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Birds have long been thought to have a poor sense of smell, although they have the proper anatomical and neurological structures for detecting olfactory cues (Roper 1999). However, in the past decade several bird species have been shown to use smell in various contexts, such as foraging (Nevitt et al. 1995), navigation (Wallraff 2004), selection of nest materials (Petit et al. 2002, Gwinner & Berger 2008), nest location (Bonadonna & Bretagnolle 2002), predator avoidance (Amo et al. 2008, Roth et al. 2008) and recognition of conspecifics (Hagelin et al. 2003) or mates (Bonadonna & Nevitt 2004, for reviews see Roper 1999, Hagelin & Jones 2007, Nevitt 2008).

The evidence, however, mainly concerns the Procellariiformes (petrels, shearwaters and albatrosses), a group that has long been suspected of using olfaction because of their strong body odour, highly developed olfactory bulb, nocturnal habits and burrow‐nesting (Nevitt & Bonadonna 2005, Nevitt 2008). Evidence of olfactory ability is scarce in other avian taxa. Exceptions include, for instance, Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura (Smith & Paselk 1986), Brown Kiwi Apteryx australis (Wenzel 1968), Homing Pigeon Columba livia (Wallraff 2004), Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus (Petit et al. 2002, Amo et al. 2008), Domestic Fowl Gallus domesticus (McKeegan et al. 2005), Kakapo Strigops habroptilus (Hagelin 2004), Yellow‐backed Chattering Lory Lorius garrulus flavopalliatus (Roper 2003), African Penguin Spheniscus demersus (Cunningham et al. 2008) and Crested Auklets Aethia cristatella (Hagelin et al. 2003).

The Laridae, including Black‐legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla, are diurnal, have relatively small olfactory bulbs (Bang & Cobb 1968) and do not appear to use olfaction to locate food (Frings et al. 1955, Lequette et al. 1989, Verheyden & Jouventin 1994). Kittiwakes use vocal cues in mate and parent/offspring recognition (Wooller 1978, Mulard & Danchin 2008), suggesting that olfaction may be at best secondary in those contexts. However, mates commonly allopreen, potentially exposing them to their mate’s chemical compounds. Moreover, the relative size of the olfactory bulb may be a poor predictor of olfactory abilities (Hagelin 2004, Mennerat et al. 2005). The aim of this experimental study was to assess whether Black‐legged Kittiwakes are able to detect odours added to the nest.

","largerWorkTitle":"Ibis","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Leclaire, S., Mulard, H., Wagner, R., Hatch, S.A., and Danchin, E., 2009, Can kittiwakes smell? Experimental evidence in a larid species: Ibis, v. 151, no. 3, p. 584-587.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"584","endPage":"587","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218223,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2009.00935.x"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Middleton Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -146.41616821289062,\n 59.39442265678515\n ],\n [\n -146.2451934814453,\n 59.39442265678515\n ],\n [\n -146.2451934814453,\n 59.47543020423106\n ],\n [\n -146.41616821289062,\n 59.47543020423106\n ],\n [\n -146.41616821289062,\n 59.39442265678515\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"151","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f335e4b0c8380cd4b673","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leclaire, S.","contributorId":39591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leclaire","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulard, Herve","contributorId":104602,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mulard","given":"Herve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wagner, R.H.","contributorId":69276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":455248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Danchin, E.","contributorId":89635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danchin","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70035399,"text":"70035399 - 2009 - Zinc isotopes in sphalerite from base metal deposits in the Red Dog district, northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:55","indexId":"70035399","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zinc isotopes in sphalerite from base metal deposits in the Red Dog district, northern Alaska","docAbstract":"Analyses of sphalerite samples from shale-hosted massive sulfide and stratigraphically underlying vein breccia deposits in the Red Dog district in northern Alaska show a range ??66Zn values from zero to 0.60 per mil. The lowest values are observed in the vein breccia deposits, and the stratigraphically overlying (but structurally displaced) shale-hosted massive sulfide deposits show a systematic trend of increasing ??66Zn values from south to north (Main-Aqqaluk-Paalaaq-Anarraaq). The ??66Zn values are inversely correlated with sphalerite Fe/Mn ratio and also tend to be higher in low Cu sphalerite, consistent with precipitation of lower ??66Zn sphalerite closer to the principal hydrothermal fluid conduits. The most likely control on isotopic variation is Rayleigh fractionation during sulfide precipitation, with lighter zinc isotopes preferentially incorporated in the earliest sphalerite to precipitate from ore fluids at deeper levels (vein breccias) and close to the principal fluid conduits in the orebodies, followed by precipitation of sulfides with higher ??66Zn values in shallower and/or more distal parts of the flow path. There is no systematic variation among the paragenetic stages of sphalerite from a single deposit, suggesting an isotopically homogeneous zinc source and consistent transport-deposition conditions and/or dissolution-reprecipitation of earlier sphalerite without significant fractionation. Decoupled Zn and S isotope compositions are best explained by mixing of separate metal- and sulfur-bearing fluids at the depositional site. The results confirm that Zn isotopes may be a useful tracer for distinguishing between the central and distal parts of large hydrothermal systems as previously suggested and could therefore be of use in exploration. ?? 2009 by Economic Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.104.6.767","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Kelley, K., Wilkinson, J., Chapman, J., Crowther, H., and Weiss, D., 2009, Zinc isotopes in sphalerite from base metal deposits in the Red Dog district, northern Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 104, no. 6, p. 767-773, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.104.6.767.","startPage":"767","endPage":"773","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":502629,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Zinc_isotopes_in_sphalerite_from_base_metal_deposits_in_the_Red_Dog_district_northern_Alaska/22874264","text":"External Repository"},{"id":215287,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.104.6.767"},{"id":243079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd274e4b08c986b32f811","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelley, K.D. 0000-0002-3232-5809","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-5809","contributorId":75157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"K.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilkinson, J.J.","contributorId":76961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkinson","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapman, J.B.","contributorId":18595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crowther, H.L.","contributorId":50370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowther","given":"H.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Weiss, D.J.","contributorId":78574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70034952,"text":"70034952 - 2009 - Implications for the dynamic health of a glacier from comparison of conventional and reference-surface balances","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:43","indexId":"70034952","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications for the dynamic health of a glacier from comparison of conventional and reference-surface balances","docAbstract":"Conventional and reference-surface mass-balance data from Gulkana and Wolverine Glaciers, Alaska, USA, are used to address the questions of how rapidly these glaciers are adjusting (or 'responding') to climate, whether their responses are stable, and whether the glaciers are likely to survive in today's climate. Instability means that a glacier will eventually vanish, or at least become greatly reduced in volume, if the climate stabilizes at its present state. A simple non-linear theory of response is presented for the analysis. The response of Gulkana Glacier is characterized by a timescale of several decades, but its stability and therefore its survival in today's climate are uncertain. Wolverine seems to be responding to climate more slowly, on the timescale of one to several centuries. Its stability is also uncertain, but a slower response time would make it more susceptible to climate changes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annals of Glaciology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3189/172756409787769654","issn":"02603055","usgsCitation":"Harrison, W., Cox, L., Hock, R., March, R., and Pettit, E., 2009, Implications for the dynamic health of a glacier from comparison of conventional and reference-surface balances: Annals of Glaciology, v. 50, no. 50, p. 25-30, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756409787769654.","startPage":"25","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476246,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/172756409787769654","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":215767,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756409787769654"},{"id":243591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"50","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-09-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a391ae4b0c8380cd617d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrison, W.D.","contributorId":54749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, L.H.","contributorId":61609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hock, R.","contributorId":80921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hock","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"March, R.S.","contributorId":16431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"March","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pettit, E.C.","contributorId":50003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pettit","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70034124,"text":"70034124 - 2009 - Petrogenesis of basaltic volcanic rocks from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by melting of metasomatically enriched depleted lithosphere, crystallization differentiation, and magma