{"pageNumber":"1389","pageRowStart":"34700","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46733,"records":[{"id":70018364,"text":"70018364 - 1993 - Actualistic models of mantle metasomatism documented in a composite xenolith from Dish Hill, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T12:07:45.063666","indexId":"70018364","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Actualistic models of mantle metasomatism documented in a composite xenolith from Dish Hill, California","docAbstract":"<p>Major and trace-element whole rock and mineral variations in composite hornblendite-peridotite xenolith Ba-2-1, from Dish Hill, CA, are due to a single event of metasomatism in the mantle. The hornblendite is the crystallized selvage of a dike conduit charged with incompatible-element-enriched hydrous mafic magma. The magma infiltrated the refractory peridotite wallrock, reacted with its constituent minerals, and simultaneously deposited amphibole. The systematic data from this study show considerable variation in isotopic values and trace elements. These data provide insight into a mantle process that was defined previously from samples without context, lacking evidence about the number or source of metasomatic events.</p><p>In the contact zone of Ba-2-1, peridotite is enriched in Fe, Ti, CO<sub>2</sub>) and H<sub>2</sub>O; clinopyroxene and amphibole also are enriched in Fe and Ti, but clinopyroxene appears slightly depleted in CaO. Compared to chondrites, peridotite, clinopyroxene, and probably amphibole are enriched in light rare earth (LREE<sub>cn</sub>) and other incompatible trace elements. Values of<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>87</mn></msup><mtext>Sr</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>86</mn></msup><mtext>Sr</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>87</sup>Sr<sup>86</sup>Sr</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>143</mn></msup><mtext>Nd</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>144</mn></msup><mtext>Nd</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>143</sup>Nd<sup>144</sup>Nd</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>in the contact zone are close to isotopic equilibrium with the dike. Whole rock and constituent clinopyroxene compositions change to those of refractory peridotite with distance from the contact.</p><p>These compositional variations were modelled using Gresens' equation for whole-rock major and minor elements, and calculations for isotopic ratios and REEs, which emulate the effects of Chromatographic fractionation. The choice of endmembers was restricted to compositions actually present in mantle samples from Dish Hill.</p><p>Model results indicate that:</p><ul class=\"list\"><li class=\"react-xocs-list-item\"><span class=\"list-label\">1. </span>the variations can be explained as the result of a single metasomatic event, probably a single pulse of previously fractionated liquid;</li><li class=\"react-xocs-list-item\"><span class=\"list-label\">2. </span>the ratio of total interacting liquid to peridotite was at least 1:3 by weight in the contact zone; and</li><li class=\"react-xocs-list-item\"><span class=\"list-label\">3. </span>the composition of the metasomatic liquid changed progressively as it infiltrated beyond that zone. The small distance over which variations occur is due to the small amount of liquid that infiltrated. Only in the contact zone was peridotite wallrock saturated by a liquid composition similar to the dike.</li></ul><p>Comparison of the Ba-2-1 data with those of another xenolith from Dish Hill suggests that the compositional variations of mantle metasomatism result from both the compositional contrast between the metasomatizing liquid and wallrock and the relative abundances of each. Compositional and volumetric variations of mantle partial melts and their fractionates, and repeated events of melting and reaction in contiguous mantle, can create broad ranges of metasomatic “signatures” from the same process.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(93)90472-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Nielson, J.E., Budahn, J., Unruh, D., and Wilshire, H.G., 1993, Actualistic models of mantle metasomatism documented in a composite xenolith from Dish Hill, California: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, no. 1, p. 105-121, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90472-9.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"121","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226981,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Dish Hill","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.93833756206014,\n              34.60397946774401\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.93342004954005,\n              34.60974708239199\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.93452648985725,\n              34.613086044597935\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.93833756206014,\n              34.614704887024516\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.94128806957218,\n              34.62026941708001\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.94423857708423,\n              34.61976356612679\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.94669733334452,\n              34.61703191770417\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.94964784085656,\n              34.61804364982491\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.95444241556396,\n              34.61672839566306\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.95481122900301,\n              34.614199002157946\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.95321303743357,\n              34.61055654010708\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.9516148458646,\n              34.605294923894164\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.94780377366172,\n              34.60428303639753\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.94423857708423,\n              34.60620561209886\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.94128806957218,\n              34.60397946774401\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.93833756206014,\n              34.60397946774401\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6d2e4b0c8380cd47658","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielson, J. E.","contributorId":106140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Unruh, D.M.","contributorId":8498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018400,"text":"70018400 - 1993 - Geological applications of multi-response permutation procedures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:23","indexId":"70018400","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geological applications of multi-response permutation procedures","docAbstract":"The multi-purpose permutation procedures (MRPP) test statistic is designed to analyze multivariate data at the ordinal or higher levels. It is based on the weighted averages of symmetric distance functions over all paired objects within a priori disjoint groups of objects from a finite population of objects where each object's response is a point in an r-dimensional space. Thus, the arguments of each r-dimensional point correspond to the r measured responses of each object in the finite population of objects. The null hypothesis underlying MRPP is that the observed sample of objects within groups of a specified size structure is randomly obtained from the pooled collection of objects comprising the finite population. The procedure is used to test the presumed geomorphic differences among three reaches of the Lower Mississippi River. A combination of the proposed reaches is favored and several variable-based reach configurations are proposed. ?? 1993 International Association for Mathernatical Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00894781","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Orlowski, L., Grundy, W., Mielke, P., and Schumm, S.A., 1993, Geological applications of multi-response permutation procedures: Mathematical Geology, v. 25, no. 4, p. 483-500, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00894781.","startPage":"483","endPage":"500","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205928,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00894781"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2258e4b0c8380cd56f6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orlowski, L.A.","contributorId":65613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orlowski","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grundy, W.D.","contributorId":73227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grundy","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mielke, P.W. Jr.","contributorId":93006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mielke","given":"P.