from such samples if carefully selected. Virtual dipole moments calculated for the flows are compared with a published curve of dipole field intensity that was constructed using worldwide archeomagnetic data. The large nondipole fields that were previously postulated for the vicinity of Hawaii are confirmed, and the present data indicate that they were present from about 5000 years B.P. to perhaps as recently as the past 200 years. The data indicate, however, that these nondipole sources must have been virtually absent between about 12,000 and 5000 years B.P. as they are at the present time.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/93JB00024","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E.A., and Champion, D.E., 1993, Broad trends in geomagnetic paleointensity on Hawaii during Holocene time: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B5, p. 7959-7976, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB00024.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"7959","endPage":"7976","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354325,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","volume":"98","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff25b0e4b0da30c1bfd6e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Champion, Duane E. 0000-0001-7854-9034 dchamp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9034","contributorId":2912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Duane","email":"dchamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185458,"text":"70185458 - 1993 - Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-17T10:28:45","indexId":"70185458","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland","docAbstract":"Eddy correlation measurements of sensible and latent heat flux are used with measurements of net radiation, soil heat flux, and other micrometeorological variables to develop the Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for use in a sparsely vegetated, semiarid rangeland. The Penman-Monteith model, a one-component model designed for use with dense crops, is not sufficiently accurate (r2 = 0.56 for hourly data and r2 = 0.60 for daily data). The Shuttleworth-Wallace model, a two-component logical extension of the Penman-Monteith model for use with sparse crops, performs significantly better (r2 = 0.78 for hourly data and r2 = 0.85 for daily data). The modified Priestley-Taylor model, a one-component simplified form of the Penman potential evapotranspiration model, surprisingly performs as well as the Shuttle worth-Wallace model. The rigorous Shuttleworth-Wallace model predicts that about one quarter of the vapor flux to the atmosphere is from bare-soil evaporation. Further, during daylight hours, the small leaves are sinks for sensible heat produced at the hot soil surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00333","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D.I., 1993, Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 5, p. 1379-1392, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00333.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"1379","endPage":"1392","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338048,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5ee4b0236b68f98f3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, David I. distanna@usgs.gov","contributorId":562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"David","email":"distanna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014865,"text":"1014865 - 1993 - Genetic comparison of naturally spawned and artificially propagated Lake Ontario lake trout fry: Evaluation of a stocking strategy for species rehabilitation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-28T15:43:26.75253","indexId":"1014865","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic comparison of naturally spawned and artificially propagated Lake Ontario lake trout fry: Evaluation of a stocking strategy for species rehabilitation","docAbstract":"Two strategies have been used in the effort to restore lake trout Salvelinus namaycush to Lake Ontario. First, lake trout strains from multiple wild and hatchery sources have been stocked to maximize genetic variability in the lake, Second, a unique hatchery “strain” of fish to be stocked was created each year with gametes collected from adult, hatchery‐origin fish that had survived to maturity after being stocked into Lake Ontario. Several hatchery strains may be represented among the adults captured and used to propagate this unique strain, termed the “Ontario strain.” The “Ontario strain” may have a genetically based potential for enhanced survival over other strains stocked in Lake Ontario because it is composed of the progeny of fish that have survived from the yearling to the adult life stage, Unlike naturally spawned fish, however, the “Ontario strain” has been shielded from natural selection during the critical period of mortality from spawning through the first year of life, The purpose of this study was to determine whether the “Ontario strain” was genetically representative of the wild fry produced in the lake, We examined the strain composition of three year‐classes of wild‐caught fry and six year‐classes of the “Ontario strain” using allozyme data with mixed‐stock analysis. The hatchery and wild fry were genetically dissimilar. In addition, the composition of the “Ontario strain” changed from predominantly Seneca strain in 1983–1984 to predominantly Superior and Killala strains from 1983 to 1989. Mixed‐stock estimates indicated that in contrast to the hatchery‐reared fry, strain composition of wildcaught fry did not vary greatly from year to year. Progeny of Seneca × Seneca crosses were the predominant fry in the three year‐classes of wild fry. The genetic dissimilarity between the “Ontario strain” fry and wild‐caught fry could be caused by differential mortality among the wild fry between spawning and fry emergence or by differential vulnerability of strains to the gill‐net sampling used to capture adults for gamete collection. Based on these results, the development of a new hatchery brood stock from wild‐caught fry is recommended as an alternative to the collection and propagation of gametes from mature hatchery‐origin lake trout. In addition, the composition of the hatchery strains stocked should be altered to emphasize those strains that reproduce successfully. Both options should be considered in order to speed the rehabilitation process.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1993)013<0304:GCONSA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Marsden, J., Krueger, C., Grewe, P., Kincaid, H.L., and May, B., 1993, Genetic comparison of naturally spawned and artificially propagated Lake Ontario lake trout fry: Evaluation of a stocking strategy for species rehabilitation: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 13, no. 2, p. 304-317, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1993)013<0304:GCONSA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"304","endPage":"317","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132247,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.08986947846789,\n 43.99250984840501\n ],\n [\n -80.08986947846789,\n 43.201631091155036\n ],\n [\n -76.1485199223664,\n 43.201631091155036\n ],\n [\n -76.1485199223664,\n 43.99250984840501\n ],\n [\n -80.08986947846789,\n 43.99250984840501\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeb79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marsden, J.E.","contributorId":97454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsden","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krueger, C.C.","contributorId":97042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grewe, P.M.","contributorId":51242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grewe","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kincaid, H. L.","contributorId":21891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kincaid","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"May, B.","contributorId":19112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}