mixing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:45","indexId":"70034124","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrogenesis of basaltic volcanic rocks from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by melting of metasomatically enriched depleted lithosphere, crystallization differentiation, and magma mixing","docAbstract":"The Pribilof Islands, Alaska, are located in the Bering Sea in a continental intraplate setting. In this study we examine the petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks from St. Paul (0??54-0??003 Ma) and St. George (2??8-1??4 Ma) Islands, the two largest Pribilof Islands. Rocks from St. George can be divided into three groups: group 1 is a high-MgO, low-SiO. 2 suite composed primarily of basanites; group 2 is a high-MgO, high-SiO 2 suite consisting predominantly of alkali basalts; group 3 is an intermediate- to low-MgO suite that includes plagioclase-phyric subalkali basalts and hawaiites. Major and trace element geochemistry suggests that groups 1 and 2 formed by small-degree partial melting of amphibole-bearing to amphibole-free garnet peridotite. Group 1 rocks were the earliest melts produced from the most hydrous parts of the mantle, as they show the strongest geochemical signature of amphibole in their source. The suite of rocks from St. Paul ranges from 14??4 to 4??2 wt % MgO at relatively constant SiO 2 contents (43??1-47??3 wt %). The most primitive St. Paul rocks are modeled as mixtures between magmas with compositions similar to groups 1 and 2 from St. George Island, which subsequently fractionated olivine, clinopyroxene, and spinel to form more evolved rocks. Plagioclase-phyric group 3 rocks from St. George are modeled as mixtures between an evolved melt similar to the evolved magmas on St. Paul and a fractionated group 2 end-member from St. George. Mantle potential temperatures estimated for primitive basanites and alkali basalts are ???1400??C and are similar to those of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). Similarly, 87Sr/. 86Sr and 143Nd/. 144Nd values for all rocks are MORB-like, in the range of 0??702704-0??703035 and 0??513026-0??513109, respectively. 208Pb/. 204Pb vs 206Pb/. 204Pb values lie near the MORB end-member but show a linear trend towards HIMU (high time-integrated 238U/. 204Pb). Despite isotopic similarities to MORB, many of the major and trace element characteristics are similar to those of ocean island basalts (OIB), including enrichment in alkalis and incompatible trace elements. These characteristics are interpreted to indicate that their mantle source experienced an ancient melt-removal event that is reflected in depleted radiogenic isotopic compositions and was then re-enriched by metasomatism that elevated incompatible trace element contents, but was too young to produce a time-integrated change in radiogenic isotopic ratios. Evidence suggests that the Pribilof Island basalts did not form in either a plume or a back-arc basin tectonic setting. Rather, they were produced by melting of metasomatically hydrated upper mantle peridotite at relatively low temperatures and were able to erupt at the surface through extensional or transtensional faults that served as conduits for the magmas. ?? The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egp075","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Chang, J., Feeley, T., and Deraps, M., 2009, Petrogenesis of basaltic volcanic rocks from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by melting of metasomatically enriched depleted lithosphere, crystallization differentiation, and magma mixing: Journal of Petrology, v. 50, no. 12, p. 2249-2286, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egp075.","startPage":"2249","endPage":"2286","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476207,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egp075","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216782,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egp075"}],"volume":"50","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a777fe4b0c8380cd784eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chang, J.M.","contributorId":98143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feeley, T.C.","contributorId":17793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feeley","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deraps, M.R.","contributorId":72619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deraps","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035338,"text":"70035338 - 2009 - Erosional history of Cape Halkett and contemporary monitoring of bluff retreat, Beaufort Sea coast, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-06T13:44:13","indexId":"70035338","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3094,"text":"Polar Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Erosional history of Cape Halkett and contemporary monitoring of bluff retreat, Beaufort Sea coast, Alaska","docAbstract":"Cape Halkett is located along the Beaufort Sea at the end of a low-lying tundra landscape. The area has been subject to major modifications over the last century as a result of erosion and migration of the coastline inland. Long-term mean annual erosion rates (1955-2009) for the entire cape are 7.6 m/yr, with a gradual increase in rates over the first five time periods of remotely sensed imagery analyzed and a large increase during the most recent time period. Division of the cape into three distinct coastal zones shows very different erosional patterns: the northeast-facing segment (Zone 1) showing a consistent and large increase; the southeast-facing segment (Zone 3) showing a gradual increase with recent, heightened erosion rates; and the east-facing segment (Zone 2) showing decreased rates due to the reformation of a sand and gravel spit. Monitoring of bluff erosion with time-lapse photography, differential GPS surveys, terrestrial and bathymetric surveys, and water level, sea and permafrost temperature data provide insights into the processes driving contemporary patterns of erosion and will provide valuable information for the prediction of future shoreline positions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Polar Geography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10889370903486449","issn":"1088937X","usgsCitation":"Jones, B.M., Arp, C.D., Beck, R., Grosse, G., Webster, J.M., and Urban, F., 2009, Erosional history of Cape Halkett and contemporary monitoring of bluff retreat, Beaufort Sea coast, Alaska: Polar Geography, v. 32, no. 3-4, p. 129-142, https://doi.org/10.1080/10889370903486449.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"142","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243105,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215310,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10889370903486449"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea;Cape Halkett","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156.11,66.35 ], [ -156.11,74.68 ], [ -140.8,74.68 ], [ -140.8,66.35 ], [ -156.11,66.35 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"32","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a44e4b0c8380cd52293","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Benjamin M. 0000-0002-1517-4711 bjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-4711","contributorId":2286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Benjamin","email":"bjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":450260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arp, Christopher D.","contributorId":17330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arp","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":450261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beck, Richard A.","contributorId":49202,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beck","given":"Richard A.","affiliations":[{"id":7159,"text":"University of Cincinnati","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":450262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grosse, Guido","contributorId":101475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grosse","given":"Guido","affiliations":[{"id":34291,"text":"University of Potsdam, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":450265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Webster, James M.","contributorId":64051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webster","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Urban, Frank E. 0000-0002-1329-1703","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-1703","contributorId":80918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urban","given":"Frank E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70138826,"text":"70138826 - 2009 - Estuarine Ecology of Juvenile Salmon in Western Alaska: a Review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-01-28T10:10:01","indexId":"70138826","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Estuarine Ecology of Juvenile Salmon in Western Alaska: a Review","docAbstract":"

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, large declines in numbers of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta and Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha returning to the Arctic-YukonKuskokwim (AYK) region (Alaska, USA) illuminated the need for an improved understanding of the variables controlling salmon abundance at all life stages. In addressing questions about salmon abundance, large gaps in our knowledge of basic salmon life history and the critical early marine life stage were revealed. In this paper, results from studies conducted on the estuarine ecology of juvenile salmon in western Alaska are summarized and compared, emphasizing timing and distribution during outmigration, environmental conditions, age and growth, feeding, and energy content of salmon smolts. In western Alaska, water temperature dramatically changes with season, ranging from 0°C after ice melt in late spring/early summer to 19°C in July. Juvenile salmon were found in AYK estuaries from early May until August or September, but to date no information is available on their residence duration or survival probability. Chum salmon were the most abundant juvenile salmon reported, ranging in percent catch from <0.1% to 4.7% and most research effort has focused on this species. Abundances of Chinook salmon, sockeye salmon O. nerka, and pink salmon O. gorbuscha varied among estuaries, while coho salmon O. kisutch juveniles were consistently rare, never amounting to more than 0.8% of the catch. Dietary composition of juvenile salmon was highly variable and a shift was commonly reported from epibenthic and neustonic prey in lower salinity water to pelagic prey in higher salinity water. Gaps in the knowledge of AYK salmon estuarine ecology are still evident. For example, data on outmigration patterns and residence timing and duration, rearing conditions and their effect on diet, growth, and survival are often completely lacking or available only for few selected years and sites. Filling gaps in knowledge concerning salmon use and survival in estuarine and near-shore habitats within the AYK region will aid in assessing the relative roles of all habitats (freshwater to marine) in controlling salmon abundance.