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schumm, S. A.","contributorId":71957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumm","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018040,"text":"70018040 - 1993 - Development of bridge-scour instrumentation for inspection and maintenance personnel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70018040","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Development of bridge-scour instrumentation for inspection and maintenance personnel","docAbstract":"Inspecting bridges and monitoring scour during high flow can improve public transportation safety by providing early identification of scour and stream stability problems at bridges. Most bridge-inspection data are collected during low flow, when scour holes may have refilled. More than 25 percent of the States that responded to a questionnaire identified lack of adequate methodology and/or equipment as reasons for not collecting scour data during high-flow conditions. Therefore, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, has begun to develop instrumentation for measuring scour that could be used by inspection and maintenance personnel during high-flow conditions. A variety of instruments and techniques for measuring scour were tested and evaluated in real-time bridge-scour data-collection studies by the USGS. In the National Scour study, fathometers were found to be superior to sounding weights and will be the primary bed-measuring instrument. The ability of low-cost fathometers and fish finders to locate the bed accurately is being evaluated. Simple and efficient methods for deploying the transducer during floods are also important for a successful measurement. The information and additional testing are being used to design new, portable scour-measuring systems.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629201","usgsCitation":"Mueller, D.S., and Landers, M.N., 1993, Development of bridge-scour instrumentation for inspection and maintenance personnel, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, San Francisco, CA, USA, 25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993, p. 2045-2050.","startPage":"2045","endPage":"2050","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0050e4b0c8380cd4f6cc","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","contributorId":128306,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","id":536422,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, David S. dmueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"dmueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landers, Mark N. 0000-0002-3014-0480 landers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3014-0480","contributorId":1103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landers","given":"Mark","email":"landers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017727,"text":"70017727 - 1993 - Effects of climatic variations over 11 years on nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in the Raccoon River, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T06:30:21","indexId":"70017727","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of climatic variations over 11 years on nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in the Raccoon River, Iowa","docAbstract":"Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations at public water supply intakes on the Des Moines and Raccoon Rivers in Iowa exceeded the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 mg L-1 for public water supplies established by the USEPA for extended periods of time from March through early August 1990. The excessive NO3-N levels followed 2 yr of less-than normal precipitation in 1988 and 1989. The largest daily NO3-N load (771 t) transported during the last 17 yr in the Raccoon River occurred in June 1990. The streamflow hydrograph for the Raccoon River for March 1990 prior to seasonal fertilizer application indicates that high NO3-N concentrations characterize the recession side of the hydrograph. High NO3-N concentrations in streamflow persisted as streamflow decreased to baseflow conditions. This implies that substantial quantities of NO3-N were being leached from the soil and transported by subsurface flow during early 1990. A multiple linear-regression model was developed to predict NO3-N concentrations in the Raccoon River from readily-obtainable streamflow and climatic data. The four-variable model explained about 70% of the variability in the concentration of NO3-N. The mean streamflow for the previous 7-d period accounted for about 50% of the total variability.","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200010005x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Lucey, K., and Goolsby, D.A., 1993, Effects of climatic variations over 11 years on nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in the Raccoon River, Iowa: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 22, no. 1, p. 38-46, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200010005x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"46","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Raccoon River","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06b2e4b0c8380cd5139a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucey, K.J.","contributorId":70002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucey","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017505,"text":"70017505 - 1993 - Heat capacity and phase equilibria of almandine, Fe3Al2Si3O12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T10:00:30","indexId":"70017505","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat capacity and phase equilibria of almandine, Fe3Al2Si3O12","docAbstract":"<p>The heat capacity of a synthetic almandine, Fe<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub>, was measured from 6 to 350 K using equilibrium, intermittent-heating quasi-adiabatic calorimetry and from 420 to 1000 K using differential scanning calorimetry. These measurements yield<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Cp</i><sub>298</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>= 342.80 ± 1.4 J/mol · K and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><sub>298</sub><sup><i>o</i></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>= 342.60 J/mol · K. Mössbauer characterizations show the almandine to contain less than 2 ± 1% of the total iron as Fe<sup>3+</sup>. X-ray diffraction studies of this synthetic almandine yield<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 11.521 ± 0.001 Å and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><sub>298</sub><sup><i>o</i></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>= 115.11 +- 0.01 cm<sup>3</sup>/mol, somewhat smaller than previously reported. The low-temperature Cp data indicate a lambda transition at 8.7 K related to an antiferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition with<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><sub><i>N</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>= 7.5<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i>. Modeling of the lattice contribution to the total entropy suggests the presence of entropy in excess of that attributable to the effects of lattice vibrations and the magnetic transition. This probably arises from a low-temperature electronic transition (Schottky contribution).</p><p>Combination of the Cp data with existing thermodynamic and phase equilibrium data on almandine yields<span>&nbsp;</span><i>ΔG</i><sub><i>f</i>,298</sub><sup><i>o</i></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>= −4938.3 kJ/mol and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>ΔH</i><sub><i>f</i>,298</sub><sup><i>o</i></sup>= —5261.3 kJ/mol for almandine when calculated from the elements. The equilibrium almandine = hercynite + fayalite + quartz limits the upper<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>T</mtext><mtext>P</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">TP</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>for almandine and is metastably located at ca. 570°C at<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 1 bar, with a<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>dP</mtext><mtext>dT</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">dPdT</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>of +17 bars/°C. This agrees well with reversed experiments on almandine stability when they are corrected for magnetite and hercynite solid-solutions. In ‖<sub><i>O</i>2-<i>T</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>space, almandine oxidizes near QFM by the reactions<span>&nbsp;</span><i>almandine</i><span>&nbsp;</span>+<span>&nbsp;</span><i>O</i><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>=<span>&nbsp;</span><i>magnetite</i><span>&nbsp;</span>+<span>&nbsp;</span><i>sillimanite</i><span>&nbsp;</span>+<span>&nbsp;</span><i>quartz</i><i>and</i><i>almandine</i><span>&nbsp;</span>+ 02 =<span>&nbsp;</span><i>hercynite</i><span>&nbsp;</span>+<span>&nbsp;</span><i>magnetite</i><span>&nbsp;</span>+<span>&nbsp;</span><i>quartz</i>. With suitable correction for reduced activities of solid phases, these equilibria provide useful oxygen barometers for medium- to high-grade metamorphic rocks.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(93)90315-N","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Anovitz, L.M., Essene, E., Metz, G., Bohlen, S., Westrum, E., and Hemingway, B.S., 1993, Heat capacity and phase equilibria of almandine, Fe3Al2Si3O12: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, no. 17, p. 4191-4204, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90315-N.