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, C.E., and Hillgruber, N., 2009, Estuarine Ecology of Juvenile Salmon in Western Alaska: a Review, chap. of American Fisheries Society Symposium, v. 70, p. 183-199.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"199","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-013915","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309999,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.3564453125,\n 63.64625919492172\n ],\n [\n -158.48876953125,\n 63.03503931552975\n ],\n [\n -159.10400390625,\n 61.68987220045999\n ],\n [\n -163.4326171875,\n 61.33353967329142\n ],\n [\n -165.41015625,\n 62.24746627771428\n ],\n [\n -164.61914062499997,\n 63.11463763252091\n ],\n [\n -162.22412109375,\n 62.380184590390975\n ],\n [\n -160.48828125,\n 63.12457211930414\n ],\n [\n -160.55419921875,\n 63.52897054110277\n ],\n [\n -160.3564453125,\n 63.64625919492172\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -162.8173828125,\n 60.141504734793386\n ],\n [\n -162.35595703125,\n 60.98376689595989\n ],\n [\n -160.59814453125,\n 61.39671887310411\n ],\n [\n -159.3896484375,\n 61.51221638411366\n ],\n [\n -160.13671875,\n 60.919754532399686\n ],\n [\n -162.22412109375,\n 60.141504734793386\n ],\n [\n -162.8173828125,\n 60.141504734793386\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -162.66357421875,\n 67.0074280854991\n ],\n [\n -163.19091796875,\n 67.35678538806071\n ],\n [\n -163.2568359375,\n 67.6844292462593\n ],\n [\n -163.01513671875,\n 67.92514047803861\n ],\n [\n -161.91650390625,\n 68.03224308465373\n ],\n [\n -161.82861328124997,\n 67.8424164732793\n ],\n [\n -162.509765625,\n 67.56733419404279\n ],\n [\n -162.66357421875,\n 67.22955876681458\n ],\n [\n -162.22412109375,\n 66.96447630005638\n ],\n [\n -162.66357421875,\n 67.0074280854991\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"70","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56221fade4b06217fc479217","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Christian E. 0000-0002-3646-0688 czimmerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-0688","contributorId":410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Christian","email":"czimmerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hillgruber, Nicola","contributorId":138856,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hillgruber","given":"Nicola","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12548,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033093,"text":"70033093 - 2009 - Sulfur- and oxygen-isotopes in sediment-hosted stratiform barite deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70033093","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfur- and oxygen-isotopes in sediment-hosted stratiform barite deposits","docAbstract":"Sulfur- and oxygen-isotope analyses have been obtained for sediment-hosted stratiform barite deposits in Alaska, Nevada, Mexico, and China to examine the environment of formation of this deposit type. The barite is contained in sedimentary sequences as old as Late Neoproterozoic and as young as Mississippian. If previously published data for other localities are considered, sulfur- and oxygen-isotope data are now available for deposits spanning a host-rock age range of Late Neoproterozoic to Triassic. On a ??34S versus ??18O diagram, many deposits show linear or concave-upward trends that project down toward the isotopic composition of seawater sulfate. The trends suggest that barite formed from seawater sulfate that had been isotopically modified to varying degrees. The ??34S versus ??18O patterns resemble patterns that have been observed in the modern oceans in pore water sulfate and water column sulfate in some anoxic basins. However, the closest isotopic analog is barite mineralization that occurs at fluid seeps on modern continental margins. Thus the data favor genetic models for the deposits in which barium was delivered by seafloor seeps over models in which barium was delivered by sedimentation of pelagic organisms. The isotopic variations within the deposits appear to reflect bacterial sulfate reduction operating at different rates and possibly with different electron donors, oxygen isotope exchange between reduction intermediates and H2O, and sulfate availability. Because they are isotopically heterogeneous, sediment-hosted stratiform barite deposits are of limited value in reconstructing the isotopic composition of ancient seawater sulfate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2008.10.011","issn":"00167","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C.A., Emsbo, P., Poole, F.G., and Rye, R.O., 2009, Sulfur- and oxygen-isotopes in sediment-hosted stratiform barite deposits: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 73, no. 1, p. 133-147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.10.011.","startPage":"133","endPage":"147","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213303,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.10.011"},{"id":240915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9de7e4b08c986b31db78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, C. A. 0000-0002-1334-2996","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":27492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emsbo, P.","contributorId":59901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emsbo","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poole, F. G. 0000-0001-8487-0799","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8487-0799","contributorId":104883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poole","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":439346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70034853,"text":"70034853 - 2009 - Brood rearing ecology of king eiders on the north slope of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-14T13:50:29","indexId":"70034853","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3784,"text":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brood rearing ecology of king eiders on the north slope of Alaska","docAbstract":"

We examined King Eider (Somateria spectabilis) brood survival in the Kuparak oil field in northern Alaska in 2002 and 2003 by monitoring hens with broods using radiotelemetry. We observed complete brood loss in eight of 10 broods. Broods survived less than 2 weeks on average, and most mortality occurred within 10 days of hatch. Distance hens traveled overland did not affect brood survival. Apparent King Eider brood survival in our study area was lower than reported for eider species in other areas. We recommend future studies examine if higher densities of predators in oil fields reduces King Eider duckling survival.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Wilson Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","doi":"10.1676/08-125.1","issn":"15594491","usgsCitation":"Phillips, L.M., and Powell, A., 2009, Brood rearing ecology of king eiders on the north slope of Alaska: Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 121, no. 2, p. 430-434, https://doi.org/10.1676/08-125.1.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"430","endPage":"434","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243495,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.87136840820312,\n 70.51436390909501\n ],\n [\n -150.11444091796875,\n 70.43081999974731\n ],\n [\n -150.20233154296875,\n 70.43633897172637\n ],\n [\n -150.25726318359375,\n 70.42851998661533\n ],\n [\n -150.48110961914062,\n 70.3658599326259\n ],\n [\n -150.48385620117188,\n 70.11935975416931\n ],\n [\n -150.39321899414062,\n 70.11935975416931\n ],\n [\n -149.92218017578125,\n 70.16787126570313\n ],\n [\n -149.0240478515625,\n 70.16460963678996\n ],\n [\n -149.01580810546875,\n 70.23810406665328\n ],\n [\n -149.18060302734375,\n 70.35293543275198\n ],\n [\n -149.7271728515625,\n 70.50199172139077\n ],\n [\n -149.77935791015625,\n 70.48731861109155\n ],\n [\n -149.87136840820312,\n 70.51436390909501\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"121","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f28ae4b0c8380cd4b235","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, Laura M.","contributorId":49497,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Phillips","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":447938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, Abby N. abby_powell@usgs.gov","contributorId":2534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Powell","given":"Abby N.","email":"abby_powell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":447939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033073,"text":"70033073 - 2009 - Multi-segment earthquakes and tsunami potential of the Aleutian megathrust","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:37","indexId":"70033073","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multi-segment earthquakes and tsunami potential of the Aleutian megathrust","docAbstract":"Large to great earthquakes and related tsunamis generated on the Aleutian megathrust produce major hazards for both the area of rupture and heavily populated coastlines around much of the Pacific Ocean. Here we use paleoseismic records preserved in coastal sediments to investigate whether segment boundaries control the largest ruptures or whether in some seismic cycles segments combine to produce earthquakes greater than any observed since instrumented records began. Virtually the entire megathrust has ruptured since AD1900, with four different segments generating earthquakes >M8.0. The largest was the M9.2 great Alaska earthquake of March 1964 that ruptured ???800 km of the eastern segment of the megathrust. The tsunami generated caused fatalities in Alaska and along the coast as far south as California. East of the 1964 zone of deformation, the Yakutat microplate experienced two >M8.0 earthquakes, separated by a week, in September 1899. For the first time, we present evidence that earthquakes ???900 and ???1500 years ago simultaneously ruptured adjacent segments of the Aleutian megathrust and the Yakutat microplate, with a combined area ???15% greater than 1964, giving an earthquake of greater magnitude and increased tsunamigenic potential. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.09.016","issn":"02773","usgsCitation":"Shennan, I., Bruhn, R., and Plafker, G., 2009, Multi-segment earthquakes and tsunami potential of the Aleutian megathrust: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 28, no. 1-2, p. 7-13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.09.016.","startPage":"7","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487768,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1549631","text":"External Repository"},{"id":213525,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.09.016"},{"id":241155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5fc5e4b0c8380cd71114","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shennan, I.","contributorId":61971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shennan","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruhn, R.","contributorId":107106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruhn","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plafker, George 0000-0003-3972-0390","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0390","contributorId":36603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033010,"text":"70033010 - 2009 - The role of ridge subduction in determining the geochemistry and Nd–Sr–Pb isotopic evolution of the Kodiak batholith in southern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:06:13","indexId":"70033010","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of ridge subduction in determining the geochemistry and Nd–Sr–Pb isotopic evolution of the Kodiak batholith in southern Alaska","docAbstract":"

The Paleocene Kodiak batholith, part of the Sanak–Baranof belt of Tertiary near-trench intrusive rocks, forms an elongate body (~ 150 km long) that transects Kodiak Island from SW to NE. The batholith consists of three zones (Southern, Central, and Northern) of kyanite-, muscovite-, and garnet-bearing biotite tonalite and granodiorite and less abundant granite that intruded an accretionary prism (Kodiak Formation, and Ghost Rocks Formation). Small and likely coeval bodies (Northern, Western, and Eastern satellite groups) of quartz gabbro, diorite, tonalite, granodiorite, and leucogranite flank the batholith. The batholith is calc-alkalic, has an aluminum saturation index of > 1.1, FeOt/(FeOt + MgO) ~ 0.65 (at SiO2 = 65 wt.%), and increases in SiO2 (~ 61 wt.%–73 wt.%) and decreases in TiO2 (~ 0.9 wt.%–0.3 wt.%) from SW to NE. As a group, the granitic rocks have light REE-enriched chondrite-normalized patterns with small or no negative Eu anomalies, primitive mantle-normalized negative anomalies for Nb and Ti, and positive anomalies for Pb. Small to large negative anomalies for Th are also distinctive. The quartz gabbros and diorites are generally characterized by generally flat to light REE chondrite-normalized patterns (no Eu anomalies), and mantle-normalized negative anomalies for Nb, Ti, and P. Pb isotopic compositions (206Pb/204Pb = 18.850–18.960; 207Pb/204Pb = 15.575–15.694; 208Pb/204Pb = 38.350–39.039) are intermediate between depleted mantle and average continental crust. The Southern zone and a portion of the Central zone are characterized by negative εNd values of − 3.7 to − 0.3 and TDM ages ranging from ~ 838 Ma to 1011 Ma. Other granitic rocks from the Central and Northern zones have higher εNd values of − 0.4 to + 4.7 and younger TDM ages of ~ 450 to 797 Ma. Granitic and mafic plutons from the Eastern satellites show a wide range of εNdvalues of − 2.7 to + 6.4, and TDM ages from 204 Ma to 2124 Ma. 87Sr/86Sr values of the Southern and Central zones overlap and tend to be slightly more radiogenic (87Sr/86Sr > 0.70426) than the Northern zone (87Sr/86Sr < 0.70472). 206Pb/204Pb values increase slightly from the Southern and Central zones toward the Northern zone. There is no clear correlation of the major or trace elements with εNd, Pb or Sr isotopic values. Kodiak Formation and the Ghost Rocks Formation overlap the isotopic compositions (e.g., 206Pb/204Pb = 18.978 to 19.165, 87Sr/86Sr of 0.705715 to 0.707118, and εNd of − 6.7 to − 1.5 at 59 Ma) and TDM values (959 to 1489 Ma) of the batholith. Production of large volumes of granitic rocks in the Sanak–Baranof belt, and particularly on Kodiak Island, reflects a sequence of processes that includes underplating of mantle-derived mafic (possibly from the mantle wedge) and intermediate rocks under the accretionary flysch, interlayering of mantle-derived and flyschoid rocks, and partial melting of the mixed lithologic assemblages. Limited degrees of fractional crystallization or assimilation and fractional crystallization influenced compositions of the granitic rocks. The contribution of mantle-derived rocks that resided in the accretionary prism for only a short period of time prior to partial melting likely exceeds 40% (up to 80%). The balance (60 to 20%) is from a recently recycled crustal component represented by the Kodiak Formation. This type of progressive intracrustal melting from mixed sources controlled the geochemical character of the batholith and is most consistent with the hypothesis that the granitic rocks are associated with a slab-window produced by collision of a spreading oceanic center and a subduction zone and migration beneath the accretionary prism.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.tecto.2008.09.029","issn":"00401","usgsCitation":"Ayuso, R.A., Haeussler, P.J., Bradley, D., Farris, D.W., Foley, N.K., and Wandless, G.A., 2009, The role of ridge subduction in determining the geochemistry and Nd–Sr–Pb isotopic evolution of the Kodiak batholith in southern Alaska: Tectonophysics, v. 464, no. 1-4, p. 137-163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.09.029.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"163","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241184,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n 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Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":438961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Farris, David W.","contributorId":99360,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farris","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science 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than being inextricably associated with the catastrophic Katmai eruption in 1912. Jack remains a provocative reminder of Alaska's pre-1958 drilling and was quite possibly the earliest observer (excepting natives and possibly Russians) of the oil seeps in the area now encompassed by the Becharof National Wildlife Refuge. His observation of the impressive live oil seeps in the Ugashik and Becharof Lakes area, and his subsequent involvement in the early drilling entirely consumed his future interests. He is a firm believer that individualism and suspicion are powerful tools when forced to reconsider alternatives to readily accepted interpretations of modern exploration results. His individualism and sometimes annoying, but thought-provoking skepticism remains useful in any field where clich??s provide safe guards from new concepts.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hart's E and P","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"15274","usgsCitation":"Mann, H., and Blodgett, R.B., 2009, An Alaskan legend: Hart's E and P, no. JAN.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240858,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"JAN.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9cfe4b0c8380cd4848b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mann, H.","contributorId":60026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blodgett, R. B.","contributorId":25176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70037433,"text":"70037433 - 2009 - Historical abundance and morphology of Didymosphenia species in Naknek Lake, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:08","indexId":"70037433","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Historical abundance and morphology of Didymosphenia species in Naknek Lake, Alaska","docAbstract":"Since the 1980s, nuisance blooms of Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) M. Schmidt have been documented in sites that are warmer and more mesotrophic than historical records indicate. While the invasion of D. geminata in New Zealand is well documented, it is less clear whether nuisance blooms in North America are a new phenomenon. In order to test the hypothesis that D. geminata blooms have increased in recent years, we examined the historical record of this species in sediments of Naknek Lake, in Katmai National Park, Alaska. Chronological control was established by relating the presence of two ash layers to known volcanic eruptions. We identified two species of Didymosphenia within the sediment record: D. geminata and D. clavaherculis (Ehrenberg) Metzeltin et Lange-Bertalot. This is the first published record of D. clavaherculis in North America. We found no statistically significant change in the numerical presence of D. geminata or D. clavaherculis, as a group, in Naknek Lake between the years 1218 and 2003. While there has been no sudden, or recent, increase in abundance of Didymosphenia in Naknek Lake, morphological features of D. geminata populations in Naknek Lake are distinct compared to morphological features of D. geminata in streams containing nuisance blooms from sites in North America and New Zealand. Variance in the morphology of Didymosphenia cells may help determine relationships between distinct sub-populations and establish the history of habitat invasion.","largerWorkTitle":"Acta Botanica Croatica","language":"English","issn":"03650588","usgsCitation":"Pite, D., Lane, K., Hermann, A., Spaulding, S., and Finney, B.P., 2009, Historical abundance and morphology of Didymosphenia species in Naknek Lake, Alaska, in Acta Botanica Croatica, v. 68, no. 2, p. 183-197.","startPage":"183","endPage":"197","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3179e4b0c8380cd5df4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pite, D.P.","contributorId":85804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pite","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lane, K.A.","contributorId":22608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hermann, A.K.","contributorId":25016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hermann","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spaulding, S. A. 0000-0002-9787-7743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9787-7743","contributorId":74390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spaulding","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finney, B. P.","contributorId":93643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Finney","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70037401,"text":"70037401 - 2009 - Late Proterozoic-Paleozoic evolution of the Arctic Alaska-Chukotka terrane based on U-Pb igneous and detrital zircon ages: Implications for Neoproterozoic paleogeographic reconstructions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037401","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Proterozoic-Paleozoic evolution of the Arctic Alaska-Chukotka terrane based on U-Pb igneous and detrital zircon ages: Implications for Neoproterozoic paleogeographic reconstructions","docAbstract":"The Seward Peninsula of northwestern Alaska is part of the Arctic Alaska-Chukotka terrane, a crustal fragment exotic to western Laurentia with an uncertain origin and pre-Mesozoic evolution. U-Pb zircon geochronology on deformed igneous rocks reveals a previously unknown intermediate-felsic