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"4191","endPage":"4204","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487278,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90315-n","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228470,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2fefe4b0c8380cd5d216","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anovitz, Lawrence M.","contributorId":23174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anovitz","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Essene, E.J.","contributorId":91625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essene","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Metz, G.W.","contributorId":62755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bohlen, S.R.","contributorId":105436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlen","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Westrum, E.F. Jr.","contributorId":96416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westrum","given":"E.F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70017483,"text":"70017483 - 1993 - The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-18T12:02:05","indexId":"70017483","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2071,"text":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture","docAbstract":"The development of faults and shear fracture systems over a broad range of temperature and pressure and for a variety of rock types involves the growth and interaction of microcracks. Acoustic emission (AE), which is produced by rapid microcrack growth, is a ubiquitous phenomenon associated with brittle fracture and has provided a wealth of information regarding the failure process in rock. This paper reviews the successes and limitations of AE studies as applied to the fracture process in rock with emphasis on our ability to predict rock failure. Application of laboratory AE studies to larger scale problems related to the understanding of earthquake processes is also discussed. In this context, laboratory studies can be divided into the following categories. 1) Simple counting of the number of AE events prior to sample failure shows a correlation between AE rate and inelastic strain rate. Additional sorting of events by amplitude has shown that AE events obey the power law frequency-magnitude relation observed for earthquakes. These cumulative event count techniques are being used in conjunction with damage mechanics models to determine how damage accumulates during loading and to predict failure. 2) A second area of research involves the location of hypocenters of AE source events. This technique requires precise arrival time data of AE signals recorded over an array of sensors that are essentially a miniature seismic net. Analysis of the spatial and temporal variation of event hypocenters has improved our understanding of the progression of microcrack growth and clustering leading to rock failure. Recently, fracture nucleation and growth have been studied under conditions of quasi-static fault propagation by controlling stress to maintain constant AE rate. 3) A third area of study involves the analysis of full waveform data as recorded at receiver sites. One aspect of this research has been to determine fault plane solutions of AE source events from first motion data. These studies show that in addition to pure tensile and double couple events, a significant number of more complex event types occur in the period leading to fault nucleation. 4) P and S wave velocities (including spatial variations) and attenuation have been obtained by artificially generating acoustic pulses which are modified during passage through the sample. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0148-9062(93)90041-B","issn":"01489062","usgsCitation":"Lockner, D., 1993, The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, v. 30, no. 7, p. 883-899, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(93)90041-B.","startPage":"883","endPage":"899","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265934,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(93)90041-B"}],"volume":"30","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf4de4b08c986b3246cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockner, D.","contributorId":102190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017471,"text":"70017471 - 1993 - New geothermal database for Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:58","indexId":"70017471","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"New geothermal database for Utah","docAbstract":"The Utah Geological Survey complied a preliminary database consisting of over 800 records on thermal wells and springs in Utah with temperatures of 20??C or greater. Each record consists of 35 fields, including location of the well or spring, temperature, depth, flow-rate, and chemical analyses of water samples. Developed for applications on personal computers, the database will be useful for geochemical, statistical, and other geothermal related studies. A preliminary map of thermal wells and springs in Utah, which accompanies the database, could eventually incorporate heat-flow information, bottom-hole temperatures from oil and gas wells, traces of Quaternary faults, and locations of young volcanic centers.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1993 Annual Meeting on Utilities and Geothermal: An Emerging Partnership","conferenceDate":"10 October 1993 through 13 October 1993","conferenceLocation":"Burlingame, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, United States","issn":"01935933","isbn":"0934412715","usgsCitation":"Blackett, R.E., 1993, New geothermal database for Utah, <i>in</i> Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 17, Burlingame, CA, USA, 10 October 1993 through 13 October 1993, p. 91-96.","startPage":"91","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a658be4b0c8380cd72c0d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536367,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Blackett, Robert E.","contributorId":83674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackett","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017459,"text":"70017459 - 1993 - Reference surfaces for bridge scour depths","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017459","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Reference surfaces for bridge scour depths","docAbstract":"Depth of scour is measured as the vertical distance between scoured channel geometry and a measurement reference surface. A scour depth measurement can have a wide range depending on the method used to establish the reference surface. A consistent method to establish reference surfaces for bridge scour measurements is needed to facilitate transferability of scour data an scour analyses. This paper describes and evaluates techniques for establishing reference surfaces from which local and contraction scour are measured.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629201","usgsCitation":"Landers, M.N., and Mueller, D.S., 1993, Reference surfaces for bridge scour depths, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, San Francisco, CA, USA, 25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993, p. 2075-2080.","startPage":"2075","endPage":"2080","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a42fe4b0e8fec6cdba9d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","contributorId":128306,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","id":536366,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Landers, Mark N. 0000-0002-3014-0480 landers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3014-0480","contributorId":1103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landers","given":"Mark","email":"landers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, David S. dmueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"dmueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017416,"text":"70017416 - 1993 - Non-parametric trend analysis of water quality data of rivers in Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:33:36.125435","indexId":"70017416","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Non-parametric trend analysis of water quality data of rivers in Kansas","docAbstract":"<p><span>Surface water quality data for 15 sampling stations in the Arkansas, Verdigris, Neosho, and Walnut river basins inside the state of Kansas were analyzed to detect trends (or lack of trends) in 17 major constituents by using four different non-parametric methods. The results show that concentrations of specific conductance, total dissolved solids, calcium, total hardness, sodium, potassium, alkalinity, sulfate, chloride, total phosphorus, ammonia plus organic nitrogen, and suspended sediment generally have downward trends. Some of the downward trends are related to increases in discharge, while others could be caused by decreases in pollution sources. Homogeneity tests show that both station-wide trends and basinwide trends are non-homogeneous.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(93)90156-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Yu, Y., Zou, S., and Whittemore, D., 1993, Non-parametric trend analysis of water quality data of rivers in Kansas: Journal of Hydrology, v. 150, no. 1, p. 61-80, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90156-4.