volcanic event at 870 Ma, coeval with rift-related magmatism associated with early breakup of eastern Rodinia. Orthogneiss bodies on Seward Peninsula yielded numerous 680 Ma U-Pb ages. The Arctic Alaska-Chukotka terrane has pre-Neoproterozoic basement based on Mesoproterozoic Nd model ages from both 870 Ma and 680 Ma igneous rocks, and detrital zircon ages between 2.0 and 1.0 Ga in overlying cover rocks. Small-volume magmatism occurred in Devonian time, based on U-Pb dating of granitic rocks. U-Pb dating of detrital zircons in 12 samples of metamorphosed Paleozoic siliciclastic cover rocks to this basement indicates that the dominant zircon age populations in the 934 zircons analyzed are found in the range 700-540 Ma, with prominent peaks at 720-660 Ma, 620-590 Ma, 560-510 Ma, 485 Ma, and 440-400 Ma. Devonian- and Pennsylvanian-age peaks are present in the samples with the youngest detrital zircons. These data show that the Seward Peninsula is exotic to western Laurentia because of the abundance of Neoproterozoic detrital zircons, which are rare or absent in Lower Paleozoic Cordilleran continental shelf rocks. Maximum depositional ages inferred from the youngest detrital age peaks include latest Proterozoic-Early Cambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, and Pennsylvanian. These maximum depositional ages overlap with conodont ages reported from fossiliferous carbonate rocks on Seward Peninsula. The distinctive features of the Arctic Alaska-Chukotka terrane include Neoproterozoic felsic magmatic rocks intruding 2.0-1.1 Ga crust overlain by Paleozoic carbonate rocks and Paleozoic siliciclastic rocks with Neoproterozoic detrital zircons. The Neoproterozoic ages are similar to those in the peri-Gondwanan Avalonian-Cadomian arc system, the Timanide orogen of Baltica, and other circum-Arctic terranes that were proximal to Arctic Alaska prior to the opening of the Amerasian basin in the Early Cretaceous. Our Neoproterozoic reconstruction places the Arctic Alaska-Chukotka terrane in a position near Baltica, northeast of Laurentia, in an arc system along strike with the Avalonian-Cadomian arc terranes. Previously published faunal data indicate that Seward Peninsula had Siberian and Laurentian links by Early Ordovician time. The geologic links between the Arctic Alaska-Chukotka terrane and eastern Laurentia, Baltica, peri-Gondwanan arc terranes, and Siberia from the Paleoproterozoic to the Paleozoic help to constrain paleogeographic models from the Neoproterozoic history of Rodinia to the Mesozoic opening of the Arctic basin. ?? 2009 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B26510.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Amato, J., Toro, J., Miller, E.L., Gehrels, G.E., Farmer, G.L., Gottlieb, E., and Till, A., 2009, Late Proterozoic-Paleozoic evolution of the Arctic Alaska-Chukotka terrane based on U-Pb igneous and detrital zircon ages: Implications for Neoproterozoic paleogeographic reconstructions: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 121, no. 9-10, p. 1219-1235, https://doi.org/10.1130/B26510.1.","startPage":"1219","endPage":"1235","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217129,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B26510.1"},{"id":245048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4522e4b0c8380cd67070","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amato, J.M.","contributorId":63214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amato","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toro, J.","contributorId":88502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toro","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, E. L.","contributorId":75583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gehrels, G. E.","contributorId":9660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gehrels","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Farmer, G. L.","contributorId":97251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farmer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gottlieb, E.S.","contributorId":80515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gottlieb","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Till, A.B.","contributorId":37755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Till","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70034424,"text":"70034424 - 2009 - Arctic lake physical processes and regimes with implications for winter water availability and management in the national petroleum reserve alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-19T20:06:11","indexId":"70034424","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arctic lake physical processes and regimes with implications for winter water availability and management in the national petroleum reserve alaska","docAbstract":"Lakes are dominant landforms in the National Petroleum Reserve Alaska (NPRA) as well as important social and ecological resources. Of recent importance is the management of these freshwater ecosystems because lakes deeper than maximum ice thickness provide an important and often sole source of liquid water for aquatic biota, villages, and industry during winter. To better understand seasonal and annual hydrodynamics in the context of lake morphometry, we analyzed lakes in two adjacent areas where winter water use is expected to increase in the near future because of industrial expansion. Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus imagery acquired between 1985 and 2007 were analyzed and compared with climate data to understand interannual variability. Measured changes in lake area extent varied by 0.6% and were significantly correlated to total precipitation in the preceding 12 months (p < 0.05). Using this relation, the modeled lake area extent from 1985 to 2007 showed no long-term trends. In addition, high-resolution aerial photography, bathymetric surveys, water-level monitoring, and lake-ice thickness measurements and growth models were used to better understand seasonal hydrodynamics, surface area-to-volume relations, winter water availability, and more permanent changes related to geomorphic change. Together, these results describe how lakes vary seasonally and annually in two critical areas of the NPRA and provide simple models to help better predict variation in lake-water supply. Our findings suggest that both overestimation and underestimation of actual available winter water volume may occur regularly, and this understanding may help better inform management strategies as future resource use expands in the NPRA. ?? 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00267-008-9241-0","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Jones, B.M., Arp, C., Hinkel, K.M., Beck, R., Schmutz, J.A., and Winston, B., 2009, Arctic lake physical processes and regimes with implications for winter water availability and management in the national petroleum reserve alaska: Environmental Management, v. 43, no. 6, p. 1071-1084, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9241-0.","startPage":"1071","endPage":"1084","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216921,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9241-0"}],"volume":"43","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed55e4b0c8380cd4973f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Benjamin M. 0000-0002-1517-4711 bjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-4711","contributorId":2286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Benjamin","email":"bjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":445719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arp, C.D.","contributorId":54715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arp","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinkel, Kenneth M.","contributorId":15405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkel","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beck, R.A.","contributorId":44246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beck","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":445716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Winston, B.","contributorId":89379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winston","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70036780,"text":"70036780 - 2009 - Changes in vegetation in northern Alaska under scenarios of climate change, 2003-2100: Implications for climate feedbacks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T10:24:10","indexId":"70036780","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in vegetation in northern Alaska under scenarios of climate change, 2003-2100: Implications for climate feedbacks","docAbstract":"
\n
Assessing potential future changes in arctic and boreal plant species productivity, ecosystem composition, and canopy complexity is essential for understanding environmental responses under expected altered climate forcing. We examined potential changes in the dominant plant functional types (PFTs) of the sedge tundra, shrub tundra, and boreal forest ecosystems in ecotonal northern Alaska, USA, for the years 2003–2100. We compared energy feedbacks associated with increases in biomass to energy feedbacks associated with changes in the duration of the snow-free season. We based our simulations on nine input climate scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and a new version of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) that incorporates biogeochemistry, vegetation dynamics for multiple PFTs (e.g., trees, shrubs, grasses, sedges, mosses), multiple vegetation pools, and soil thermal regimes. We found mean increases in net primary productivity (NPP) in all PFTs. Most notably, birch (Betula spp.) in the shrub tundra showed increases that were at least three times larger than any other PFT. Increases in NPP were positively related to increases in growing-season length in the sedge tundra, but PFTs in boreal forest and shrub tundra showed a significant response to changes in light availability as well as growing-season length. Significant NPP responses to changes in vegetation uptake of nitrogen by PFT indicated that some PFTs were better competitors for nitrogen than other PFTs. While NPP increased, heterotrophic respiration (RH) also increased, resulting in decreases or no change in net ecosystem carbon uptake. Greater aboveground biomass from increased NPP produced a decrease in summer albedo, greater regional heat absorption (0.34 ± 0.23 W·m−2·10 yr−1 [mean ± SD]), and a positive feedback to climate warming. However, the decrease in albedo due to a shorter snow season (−5.1 ± 1.6 d/10 yr) resulted in much greater regional heat absorption (3.3 ± 1.24 W·m−2·10 yr−1) than that associated with increases in vegetation. Through quantifying feedbacks associated with changes in vegetation and those associated with changes in the snow season length, we can reach a more integrated understanding of the manner in which climate change may impact interactions between high-latitude ecosystems and the climate system.