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228553,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"150","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6761e4b0c8380cd732d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yu, Y.-S.","contributorId":98892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yu","given":"Y.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zou, S.","contributorId":68898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zou","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whittemore, D.","contributorId":39530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whittemore","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017960,"text":"70017960 - 1993 - Monazite paragenesis and U-Pb systematics in rocks of the eastern Mojave Desert, California, U.S.A.: implications for thermochronometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T18:49:21","indexId":"70017960","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monazite paragenesis and U-Pb systematics in rocks of the eastern Mojave Desert, California, U.S.A.: implications for thermochronometry","docAbstract":"Studies of the paragenesis and U-Pb systematics of monazite in rocks from the eastern Mojave Desert, California, corroborate its potential usefulness as a prograde thermochronometer and in dating granite inheritance. Unmetamorphosed Latham Shale and its equivalents at grades ranging from greenschist to upper amphibolite facies are virtually identical in composition. Monazite is absent in the shale and low-grade schists, but it is abundant in schists at staurolite and higher grades. Lower-grade schists instead include minute Th- and Ce-oxides and unidentified Ce-poor LREE-phosphates that apparently are lower-temperature precursors to monazite. Thus monazite originates when the pelite passes through lower-amphibolite-facies conditions. Monazites from three Upper Cretaceous granites yield ages that are strongly discordant. Upper intercepts of 1.6-1.7 Ga are similar to those defined by U-Pb data for coexisting zircons and coincide with a period of copious magmatism in the Mojave crust. As the host Upper Cretaceous granitic magmas were all above 700??C, effective closure of the restitic monazites to Pb loss must be well in excess of this temperature. U-Pb compositions of monazite from Proterozoic granitoids and schist also indicate high Pb retentivity. Taken together, these studies support the suggestion that monazite can be an effective prograde thermochronometer. At least in pelites, it is not usually retained as a detrital mineral, but rather forms during moderate-temperature metamorphism. Its U-Pb system should not be reset by subsequent higher-grade metamorphism. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(93)90251-D","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Kingsbury, J., Miller, C.F., Wooden, J.L., and Harrison, T., 1993, Monazite paragenesis and U-Pb systematics in rocks of the eastern Mojave Desert, California, U.S.A.: implications for thermochronometry: Chemical Geology, v. 110, no. 1-3, p. 147-167, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90251-D.","startPage":"147","endPage":"167","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266061,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90251-D"},{"id":228358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d54e4b0c8380cd702f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kingsbury, J.A.","contributorId":21583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kingsbury","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, C. F.","contributorId":89971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harrison, T.M.","contributorId":60788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018268,"text":"70018268 - 1993 - Acid processing of pre-Tertiary radiolarian cherts and its impact on faunal content and biozonal correlation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T13:06:53.745965","indexId":"70018268","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acid processing of pre-Tertiary radiolarian cherts and its impact on faunal content and biozonal correlation","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15575564\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>The numbers of radiolarians visible in thin sections of chert-rich rocks are commonly an order of magnitude greater than the numbers observed on the surfaces of fragments etched by hydrofluoric acid (HF) and typically orders of magnitude greater than the numbers of individuals found in HF-processed residues. Destruction of radiolarians during both diagenesis and HF processing severely reduces faunal abundance and diversity and affects the taxonomic and biostratigraphic utility of chert residues. The robust forms that survive the processing represent only a small fraction of the death assemblage, and delicate skeletal structures used for species differentiation, commonly preserved in limestone radiolarian faunas, are either poorly preserved or dissolved in many coeval chert residues. First and last occurrences of taxa in chert sequences are likely to be coarse approximations of their true stratigraphic ranges. Precise correlation is difficult between biozonations based solely on index species from cherts and those constructed from limestone faunas. Careful selection of samples in sequence, use of weaker HF solutions, and study of both chert and limestone faunas should yield better biostratigraphic information.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0177:APOPTR>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Blome, C., and Reed, K.M., 1993, Acid processing of pre-Tertiary radiolarian cherts and its impact on faunal content and biozonal correlation: Geology, v. 21, no. 2, p. 177-180, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0177:APOPTR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"180","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227637,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e692e4b0c8380cd474ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blome, C.D.","contributorId":60647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blome","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, K. M.","contributorId":93888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018274,"text":"70018274 - 1993 - Subsurface temperatures and geothermal gradients on the north slope of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-08T16:51:39.977751","indexId":"70018274","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1264,"text":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface temperatures and geothermal gradients on the north slope of Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>On the North Slope of Alaska, geothermal gradient data are available from high-resolution, equilibrated well-bore surveys and from estimates based on well-log identification of the base of ice-bearing permafrost. A total of 46 North Slope wells, considered to be in or near thermal equilibrium, have been surveyed with high-resolution temperatures devices and geothermal gradients can be interpreted directly from these recorded temperature profiles. To augment the limited North Slope temperature data base, a new method of evaluating local geothermal gradients has been developed. In this method, a series of well-log picks for the base of the ice-bearing permafrost from 102 wells have been used, along with regional temperature constants derived from the high-resolution stabilized well-bore temperature surveys, to project geothermal gradients. Geothermal gradients calculated from the high-resolution temperature surveys generally agree with those projected from known ice-bearing permafrost depths over most of the North Slope. Values in the ice-bearing permafrost range from&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x2248;</mtext><mtext>1.5&amp;#xB0;</mtext><mtext>C</mtext><mtext>100</mtext><mtext>m</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">≈1.5°C100m</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;in the Prudhoe Bay area to&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x2248;</mtext><mtext>4.5&amp;#x3B4;</mtext><mtext>C</mtext><mtext>100</mtext><mtext>m</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">≈4.5<i>δ</i>C100m</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;in the east-central portion of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska. Geothermal gradients below the ice-bearing permafrost sequence range from&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x2248;</mtext><mtext>1.6&amp;#xB0;</mtext><mtext>C</mtext><mtext>100</mtext><mtext>m</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">≈1.6°C100m</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;to&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-4-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x2248;</mtext><mtext>5.2&amp;#xB0;</mtext><mtext>C</mtext><mtext>100</mtext><mtext>m</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">≈5.2°C100m</span></span></span><span>.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0165-232X(93)90071-F","usgsCitation":"Collett, T.S., Bird, K.J., and Magoon, L.B., 1993, Subsurface temperatures and geothermal gradients on the north slope of Alaska: Cold Regions Science and Technology, v. 21, no. 3, p. 275-293, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(93)90071-F.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"293","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227020,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -166.7096068686938,\n              71.69388395024325\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.08712006649446,\n              65.87803877813585\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.90675430350967,\n              65.87803877813585\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.85405574285585,\n              70.95363676700768\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.7096068686938,\n              71.69388395024325\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d90e4b08c986b31d909","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collett, Timothy S. 0000-0002-7598-4708 tcollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":1698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"tcollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, Kenneth J. kbird@usgs.gov","contributorId":1015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbird@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magoon, Leslie B. lmagoon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoon","given":"Leslie","email":"lmagoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":379066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017347,"text":"70017347 - 1993 - Method of estimating the amount of in situ gas hydrates in deep marine sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-10T11:10:13","indexId":"70017347","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Method of estimating the amount of in situ gas hydrates in deep marine sediments","docAbstract":"<p>The bulk volume of gas hydrates in marine sediments can be estimated by measuring interval velocities and amplitude blanking of hydrated zones from true amplitude processed multichannel seismic reflection data. In general, neither velocity nor amplitude information is adequate to independently estimate hydrate concentration. A method is proposed that uses amplitude blanking calibrated by interval velocity information to quantify hydrate concentrations in the Blake Ridge area of the US Atlantic continental margin. On the Blake Ridge, blanking occurs in conjunction with relatively low interval velocities. The model that best explains this relation linearly mixes two end-member sediments: hydrated and unhydrated sediment. Hydrate concentration in the hydrate end-member can be calculated from a weighted equation that uses velocity estimated from the seismic data, known properties of the pure hydrate, and porosity inferred from a velocity-porosity relationship. Amplitude blanking can be predicted as the proportions of hydrated and unhydrated sediment change across a reflection boundary. Our analysis of a small area near DSDP 533 indicates that the amount of gas hydrates is about 6% in total volume when the interval velocity is used as a criterion and about 9.5% when amplitude information is used. This compares with a calculated value of about 8% derived from the only available measurement in DSDP 533.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0264-8172(93)90050-3","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Lee, M.W., Hutchinson, D.R., Dillon, W.P., Miller, J.J., Agena, W., and Swift, B., 1993, Method of estimating the amount of in situ gas hydrates in deep marine sediments: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 10, no. 5, p. 493-506, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(93)90050-3.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"493","endPage":"506","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.40869140625,\n              32.287132632616384\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.50927734375,\n              32.287132632616384\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.50927734375,\n              35.8356283888737\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.40869140625,\n              35.8356283888737\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.40869140625,\n              32.287132632616384\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a555fe4b0c8380cd6d1c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hutchinson, D. R.","contributorId":31770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, J. J.","contributorId":54588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Agena, Warren F.","contributorId":67079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agena","given":"Warren F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Swift, B.A.","contributorId":32937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swift","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70018280,"text":"70018280 - 1993 - Geophysical investigations of concealed faults near Yucca Mountain, Southwest Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:24","indexId":"70018280","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geophysical investigations of concealed faults near Yucca Mountain, Southwest Nevada","docAbstract":"Detailed gravity and ground magnetic data collected along surveyed traverses across Midway Valley, on the eastern flank of Yucca Mountain, Nevada reveal that these methods can be used to delineate concealed faults. These studies are part of an effort to evaluate faulting in the vicinity of the proposed surface facilities for a potential nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain. The largest gravity and magnetic anomaly in the vicinity of Midway Valley is associated with the Paintbrush fault on the west flank of Alice Ridge. Geophysical data infer a vertical offset of about 200 m (650 ft). Another prominent gravity and magnetic anomaly is associated with the Bow Ridge fault in the western part of Midway Valley.","largerWorkTitle":"High Level Radioactive Waste Management","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Conference on High Level Radioactive Waste Management","conferenceDate":"26 April 1993 through 30 April 1993","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629503","usgsCitation":"Ponce, D., 1993, Geophysical investigations of concealed faults near Yucca Mountain, Southwest Nevada, <i>in</i> High Level Radioactive Waste Management, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 26 April 1993 through 30 April 1993, p. 168-174.","startPage":"168","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2832e4b0c8380cd59f02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ponce, D. A. 0000-0003-4785-7354","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-7354","contributorId":104019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponce","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185758,"text":"70185758 - 1993 - Application of borehole geophysics in defining the wellhead protection area for a fractured crystalline bedrock aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T16:22:46","indexId":"70185758","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2631,"text":"Log Analyst","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of borehole geophysics in defining the wellhead protection area for a fractured crystalline bedrock aquifer","docAbstract":"<p><span>Wellbore geophysical techniques were used to characterize fractures and flow in a bedrock aquifer at a site near Blackwater Brook in Dover, New Hampshire. The primary focus ofthis study was the development of a model to assist in evaluating the area surrounding a planned water supply well where contaminants introduced at the land surface might be induced to flow towards a pumping well. Well logs and geophysical surveys used in this study included lithologic logs based on examination of cuttings obtained during drilling; conventional caliper and natural gamma logs; video camera and acoustic televiewer surveys; highresolution vertical flow measurements under ambient conditions and during pumping; and borehole fluid conductivity logs obtained after the borehole fluid was replaced with deionized water. These surveys were used for several applications: 1) to define a conceptual model of aquifer structure to be used in groundwater exploration; 2) to estimate optimum locations for test and observation wells; and 3) to delineate a wellhead protection area (WHPA) for a planned water supply well. Integration of borehole data with surface geophysical and geological mapping data indicated that the study site lies along a northeast-trending intensely fractured contact zone between surface exposures of quartz monzonite and metasedimentary rocks. Four of five bedrock boreholes at the site were estimated to produce more than 150 gallons per minute (gpm) (568 L/min) of water during drilling. Aquifer testing and other investigations indicated that water flowed to the test well along fractures parallel to the northeast-trending contact zone and along other northeast and north-northwest-trending fractures. Statistical plots of fracture strikes showed frequency maxima in the same northeast and north-northwest directions, although additional maxima occurred in other directions. Flowmeter surveys and borehole fluid conductivity logging after fluid replacement were used to identify water-producing zones in the boreholes; fractures associated with inflow into boreholes showed a dominant northeast orientation. Borehole fluid conductivity logging after fluid replacement also gave profiles of such water-quality parameters as fluid electrical conductivity (FEC), pH, temperature, and oxidation-reduction potential, strengthening the interpretation of crossconnection of boreholes by certain fracture zones. The results of this study showed that the application of these borehole geophysical techniques at the Blackwater Brook site led to an improved understanding of such parameters as fracture location, attitude, flow direction and velocity, and water quality; all of which are important in the determination of a WHPA.