\n
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/08-0806.1","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Euskirchen, E., McGuire, A.D., Chapin, F.S., Yi, S., and Thompson, C.C., 2009, Changes in vegetation in northern Alaska under scenarios of climate change, 2003-2100: Implications for climate feedbacks: Ecological Applications, v. 19, no. 4, p. 1022-1043, https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0806.1.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1022","endPage":"1043","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-011580","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217794,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-0806.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.75,\n 55.57834467218206\n ],\n [\n -142.03125,\n 55.57834467218206\n ],\n [\n -142.03125,\n 70.02058730174062\n ],\n [\n -168.75,\n 70.02058730174062\n ],\n [\n -168.75,\n 55.57834467218206\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f439e4b0c8380cd4bbfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Euskirchen, Eugénie S.","contributorId":83378,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Euskirchen","given":"Eugénie S.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":457812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, Anthony D. 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":2493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"Anthony","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapin, F. Stuart III","contributorId":65632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"Stuart","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":457813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yi, S.","contributorId":33936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yi","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":457811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thompson, Catharine Copass","contributorId":26131,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"Catharine","email":"","middleInitial":"Copass","affiliations":[{"id":12462,"text":"U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":457810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70036646,"text":"70036646 - 2009 - Late Quaternary stratigraphy and sedimentation patterns in the western Arctic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:57","indexId":"70036646","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1844,"text":"Global and Planetary Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary stratigraphy and sedimentation patterns in the western Arctic Ocean","docAbstract":"Sediment cores from the western Arctic Ocean obtained on the 2005 HOTRAX and some earlier expeditions have been analyzed to develop a stratigraphic correlation from the Alaskan Chukchi margin to the Northwind and Mendeleev-Alpha ridges. The correlation was primarily based on terrigenous sediment composition that is not affected by diagenetic processes as strongly as the biogenic component, and paleomagnetic inclination records. Chronostratigraphic control was provided by 14C dating and amino-acid racemization ages, as well as correlation to earlier established Arctic Ocean stratigraphies. Distribution of sedimentary units across the western Arctic indicates that sedimentation rates decrease from tens of centimeters per kyr on the Alaskan margin to a few centimeters on the southern ends of Northwind and Mendeleev ridges and just a few millimeters on the ridges in the interior of the Amerasia basin. This sedimentation pattern suggests that Late Quaternary sediment transport and deposition, except for turbidites at the basin bottom, were generally controlled by ice concentration (and thus melt-out rate) and transportation distance from sources, with local variances related to subsurface currents. In the long term, most sediment was probably delivered to the core sites by icebergs during glacial periods, with a significant contribution from sea ice. During glacial maxima very fine-grained sediment was deposited with sedimentation rates greatly reduced away from the margins to a hiatus of several kyr duration as shown for the Last Glacial Maximum. This sedimentary environment was possibly related to a very solid ice cover and reduced melt-out over a large part of the western Arctic Ocean.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global and Planetary Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.03.014","issn":"09218181","usgsCitation":"Polyak, L., Bischof, J., Ortiz, J., Darby, D.A., Channell, J., Xuan, C., Kaufman, D.S., Lovlie, R., Schneider, D., Eberl, D.D., Adler, R., and Council, E., 2009, Late Quaternary stratigraphy and sedimentation patterns in the western Arctic Ocean: Global and Planetary Change, v. 68, no. 1-2, p. 5-17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.03.014.","startPage":"5","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217672,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.03.014"}],"volume":"68","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4539e4b0c8380cd67139","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Polyak, L.","contributorId":35927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Polyak","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischof, J.","contributorId":80839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischof","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ortiz, J.D.","contributorId":37932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Darby, D. A.","contributorId":28788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Channell, J.E.T.","contributorId":84600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Channell","given":"J.E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Xuan, C.","contributorId":86604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xuan","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kaufman, D. S.","contributorId":18006,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaufman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lovlie, R.","contributorId":37473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovlie","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schneider, D.A.","contributorId":58457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Adler, R.E.","contributorId":74991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adler","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Council, E.A.","contributorId":51581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Council","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70036603,"text":"70036603 - 2009 - Integration of MODIS-derived metrics to assess interannual variability in snowpack, lake ice, and NDVI in southwest Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T11:06:21","indexId":"70036603","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integration of MODIS-derived metrics to assess interannual variability in snowpack, lake ice, and NDVI in southwest Alaska","docAbstract":"Impacts of global climate change are expected to result in greater variation in the seasonality of snowpack, lake ice, and vegetation dynamics in southwest Alaska. All have wide-reaching physical and biological ecosystem effects in the region. We used Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) calibrated radiance, snow cover extent, and vegetation index products for interpreting interannual variation in the duration and extent of snowpack, lake ice, and vegetation dynamics for southwest Alaska. The approach integrates multiple seasonal metrics across large ecological regions. Throughout the observation period (2001-2007), snow cover duration was stable within ecoregions, with variable start and end dates. The start of the lake ice season lagged the snow season by 2 to 3??months. Within a given lake, freeze-up dates varied in timing and duration, while break-up dates were more consistent. Vegetation phenology varied less than snow and ice metrics, with start-of-season dates comparatively consistent across years. The start of growing season and snow melt were related to one another as they are both temperature dependent. Higher than average temperatures during the El Ni??o winter of 2002-2003 were expressed in anomalous ice and snow season patterns. We are developing a consistent, MODIS-based dataset that will be used to monitor temporal trends of each of these seasonal metrics and to map areas of change for the study area.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2008.07.020","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Reed, B.C., Budde, M.E., Spencer, P., and Miller, A.E., 2009, Integration of MODIS-derived metrics to assess interannual variability in snowpack, lake ice, and NDVI in southwest Alaska: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 113, no. 7, p. 1443-1452, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.07.020.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1443","endPage":"1452","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217445,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.07.020"}],"volume":"113","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c87e4b0c8380cd62df0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Bradley C. 0000-0002-1132-7178 reed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":2901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bradley","email":"reed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":456955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budde, Michael E. 0000-0002-9098-2751 mbudde@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9098-2751","contributorId":3007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budde","given":"Michael","email":"mbudde@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":456954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spencer, Page","contributorId":62281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"Page","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, Amy E.","contributorId":101468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036592,"text":"70036592 - 2009 - Provenance of Holocene sediment on the Chukchi-Alaskan margin based on combined diffuse spectral reflectance and quantitative X-Ray Diffraction analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:01","indexId":"70036592","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1844,"text":"Global and Planetary Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Provenance of Holocene sediment on the Chukchi-Alaskan margin based on combined diffuse spectral reflectance and quantitative X-Ray Diffraction analysis","docAbstract":"Sediment clay and silt mineral assemblages provide an excellent means of assessing the provenance of fine-grained Arctic sediment especially when a unique mineral assemblage can be tied to specific source areas. The diffuse spectral reflectance (DSR) first derivative measurements and quantitative X-Ray Diffraction (qXRD) on a high-resolution sediment core from the continental slope north of Alaska constrain the sediment mineralogy. DSR results are augmented by measurements on several adjacent cores and compared to surface sediment samples from the northern Alaskan shelf and slope. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), we infer that the three leading DSR modes relate to mixtures of smectite + dolomite, illite + goethite, and chlorite + muscovite. This interpretation is consistent with the down core qXRD results. While the smectite + dolomite, and illite + goethite factors show increased variability down core, the chlorite + muscovite factor had highest positive loadings in the middle Holocene, between ca. 6.0 and 3.6??ka. Because the most likely source of the chlorite + muscovite suite in this vicinity lies in the North Pacific, we argue that the oscillations in chlorite + muscovite values likely reflect an increase in the inflow of Pacific water to the Arctic through the Bering Strait. The time interval of this event is associated in other parts of the globe with a non-linear response of the climate system to the decrease in insolation, which may be related to changes in water exchange between the Pacific and Arctic Ocean. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global and Planetary Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.03.020","issn":"09218181","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, J., Polyak, L., Grebmeier, J., Darby, D., Eberl, D.D., Naidu, S., and Nof, D., 2009, Provenance of Holocene sediment on the Chukchi-Alaskan margin based on combined diffuse spectral reflectance and quantitative X-Ray Diffraction analysis: Global and Planetary Change, v. 68, no. 1-2, p. 73-84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.03.020.","startPage":"73","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217757,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.03.020"}],"volume":"68","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8fa1e4b0c8380cd7f892","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, J.D.","contributorId":37932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Polyak, L.","contributorId":35927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Polyak","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grebmeier, J.M.","contributorId":43932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grebmeier","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Darby, D.","contributorId":24941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darby","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Naidu, S.","contributorId":29674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naidu","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nof, D.","contributorId":89382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nof","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70034762,"text":"70034762 - 2009 - Spatial and temporal diet segregation in northern fulmars Fulmarus glacialis breeding in Alaska: Insights from fatty acid signatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-04T15:24:45.989324","indexId":"70034762","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Spatial and temporal diet segregation in northern fulmars Fulmarus glacialis breeding in Alaska: Insights from fatty acid signatures","title":"Spatial and temporal diet segregation in northern fulmars Fulmarus glacialis breeding in Alaska: Insights from fatty acid signatures","docAbstract":"

Northern fulmars Fulmarus glacialis in the North Pacific Ocean are opportunistic, generalist predators, yet their diets are poorly described; thus, relationships of fulmars to supporting food webs, their utility as indicators of variability in forage fish abundances, and their sensitivity to ecosystem change are not known. We employed fatty acid (FA) signature analysis of adipose tissue from adults (n = 235) and chicks (n = 33) to compare spatial, temporal, and age-related variation in diets of fulmars breeding at 3 colonies in Alaska. FA signatures of adult fulmars differed between colonies within years, and between seasons at individual colonies. Seasonal and spatial differences in signatures were greater than interannual differences at all colonies. Differences in FA signatures reflect differences in diets, probably because the breeding colonies are located in distinct ecoregions which create unique habitats for prey assemblages, and because interannual variation in the physical environment affects the availability of forage species. Differences between FA signatures of adults and chicks in 2003 and 2004 suggest that adults fed chicks different prey than they consumed themselves. Alternatively, if adults relied on the same prey as those fed to chicks, the differences in signatures could have resulted from partial digestion of prey items by adults before chicks were fed, or direct metabolism of FAs by chicks for tissue synthesis before FAs could be deposited into adipose tissue.