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Petrophysicists and Well-Log Analysts","usgsCitation":"Vernon, J., Paillet, F., Pedler, W., and Griswold, W., 1993, Application of borehole geophysics in defining the wellhead protection area for a fractured crystalline bedrock aquifer: Log Analyst, v. 34, no. 1, p. 41-57.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"57","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338503,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.onepetro.org/journal-paper/SPWLA-1993-v34n1a3"}],"volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7639e4b0ee37af29e4ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vernon, J.H.","contributorId":189986,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vernon","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paillet, F.L.","contributorId":189369,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paillet","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pedler, W.H.","contributorId":26456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pedler","given":"W.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Griswold, W.J.","contributorId":189985,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Griswold","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017915,"text":"70017915 - 1993 - Response of a 42-storey steel-frame building to the Ms = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T16:10:00.194042","indexId":"70017915","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1518,"text":"Engineering Structures","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Response of a 42-storey steel-frame building to the M<sub>s</sub> = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake","title":"Response of a 42-storey steel-frame building to the Ms = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake","docAbstract":"<p><span>A set of 14 acceleration records was obtained from a 42-storey steel-frame building, the Chevron Building, in San Francisco during the&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>M</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>s</mn></msub><mtext>= 7.1</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">M<sub>s</sub>= 7.1</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;Loma Prieta earthquake of 17 October 1989. Data were analysed using a system identification method based on the discretetime linear filtering, and the least-squares estimation techniques. The results show that the response of the building is dominated by two modes: a translational mode in the weaker (southwest-northeast) principal direction of the building at 0.16 Hz with 5% damping, and a translational-torsional mode along the east-west diagonal of the building's cross-section at 0.20 Hz with 7% damping. There are significant contributions from higher modes at 0.54 Hz, 0.62 Hz, 1.02 Hz and 1.09 Hz. All the modes incorporate some torsion, but the amplitudes of torsional components are small, about 10% of translational amplitudes. Soil-structure interaction influences the vibrations near 1.0 Hz. The contribution of soil-structure interaction to the peak displacements of the building is significant, particularly at lower floors.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0141-0296(93)90059-D","usgsCitation":"Safak, E., 1993, Response of a 42-storey steel-frame building to the Ms = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake: Engineering Structures, v. 15, no. 6, p. 403-421, https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(93)90059-D.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"403","endPage":"421","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228491,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"Chevron Building","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.40030911026395,\n              37.78930111764765\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.40006144607858,\n              37.789483176048705\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.40046283022482,\n              37.78981227881336\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.40068482596894,\n              37.78961088851446\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.40030911026395,\n              37.78930111764765\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa25e4b0c8380cd86186","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Safak, E.","contributorId":104070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1000671,"text":"1000671 - 1993 - Energy budget for yearling lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-11T11:02:41.311438","indexId":"1000671","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Energy budget for yearling lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><p class=\"last\">Components of the energy budget of yearling lake trout (<u class=\"uu\">Salvelinus namacush</u>) were derived from data gathered in laboratory growth and metabolism studies; values for energy lost as waste were estimated with previously published equations. Because the total caloric value of food consumed by experimental lake trout was significantly different during the two years in which the studies were done, separate annual energy budgets were formulated. The gross conversion efficiency in yearling lake trout fed ad libitum rations of alewives at 10°C was 26.6% to 41%. The distribution of energy with temperature was similar for each component of the energy budget. Highest conversion efficiencies were observed in fish fed less than ad libitum rations; fish fed an amount of food equivalent to about 4% of their body weight at 10°C had a conversion efficiency of 33% to 45.1%. Physiologically useful energy was 76.1–80.1% of the total energy consumed. Estimated growth for age-I and -II lake fish was near that observed for laboratory fish held at lake temperatures and fed reduced rations.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1993.9664871","usgsCitation":"Rottiers, D.V., 1993, Energy budget for yearling lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 8, no. 4, p. 319-327, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1993.9664871.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"327","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133370,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db60296e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rottiers, Donald V.","contributorId":10754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rottiers","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017997,"text":"70017997 - 1993 - Relation of local scour to hydraulic properties at selected bridges in New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70017997","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Relation of local scour to hydraulic properties at selected bridges in New York","docAbstract":"Hydraulic properties, bridge geometry, and basin characteristics at 31 bridges in New York are being investigated to identify factors that affect local scour. Streambed elevations measured by the U.S. Geological Survey and New York State Department of Transportation are used to estimate local-scour depth. Data that show zero or minor scour were included in the analysis to decrease bias and to estimate hydraulic properties related to local scour. The maximum measured local scour at the 31 bridges for a single peak flow was 5.4 feet, but the deepening of scour holes at two sites to 6.1 feet and 7.8 feet by multiple peak flows could indicate that the number or duration of high flows is a factor. Local scour at a pier generally increased as the recurrence interval (magnitude) of the discharge increased, but the correlation between local-scour depth and recurrence interval was inconsistent among study sites. For example, flows with a 2-year recurrence interval produced 2 feet of local scour at two sites, whereas a flow with a recurrence interval produced 2 feet of local scour at two sites, whereas a flow with a recurrence interval of 50 years produced only 0.5 feet of local scour at another site. Local-scour depth increased with water depth, stream velocity, and Reynolds number but did not correlate well with bed-material size, Froude number, pier geometry, friction slope, or several other hydraulic and basin characteristics.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629201","usgsCitation":"Butch, G.K., 1993, Relation of local scour to hydraulic properties at selected bridges in New York, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, San Francisco, CA, USA, 25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993, p. 1872-1875.","startPage":"1872","endPage":"1875","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a692e4b0e8fec6cdc209","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","contributorId":128306,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","id":536413,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Butch, Gerard K. gkbutch@usgs.gov","contributorId":914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butch","given":"Gerard","email":"gkbutch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":378145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70180276,"text":"70180276 - 1993 - Using a GIS to link digital spatial data and the precipitation-runoff modeling system, Gunnison River Basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-26T13:55:12","indexId":"70180276","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using a GIS to link digital spatial data and the precipitation-runoff modeling system, Gunnison River Basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p><span class=\"EXLDetailsDisplayVal\">The U.S. Geological Survey <span class=\"searchword\">Precipitation</span>-<span class=\"searchword\">Runoff</span> <span class=\"searchword\">Modeling</span> <span class=\"searchword\">System</span>, a modular, distributed-parameter, watershed-<span class=\"searchword\">modeling</span> <span class=\"searchword\">system</span>, is being applied to 20 smaller watersheds within the <span class=\"searchword\">Gunnison</span> <span class=\"searchword\">River</span> <span class=\"searchword\">basin</span>. The model is used to derive a daily water balance for subareas in a watershed, ultimately producing simulated streamflows that can be input into routing and accounting models used to assess downstream water availability under current conditions, and to assess the sensitivity of water resources in the <span class=\"searchword\">basin</span> to alterations in climate. A <span class=\"searchword\">geographic</span> <span class=\"searchword\">information</span> <span class=\"searchword\">system</span> (<span class=\"searchword\">GIS</span>) is used to automate a method for extracting physically based hydrologic response unit (HRU) distributed parameter values from <span class=\"searchword\">digital</span> <span class=\"searchword\">data</span> sources, and for the placement of those estimates into <span class=\"searchword\">GIS</span> <span class=\"searchword\">spatial</span> <span class=\"searchword\">data</span>layers. The HRU parameters extracted are: area, mean elevation, average land-surface slope, predominant aspect, predominant land-cover type, predominant soil type, average total soil water-holding capacity, and average water-holding capacity of the root zone.</span> </p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Second international conference/workshop on Integrating geographic information systems and environmental modeling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Second international conference/workshop on Integrating geographic information systems and environmental modeling","conferenceDate":"1993","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W.A., Kuhn, G., and Parker, R.S., 1993, Using a GIS to link digital spatial data and the precipitation-runoff modeling system, Gunnison River Basin, Colorado, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Second international conference/workshop on Integrating geographic information systems and environmental modeling, v. 2, 1993.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":334073,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588b197ce4b0ad67323f984a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglin, William A. 0000-0001-7287-7096 wbattagl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-7096","contributorId":1527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"William","email":"wbattagl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuhn, Gerhard","contributorId":102080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuhn","given":"Gerhard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parker, Randolph S.","contributorId":58638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Randolph","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017996,"text":"70017996 - 1993 - Use of geophysical data to assess scour development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T07:29:52","indexId":"70017996","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of geophysical data to assess scour development","docAbstract":"The development of scour holes in the Connecticut River near the new Baldwin Bridge has been documented by comparing geophysical records collected before (1989), during (1990), and after (1992) bridge construction. Eight piers that support the 570-m (meter) span over the Connecticut River were protected by 12-m wide cofferdams during construction. The maximum flow during the study was equivalent to a 3-year recurrence-interval flood, indicating no significant floods. Fathometer data indicate that deep scour holes, 1.5 to 6.4 m deep, developed north of piers 6, 7, and 8. Scour holes, less than 1.3 m-deep, developed south of these piers. The deepest scour hole was north of pier 7, where data show a flat river bottom in 1989, a scour 3.3-m deep in 1990, and a scour hole 6.4-m deep in 1992. Continuous seismic-profiling (CSP) data show that a 1.5 -m deep scour hole north of pier 6 in 1990 was filled in with 1.5-m of material by 1992. No infilling was detected in the scour holes north of piers 7 and 8. Numerous subbottom reflectors from geologic layers, up to 7.6 -m deep were identified in the CSP records.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"July 25-30, 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629201","usgsCitation":"Placzek, G., Haeni, P.F., and Trent, R., 1993, Use of geophysical data to assess scour development, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, San Francisco, CA, July 25-30, 1993, p. 2051-2056.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2051","endPage":"2056","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc055e4b08c986b32a07e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","contributorId":128306,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","id":536412,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Placzek, Gary","contributorId":58295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Placzek","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeni, Peter F.","contributorId":22518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trent, Roy","contributorId":97655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trent","given":"Roy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017349,"text":"70017349 - 1993 - Aspects of numerical and representational methods related to the finite-difference simulation of advective and dispersive transport of freshwater in a thin brackish aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:36:34.484578","indexId":"70017349","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aspects of numerical and representational methods related to the finite-difference simulation of advective and dispersive transport of freshwater in a thin brackish aquifer","docAbstract":"<p><span>The simulation of the transport of injected freshwater in a thin brackish aquifer, overlain and underlain by confining layers containing more saline water, is shown to be influenced by the choice of the finite-difference approximation method, the algorithm for representing vertical advective and dispersive fluxes, and the values assigned to parametric coefficients that specify the degree of vertical dispersion and molecular diffusion that occurs. Computed potable water recovery efficiencies will differ depending upon the choice of algorithm and approximation method, as will dispersion coefficients estimated based on the calibration of simulations to match measured data. A comparison of centered and backward finite-difference approximation methods shows that substantially different transition zones between injected and native waters are depicted by the different methods, and computed recovery efficiencies vary greatly. Standard and experimental algorithms and a variety of values for molecular diffusivity, transverse dispersivity, and vertical scaling factor were compared in simulations of freshwater storage in a thin brackish aquifer. Computed recovery efficiencies vary considerably, and appreciable differences are observed in the distribution of injected freshwater in the various cases tested. The results demonstrate both a qualitatively different description of transport using the experimental algorithms and the interrelated influences of molecular diffusion and transverse dispersion on simulated recovery efficiency. When simulating natural aquifer flow in cross-section, flushing of the aquifer occurred for all tested coefficient choices using both standard and experimental algorithms.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(93)90253-6","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Merritt, M.L., 1993, Aspects of numerical and representational methods related to the finite-difference simulation of advective and dispersive transport of freshwater in a thin brackish aquifer: Journal of Hydrology, v. 148, no. 1-4, p. 61-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90253-6.