","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/meps07863","usgsCitation":"Wang, S., Iverson, S., Springer, A., and Hatch, S.A., 2009, Spatial and temporal diet segregation in northern fulmars Fulmarus glacialis breeding in Alaska: Insights from fatty acid signatures: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 377, p. 299-307, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07863.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"307","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476248,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07863","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":243519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Chagulak Island, Pribilof Islands, Semidi Islands, St. Matthew and Hall Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.93145751953122,\n 55.94227871136694\n ],\n [\n -156.54693603515625,\n 55.94227871136694\n ],\n [\n -156.54693603515625,\n 56.248691196493475\n ],\n [\n -156.93145751953122,\n 56.248691196493475\n ],\n [\n -156.93145751953122,\n 55.94227871136694\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -170.62316894531247,\n 56.45793789319228\n ],\n [\n -169.3487548828125,\n 56.45793789319228\n ],\n [\n -169.3487548828125,\n 57.29091812634045\n ],\n [\n -170.62316894531247,\n 57.29091812634045\n ],\n [\n -170.62316894531247,\n 56.45793789319228\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -173.2379150390625,\n 60.22890276751329\n ],\n [\n -172.0623779296875,\n 60.22890276751329\n ],\n [\n -172.0623779296875,\n 60.74171324184685\n ],\n [\n -173.2379150390625,\n 60.74171324184685\n ],\n [\n -173.2379150390625,\n 60.22890276751329\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -171.207160949707,\n 52.54566934855766\n ],\n [\n -171.10004425048828,\n 52.54566934855766\n ],\n [\n -171.10004425048828,\n 52.59366351394778\n ],\n [\n -171.207160949707,\n 52.59366351394778\n ],\n [\n -171.207160949707,\n 52.54566934855766\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"377","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9433e4b08c986b31a91b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, S.W.","contributorId":15011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iverson, S.J.","contributorId":27675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Springer, A.M.","contributorId":89298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Springer","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":447466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70034773,"text":"70034773 - 2009 - Relationships between hepatic trace element concentrations, reproductive status, and body condition of female greater scaup","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T11:08:22","indexId":"70034773","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between hepatic trace element concentrations, reproductive status, and body condition of female greater scaup","docAbstract":"

We collected female greater scaup (Aythya marila) on the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska during two breeding seasons to determine if concentrations of 18 trace elements in livers and eggs were elevated and if hepatic concentrations correlated with body condition or affected reproductive status. Fifty-six percent, 5%, and 42% of females, respectively, had elevated hepatic cadmium (Cd: >3 μg g−1 dry weight [dw]), mercury (Hg: >3 μg g−1 dw), and selenium (Se: >10 μg g−1 dw). Somatic protein and lipid reserves were not correlated with hepatic Cd or Hg, but there was a weak negative correlation between protein and Se. Hepatic Cd, Hg, and Se were similar in females that had and had not initiated egg production. In a sample of six eggs, 33% and 100%, respectively, contained Se and Hg, but concentrations were below embryotoxicity thresholds. We conclude that trace element concentrations documented likely were not adversely impacting this study population.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2009.01.012","usgsCitation":"Badzinski, S.S., Flint, P.L., Gorman, K.B., and Petrie, S.A., 2009, Relationships between hepatic trace element concentrations, reproductive status, and body condition of female greater scaup: Environmental Pollution, v. 157, no. 6, p. 1886-1893, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.01.012.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1886","endPage":"1893","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"157","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a7a3e4b0e8fec6cdc51c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Badzinski, Shannon S.","contributorId":176348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Badzinski","given":"Shannon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":447521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gorman, Kristen B.","contributorId":42437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorman","given":"Kristen","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Petrie, Scott A.","contributorId":141223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petrie","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13717,"text":"Long Point Waterfowl","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":447522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035972,"text":"70035972 - 2009 - Evidence for prolonged mid-Paleozoic plutonism and ages of crustal sources in east-central Alaska from SHRIMP U-Pb dating of syn-magmatic, inherited, and detrital zircon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T09:12:01","indexId":"70035972","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for prolonged mid-Paleozoic plutonism and ages of crustal sources in east-central Alaska from SHRIMP U-Pb dating of syn-magmatic, inherited, and detrital zircon","docAbstract":"

Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U–Pb analyses of igneous zircons from the Lake George assemblage in the eastern Yukon–Tanana Upland (Tanacross quadrangle) indicate both Late Devonian (∼370 Ma) and Early Mississippian (∼350 Ma) magmatic pulses. The zircons occur in four textural variants of granitic orthogneiss from a large area of muscovite–biotite augen gneiss. Granitic orthogneiss from the nearby Fiftymile batholith, which straddles the Alaska–Yukon border, yielded a similar range in zircon U–Pb ages, suggesting that both the Fiftymile batholith and the Tanacross orthogneiss body consist of multiple intrusions. We interpret the overall tectonic setting for the Late Devonian and Early Mississippian magmatism as an extending continental margin (broad back-arc region) inboard of a northeast-dipping (present coordinates) subduction zone. New SHRIMP U–Pb ages of inherited zircon cores in the Tanacross orthogneisses and of detrital zircons from quartzite from the Jarvis belt in the Alaska Range (Mount Hayes quadrangle) include major 2.0–1.7 Ga clusters and lesser 2.7–2.3 Ga clusters, with subordinate 3.2, 1.4, and 1.1 Ga clusters in some orthogneiss samples. For the most part, these inherited and core U–Pb ages match those of basement provinces of the western Canadian Shield and indicate widespread potential sources within western Laurentia for most grain populations; these ages also match the detrital zircon reference for the northern North American miogeocline and support a correlation between the two areas.

","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/E09-005","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., and Williams, I., 2009, Evidence for prolonged mid-Paleozoic plutonism and ages of crustal sources in east-central Alaska from SHRIMP U-Pb dating of syn-magmatic, inherited, and detrital zircon: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 46, no. 1, p. 21-39, https://doi.org/10.1139/E09-005.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon–Tanana Upland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.599609375,\n 61.10078883158897\n ],\n [\n -141.064453125,\n 61.10078883158897\n ],\n [\n -141.064453125,\n 68.5924865825295\n ],\n [\n -154.599609375,\n 68.5924865825295\n ],\n [\n -154.599609375,\n 61.10078883158897\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d4fe4b0c8380cd52f3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, I.S.","contributorId":20094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"I.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035965,"text":"70035965 - 2009 - Quantifying periglacial erosion: Insights on a glacial sediment budget, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:48","indexId":"70035965","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying periglacial erosion: Insights on a glacial sediment budget, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska","docAbstract":"Glacial erosion rates are estimated to be among the highest in the world. Few studies have attempted, however, to quantify the flux of sediment from the periglacial landscape to a glacier. Here, erosion rates from the nonglacial landscape above the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska are presented and compare with an 8-yr record of proglacial suspended sediment yield. Non-glacial lowering rates range from 1??8 ?? 0??5 mm yr-1 to 8??5 ?? 3??4 mm yr-1 from estimates of rock fall and debris-flow fan volumes. An average erosion rate of 0??08 ?? 0??04 mm yr-1 from eight convex-up ridge crests was determined using in situ produced cosmogenic 10Be. Extrapolating these rates, based on landscape morphometry, to the Matanuska basin (58% ice-cover), it was found that nonglacial processes account for an annual sediment flux of 2??3 ?? 1??0 ?? 106 t. Suspended sediment data for 8 years and an assumed bedload to estimate the annual sediment yield at the Matanuska terminus to be 2??9 ?? 1??0 ?? 106 t, corresponding to an erosion rate of 1??8 ?? 0??6 mm yr-1: nonglacial sources therefore account for 80 ?? 45% of the proglacial yield. A similar set of analyses were used for a small tributary sub-basin (32% ice-cover) to determine an erosion rate of 12??1 ?? 6??9 mm yr-1, based on proglacial sediment yield, with the nonglacial sediment flux equal to 10 ?? 7% of the proglacial yield. It is suggested that erosion rates by nonglacial processes are similar to inferred subglacial rates, such that the ice-free regions of a glaciated landscape contribute significantly to the glacial sediment budget. The similar magnitude of nonglacial and glacial rates implies that partially glaciated landscapes will respond rapidly to changes in climate and base level through a rapid nonglacial response to glacially driven incision. ?? 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/esp.1885","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"O’Farrell, C.R., Heimsath, A., Lawson, D.E., Jorgensen, L., Evenson, E., Larson, G., and Denner, J., 2009, Quantifying periglacial erosion: Insights on a glacial sediment budget, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 34, no. 15, p. 2008-2022, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1885.","startPage":"2008","endPage":"2022","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216503,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1885"},{"id":244378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91d5e4b0c8380cd804b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Farrell, C. R.","contributorId":48791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Farrell","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heimsath, A.M.","contributorId":52781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heimsath","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawson, D. E.","contributorId":9343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jorgensen, L.M.","contributorId":15434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evenson, E.B.","contributorId":79628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evenson","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Larson, G.","contributorId":41585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Denner, J.","contributorId":31215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denner","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70035910,"text":"70035910 - 2009 - Stratigraphic framework and estuarine depositional environments of the Miocene Bear Lake Formation, Bristol Bay Basin, Alaska: Onshore equivalents to potential reservoir strata in a frontier gas-rich basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035910","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic framework and estuarine depositional environments of the Miocene Bear Lake Formation, Bristol Bay Basin, Alaska: Onshore equivalents to potential reservoir strata in a frontier gas-rich basin","docAbstract":"The Miocene Bear Lake Formation is exposed along the coast and mountains of the central Alaska Peninsula and extends offshore as part of the Bristol Bay Basin. The Bear Lake Formation is up to 2360 m (7743 ft) thick in an offshore well and is considered to have the highest reservoir potential in this gasrich frontier basin. Our new macrofossil and palynological data, collected in the context of measured stratigraphic sections, allow us to construct the first chronostratigraphic framework for this formation. Biostratigraphic age assignments for the numerous, commonly isolated, onshore exposures of the Bear Lake Formation show that deposition initiated sometime before the middle Miocene (15 Ma) and extended to possibly the earliest Pliocene. The bulk of the Bear Lake Formation, however, was deposited during the middle and late Miocene based on our new findings. We interpret the Bear Lake Formation as the product of a regional transgressive estuarine depositional system based on lithofacies analysis. The lower part of the formation is characterized by trough cross-stratified sandstone interbedded with coal and pedogenic mudstone deposited in fluvial and swamp environments of the uppermost parts of the estuarine system. The lower-middle part of the formation is dominated by nonbioturbated, wavy- and flaser-bedded sandstone and siltstone that were deposited in supratidal flat environments. The uppermiddle part of the Bear Lake Formation is characterized by inclined heterolithic strata and coquinoid mussel beds that represent tidal channel environments in the middle and lower tracts of the estuarine system. The uppermost part of the formation consists of tabular, bioturbated sandstone with diverse marine invertebrate macrofossil faunas. We interpret this part of the section as representing the subtidal tract of the lower estuarine system and possibly the adjacent shallow inner shelf. A comparison of our depositional framework for the Bear Lake Formation with core and well-log data from onshore and offshore wells indicates that similar Miocene depositional systems existed throughout much of the Bristol Bay Basin. The documented changes in depositional environments within the Bear Lake Formation are also important for understanding upsection changes in the geometries of potential reservoirs. Copyright ??2009. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1306/10010808030","issn":"01491423","usgsCitation":"Finzel, E., Ridgway, K., Reifenstuhl, R., Blodgett, R.B., White, J.M., and Decker, P., 2009, Stratigraphic framework and estuarine depositional environments of the Miocene Bear Lake Formation, Bristol Bay Basin, Alaska: Onshore equivalents to potential reservoir strata in a frontier gas-rich basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 93, no. 3, p. 379-405, https://doi.org/10.1306/10010808030.","startPage":"379","endPage":"405","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216086,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/10010808030"},{"id":243928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9900e4b08c986b31c1bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finzel, E.S.","contributorId":79332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finzel","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ridgway, K.D.","contributorId":62792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridgway","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reifenstuhl, R.R.","contributorId":84182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reifenstuhl","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blodgett, R. B.","contributorId":25176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"White, J. M.","contributorId":40268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Decker, P.L.","contributorId":19399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decker","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70035907,"text":"70035907 - 2009 - NOAA/West coast and Alaska Tsunami warning center Atlantic Ocean response criteria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-28T13:59:53","indexId":"70035907","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3351,"text":"Science of Tsunami Hazards","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"NOAA/West coast and Alaska Tsunami warning center Atlantic Ocean response criteria","docAbstract":"West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (WCATWC) response criteria for earthquakesoccurring in the Atlantic and Caribbean basins are presented. Initial warning center decisions are based on an earthquake's location, magnitude, depth, distance from coastal locations, and precomputed threat estimates based on tsunami models computed from similar events. The new criteria will help limit the geographical extent of warnings and advisories to threatened regions, and complement the new operational tsunami product suite. Criteria are set for tsunamis generated by earthquakes, which are by far the main cause of tsunami generation (either directly through sea floor displacement or indirectly by triggering of sub-sea landslides).The new criteria require development of a threat data base which sets warning or advisory zones based on location, magnitude, and pre-computed tsunami models. The models determine coastal tsunami amplitudes based on likely tsunami source parameters for a given event. Based on the computed amplitude, warning and advisory zones are pre-set.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of Tsunami Hazards","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"the Tsunami Society","issn":"87556839","usgsCitation":"Whitmore, P., Refidaff, C., Caropolo, M., Huerfano-Moreno, V., Knight, W., Sammler, W., and Sandrik, A., 2009, NOAA/West coast and Alaska Tsunami warning center Atlantic Ocean response criteria: Science of Tsunami Hazards, v. 28, no. 2, p. 86-107.","startPage":"86","endPage":"107","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268566,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://library.lanl.gov/tsunami/ts282.pdf"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a614ee4b0c8380cd718e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitmore, P.","contributorId":93186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitmore","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Refidaff, C.","contributorId":53625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Refidaff","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caropolo, M.","contributorId":73850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caropolo","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Huerfano-Moreno, V.","contributorId":40447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huerfano-Moreno","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Knight, W.","contributorId":22992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sammler, W.","contributorId":101489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sammler","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sandrik, A.","contributorId":27706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandrik","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70035906,"text":"70035906 - 2009 - Diverse lavas from closely spaced volcanoes drawing from a common parent: Emmons Lake Volcanic Center, Eastern Aleutian Arc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-22T08:58:17","indexId":"70035906","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diverse lavas from closely spaced volcanoes drawing from a common parent: Emmons Lake Volcanic Center, Eastern Aleutian Arc","docAbstract":"Emmons Lake Volcanic Center (ELVC) on the lower Alaskan Peninsula is one of the largest and most diverse volcanic centers in the Aleutian Arc. Since the Middle Pleistocene, eruption of ~ 350 km3 of basalt through rhyolite has produced a 30 km, arc front chain of nested calderas and overlapping stratovolcanoes. ELVC has experienced as many as five major caldera-forming eruptions, the most recent, at ~ 27 ka, produced ~ 50 km3 of rhyolitic ignimbrite and ash fall. These violent silicic events were interspersed with less energetic, but prodigious, outpourings of basalt through dacite. Holocene eruptions are mostly basaltic andesite to andesite and historically recorded activity includes over 40 eruptions within the last 200 yr, all from Pavlof volcano, the most active site in the Aleutian Arc. Geochemical and geophysical observations suggest that although all ELVC eruptions derive from a common clinopyroxene + spinel + plagioclase fractionating high-aluminum basalt parent in the lower crust, magma follows one of two closely spaced, but distinct paths to the surface. Under the eastern end of the chain, magma moves rapidly and cleanly through a relatively young (~ 28 ka), hydraulically connected dike plexus. Steady supply, short magma residence times, and limited interaction with crustal rocks preserve the geochemistry of deep crustal processes. Below the western part of the chain, magma moves haltingly through a long-lived (~ 500 ka) and complex intrusive column in which many generations of basaltic to andesitic melts have mingled and fractionated. Buoyant, silicic melts periodically separate from the lower parts of the column to feed voluminous eruptions of dacite and rhyolite. Mafic lavas record a complicated passage through cumulate zones and hydrous silicic residues as manifested by disequilibrium phenocryst textures, incompatible element enrichments, and decoupling of REEs and HFSEs ratios. Such features are absent in mafic lavas from the younger part of the chain, highlighting the importance of plumbing architecture and longevity in creating petrologic diversity. Supplemental Data include 156 major element (XRF) and 128 trace element (ICP-MS) whole-rock analyses, 23 new 40Ar/39Ar ages, a generalized geologic map with associated unit descriptions and field photographs, and photomicrographs of key petrographic features.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2009.08.018","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Mangan, M., Miller, T., Waythomas, C., Trusdell, F., Calvert, A., and Layer, P., 2009, Diverse lavas from closely spaced volcanoes drawing from a common parent: Emmons Lake Volcanic Center, Eastern Aleutian Arc: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 287, no. 3-4, p. 363-372, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.08.018.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"363","endPage":"372","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -162.12112426757812,\n 55.31410322303185\n ],\n [\n -161.99203491210938,\n 55.31410322303185\n ],\n [\n -161.99203491210938,\n 55.36194173392781\n ],\n [\n -162.12112426757812,\n 55.36194173392781\n ],\n [\n -162.12112426757812,\n 55.31410322303185\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"287","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a034ce4b0c8380cd503f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangan, M.","contributorId":20091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, T.","contributorId":92749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waythomas, C.","contributorId":59269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trusdell, F.","contributorId":61233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Calvert, A.","contributorId":105089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Layer, P.","contributorId":55188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Layer","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}