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225065,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"148","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edbce4b0c8380cd49995","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merritt, M. L.","contributorId":47401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritt","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018294,"text":"70018294 - 1993 - Empirical prediction of strong ground motion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:23","indexId":"70018294","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Empirical prediction of strong ground motion","docAbstract":"In 1982, we published equations for the prediction of various measures of ground motion as a function of earthquake magnitude, distance from the earthquake rupture, and site geology. Many more strong-motion recordings have been obtained since we published our equations. The predictions of the ground motions from our published equations are in reasonable agreement with the peak accelerations from the new data. The increased number of data, however, allow us to refine our predictions for some regions of magnitude and distance space, and perhaps for other variables.","largerWorkTitle":"Structural Engineering in Natural Hazards Mitigation","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Structural Engineering in Natural Hazards Mitigation","conferenceDate":"19 April 1993 through 21 April 1993","conferenceLocation":"Irvine, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629104","usgsCitation":"Boore, D.M., and Joyner, W.B., 1993, Empirical prediction of strong ground motion, <i>in</i> Structural Engineering in Natural Hazards Mitigation, Irvine, CA, USA, 19 April 1993 through 21 April 1993, p. 241-246.","startPage":"241","endPage":"246","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a090ee4b0c8380cd51da5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boore, David M. boore@usgs.gov","contributorId":2509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"David","email":"boore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joyner, William B.","contributorId":39786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyner","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017763,"text":"70017763 - 1993 - Determination of C6-C10 aromatic hydrocarbons in water by purge-and-trap capillary gas chromatography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017763","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2213,"text":"Journal of Chromatography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of C6-C10 aromatic hydrocarbons in water by purge-and-trap capillary gas chromatography","docAbstract":"A method is described for the determination of the C6-C10 aromatic hydrocarbons in water based on purge-and-trap capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. Retention time data and 70 eV mass spectra were obtained for benzene and all 35 C7-C10 aromatic hydrocarbons. With optimized chromatographic conditions and mass spectrometric detection, benzene and 33 of the 35 alkylbenzenes can be identified and measured in a 45-min run. Use of a flame ionization detector permits the simultaneous determination of benzene and 26 alkylbenzenes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Chromatography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0021-9673(93)80334-5","issn":"00219673","usgsCitation":"Eganhouse, R., Dorsey, T., Phinney, C., and Westcott, A., 1993, Determination of C6-C10 aromatic hydrocarbons in water by purge-and-trap capillary gas chromatography: Journal of Chromatography, v. 628, no. 1, p. 81-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80334-5.","startPage":"81","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206127,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80334-5"}],"volume":"628","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff87e4b0c8380cd4f23c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eganhouse, R.P.","contributorId":67555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eganhouse","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorsey, T.F.","contributorId":34278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorsey","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phinney, C.S.","contributorId":50302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phinney","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Westcott, A.M.","contributorId":37484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westcott","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017965,"text":"70017965 - 1993 - Culvert analysis program for indirect measurement of discharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70017965","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Culvert analysis program for indirect measurement of discharge","docAbstract":"A program based on the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) methods for indirectly computing peak discharges through culverts allows users to employ input data formats used by the water surface profile program (WSPRO). The program can be used to compute discharge rating surfaces or curves that describe the behavior of flow through a particular culvert or to compute discharges from measurements of upstream of the gradually varied flow equations and has been adapted slightly to provide solutions that minimize the need for the user to determine between different flow regimes. The program source is written in Fortran 77 and has been run on mini-computers and personal computers. The program does not use or require graphics capability, a color monitor, or a mouse.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872629201","usgsCitation":"Fulford, J.M., 1993, Culvert analysis program for indirect measurement of discharge, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, San Francisco, CA, USA, 25 July 1993 through 30 July 1993, p. 2213-2218.","startPage":"2213","endPage":"2218","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd08e4b0c8380cd4e5ce","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","contributorId":128306,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shen Hsieh WenSu S.T.Wen Feng","id":536404,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Fulford, Janice M. jfulford@usgs.gov","contributorId":991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulford","given":"Janice","email":"jfulford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017893,"text":"70017893 - 1993 - Sorption of N2 and EGME vapors on some soils, clays, and mineral oxides and determination of sample surface areas by use of sorption data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T19:16:47","indexId":"70017893","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sorption of N2 and EGME vapors on some soils, clays, and mineral oxides and determination of sample surface areas by use of sorption data","docAbstract":"<p>Vapor sorption isotherms of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) at room temperature and isotherms of N2 gas at liquid nitrogen temperature were determined for various soils and minerals. The N2 monolayer capacities [Qm (N2)] were calculated from the BET equation and used to determine the surface areas. To examine whether EGME is an appropriate adsorbate for determination of surface areas, the apparent EGME monolayer capacities [Qm (EGME)ap] were also obtained by use of the BET equation. For sand, aluminum oxide, kaolinite, hematite, and synthetic hydrous iron oxide, which are relatively free of organic impurity and expanding/solvating minerals, the Qm (EGME)ap values are in good conformity with the corresponding Qm (N2) values and would give surface areas consistent with BET (N2) values. For other samples (Woodburn soil, a natural hydrous iron oxide, illite, and montmorillonite), the Qm (EGME)ap values overestimate the Qm (N2) values from a moderate to a large extent, depending on the sample. A high-organic-content peat shows a very small BET (N2) surface area; the EGME/ peat isotherm is linear and does not yield a calculation of the surface area. Large discrepancies between results of the two methods for some samples are attributed to the high solubility of polar EGME in soil organic matter and/ or to the cation solvation of EGME with solvating clays. The agreement for other samples is illustrative of the consistency of the BET method when different adsorbates are used, so long as they do not exhibit bulk penetration and/or cation solvation.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00045a014","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Chiou, C.T., Rutherford, D., and Manes, M., 1993, Sorption of N2 and EGME vapors on some soils, clays, and mineral oxides and determination of sample surface areas by use of sorption data: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 27, no. 8, p. 1587-1594, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00045a014.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1587","endPage":"1594","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b930be4b08c986b31a256","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiou, C. T.","contributorId":97080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rutherford, D.W.","contributorId":21244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutherford","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manes, M.","contributorId":17390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manes","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}